Journal articles: 'Integrated measurements'

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Martin, Lorenz, Christian Mätzler, Tim J. Hewison, and Dominique Ruffieux. "Intercomparison of integrated water vapour measurements." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 15, no. 1 (February 27, 2006): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0098.

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Schutte, H. K. "Integrated aerodynamic measurements." Journal of Voice 6, no. 2 (January 1992): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0892-1997(05)80126-2.

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Neitsch, Marie, Iris-Susanne Horn, Mathias Hofer, Andreas Dietz, and Miloš Fischer. "Integrated Multipoint-Laser Endoscopic Airway Measurements by Transoral Approach." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6838697.

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Objectives. Optical and technical characteristics usually do not allow objective endoscopic distance measurements. So far no standardized method for endoscopic distance measurement is available. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and accuracy of transoral airway measurements with a multipoint-laser endoscope.Methods.The semirigid endoscope includes a multipoint laser measurement system that projects 49 laser points (wavelength 639 nm, power < 5 mW) into the optical axis of the endoscopic view. Distances, areas, and depths can be measured in real-time. Transoral endoscopic airway measurements were performed on nine human cadavers, which were correlated with CT measurements.Results.The preliminary experiment showed an optimum distance between the endoscope tip and the object of 5 to 6 cm. There was a mean measurement error of 3.26% ± 2.53%. A Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.95 (p=0.01) was calculated for the laryngeal measurements and of 0.93 (p<0.01) for the tracheal measurements compared to the CT. Using the Bland-Altman-Plot, the 95% limits of agreement for the laryngeal measurements were satisfactory: −0.76 and 0.93.Conclusions.Integrated multipoint-laser endoscopic measurement is a promising technical supplement, with potential use in diagnostic endoscopy and transoral endoscopic surgery in daily practice.

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Park, KeeHyun, and JuGeon Pak. "An Integrated Gateway for Various PHDs in U-Healthcare Environments." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/954603.

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We propose an integrated gateway for various personal health devices (PHDs). This gateway receives measurements from various PHDs and conveys them to a remote monitoring server (MS). It provides two kinds of transmission modes: immediate transmission and integrated transmission. The former mode operates if a measurement exceeds a predetermined threshold or in the case of an emergency. In the latter mode, the gateway retains the measurements instead of forwarding them. When the reporting time comes, the gateway extracts all the stored measurements, integrates them into one message, and transmits the integrated message to the MS. Through this mechanism, the transmission overhead can be reduced. On the basis of the proposed gateway, we construct a u-healthcare system comprising an activity monitor, a medication dispenser, and a pulse oximeter. The evaluation results show that the size of separate messages from various PHDs is reduced through the integration process, and the process does not require much time; the integration time is negligible.

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Flores, A. M., B. J. Schutte, M. K. Shukla, G. A. Picchioni, and A. L. Ulery. "Time-integrated measurements of seed germination for salttolerant plant species." Seed Science and Technology 43, no. 3 (December 15, 2015): 541–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2015.43.3.09.

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Chen, Zhijian, Aigong Xu, Xin Sui, Yuting Hao, Cong Zhang, and Zhengxu Shi. "NLOS Identification- and Correction-Focused Fusion of UWB and LiDAR-SLAM Based on Factor Graph Optimization for High-Precision Positioning with Reduced Drift." Remote Sensing 14, no. 17 (August 29, 2022): 4258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14174258.

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In this study, we propose a tightly coupled integrated method of ultrawideband (UWB) and light detection and ranging (LiDAR)-based simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) for global navigation satellite system (GNSS)-denied environments to achieve high-precision positioning with reduced drift. Specifically, we focus on non-line-of-sight (NLOS) identification and correction. In previous work, we utilized laser point cloud maps to identify and exclude NLOS measurements in real time to attenuate their severe effects on the integrated system. However, the complete exclusion of NLOS measurements will likely lead to deterioration in the dilution of precision (DOP) for the remaining line-of-sight (LOS) anchors, counterproductively introducing large positioning errors into the integrated system. Therefore, this study considers the ranging accuracy and geometric distribution of UWB anchors and innovatively proposes an NLOS correction method using a grey prediction model. For a poor line-of-sight (LOS) anchor geometric distribution, the grey prediction model is used to fill in the gaps by predicting the NLOS measurements based on historical measurements. Including the corrected measurements effectively improves the original poor geometric configuration, improving the system positioning accuracy. Since conventional filtering-based fusion methods are exceedingly sensitive to measurement outliers, we use state-of-the-art factor graph optimization (FGO) to tightly integrate the UWB measurements (LOS and corrected measurements) with LiDAR-SLAM. The temporal correlation between measurements and the redundant system measurements effectively enhance the robustness of the integrated system. Experimental results show that the tightly coupled integrated method combining NLOS correction and FGO improves the positioning accuracy under a poor geometric distribution, increases the system availability, and achieves better positioning than filtering-based fusion methods with a root-mean-square error of 0.086 m in the plane direction, achieving subdecimeter indoor high-precision positioning.

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Wang, Yongjing, Yi Wang, and Xiaoliang Feng. "Ship Security Relative Integrated Navigation with Injected Fault Measurement Attack and Unknown Statistical Property Noises." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 5 (April 26, 2020): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8050305.

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In this work, the ship relative integrated navigation approaches are studied for the navigation scenarios with the measurements disturbed by unknown statistical property noises and with the injected fault measurement attacks. On the basis of the limited energy property of system noises, the navigation states are estimated by the local finite horizon H∞ filter to satisfy the performance index function. Then, the local estimates are fused in the relative integrated navigation system with the weight fusion parameters obtained by using the local estimate error measurements. Further, the injected fault measurement attacks are considered in the relative integrated navigation systems. Due to the system noises and the measurement noises having unknown statistical property, the classical Chi-square test can hardly be utilized to detect the injected fault measurements. Therefore, a secure relative integrated navigation method is proposed with a distance-based clustering detector. The finial simulation results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed relative integrated navigation approach and the proposed secure relative integrated navigation approach.

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Collison, Michael E., Philip J. Stout, Tatyana S. Glushko, Kristen N. Pokela, Debra J. Mullins-Hirte, Joel R. Racchini, Melissa A. Walter, et al. "Analytical Characterization of Electrochemical Biosensor Test Strips for Measurement of Glucose in Low-Volume Interstitial Fluid Samples." Clinical Chemistry 45, no. 9 (September 1, 1999): 1665–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/45.9.1665.

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Abstract Background: Minimally invasive interstitial fluid (ISF) sampling and glucose measurement technologies were integrated into a hand-held device for diabetic glucose monitoring investigations. Methods: Conventional electrochemical test strip technology (Bayer Glucometer Elite®) was adapted to measure glucose in small (0.5–2.0 μL) samples of ISF. Test strip glucose measurements were performed on a commercial potentiostat and were compared to various reference glucose methodologies (YSI 2300 analyzer, microhexokinase procedure, Bayer Glucometer Elite). Characterizations of the integrated ISF sampling-glucose test strip design included accuracy and precision in various sample media (saline, ISF surrogates, diabetic ISF samples), sample volume dependence, test strip sterilization studies (electron beam, γ irradiation), and diabetic ISF sampling and glucose measurements. Results: Glucose measurements were free from significant media effects. Sample volume variations (0.6–3.2 μL) revealed only modest dependence of glucose measurement bias on sample volume (−1.5% per microliter). Sterilization treatments had only a minor impact on glucose response and test strip aging and no significant impact on interferent responses of the glucose test strips. Diabetic subject testing under minimum fasting conditions of at least 2 h with integrated ISF sampling and glucose measurement gave low ISF glucose measurement imprecision (CV, 4%) and mean glucose results that were indistinguishable from reference (microhexokinase) ISF glucose measurements and from capillary blood glucose measurements (Glucometer Elite). Conclusions: Conventional single-use, electrochemical glucose test strip and ISF collection technologies can be readily integrated to provide real-time ISF sampling and glucose measurements for diabetic monitoring applications.

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Hide, Chris, Terry Moore, and Chris Hill. "A Multi-Sensor Navigation Filter for High Accuracy Positioning in all Environments." Journal of Navigation 60, no. 3 (August 9, 2007): 409–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463307004328.

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The aim of the SPACE project is to develop a mobile test bed that can position to within centimetres in all conditions and environments. To achieve this goal, a number of different positioning technologies have to be integrated together including GNSS, INS, pseudolites and other technologies such as Ultra Wideband and Bluetooth ranging. The integration of these sensors is achieved by the development of a ‘plug and play’ filter that will optimally combine measurements from each sensor to form an accurate position solution. The filter has been designed so that the sensors are integrated at the measurement level wherever possible, so partial measurements from different systems can be used together.This paper describes the development of the plug and play filter, focussing in particular on how the states are defined, how the measurements are used, and how a generic filter can be developed that can integrate all types of positioning sensor. Some early results from the filter are shown integrating GPS, INS and simulated measurements from an Ultra Wideband system. A prototype version of the mobile test bed is also described.

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Smith, R. L., and D. C. Scott. "An Integrated Sensor for Electrochemical Measurements." IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering BME-33, no. 2 (February 1986): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tbme.1986.325881.

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Roitman, M. S., V. S. Sokolov, Yu K. Rybin, A. F. Bolkunov, Yu G. Svinolupov, �. I. Tsymbalist, and N. P. Kalinichenko. "The K2-41 integrated measurements system." Measurement Techniques 30, no. 5 (May 1987): 470–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00863038.

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Behrends, Gert, Dirk Stöbener, and Andreas Fischer. "Integrated, Speckle-Based Displacement Measurement for Lateral Scanning White Light Interferometry." Sensors 21, no. 7 (April 2, 2021): 2486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21072486.

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Lateral scanning white light interferometry (LSWLI) is a promising technique for high-resolution topography measurements on moving surfaces. To achieve resolutions typically associated with white light interferometry, accurate information on the lateral displacement of the measured surface is essential. Since the uncertainty requirement for a respective displacement measurement is currently not known, Monte Carlo simulations of LSWLI measurements are carried out at first to assess the impact of the displacement uncertainty on the topography measurement. The simulation shows that the uncertainty of the displacement measurement has a larger influence on the total height uncertainty than the uncertainty of the displacing motion itself. Secondly, a sufficiently precise displacement measurement by means of digital speckle correlation (DSC) is proposed that is fully integrated into the field of view of the interferometer. In contrast to externally applied displacement measurement systems, the integrated combination of DSC with LSWLI needs no synchronization and calibration, and it is applicable for translatory as well as rotatory scans. To demonstrate the findings, an LSWLI setup with integrated DSC measurements is realized and tested on a rotating cylindrical object with a surface made of a linear encoder strip.

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Wu, Jin, Robert Miller, Douglas Cooper, James Flynn, Douglas Delson, and Robert Teagle. "Deposition of Submicron Aerosol Particles During Integrated Circuit Manufacturing: Experiments." Journal of the IEST 32, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 27–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17764/jiet.1.32.1.m52036842044n049.

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Measurements of airborne concentrations and surface concentrations of submicron particles were made in two different semiconductor manufacturing cleanrooms. These measurements, made with an optical particle counter, a condensation nucleus counter, and a surface contamination optical monitor were used to determine the particle fluxes and the particle deposition velocities. The measurement data were compared with theoretical predictions of deposition due to gravity, diffusion, and electrostatic effects.

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Azadi Kenari, Shirin, Remco J. Wiegerink, Henk-Willem Veltkamp, Remco G. P. Sanders, and Joost C. Lötters. "Thermal Flow Meter with Integrated Thermal Conductivity Sensor." Micromachines 14, no. 7 (June 21, 2023): 1280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14071280.

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This paper presents a novel gas-independent thermal flow sensor chip featuring three calorimetric flow sensors for measuring flow profile and direction within a tube, along with a single-wire flow independent thermal conductivity sensor capable of identifying the gas type through a simple DC voltage measurement. All wires have the same dimensions of 2000 μm in length, 5 μm in width, and 1.2 μm in thickness. The design theory and COMSOL simulation are discussed and compared with the measurement results. The sensor’s efficacy is demonstrated with different gases, He, N2, Ar, and CO2, for thermal conductivity and thermal flow measurements. The sensor can accurately measure the thermal conductivity of various gases, including air, enabling correction of flow rate measurements based on the fluid type. The measured voltage from the thermal conductivity sensor for air corresponds to a calculated thermal conductivity of 0.02522 [W/m·K], with an error within 2.9%.

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DiGiovanni, Jeffrey J., and Ryan M. Pratt. "Verification of In Situ Thresholds and Integrated Real-Ear Measurements." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 21, no. 10 (November 2010): 663–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.21.10.6.

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Background: Accurate prescriptive gain results in a more accurate fit, lower return rate in hearing aids, and increased patient satisfaction. In situ threshold measurements can be used to determine required gain. The Widex Corporation uses an in situ threshold measurement strategy, called the Sensogram. Real-ear measurements determine if prescriptive gain targets have been achieved. Starkey Laboratories introduced an integrated real-ear measurement system in their hearing aids. Purpose: To determine whether the responses obtained using the Widex Sensogram were equivalent to those obtained using current clinical threshold measurement methods. To determine the accuracy of the Starkey IREMS™ (Integrated Real Ear Measurement System) in measuring RECD (real-ear to coupler difference) values compared to a dedicated real-ear measurement system. Research Design: A verification design was employed by comparing participant data measured from standard, benchmark equipment and procedures against new techniques offered by hearing-aid manufacturers. Study Sample: A total of 20 participants participated in this study. Ten participants with sensorineural hearing loss were recruited from the Ohio University Hearing, Speech, and Language Clinic participated in the first experiment. Ten participants with normal hearing were recruited from the student population at Ohio University participated in both experiments. The normal-hearing group had thresholds of 15 dB HL or better at the octave frequencies of 250–8000 Hz. The hearing-impaired group had thresholds of varying degrees and configurations with thresholds equal to or poorer than 25 dB HL three-frequency pure-tone average. Data Collection and Analysis: The order of measurement method for both experiments was counterbalanced. In Experiment 1, thresholds obtained via the Widex Sensogram were compared to thresholds obtained for each participant using a clinical audiometer and ER-3A insert ear phones. In Experiment 2, RECD values obtained via the Starkey IREMS were compared to RECD values obtained via the Audioscan Verifit™. A repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for statistical analysis, and a Fisher's LSD (least significant difference) was used as a post hoc analysis tool. Results: A significant difference between Sensogram thresholds and conventional audiometric thresholds was found with the Sensogram method resulting in better threshold values at 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 kHz for both groups. In Experiment 2, a significant difference between RECD values obtained by the Starkey IREMS and the Audioscan Verifit system was found with significant differences in RECD values found at 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.5, 2.0, and 6.0 kHz. Conclusions: The Sensogram data differ significantly from traditional audiometry at several frequencies important for speech intelligibility. Real-ear measures are still required for verification of prescribed gain, however, calling into question any claims of shortened fitting time. The Starkey IREMS does perform real-ear measurements that vary significantly from benchmark equipment. These technologies represent a positive direction in prescribing accurate gain during hearing-aid fittings, but a stand-alone system is still the preferred method for real-ear measurements in hearing-aid fittings.

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Thouin, Julien, Malyk Benmouffok, Pierre Freton, and Jean-Jacques Gonzalez. "Interpretation of Stark broadening measurements on a spatially integrated plasma spectral line." European Physical Journal Applied Physics 97 (2022): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjap/2022220263.

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In thermal plasma spectroscopy, Stark broadening measurement of hydrogen spectral lines is considered to be a good and reliable measurement for electron density. Unlike intensity based measurements, Stark broadening measurements can pose a problem of interpretation when the light collected is the result of a spatial integration. Indeed, when assuming no self-absorption of the emission lines, intensities simply add up but broadenings do not. In order to better understand the results of Stark broadening measurements on our thermal plasma which has an unneglectable thickness, a Python code has been developed based on local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) assumption and calculated plasma composition and properties. This code generates a simulated pseudo experimental (PE) Hα spectral line resulting from an integration over the plasma thickness in a selected direction for a given temperature profile. The electron density was obtained using the Stark broadening of the PE spectral line for different temperature profiles. It resulted that this measurement is governed by the maximum electron density profile up until the temperature maximum exceeds that of the maximum electron density. The electron density obtained by broadening measurement is 60–75% of the maximum electron density.

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Qian, Kun, Jian-Guo Wang, and Baoxin Hu. "Novel Integration Strategy for GNSS-Aided Inertial Integrated Navigation." GEOMATICA 69, no. 2 (June 2015): 217–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5623/cig2015-205.

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The conventional integration mechanism in GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) aided inertial integrated positioning and navigation system is mainly based on the continuous outputs of the navigation mechanization, the associated error models for navigation parameters, the biases of the inertial measurement units (IMU), and the error measurements. Its strong dependence on the a priori error characteristics of inertial sensors may suffer with the low-cost IMUs, e.g. the MEMS IMUs due to their low and unstable performance. This paper strives for a significant breakthrough in a compact and general integration strategy which restructures the Kalman filter by deploying a system model on the basis of 3D kinematics of a rigid body and performing measurement update via all sensor data inclusive of the IMU measurements. This novel IMU/GNSS Kalman filter directly estimates navigational parameters instead of the error states. It enables the direct use of the IMU's raw outputs as measurements in measurement updates of Kalman filter instead of involving the free inertial navigation calculation through the conventional integration mechanism. This realization makes all of the sensors in a system no longer to be differentiated between core and aiding sensors. The proposed integration strategy can greatly enhance the sustainability of low-cost navigation systems in poor GNSS and/or GNSS denied environment compared to the conventional aided error-state-based inertial navigation integration mechanism. The post-processed solutions are presented to show the success of the proposed multisensor integrated navigation strategy.

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GANGULY, SANMAY, and MONORANJAN GUCHAIT. "JET CROSS-SECTION MEASUREMENTS IN CMS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 28, no. 20 (August 7, 2013): 1330030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x13300305.

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The Large Hadron Collider experiment has successfully completed data taking at center-of-mass energy 7 TeV in 2011 and very recently for 8 TeV. Measurements of cross-sections predicted by the standard model were the main tasks in the beginning. The inclusive jet cross-section and dijet mass measurement are already done at 7 TeV energy by Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector with integrated luminosity 5 fb-1. In these measurement, one needs to understand and measure precisely the kinematic properties of jets which involve many theoretical and experimental issues. The goal of this paper is to discuss all these issues including jet measurements in CMS and subsequently review the inclusive jet cross-section and dijet mass measurement in CMS at 7 TeV with integrated luminosity 5 fb-1. The measurements, after unfolding the data, are also compared with the next-to-leading-order theory predictions, corrected for the nonperturbative effects, for five different sets of parton distribution functions. It is observed that the measurements, for both cases, agree with the theory prediction within ~8–10% depending on transverse momentum (pT) and dijet invariant mass (Mjj) of jets.

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Cięszczyk, Sławomir. "A Multi-Band Integrated Virtual Calibration-Inversion Method for Open Path FTIR Spectrometry." Metrology and Measurement Systems 20, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 287–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mms-2013-0025.

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Abstract This paper addresses problems arising from in situ measurement of gas content and temperature. Such measurements can be considered indirect. Transmittance or natural radiation of a gas is measured directly. The latter method (spectral radiation measurement) is often called spectral remote sensing. Its primary uses are in astronomy and in the measurement of atmospheric composition. In industrial processes, in situ spectroscopic measurements in the plant are often made with an open path Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. The main difficulty in this approach is related to the calibration process, which often cannot be carried out in the manner used in the laboratory. Spectral information can be obtained from open path spectroscopic measurements using mathematical modeling, and by solving the inverse problem. Determination of gas content based on spectral measurements requires comparison of the measured and modeled spectra. This paper proposes a method for the simultaneous use of multiple lines to determine the gas content. The integrated absorptions of many spectral lines permits calculation of the average band absorption. An inverse model based on neural networks is used to determine gas content based on mid-infrared spectra at variable temperatures.

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Brand, Uwe, Min Xu, Lutz Doering, Jannick Langfahl-Klabes, Heinrich Behle, Sebastian Bütefisch, Thomas Ahbe, et al. "Long Slender Piezo-Resistive Silicon Microprobes for Fast Measurements of Roughness and Mechanical Properties inside Micro-Holes with Diameters below 100 µm." Sensors 19, no. 6 (March 22, 2019): 1410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19061410.

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During the past decade, piezo-resistive cantilever type silicon microprobes for high-speed roughness measurements inside high-aspect-ratio microstructures, like injection nozzles or critical gas nozzles have been developed. This article summarizes their metrological properties for fast roughness and shape measurements including noise, damping, tip form, tip wear, and probing forces and presents the first results on the measurement of mechanical surface parameters. Due to the small mass of the cantilever microprobes, roughness measurements at very high traverse speeds up to 15 mm/s are possible. At these high scanning speeds, considerable wear of the integrated silicon tips was observed in the past. In this paper, a new tip-testing artefact with rectangular grooves of different width was used to measure this wear and to measure the tip shape, which is needed for morphological filtering of the measured profiles and, thus, for accurate form measurements. To reduce tip wear, the integrated silicon tips were replaced by low-wear spherical diamond tips of a 2 µm radius. Currently, a compact microprobe device with an integrated feed-unit is being developed for high-speed roughness measurements on manufacturing machines. First measurements on sinusoidal artefacts were carried out successfully. Moreover, the first measurements of the elastic modulus of a polymer surface applying the contact resonance measurement principle are presented, which indicates the high potential of these microprobes for simultaneous high-speed roughness and mechanical parameter measurements.

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Uhlmann, Eckart, Gerhard Häusler, Christian Röttinger, Evelyn Olesch, Christian Faber, and M. Kurz. "Machine Integrated Measurement of Ultra Precision Machined Specular Non-Rotational Symmetrical Surfaces." Advanced Materials Research 907 (April 2014): 277–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.907.277.

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In this paper, current results of a research project combining ultra precision machining and optical measurement are presented. The goal is to improve the quality of specular freeform surfaces manufactured by ultra precision slow slide servo turning by running appropriate correction cycles on the basis of machine integrated measurements. These measurements are conducted using the principle of Phase Measuring Deflectometry (PMD) in order to optically acquire full-field 3D-height data. For this purpose, a special setup the so called Mini PMD that can be operated within the limited installation space of an ultra precision machine tool has been designed and implemented. Results of machine integrated measurements of a specular non-rotational symmetrical surface are presented. Furthermore, using Mini PMD and a rotationally symmetric test surface, a complete correction cycle is demonstrated without the necessity of taking the workpiece off the machine for measurement.

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MacDonald, R. Ian, and Hildburg Ahlers. "Swept wavelength reflectometer for integrated-optic measurements." Applied Optics 26, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.26.000114.

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Hu, Zhixiong, Andrew Glidle, Charles Ironside, Jonathan M. Cooper, and Huabing Yin. "An integrated microspectrometer for localised multiplexing measurements." Lab on a Chip 15, no. 1 (2015): 283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4lc00952e.

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Drung, D., F. Ludwig, W. Müller, U. Steinhoff, L. Trahms, H. Koch, Y. Q. Shen, et al. "Integrated YBa2Cu3O7−x magnetometer for biomagnetic measurements." Applied Physics Letters 68, no. 10 (March 4, 1996): 1421–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.116100.

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Poreh, Michael, and Jack E. Cermak. "Wind tunnel measurements of line integrated concentration." Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics 25, no. 7 (January 1991): 1181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-1686(91)90229-z.

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Maier, T., and E. Gornik. "Integrated sensor chip for interferometric displacement measurements." Electronics Letters 36, no. 9 (2000): 792. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20000624.

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Malcovati, P., and F. Maloberti. "Integrated microsystem for 3D magnetic field measurements." IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine 14, no. 9 (1999): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/62.793452.

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Pang, Menglin, and Christian Tiberius. "Precision and Reliability of Tightly Coupled PPP GNSS and Landmark Monocular Vision Positioning." Sensors 20, no. 5 (March 10, 2020): 1537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20051537.

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This paper presents an approach to analyse the quality, in terms of precision and reliability, of a system which integrates—at the observation-level—landmark positions and GNSS measurements, obtained with a single camera and a digital map, and a single frequency GNSS receiver respectively. We illustrate the analysis by means of design computations, and we present the actual performance by means of a small experiment in practice. It is shown that the integration model is able to produce a position solution even when both sensors individually fail to do so. With realistic assumptions on measurement noise, the proposed integrated, low-cost system can deliver a horizontal position with a precision of better than half a meter. The external reliability of the integrated system is at the few decimetre-level, showing that the impact of undetected faults in the measurements, for instance incorrectly identified landmarks in the image, on the horizontal position is limited and acceptable, thereby confirming the fault-robustness of the system.

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Nawito, M., H. Richter, A. Stett, and J. N. Burghartz. "A programmable energy efficient readout chip for a multiparameter highly integrated implantable biosensor system." Advances in Radio Science 13 (November 3, 2015): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-13-103-2015.

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Abstract. In this work an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) for an implantable electrochemical biosensor system (SMART implant, Stett et al., 2014) is presented. The ASIC drives the measurement electrodes and performs amperometric measurements for determining the oxygen concentration, potentiometric measurements for evaluating the pH-level as well as temperature measurements. A 10-bit pipeline analog to digital (ADC) is used to digitize the acquired analog samples and is implemented as a single stage to reduce power consumption and chip area. For pH measurements, an offset subtraction technique is employed to raise the resolution to 12-bits. Charge integration is utilized for oxygen and temperature measurements with the capability to cover current ranges between 30 nA and 1 μA. In order to achieve good performance over a wide range of supply and process variations, internal reference voltages are generated from a programmable band-gap regulated circuit and biasing currents are supplied from a wide-range bootstrap current reference. To accommodate the limited available electrical power, all components are designed for low power operation. Also a sequential operation approach is applied, in which essential circuit building blocks are time multiplexed between different measurement types. All measurement sequences and parameters are programmable and can be adjusted for different tissues and media. The chip communicates with external unites through a full duplex two-wire Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI), which receives operational instructions and at the same time outputs the internally stored measurement data. The circuit has been fabricated in a standard 0.5-μm CMOS process and operates on a supply as low as 2.7 V. Measurement results show good performance and agree with circuit simulation. It consumes a maximum of 500 μA DC current and is clocked between 500 kHz and 4 MHz according to the measurement parameters. Measurement results of the on-chip ADC show a Differential Non Linearity (DNL) lower than 0.5 LSB, an Integral Non Linearity (INL) lower than 1 LSB and a Figure of Merit (FOM) of 6 pJ/conversion.

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Palm, M., C. Melsheimer, S. Noël, J. Notholt, J. Burrows, and O. Schrems. "Integrated water vapor above Ny Ålesund, Spitsbergen: a multisensor intercomparison." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, no. 6 (December 18, 2008): 21171–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-21171-2008.

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Abstract. Water vapor is an important constituent of the atmosphere. Because of its abundance it plays an important role for the radiation budget of the atmosphere and has major influence on weather and climate. In this work the integrated water vapor (IWV) measurements derived from the measurements of two satellite sensors, SCIAMACHY and AMSU-B, and two ground-based sensors, a Fourier-transform spectrometer (FTIR) and an O3 microwave ozone sensor (RAM), are compared to radio-sonde measurements in Ny Ålesund, 79° N. All four remote sensors exploit different principles and work in different wavelength regions. Combined they deliver a comprehensive picture of the IWV above Ny Ålesund. The ground-based FTIR reproduces the radio-sonde measurements very well and also shows a high correlation and very little scatter of about 10%. The other remote sensing instruments show a good correlation with the coincident radio-sonde measurements but show high scatter of about 20% (standard deviation). The ground-based RAM performs similar to the satellite instruments, which is somewhat surprising, because measuring IWV is only a by-product for this sensor. The RAM sensor records a measurement every hour and is therefore suited to observe the diurnal variation. As measured by the RAM and FTIR the variance within 4 h is often in excess of 50% (minimum – maximum of the measured IWV). This large variance in the integrated water vapor renders the comparison of different sensors a difficult task. The derived variance of the instruments when compared to radio-sonde measurements can be explained by the high natural variability of IWV.

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Van Asselt, Robert L., and Heinrich Becker. "Development of accurate linewidth measurement techniques for in-process wafers." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 46 (1988): 54–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100102353.

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Measurements of the device geometries on “in-process” wafers present some interesting challenges. Sample coating is not possible and the measurement probe must not damage the devices. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) is the standard tool for submicrometer measurements. However, operating at the low electron beam accelerating voltage required to avoid damage to integrated circuits introduces problems in resolution. Also, the measurement accuracy may be limited by the effects of surface charging and topography. Further, SEM linewidth standards do not exist at the present time. Optical measurements are attractive because, in general, they display greater precision, are typically less expensive to implement and have a higher throughput. However, diffraction effects associated with the complex three-dimensional geometries of integrated circuit structures make accurate measurements very difficult. The "blur" regions that occur in the optical image at each edge must be interpreted to predict the actual location of the structure edges.

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Frankiewicz, Maciej, Adam Gołda, and Andrzej Kos. "INVESTIGATION OF HEAT TRANSFER IN INTEGRATED CIRCUITS." Metrology and Measurement Systems 21, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mms-2014-0011.

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Abstract The paper analyzes the phenomenon of heat transfer and its inertia in solids. The influence of this effect on the operation of an integrated circuit is described. The phenomenon is explained using thermal analogy implemented in the Spice environment by an R-C thermal model. Results from the model are verified by some measurements with a chip designed in CMOS 0.7 μm (5 V) technology. The microcontroller-based measurement system structure and experiment results are described.

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Pokhrel, Basanta Raj, Birgitte Bak-Jensen, and Jayakrishnan R. Pillai. "Integrated Approach for Network Observability and State Estimation in Active Distribution Grid." Energies 12, no. 12 (June 12, 2019): 2230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12122230.

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This paper presents a unique integrated approach to meter placement and state estimation to ensure the network observability of active distribution systems. It includes observability checking, minimum measurement utilization, network state estimation, and trade-off evaluation between the number of real measurements used and the accuracy of the estimated state. In network parameter estimation, observability assessment is a preliminary task. It is handled by data analysis and filtering followed by calculation of the triangular factors of the singular, symmetric gain matrix using an algebraic method. Usually, to cover the deficiency of essential real measurements in distribution systems, huge numbers of virtual measurements are used. These pseudo measurements are calculated values, which are based on the network parameters, real measurements, and forecasted load/generation. Due to the application of a huge number of pseudo-measurements, large margins of error exists in the calculation phase. Therefore, there is still a high possibility of having large errors in estimated states, even though the network is classified as being observable. Hence, an integrated approach supported by forecasting is introduced in this work to overcome this critical issue. Finally, estimation of the trade-off in accuracy with respect to the number of real measurements used has been evaluated in order to justify the method’s practical application. The proposed method is applied to a Danish network, and the results are discussed.

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Molloy, E., P. Saunders, and A. Koo. "Effects of rotation errors on goniometric measurements." Metrologia 59, no. 2 (February 28, 2022): 025002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1681-7575/ac438e.

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Abstract Goniometric measurements are essential for the determination of many optical quantities, and quantifying the effects of errors in the rotation axes on these quantities is a complex task. In this paper, we show how a measurement model for a four-axis goniometric system can be developed to allow the effects of alignment and rotation errors to be included in the uncertainty of the measurement. We use three different computational methods to propagate the uncertainties due to several error sources through the model to the rotation angles and then to the measurement of bidirectional reflectance and integrated diffuse reflectance, a task that would otherwise be intractable. While all three methods give the same result, the GTC Python package is the simplest and intrinsically provides a full uncertainty budget, including all correlations between measurement parameters. We then demonstrate how the development of a measurement model and the use of GTC has improved our understanding of the system. As a consequence, taking advantage of negative correlations between measurements in different geometries allows us to minimise the total uncertainty in integrated diffuse reflectance, lowering the standard uncertainty from 0.0029 to 0.0015.

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Zhao, Lin, Yingyao Kang, Jianhua Cheng, and Mouyan Wu. "A Fault-Tolerant Polar Grid SINS/DVL/USBL Integrated Navigation Algorithm Based on the Centralized Filter and Relative Position Measurement." Sensors 19, no. 18 (September 10, 2019): 3899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19183899.

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Navigation is a precondition for ocean space vehicles to work safely in polar regions. The traditional polar algorithms employ the grid strapdown inertial navigation system (SINS) as the backbone and Doppler velocity log (DVL) output velocity as measurements to constitute the integrated navigation system, of which, however, the position errors still accumulate with time. The ultra-short baseline (USBL) position system can provide position information that can be used to improve the performance of the SINS/DVL integrated system. Therefore, a grid SINS/DVL/USBL integrated algorithm for polar navigation is proposed in this paper. In order to extend the availability of the USBL and improve integration accuracy in polar regions, the USBL observation model is established based on the relative position measurement firstly. Then, a grid SINS/DVL/USBL integrated algorithm is proposed to fuse the information of these sensors with a modified Kalman filter (MKF) dealing with the sparse USBL output. Finally, a vector fault detection method, which takes the measurements as detection objects instead of the filter, is designed to locate the measurement fault and can be employed by the centralized filter to improve the fault-tolerant. Simulation and experiment results show that the proposed grid SINS/DVL/USBL integrated navigation system can further restrain SINS errors especially the position errors effectively. Meanwhile, the vector fault detection method can detect and isolate the fault measurements of centralized filter immediately and accurately. Therefore, the proposed fault-tolerant grid SINS/DVL/USBL integrated navigation algorithm can improve the reliability and accuracy of polar navigation for ocean space application.

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Wu, Xiao Bing, and Wan Quan Peng. "A CMOS Integrated Circuit Parameter Testing Method Using LabVIEW." Applied Mechanics and Materials 443 (October 2013): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.443.53.

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Software controlled measurement procedure, designed for testing of inverter integrated circuit voltage parameters, is presented in this paper. Described solution, performed on circuit HCF 4007 UB, is based on data acquisition PCI card NI 6713 and control programming application developed in LabVIEW 8.0 software environment, installed on standard. PC configuration. Designed solutions of virtual instruments performs measurements, chronological recording, graphical presentation and software analysis of measurement results regarding to input and output threshold voltage levels, from inverter transfer characteristic recorded for different circuit supply voltages. LabVIEW software support in the process of recording, measurement and software processing of the integrated circuit basic parameters, provides full software automation of these procedures.

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Rauch, W., N. Thurner, and P. Harremoës. "Required accuracy of rainfall data for integrated urban drainage modeling." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 11 (June 1, 1998): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0441.

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It is standard practice in integrated urban water management to apply mathematical models of the total drainage system for calculating the frequency of occurrence of critical states in the receiving water body. The model input for such computations are long term time-series of rainfall data. However, it is inevitable that those rainfall data measurements deviate from reality. This is a result of inaccuracy of the measurement devices, errors in data transmission, local meteorological effects, etc. In this work we investigate the effect of such uncertainty in the rainfall data on the return period of the occurrence of oxygen depletion in the river due to the drainage of storm water. The errors in the rain data measurements are simulated by means of both stochastic and deterministic models. A comparison of the results obtained from the erroneous data series against the reference data reveals the small effect of random deviation in rain measurements. Only a constant and significant offset of the measured data (greater 20%) has an equally significant effect on the modeling result.

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Simelane, Phondie S., David Delene, Hans Ahlness, and Darin Langerud. "Evaluation of Pilot Estimated Updrafts Using Aircraft Integrated Meteorological Measurement System (AIMMS) Measurements." Journal of Weather Modification 45, no. 1 (April 15, 2013): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.54782/jwm.v45i1.131.

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Hygroscopic seeding operations usually acquire cloud base updraft (positive vertical wind) velocities from pilot estimates. Though useful, pilot estimates are subjective and hence potentially inconsistent from case to case and from one project to the next. The Aircraft-Integrated Meteorological Measurements System (AIMMS) provides an objective measurement of updrafts. The objective is to use AIMMS measurement to evaluate pilot estimates of updrafts encountered while flying under developing cumulus clouds. The analysis compares the pilot estimated maximum updraft to statistical distribution parameters of 1 Hz AIMMS measurements. Specifically, the five minute distribution mean and 95th percentile values are compared to the range of maximum sustained updrafts that the pilot estimates. Six cases with mean updrafts in the range of 0.6 to 1.4 m s-1 (120 to 275 ft min-1) were obtained during the Polarimetric Cloud Analysis and Seeding Test 2012 (POLCAST-2012) field project. Three cases show pilot estimates agreeing with the mean updraft AIMMS velocities; however, the pilot estimates are high for the remaining three cases. For five cases, the pilot estimates are below the 95th percentile range of AIMMS 1.0 Hz measurements. The POLCAST-2012 cases demonstrate the difficulty for pilots to discern the difference between a 1.0 m s-1 (200 ft min-1) and a 2.0 m s-1 (400 ft min-1) updraft.

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Fu, Yan, Laurent Dussopt, Tan Phu Vuong, and Fabien Ndagijimana. "Characterization of integrated antennas at millimeter-wave frequencies." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 4, no. 1 (October 14, 2011): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078711000912.

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This paper presents two feeding techniques for the radiation characterization of integrated antennas at millimeter-wave frequencies. The first method involves feeding the antenna-under-test (AUT) with a radiofrequency (RF) probe. We compare the measurements obtained with a standard RF probe, an extended probe, and an extended probe with reversed connector orientation. We find that the reversed orientation probe produces the best results in terms of effective measurement angular sector and reduction of ripples due to diffraction. The second method involves feeding the AUT through a flexible transmission line. This method achieves a larger range of measurement angles, but still suffers from parasitic scattering likely due to the mounting bracket and still need further development.

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Mendoza, Alberto, Olabode Ijasan, Carlos Torres-Verdín, William E. Preeg, John Rasmus, R. J. Radtke, and Edward Stockhausen. "Inversion-based method for interpretation of logging-while-drilling density measurements acquired in high-angle and horizontal wells." GEOPHYSICS 77, no. 4 (July 1, 2012): D113—D127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2012-0002.1.

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We introduce a sector-based inversion method to improve the petrophysical interpretation of logging-while-drilling density measurements acquired in high-angle and horizontal wells. The central objective is to reduce shoulder-bed effects on the measurements. This approach is possible because of a recently developed technique to accurately and efficiently simulate borehole density measurements. The inversion-based interpretation method consists of first detecting bed boundaries from short-spacing detector or bottom-quadrant compensated density by calculating their variance, representative of the measurement inflection point, within a sliding window. Subsequently, a correlation algorithm calculates dip and azimuth from the density image. Depth shifts that vary azimuthally and depend on relative dip angle, together with the effective penetration length of each sensor, refine previously selected bed boundaries. Next, the inversion method combines sector-based density measurements acquired at all measurement points along the well trajectory to estimate layer-by-layer densities. In the presence of standoff, the method excludes upper sectors most affected by standoff to reduce inaccuracies due to borehole mud. To verify the reliability and applicability of the inversion method, we first use forward simulations to generate synthetic density images for a model constructed from field data. Results indicate that inversion improves the interpretation of azimuthal density data as it consistently reduces shoulder-bed effects. Inversion results obtained from field measurements are appraised by quantifying the corresponding integrated porosity-meter yielded by inversion methods in comparison to standard techniques that use simple cutoffs on field-processed compensated density. Integrated porosity-meter of inverted synthetic density measurements increases by 4.6% with respect to noninverted field measurements. Also, integrated porosity-meter obtained from inversion results that include only bottom sectors improved by 65.4% with respect to that calculated with field-compensated, bottom-quadrant density measurements.

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Yan, Xiaoyi, Hang Guo, Min Yu, Yuan Xu, Liang Cheng, and Ping Jiang. "Light detection and ranging/inertial measurement unit-integrated navigation positioning for indoor mobile robots." International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 17, no. 2 (March 1, 2020): 172988142091994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1729881420919940.

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To overcome the problem of the low accuracy and large accumulated errors of indoor mobile navigation and positioning, a method to integrate the light detection and ranging- and inertial measurement unit-based measurement is proposed. Firstly, the voxel-scale-invariant feature transform feature extraction algorithm for light detection and ranging is studied. Then, the errors of light detection and ranging measurement due to the change of the scan plane compensated based on aiding information from inertial measurement unit. The relative position parameters and the differences of measurements of light detection and ranging at adjacent times are used to estimate the error of inertial measurement unit sensors by a Kalman filter. Several experiments are carried out in the indoor corridor and the results demonstrate that precision of the light detection and ranging/inertial measurement unit-integrated indoor mobile robot localization is higher than that of single light detection and ranging sensor.

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Bo, Yang, Yang Xiaogang, Qu Geping, and Wang Yongjun. "Accurate Integrated Navigation Method Based on Medium Precision Strapdown Inertial Navigation System." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (November 7, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1420393.

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A method of accurate integrated navigation for high-altitude aerocraft by medium precision strapdown inertial navigation system (SINS), star sensor, and global navigation satellite system (GNSS) is researched in this paper. The system error sources of SINS and star sensor are analyzed and modeled, and then system errors of SINS and star sensor are chosen as system states of integrated navigation. Considering that the output of star sensor is attitude quaternion, it can be regarded as an attitude matrix, then the equivalent attitude matrix is constructed by using the output of SINS, and the calculating equation of the equivalent attitude matrix is designed. Thus, one of the measurements of integrated navigation can be constructed by using the equivalent attitude matrix and the attitude matrix output of star sensor. According to the constraint conditions of the attitude matrix, the diagonal elements are selected as one of the measurements of integrated navigation, and the corresponding measurement equation is derived. At the same time, the velocity output and position output difference between SINS and GNSS is selected as the other measurement, and the corresponding measurement equation is also derived. On this basis, the Kalman filter is used to design an integrated navigation filtering algorithm. Simulation results show that although the medium precision SINS is used, the heading accuracy of this integrated navigation method is better than ±1.5′, the pitch and roll accuracy are better than ±0.9’, the velocity accuracy is better than ±0.05 m/s, and the position accuracy is better than ±3.8 m. Therefore, the integrated navigation effect is very significant.

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Smith, Brian J., and Jacob J. Oleson. "Geostatistical hierarchical model for temporally integrated radon measurements." Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics 13, no. 2 (June 2008): 140–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1198/108571108x312896.

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Mason, R., B. Simon, and K. Runtz. "Integrated circuit signal measurements using an undersampling approach." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Analog and Digital Signal Processing 45, no. 11 (1998): 1502–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/82.735362.

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Fairall, C. W., A. B. White, J. B. Edson, and J. E. Hare. "Integrated Shipboard Measurements of the Marine Boundary Layer." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 14, no. 3 (June 1997): 338–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1997)014<0338:ismotm>2.0.co;2.

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Sa, A. de. "Signal-conditioning integrated circuits for magnetic susceptibility measurements." Measurement Science and Technology 5, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 55–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/5/1/010.

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Smith, R. L., and D. C. Scott. "Correction to "An Integrated Sensor for Electrochemical Measurements"." IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering BME-33, no. 8 (August 1986): 806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tbme.1986.325911.

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Costanzo, Sandra, and Giuseppe Di Massa. "An integrated probe for phaseless near-field measurements." Measurement 31, no. 2 (March 2002): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0263-2241(01)00036-7.

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Trumpold, H., TU Chemnitz, and R. Mack. "Process-Integrated Measurements for Quality Control with Turning." CIRP Annals 41, no. 1 (1992): 463–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-8506(07)61245-1.

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Splawn, Bryan G., and Fred E. Lytle. "On-chip absorption measurements using an integrated waveguide." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 373, no. 7 (June 21, 2002): 519–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-002-1316-9.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Integrated measurements'

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