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1
Tordoff, M. G., R. L. Hughes, and D. M. Pilchak. "Independence of salt intake from the hormones regulating calcium homeostasis." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 264, no. 3 (March 1, 1993): R500—R512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1993.264.3.r500.
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Rats deprived of dietary calcium increase voluntary intake of NaCl solutions. We investigated whether the major hormones controlling calcium homeostasis are responsible for this increase in salt intake. Removing endogenous sources of calcitonin and parathyroid hormone by thyroidectomy and/or parathyroidectomy had no effect on NaCl intake. The surgically compromised rats and their intact controls drank similar amounts of NaCl in response to manipulations of diet calcium content. Despite normal NaCl intakes, rats with parathyroidectomy had low plasma calcium concentrations and a strong appetite for 50 mM CaCl2 solution. Chronic infusion of parathyroid hormone into rats with thyroparathyroidectomy decreased NaCl intake. Intact rats fed an American Institute of Nutrition (AIN)-76A-based vitamin D-deficient diet increased NaCl intake slightly and showed a strong appetite for CaCl2, but other rats maintained normocalcemic by the addition of calcium, phosphorus, and lactose to the vitamin D-deficient diet had normal NaCl and CaCl2 intakes. Chronic infusions of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 into intact rats had no effect on NaCl intake. Taken together, these results indicate that the increase in NaCl intake produced by calcium deprivation is not mediated by changes in circulating levels of calcium, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Furthermore, the major calcium-regulating hormones are not involved in the control of "spontaneous" NaCl intake in the rat.
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Patel, Prerna, M. Zulf Mughal, Pinal Patel, Bhrugu Yagnik, Neha Kajale, Rubina Mandlik, Vaman Khadilkar, et al. "Dietary calcium intake influences the relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD) concentration and parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentration." Archives of Disease in Childhood 101, no. 4 (September 10, 2015): 316–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2015-308985.
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ObjectivesTo investigate whether dietary calcium intake will modify the relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD) with intact serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations in apparently healthy Indian adolescents.Study designCross-sectional study.Setting and participantsApparently healthy adolescents aged 10–14 years (n=181), from Gujarat, western India. Study conducted from January 2012 to March 2014.MethodsSerum 25OHD concentrations and intact serum PTH concentrations (both using chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay) were measured. Diet was recorded through 24 h diet recall and calcium intake was computed (C-diet V.2.1). To assess relationship between 25OHD and PTH, data were dichotomised according to median calcium intakes (520 mg/day) and relationship between serum 25OHD and PTH in the two subgroups was plotted.ResultsSubjects with calcium intakes above median (>520 mg/day) had lower intact serum PTH values for given serum 25OHD concentration while those with calcium intakes below median (<520 mg/day) had higher intact serum PTH values for given serum 25OHD concentration. Serum 25OHD concentration was negatively correlated with intact serum PTH concentration at lower as well as higher calcium intakes (r=− 0.606 and −0.483, respectively, p<0.01 for both). Using a regression analysis, predicted values for intact serum PTH concentration for the given serum 25OHD concentrations were plotted. The plot revealed a negative shift with increasing calcium intake.ConclusionsDietary calcium intake modifies the relationship between serum 25OHD concentrations and intact serum PTH concentrations. Thus, dietary calcium intake should be taken into account when assessing an individual's vitamin D status.
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Utomo, Muhammad Adnan, and Romie Oktavianus Bura. "Design of Inward-Turning External Compression Supersonic Inlet for Supersonic Transport Aircraft." INSIST 2, no. 2 (January 25, 2019): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/ins.v2i2.90.
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Inward-turning external compression intake is one of the hybrid intakes that employs both external and internal compression intakes principle. This intake is commonly developed for hypersonic flight due to its efficiency and utilizing fewer shockwaves that generate heat. Since this intake employ less shockwaves, this design can be applied for low supersonic (Mach 1.4 - 2.5) intakes to reduce noise generated from the shockwaves while maintaining the efficiency. Other than developing the design method, a tool is written in MATLAB language to generate the intake shape automatically based on the desired design requirement. To investigate the intake design tool code and the performance of the generated intake shape, some CFD simulation were performed. The intake design tool code can be validated by comparing the shockwave location and the air properties in every intake's stations. The performance parameters that being observed are the intake efficiency, flow distortion level at the engine face, and the noise level generated by the shockwaves. The design tool written in MATLAB is working as intended. Two dimensional axisymmetric CFD simulations validation has been done and the design meets the minimum requirement. As for the 3D inlet geometry, with a little modification on diffuser and equipping vent to release the buildup pressure, the inlet has been successfully met the military standard on inlet performance (MIL-E-5007D). This design method also has feature to fit every possible throat cross sectional shapes and has been proven to work as designed.Keywords— Inward-turning, Supersonic, Engine Intakes, Low- noise, Design Method
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Ericson, U., E. Wirfält, I. Mattisson, B. Gullberg, and K. Skog. "Dietary intake of heterocyclic amines in relation to socio-economic, lifestyle and other dietary factors: estimates in a Swedish population." Public Health Nutrition 10, no. 6 (June 2007): 616–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980007352518.
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AbstractObjectivesTo estimate the dietary intakes of heterocyclic amines (HCAs), to examine the intakes in relation to socio-economics, lifestyle and other dietary factors and to compare the classification of subjects by intake of HCA versus intake of meat and fish.DesignCross-sectional analysis within the Malmö Diet and Cancer (MDC) cohort. Data were obtained from a modified diet history, a structured questionnaire on socio-economics and lifestyle, anthropometric measurements and chemical analysis of HCAs. HCA intake was cross-classified against meat and fish intake. The likelihood of being a high consumer of HCAs was estimated by logistic regression analysis. Dietary intakes were examined across quintiles of HCA intake using analysis of variance.SettingBaseline examinations conducted in 1991–1994 in Malmö, Sweden.SubjectsA sub-sample of 8599 women and 6575 men of the MDC cohort.ResultsThe mean daily HCA intake was 583 ng for women and 821 ng for men. Subjects were ranked differently with respect to HCA intake compared with intake of fried and baked meat and fish (κ = 0.13). High HCA intake was significantly associated with lower age, overweight, sedentary lifestyle and smoking. Intakes of dietary fibre, fruits and fermented milk products were negatively associated with HCA intake, while intakes of selenium, vegetables, potatoes, alcohol (among men) and non-milk-based margarines (among women) were positively associated with HCA intake.ConclusionsThe estimated daily HCA intake of 690 ng is similar to values obtained elsewhere. The present study suggests that lifestyle factors (e.g. smoking, physical activity, fruit and vegetable intakes, and types of milk products and margarines) may confound associations between HCA intake and disease. The poor correlation between HCA intake and intakes of fried meat and fish facilitates an isolation of the health effects of HCAs.
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Chen, Junshi, and Junquan Gao. "The Chinese Total Diet Study in 1990. Part II. Nutrients." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 76, no. 6 (November 1, 1993): 1206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/76.6.1206.
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Abstract This paper reports the intakes of 72 nutrients and their dietary sources obtained from the Chinese total diet study in 1990. Most of the nutrient intakes are close or equal to their corresponding recommended daily allowances (RDAs). Both the total energy intake (2203 kcal) and the proportions contributed by protein, fat, and carbohydrate meet the current Chinese RDAs and the World Health Organization (WHO) nutrient goals. The average protein intake was 64 g/day. The intake of essential amino acids all exceeded the Chinese RDA, and their proportions were generally consistent with the WHO recommended pattern. The average fat intake was 51.2 g/day (21.2% of the total energy intake). However, the dietary fat intake has been increasing significantly in the Chinese diet and the proportion of animal fat has reached 53% of the total fat intake. The total saturated:total monounsaturated:total polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio was 1.0:1.5:1.0. Although the average cholesterol intake was only 179 mg/day, it was 248 mg/day in the South 1 region. The intakes of thiamine and riboflavin were below the RDA. Retinol intakes in all the 4 regions were low. Most (80%) of the retinol (equivalent) intakes were from carotenoids. The average intake of total tocopherol was 89% of the RDA, and among the 4 regions, only the South 2 region has relatively low intake. The intakes of iron, copper, manganese, sodium, and phosphorus were adequate. The intakes of calcium, zinc, and potassium were insufficient, and intakes of selenium and magnesium were a little low. High sodium and low potassium intake is a traditional problem in the Chinese diet.
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de Castro, John M. "When, how much and what foods are eaten are related to total daily food intake." British Journal of Nutrition 102, no. 8 (August 4, 2009): 1228–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114509371640.
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Intake in the morning is associated with a reduction in the total intake for the day, while intake at night is associated with greater overall daily intake. These associations are macronutrient specific, with morning carbohydrate intake associated with reduced daily carbohydrate intake, morning fat intake associated with reduced daily fat intake and morning protein intake associated with reduced daily protein intake. Since different types of foods contain differing proportions of macronutrients, the present study investigated the associations of different types of foods ingested at various times of day with total daily and macronutrient intakes. The intakes of 388 male and 621 female free-living individuals reported in 7 d diet diaries were reanalysed. The intakes of twenty-four different types of foods and seven different drinks occurring during the morning (04.00–10.29 hours), afternoon (10.30–16.59 hours) and evening (17.00–02.00 hours) were identified and related to overall daily intakes. Dairy foods, ice cream, beef, other meats, potatoes, pastry, nuts, chips and snacks, condiments, alcohol and soda were significantly associated with higher total intake over the day, while fruit, soup, breakfast cereal, pasta, pizza, water, coffee/tea and diet soda were either not associated or were associated with lower overall intake. Dietary energy density appeared to mediate the associations between particular foods and beverages and overall energy intake. This suggests that eating low-density foods in the morning and avoiding high-density foods at night might aid in reducing overall intake and may be useful in dietary interventions for overweight and obesity.
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Piernas, Carmen, Donna R. Miles, Denise M. Deming, Kathleen C. Reidy, and Barry M. Popkin. "Estimating usual intakes mainly affects the micronutrient distribution among infants, toddlers and pre-schoolers from the 2012 Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey." Public Health Nutrition 19, no. 6 (August 18, 2015): 1017–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980015002311.
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AbstractObjectiveTo compare estimates from one day with usual intake estimates to evaluate how the adjustment for within-person variability affected nutrient intake and adequacy in Mexican children.DesignIn order to obtain usual nutrient intakes, the National Cancer Institute’s method was used to correct the first 24 h dietary recall collected in the entire sample (n 2045) with a second 24 h recall collected in a sub-sample (n 178). We computed estimates of one-day and usual intakes of total energy, fat, Fe, Zn and Na.Setting2012 Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey.SubjectsA total of 2045 children were included: 0–5·9 months old (n 182), 6–11·9 months old (n 228), 12–23·9 months old (n 537) and 24–47·9 months old (n 1098). From these, 178 provided an additional dietary recall.ResultsAlthough we found small or no differences in energy intake (kJ/d and kcal/d) between one-day v. usual intake means, the prevalence of inadequate and excessive energy intake decreased somewhat when using measures of usual intake relative to one day. Mean fat intake (g/d) was not different between one-day and usual intake among children >6 months old, but the prevalence of inadequate and excessive fat intake was overestimated among toddlers and pre-schoolers when using one-day intake (P<0·05). Compared with usual intake, estimates from one day yielded overestimated prevalences of inadequate micronutrient intakes but underestimated prevalences of excessive intakes among children aged >6 months.ConclusionsThere was overall low variability in energy and fat intakes but higher for micronutrients. Because the usual intake distributions are narrower, the prevalence of inadequate/excessive intakes may be biased when estimating nutrient adequacy if one day of data is used.
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Rennie, Kirsten L., and M. Barbara E. Livingstone. "Associations between dietary added sugar intake and micronutrient intake: a systematic review." British Journal of Nutrition 97, no. 5 (May 2007): 832–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114507617206.
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There is increasing concern that high intakes of added sugars might compromise intakes of micronutrients. The objectives of this systematic review were (1) to determine whether dietary added sugar intake was associated with micronutrient intakes, and if so, whether there was evidence of micronutrient dilution as a result of higher dietary added sugar intake and (2) if micronutrient dilution was present, to determine whether there was sufficiently robust evidence to support a threshold effect above which there was a significant decline in micronutrient intake or status relative to the recommended intakes. A systematic computerised literature search was undertaken, limited to studies written in English published from 1980 onwards and further studies identified through hand searching papers. Fifteen studies that assessed associations between intakes of added sugars or non-milk extrinsic sugars and micronutrients were included. Overall, there are insufficient data and inconsistency between studies in relationships between added sugars and micronutrient intakes, with no clear evidence of micronutrient dilution or a threshold for a quantitative amount of added sugar intake for any of the micronutrients investigated. The current evidence base is considerably constrained by methodological issues. Further research is required to determine which food products high in added sugars might adversely affect micronutrient intakes by displacing other food items from the diet. Analyses should take into account the magnitude of any observed associations to determine their true biological significance.
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Sales, Cristiane H., Mariane de M. Fontanelli, Diva A. S. Vieira, Dirce M. Marchioni, and Regina M. Fisberg. "Inadequate dietary intake of minerals: prevalence and association with socio-demographic and lifestyle factors." British Journal of Nutrition 117, no. 2 (January 23, 2017): 267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114516004633.
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AbstractThis cross-sectional, population-based study aimed to estimate the prevalence of dietary mineral inadequacies among residents in urban areas of Sao Paulo, to identify foods contributing to mineral intake and to verify possible associations between socio-demographic and lifestyle factors and mineral intake. Data were obtained from the 2008 Health Survey of Sao Paulo (n 1511; mean age 43·6 (sd 23·2), range 14–97 years). Dietary intake of minerals was measured using two 24-h dietary recalls. Socio-demographic and lifestyle data were collected. The prevalence of inadequate intake was estimated according to Dietary Reference Intakes methods. Associations between mineral intake and baseline factors were determined using multiple linear regression. Na, Ca and Mg showed the highest dietary inadequacies. Some age/sex groups had lower intakes of P, Zn, Cu and Se. Rice, beans and bread were the main foods contributing towards mineral intake. Female sex was negatively associated with K, Na, P, Mg, Zn and Mn intakes. All age groups were positively associated with the intakes of K, P, Mg and Mn. Family income above one minimum wage was positively associated with Se intake. Living in a household whose head completed ≥10 years of education was positively associated with Ca and negatively associated with Na intake. Former smoker status was negatively associated with Ca intake. Current smoker status was inversely associated with K, Ca, P and Cu intakes. Sufficient physical activity was positively associated with K, Ca and Mg intakes. Overall, the intakes of all major minerals were inadequate and were influenced by socio-demographic and lifestyle factors.
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Muniz, Vanessa Messias, Débora Silva Cavalcanti, Nayalla Morais de Lima, and Mônica Maria Osório. "Food consumption of sugarcane workers' families in the Brazilian Northeast." Revista de Nutrição 28, no. 2 (April 2015): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1415-52732015000200006.
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OBJECTIVE: To analyze the food intake of sugarcane workers' family members. METHODS: The food intake of 159 family members of sugarcane workers from Gameleira, Pernambuco, Brazilian Northeast, was investigated by directly weighing the foods on three non-consecutive days. The percent risk of inadequate macro- and micronutrient intakes was analyzed according to the Reference Dietary Intakes. The macronutrients were analyzed in relation to acceptable distribution intervals. The energy consumed from the various food groups was expressed as a ratio of the total energy intake. RESULTS: The median intake of carbohydrates and proteins remained above the Estimated Average Requirement, and all age groups presented a low risk of inadequate carbohydrate and protein intakes. The median intakes of riboflavin, niacin, thiamin, and iron remained above the Estimated Average Requirement for all age groups, but children aged 1-3 years presented a high percent risk of inadequate iron intake. All age groups presented high percent risk of inadequate zinc, calcium, vitamin A, and vitamin C intakes. Grains and derivatives had a greater participation in the total energy intake, especially in men aged 19-30 years. The group "milk and dairy products" had a greater participation in the diet of children aged 1-3 years. CONCLUSION: The low percent risk of inadequate carbohydrate and protein intakes in all age groups was opposed to the high risk of inadequate mineral and vitamin intakes, making the population vulnerable to nutritional disorders caused by excess macronutrient intake and inadequate micronutrient intake.
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Griebel-Thompson, Adrianne K., Abigail Murray, Katherine S. Morris, Rocco A. Paluch, Lisette Jacobson, and Kai Ling Kong. "The Association between Maternal Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption and Infant/Toddler Added Sugar Intakes." Nutrients 14, no. 20 (October 18, 2022): 4359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14204359.
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Intake of added sugars during early life is associated with poor health outcomes. Maternal dietary intake influences the intake of their children, but little research investigates the relationship between maternal sugar sweetened beverage (SSB) and infant/toddler added sugar intakes. Our objective was to explore the relationship between maternal total sugars and SSB intakes and infant/toddler added sugar intakes. This cross-sectional study (n = 101) of mother-infant dyads measured maternal dietary intake by food frequency questionnaire and infant intake by three 24-h dietary recalls. Pearson’s correlations explored the relations between maternal total sugars and SSB intakes and infant added sugar intakes. Hierarchical stepwise regressions determined if maternal total sugars and SSB intakes explained the variation in infant added sugar intakes after accounting for known risk factors for early introduction of added sugars. Maternal total sugars (r = 0.202, p = 0.043) and SSB (r = 0.352, p < 0.001) intakes were positively correlated with infant/toddler added sugar intakes. In the hierarchical models, maternal total sugar intakes did not account for more variance in infant added sugar intakes (β = 0.046, p = 0.060), but maternal SSB intake was a significant contributor of infant added sugar intakes (β = 0.010, p = 0.006) after accounting for confounders. Interventions to reduced maternal SSB consumption may help reduce infant/toddler added sugar intakes.
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Stricker, Edward M., Carl F. Craver, Kathleen S. Curtis, Kimberly A. Peacock-Kinzig, Alan F. Sved, and James C. Smith. "Osmoregulation in water-deprived rats drinking hypertonic saline: effect of area postrema lesions." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 280, no. 3 (March 1, 2001): R831—R842. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.2001.280.3.r831.
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Rats drank rapidly when 0.3 M NaCl was the only drinking fluid available after overnight water deprivation, consuming ∼200 ml/24 h. Although such large intakes of this hypertonic solution initially elevated plasma osmolality, excretion of comparable volumes of urine more concentrated than 300 meq Na+/l ultimately appears to restore plasma osmolality to normal levels. Rats drank ∼100 ml of 0.5 M NaCl after overnight water deprivation, but urine Na+ concentration (UNa) did not increase sufficiently to achieve osmoregulation. When an injected salt load exacerbated the initial dehydration caused by water deprivation, rats increased UNa to void the injected load and did not significantly alter 24-h intake of 0.3 or 0.5 M NaCl. Rats with lesions of area postrema had much higher saline intakes and lower UNa than did intact control rats; nonetheless, they appeared to osmoregulate well while drinking 0.3 M NaCl but not while drinking 0.5 M NaCl. Detailed analyses of drinking behavior by intact rats suggest that individual bouts were terminated by some rapid postabsorptive consequence of the ingested NaCl load that inhibited further NaCl intake, not by a fixed intake volume or number of licks that temporarily satiated thirst.
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Hosseini, Zeinab, Susan J. Whiting, and Hassan Vatanparast. "Canadians’ Dietary Intake from 2007 to 2011 and across Different Sociodemographic/Lifestyle Factors Using the Canadian Health Measures Survey Cycles 1 and 2." Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 2019 (February 5, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2831969.
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Background. Nutrition is an important factor that impacts health, yet in Canada, there have been only a few surveys reflecting dietary intakes. The Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS) is a national survey that includes both food intake data as targeted questions and objective health measures. The aim of this research was to determine how food group intake data reported in CHMS is related to food group intakes from Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) (2004). A secondary objective was to examine the dietary status of Canadians across sociodemographic levels. Methods. The CHMS Cycles 1 and 2 food group intake data (meat and alternatives; milk products; grains; vegetables and fruits; dietary fat consumption; and beverages) of Canadians (6–79 years, n=11,387) were descriptively compared to previously reported intake of Canadians from CCHS 2.2 in 2004. Further, Canadians’ food intakes were assessed across sociodemographic characteristics. Results. The CHMS dietary intake data from vegetables and fruits and from milk products groups were similar to the dietary intake reported from CCHS 2.2. For the other food groups, the difference in intakes suggested CHMS data by FFQ were not complete. However, similar patterns in food intakes with regards to age/sex and income were observed in both surveys. Conclusion. Not all food groups measured in CHMS provide complete dietary intake data as compared to CCHS 2.2, yet CHMS food group intakes provide valuable information when it comes to evaluating dietary intake across different population groups.
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Nicklas, Theresa A., Larry S. Webber, MaryLynn Koschak, and Gerald S. Berenson. "Nutrient Adequacy of Low Fat Intakes for Children: The Bogalusa Heart Study." Pediatrics 89, no. 2 (February 1, 1992): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.89.2.221.
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Nutritional adequacy is important when diets and dietary alterations are recommended for children. Concern is expressed that low fat intakes may have deleterious effects on growth and development and may be deficient in total calories and essential nutrients. In a study of the effect of variation in percent fat in the diet, a sample of 871 ten-year-olds was stratified according to four different fat intakes: <30% of total kilocalories (kcal), 30% to 35% kcal, 35% to 40% kcal, and >40% kcal. The race/sex distribution was similar within each fat intake group. Fourteen percent of the sample had fat intakes less than 30% of total calories. The amount of calories from breakfast, dinner, and snacks was higher in the children with fat intakes >40% of total calories than those with lower fat intakes. The energy intake of all race/sex groups fell within the recommended range. The low fat intake group was eating 25% less calories than the high fat intake group (1800 kcal vs 2400 kcal). The percentage of calories from carbohydrate, specifically sugar, was greater in the low fat intake group compared with the high fat intake group. Percentage of calories from protein was approximately 13% for all groups. Fiber and starch were the same across all fat intakes. The major fat sources (percentage of total calories), in rank order, in the high fat intake group (>40% kcal) were meats (31%), dairy (16%), fats and oils (10%), and prepared vegetables (10%); whereas in the low fat intake group (<30% kcal) they were dairy (23%), meats (16%), breads (13%), and desserts (12%). Percentage of calories from saturated fat was higher in the high fat intake group (18%) than in the low fat intake group (11%). Interestingly, mean intake of sugar was greater in the low fat intake group (160 g) than in the high fat intake group (129 g). Percentage of total sugar intake in the low and high fat intake groups came from candy (29% vs 21%), beverages (25% vs 19%), and desserts (11% vs 14%). Based on the differences in total caloric intakes, the following is a comparison of the percentage of the high fat intake group vs the percentage of the low fat intake group not meeting the Recommended Dietary Allowances for the following nutrients: vitamins B6 (69% vs 77%), B12 (36% vs 70%), and E (23% vs 55%); thiamin (40% vs 58%), riboflavin (25% vs 45%), and niacin (41% vs 64%). Differences were less dramatic for folacin and iron. Obviously, attention has to be given to overall nutrient adequacy when dietary fat recommendations are made.
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de Castro, John M. "The time of day and the proportions of macronutrients eaten are related to total daily food intake." British Journal of Nutrition 98, no. 5 (November 2007): 1077–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114507754296.
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Intake in the morning is particularly satiating and associated with lower total amounts ingested for the day while intake at night is associated with greater overall daily intake. But, the influence of carbohydrates, fats or proteins ingested at various times of the day is unknown. The intakes of 375 male and 492 female free-living individuals that were acquired with 7 d diet-diary reports were reanalysed. The intakes of carbohydrates, fats and proteins, and the density of intake occurring during three 6 h periods (06.00 to 11.59 hours (morning), 12.00 to 17.59 hours (afternoon) and 18.00 to 23.59 hours (evening)) were identified and related to overall daily and meal intakes. Energy density of intake during all periods was found to be positively related to overall intake. When the proportion of daily carbohydrate ingested in the morning was high, less total food energy and carbohydrate were ingested over the entire day. When the proportion of daily fat ingested in the morning was high, less total food energy and carbohydrate and fat were ingested over the entire day. When the proportion of daily protein ingested in the morning was high, less protein was ingested over the entire day. Conversely, when intake was relatively high in the evening of either total food energy, carbohydrate or fat, then overall daily energy intakes tended to be higher. The results suggest that the morning intake association with reduced total intake is macronutrient specific, with morning carbohydrate, fat and protein intake associated with reduced daily carbohydrate, fat and protein intake, respectively.
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Siebelink, Els, Anouk Geelen, and Jeanne H. M. de Vries. "Self-reported energy intake by FFQ compared with actual energy intake to maintain body weight in 516 adults." British Journal of Nutrition 106, no. 2 (February 22, 2011): 274–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114511000067.
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It is generally assumed that a FFQ is not suitable to estimate the absolute levels of individual energy intake. However, in epidemiological studies, reported nutrients by FFQ are often corrected for this intake. The objective of the present study was to assess how accurately participants report their energy intakes by FFQ. We compared reported energy intake with actual energy intake needed to maintain stable body weights during eleven controlled dietary trials. FFQ were developed to capture at least 90 % of energy intake. Participants, 342 women and 174 men, with a mean BMI of 22·8 (sd 3·1) kg/m2 filled out the FFQ just before the trials. Energy intakes during the trials were calculated from provided foods and reported free-food items, representing 90 and 10 % of energy intake, respectively. Mean reported energy intake was 97·5 (sd 12·7) % of actual energy intake during the trials; it was 98·9 (sd 15·2) % for women and 94·7 (sd 16·3) % for men (P = 0·004 for difference between sexes). Correlation coefficients between reported and actual energy intakes were 0·82 for all participants, 0·74 for women and 0·80 for men. Individual reported energy intake as a percentage of actual intake ranged from 56·3 to 159·6 % in women and from 43·8 to 151·0 % in men. In conclusion, the FFQ appeared to be accurate for estimating the mean level of energy intakes of these participants and for ranking them according to their intake. However, the large differences found on the individual level may affect the results of epidemiological studies in an unknown direction if nutrients are corrected for energy intakes reported by FFQ.
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Prentice, Ross L. "Criteria for Acceptable Dietary Intake Biomarkers." Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 31, no. 6 (June 1, 2022): 1151–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.epi-22-0180.
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Abstract Dietary intake biomarkers that can be written as actual intake, plus ‘error’ that is independent of actual intake and confounding factors can substitute for actual intake in disease association analyses. Also, such biomarkers can be used to develop calibration equations using self-reported diet and participant measures, and biomarker-calibrated intakes can be calculated in larger cohorts for use in disease association analyses. Criteria for biomarkers, and for biomarker-calibrated intakes, arise by working back from properties needed for valid disease association analyses. Accordingly, arguments for a potential biomarker are strengthened if error components are small relative to actual intakes, and important sources of reduced sensitivity or specificity are not apparent. Feeding study biomarker development can then involve regression of actual intake on putative biomarkers, with regression R2 values playing a role in biomarker evaluation. In comparison, ‘predictive’ biomarker status, as argued in this issue by Freedman and colleagues for 24-hour urinary sucrose plus fructose as biomarker for total sugars, involves regression of potential biomarker on actual intake and other variables, with parameter stability across populations and limited within-person variability as criteria. The choice of criteria for biomarkers and for biomarker-calibrated intakes, is discussed here, in the context of total sugars intake. See related article by Freedman et al., p. 1227
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Looman, Moniek, Claudia van den Berg, Anouk Geelen, Rahul Samlal, Rik Heijligenberg, Jacqueline Klein Gunnewiek, Michiel Balvers, et al. "Supplement Use and Dietary Sources of Folate, Vitamin D, and n-3 Fatty Acids during Preconception: The GLIMP2 Study." Nutrients 10, no. 8 (July 25, 2018): 962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10080962.
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An adequate nutritional status during the preconception period is important, particularly for folate, vitamin D, and n-3 fatty acids (i.e., EPA+DHA). We aimed to determine supplement intake and the main dietary sources of folate, vitamin D, and EPA+DHA using the data of 66 Dutch women aged 18–40 years who wished to become pregnant. Additionally, associations of these intakes with their blood levels were examined. Dietary intake was assessed with a validated food frequency questionnaire, and supplement use with a structured questionnaire. 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were determined in serum and folate and phospholipid EPA+DHA levels in plasma. Partial Spearman’s correlations, restricted cubic splines and trend analyses over tertiles of nutrient intakes were performed to examine intake-status associations. A large proportion of women did not meet the Dutch recommended intakes of folate (50%), vitamin D (67%), and EPA+DHA (52%). Vegetables were the main contributor to dietary folate intake (25%), oils and fats to dietary vitamin D intake (39%), and fish to dietary EPA+DHA intake (69%). Fourteen percent of the women had an inadequate folate status and 23% an inadequate vitamin D status. Supplemental folate intake, supplemental and dietary vitamin D intake and dietary EPA+DHA intake were significantly associated with their blood levels. In conclusion, even in our highly educated population, a large proportion did not achieve recommended folate, vitamin D and n-3 fatty acid intakes. Promotion of folate and vitamin D supplement use and fish consumption is needed to improve intakes and blood levels of these nutrients in women who wish to become pregnant.
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Moschandreas, Joanna, and Anthony Kafatos. "Calcium Intake in Relation to Diet and Health Indicators in Cretan Primary and High School Pupils, Greece." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 72, no. 4 (July 1, 2002): 264–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.72.4.264.
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In recent years, the issue of dietary calcium (Ca) requirements is said to have caused more controversy than requirements for any other nutrient. There is little published data on dietary Ca intake levels in Greek children and relationships with other health indicators. Pupils at twenty primary and ten high schools in Crete, Greece, were examined as part of a wider study of the dietary habits and health status of children and adolescents. A total of 1054 children participated: 583 9- to12-year-olds and 471 14- to 16-year-olds. “High” and “low” Ca intake in each age group was defined using upper and lower Ca intake quartiles for each sex. Multiple regression techniques were used to examine associations after adjustment for energy intake. No statistical association was observed between calcium intake and serum lipoproteins, anthropometric measurements, or physical activity status. Energy-adjusted Ca intakes were positively associated with intakes of protein, saturated fatty acid (SFA), magnesium, phosphorus, vitamin A, and vitamin B2, whereas higher Ca intakes were associated with lower monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and omega-6 fatty acid intakes. In both age groups, pupils with high Ca intake had higher intakes of the food groups “milk and milk products” and “grains and grain products” than those with low Ca intake, although even “high” Ca intake in older female Cretan pupils (with a 75th percentile cut-off of 999 mg/day) may not be at adequate levels.
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Xu, Xiaoyue, Julie E. Byles, Zumin Shi, and John J. Hall. "Evaluation of older Chinese people's macronutrient intake status: results from the China Health and Nutrition Survey." British Journal of Nutrition 113, no. 1 (November 13, 2014): 159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114514003444.
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Little is known about the macronutrient intake status of older Chinese people. The present study evaluated the macronutrient intake status of older Chinese people (aged ≥ 60 years), investigated whether they had intake levels that met the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI), and explored the associations between macronutrient intakes and age groups, sex, education levels, work status, BMI groups, urbanicity levels and four socio-economic regions of China (Northeast, East Coast, Central and Western). Dietary intake data of 2746 older Chinese with complete dietary intake data in the Longitudinal China Health and Nutrition Survey (2009 wave) carried out across four diverse regions were analysed. Dietary intake data were obtained by interviews using 24 h recalls over three consecutive days. The MUFA:SFA ratios were calculated based on the Chinese Food Composition Table. Less than one-third of the older Chinese people included in the present study had intake levels meeting the adequate intake for carbohydrate-energy and fat-energy; less than one-fifth had intake levels meeting the recommended nutrient intake for protein-energy; and more than half of the older people had fat-energy intakes higher than the DRI. There were strong associations between the proportions of energy from the three macronutrients and education levels, urbanicity levels and the four socio-economic regions of China, with older people living in the East Coast region having different patterns of macronutrient-energy intakes when compared with those living in the other three regions. Macronutrient intakes across different urbanicity levels in the four regions revealed considerable geographical variations in dietary patterns, which will affect the risk factors for non-communicable diseases. Clinical interventions and public health policies should recognise these regional differences in dietary patterns.
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Ohno, Koichi, Mari Asami, and Yoshihiko Matsui. "Is the default of 2 liters for daily per-capita water consumption appropriate? A nationwide survey reveals water intake in Japan." Journal of Water and Health 16, no. 4 (June 18, 2018): 562–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2018.281.
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Abstract Two liters per day is generally applied as the default drinking water intake rate for risk assessments, although evidence supporting this value is insufficient. This study aimed to reveal actual water intakes from tap water and other types of drinks, and to explore the relationships between these intakes. For this purpose, we conducted a nationwide Internet questionnaire survey. Tap water intake negatively correlated with bottled water and soft drink intakes, suggesting a mutually complementary relationship. We propose an index, potential Tap Water Intake (pTWI), calculated by adding soft drinks and bottled water to tap water intake. Mean per-capita tap water intake across the entire Japanese population was estimated at 1.28 L/d, whereas mean pTWI was estimated at 1.65 L/d. Two liters per day corresponds to the 88th percentile of tap water intake and to the 76th percentile of pTWI, and covers the intake of the majority of the population in Japan. This rate should continue being used as the default in the Japanese population, but the rate to cover the tap water intake of almost the entire population would be higher: it was >2.5 L/d.
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Bytčanková, Lucia, Ján Rumann, and Peter Dušička. "Analyzing the impact of intake structure on the flow at low pressure SHPP." Pollack Periodica 16, no. 1 (March 25, 2021): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/606.2020.00149.
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AbstractThe structural parts of intake structures directly affect the flow velocity distribution in the turbine intake of small hydropower plants, where inhomogeneous flow leads to uneven load of the turbine units causing operational problems. A 2D numerical flow modeling was used for investigations of the flow in an intake structure of a low-head small hydropower plant. The effects of shape changes of the intake structure on the flow velocity distribution in the turbine intakes were investigated and assessed proving significant effect of the shapes of the intake structure on the flow homogeneity in turbine intakes.
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Rodríguez-Bernal, Clara L., Rosa Ramón, Joan Quiles, Mario Murcia, Eva M. Navarrete-Muñoz, Jesús Vioque, Ferran Ballester, and Marisa Rebagliato. "Dietary intake in pregnant women in a Spanish Mediterranean area: as good as it is supposed to be?" Public Health Nutrition 16, no. 8 (August 9, 2012): 1379–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980012003643.
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AbstractObjectiveTo assess food and nutrient intakes and compliance with nutritional recommendations in pregnant women according to selected sociodemographic characteristics.DesignCross-sectional study based on data from the INMA-Valencia cohort (Spain), which recruited pregnant women between 2004 and 2005. Information on maternal sociodemographics and anthropometry was collected. Dietary intake was assessed through an FFQ. Intakes of foods were compared with Spanish food-based dietary guidelines. Intake inadequacy for nutrients was assessed using the Dietary Reference Intakes of the US Institute of Medicine.SettingValencia, Spain.SubjectsWe studied 822 pregnant women who had information on dietary intake during their first trimester of pregnancy.ResultsMore than 50 % of pregnant women did not meet the guidelines for cereals and legumes; reported intakes of carbohydrates, n-3 and n-6 fatty acids were below recommendations and exceeded the total fat intake according to dietary references. Dietary inadequacy for folate, Fe and vitamin E ranged from 99 % to 68 %. Vegetable intake was related to age only. Younger and less educated women showed lower intakes of protein and n-3 fatty acids and higher intakes of trans-fatty acids as well as greater inadequacy for micronutrients. Spanish women reported lower intakes of fruit and carbohydrates and higher intakes of protein, total fat, SFA, MUFA and n-3 fatty acids compared with their foreign-born counterparts.ConclusionsWomen in the studied area have inadequate intakes of several nutrients relevant during pregnancy. Age, education and country of origin are factors significantly related to dietary intake and adequacy.
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TSUBOYAMA-KASAOKA, Nobuyo, Asuka TAKIZAWA, Megumi TSUBOTA-UTSUGI, Makiko NAKADE, Eri IMAI, Akiko KONDO, Kazue YOSHIDA, Nagako OKUDA, Nobuo NISHI, and Hidemi TAKIMOTO. "Dietary Intake of Nutrients with Adequate Intake Values in the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese." Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 59, no. 6 (2013): 584–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.59.584.
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Monnard, Cathriona, and Mathilde Fleith. "Total Fat and Fatty Acid Intake among 1–7-Year-Old Children from 33 Countries: Comparison with International Recommendations." Nutrients 13, no. 10 (October 9, 2021): 3547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13103547.
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This work reviews available data on dietary intakes of total fat, saturated fatty acids (SFA) and individual polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in children in different countries worldwide and for the first time, compares them with recent international recommendations. Studies published before June 2021 reporting total fat, total SFA and individual PUFA intakes in children aged 1–7 y were included. Observed intakes were evaluated against FAO/WHO and EFSA recommendations. 65 studies from 33 countries were included. Fat intake was too low in 88% of studies in young children (1–3 y). SFA intake was >10%E in 69–73% of children, especially in Europe. Linoleic acid intake was <3%E in 24% of studies in 1–2 y olds and within FAO/WHO recommendations among all other ages. Alpha-linolenic acid intake was <0.5%E in almost half of studies. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or eicosapentaenoic acid + DHA intakes were below recommendations in most studies. In summary, while total fat intake was too low among younger children, SFA intake was above, especially in Europe and n-3 PUFA intake, especially DHA, were below recommendations for all ages. Intake of n-3 PUFA, especially DHA, is generally suboptimal. More data, particularly from developing countries, are required to refine these findings and guide implementation of adapted nutrition policies.
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Barr, Susan I. "Applications of Dietary Reference Intakes in dietary assessment and planning." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 31, no. 1 (February 1, 2006): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h05-020.
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Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are used for assessing and planning diets of individuals and groups. Assessing individual intakes is complicated by the fact that neither the individual's usual nutrient intake nor their individual requirement is known. However, the degree of confidence that intakes are adequate or excessive can be estimated. Assessing diets of groups requires information on the group's usual nutrient intake distribution, which can be obtained by statistically adjusting 1 d intake distributions to remove within-person variability. For most nutrients with an Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), the group prevalence of inadequate intakes can be approximated by the percent whose usual intakes are less than the EAR. However, the prevalence of inadequacy cannot be determined for nutrients with an Adequate Intake (AI). The goals of planning are a low risk (for individuals) or low prevalence (for groups) of inadequate or excessive nutrient intakes. For individuals, these goals are met by planning intakes that meet the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) or AI, are below the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL), and fall within the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs). For groups, planning involves estimating a "target" usual intake distribution with an acceptably low prevalence less than the EAR and greater than the UL, planning menus to achieve the target distribution, and assessing the results.Key words: nutrition assessment, dietary planning, nutrient adequacy.
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Du, Mengxi, Hanqi Luo, Jeffrey B. Blumberg, Gail Rogers, Fan Chen, Mengyuan Ruan, Zhilei Shan, Emily Biever, and Fang Fang Zhang. "Dietary Supplement Use among Adult Cancer Survivors in the United States." Journal of Nutrition 150, no. 6 (February 26, 2020): 1499–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxaa040.
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ABSTRACT Background Many cancer patients initiate dietary supplement use after cancer diagnosis. How dietary supplement use contributes to the total nutrient intake among cancer survivors as compared with individuals without cancer needs to be determined. Objectives We aimed to evaluate nutrient intakes from dietary supplements among cancer survivors in relation to their total nutrient intake and compare those with individuals without cancer. Methods We evaluated the prevalence, dose, and reason for using dietary supplements among 2772 adult cancer survivors and 31,310 individuals without cancer who participated in the NHANES 2003–2016. Results Cancer survivors reported a higher prevalence of any (70.4% vs. 51.2%) and multivitamin/mineral (48.9% vs. 36.6%) supplement use and supplement use of 11 individual vitamins and 8 minerals than individuals without cancer. Overall, cancer survivors had significantly higher amounts of nutrient intake from supplements but lower nutrient intakes from foods for the majority of the nutrients. Compared with individuals without cancer, cancer survivors had a higher percentage of individuals with inadequate intake (total nutrient intake <Estimated Average Requirement or Adequate Intake) for folate, vitamin B-6, niacin, calcium, copper, and phosphorus, due to lower intakes of these nutrients from foods. Cancer survivors also had a higher proportion of individuals with excess intake (total nutrient intake ≥Tolerable Upper Intake Level) for vitamin D, vitamin B-6, niacin, calcium, magnesium, and zinc, contributed by higher intakes of these nutrients from dietary supplements. Nearly half (46.1%) used dietary supplements on their own without consulting health care providers. Conclusions Cancer survivors reported a higher prevalence and dose of dietary supplement use but lower amounts of nutrient intake from foods than individuals without cancer. The inadequate nutrient intake from foods and the short-term and long-term health impact of dietary supplement use, especially at high doses, need to be further evaluated among cancer survivors.
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Harshman, Stephanie G., Emily G. Finnan, Kathryn J. Barger, Regan L. Bailey, David B. Haytowitz, Cheryl H. Gilhooly, and Sarah L. Booth. "Vegetables and Mixed Dishes Are Top Contributors to Phylloquinone Intake in US Adults: Data from the 2011-2012 NHANES." Journal of Nutrition 147, no. 7 (May 31, 2017): 1308–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/jn.117.248179.
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Abstract Background: Phylloquinone is the most abundant form of vitamin K in US diets. Green vegetables are considered the predominant dietary source of phylloquinone. As our food supply diversifies and expands, the food groups that contribute to phylloquinone intake are also changing, which may change absolute intakes. Thus, it is important to identify the contributors to dietary vitamin K estimates to guide recommendations on intakes and food sources. Objective: The purpose of this study was to estimate 1) the amount of phylloquinone consumed in the diet of US adults, 2) to estimate the contribution of different food groups to phylloquinone intake in individuals with a high or low vegetable intake (≥2 or <2 cups vegetables/d), and 3) to characterize the contribution of different mixed dishes to phylloquinone intake. Methods: Usual phylloquinone intake was determined from NHANES 2011–2012 (≥20 y old; 2092 men and 2214 women) and the National Cancer Institute Method by utilizing a complex, stratified, multistage probability-cluster sampling design. Results: On average, 43.0% of men and 62.5% of women met the adequate intake (120 and 90 μg/d, respectively) for phylloquinone, with the lowest self-reported intakes noted among men, especially in the older age groups (51–70 and ≥71 y). Vegetables were the highest contributor to phylloquinone intake, contributing 60.0% in the high-vegetable-intake group and 36.1% in the low-vegetable-intake group. Mixed dishes were the second-highest contributor to phylloquinone intake, contributing 16.0% in the high-vegetable-intake group and 28.0% in the low-vegetable-intake group. Conclusion: Self-reported phylloquinone intakes from updated food composition data applied to NHANES 2011–2012 reveal that fewer men than women are meeting the current adequate intake. Application of current food composition data confirms that vegetables continue to be the primary dietary source of phylloquinone in the US diet. However, mixed dishes and convenience foods have emerged as previously unrecognized but important contributors to phylloquinone intake in the United States, which challenges the assumption that phylloquinone intake is a marker of a healthy diet. These findings emphasize the need for the expansion of food composition databases that consider how mixed dishes are compiled and defined.
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Dwiyanti, Defriani, Hamam Hadi, and Susetyowati Susetyowati. "Pengaruh Asupan Makanan terhadap Kejadian Malnutrisi di Rumah Sakit." Jurnal Gizi Klinik Indonesia 1, no. 1 (July 1, 2004): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijcn.15354.
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Background: Sufficient food and other nutrient intake are necessary for recovery of hospitalized patients. Insufficient food intake may decrease nutrient metabolism, which in turn may cause malnutrition. Malnutrition in all hospital is categorized as high (about 40-45%). However, the influence of food intake on hospital malnutrition in Indonesia is still unknown.Objective: To assess the influence of nutrient intake on the occurence of hospital malnutrition.Method: This was an observational with prospective cohort study. This study as conducted in Dr. M. Jamil Padang Hospital, Dr. Sardjito Yogyakarta Hospital, and Sanglah Denpasar Hospital. Subjects were 228 adult patients from internal and neurology units in 1st, 2nd, and 3rd class who were hospitalized for six days or more, receiving oral diet, compos mentis, cooperative, non edema, and non ascites. Data of body weight and body height were measured at admission and discharge. Food intake data collected in this study included hospital and non-hospital food. Data analyzed by FP2 programme and STATA software.Results: Among 228 subjects of study, 51,8% had insufficient intake in the first three days of hospitalization. On average, their protein and energy intakes were lower than subjects with sufficient intake. There was a significant correlation between the first three days intake and intake during hospitalization (p<0,05). Subjects with insufficient energy intake were 2,1 times more likely to be malnourished in hospital than subjects with sufficient energy intake. Meanwhile, subjects with insufficient protein intake were 1,56 times more likely to be malnourished than subjects with sufficient protein intake. There was a significant association between energy intake and hospital malnutrition (p<0,05).Conclusions: Patients with insufficient nutrient intakes are more likely to be malnourished than those with sufficient nutrient intakes.
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Ahn, Seoeun, Shinyoung Jun, and Hyojee Joung. "Association of Total Flavonoid Intake with Hypo-HDL-Cholesterolemia among Korean Adults: Effect Modification by Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Intake." Nutrients 12, no. 1 (January 10, 2020): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12010195.
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The aim of this study was to examine the independent association between flavonoid intake and hypo-high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterolemia and the potential modifying effect of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake on this association among Korean adults. This cross-sectional analysis used data from 10,326 subjects who participated in the 2013–2016 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to assess the associations of flavonoid and PUFA intakes with hypo-HDL-cholesterolemia prevalence. Proanthocyanidins intake showed an inverse relationship with hypo-HDL-cholesterolemia only in men (Tertile (T) 3 vs. T1: odds ratio (OR) = 0.74, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.59–0.92, p-trend = 0.0330). Total flavonoid and PUFA intakes were not associated with hypo-HDL-cholesterolemia in both men and women. However, when stratified by PUFA intake, there was an inverse relationship between total flavonoid intake and hypo-HDL-cholesterolemia prevalence in men with a high n-3 PUFA intake (total flavonoid intakes T3 vs. T1: OR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.42–0.82, p-trend = 0.0004) or a low n-6/n-3 PUFA intake ratio (T3 vs. T1: OR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.48–0.93, p-trend = 0.0053), but not in those with a low n-3 PUFA intake (p-interaction = 0.0038) or a high n-6/n-3 PUFA intake ratio (p-interaction = 0.1772). In women, no association was found between total flavonoid intake and hypo-HDL-cholesterolemia, regardless of PUFA intake. These results imply that the intake of proanthocyanidins might have beneficial effects on the HDL-cholesterol level in Korean men. In addition, n-3 PUFA intake might modify the association of total flavonoid intake with the hypo-HDL-cholesterolemia among Korean men.
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Lin, Cheng-Chieh, Chiu-Shong Liu, Chia-Ing Li, Chih-Hsueh Lin, Wen-Yuan Lin, Mu-Cyun Wang, Shing-Yu Yang, and Tsai-Chung Li. "Dietary Macronutrient Intakes and Mortality among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes." Nutrients 12, no. 6 (June 3, 2020): 1665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12061665.
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The best macronutrient percentages of dietary intake supporting longevity remains unclear. The strength of association between dietary intake and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) should be quantified as a basis for dietary recommendations. Our study cohort consisted of 15,289 type 2 diabetic patients aged 30 years and older in Taiwan during 2001–2014 and was followed up through 2016. Percentages of macronutrient intakes were calculated as dietary energy intake contributed by carbohydrate, protein, and fat, divided by the total energy intake using a 24 h food diary recall approach. Cox proportional hazard models were applied to examine the temporal relation of macronutrient intakes with all-cause and cause-specific mortality. The average follow-up time was 7.4 years, during which 2784 adults with T2DM died. After multivariable adjustment, people with fourth and fifth quintiles of total energy, second and third quintiles of carbohydrate, and fourth quintiles of protein intakes were likely to have lower risks of all-cause and expanded cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. People with fifth quintiles of total energy intake were likely to have decreased non-expanded CVD mortality. We found a significant interaction between gender and fat intake on all-cause and expanded CVD mortality. Fat intake was associated with all-cause, expanded and non-expanded CVD mortality among males with T2DM. Total energy, carbohydrate, and protein intakes were associated with lower risks of all-cause and expanded CVD mortality, with minimal risks observed at ≥1673 Kcal total energy, 43–52% carbohydrate intake, and 15–16% protein intake among people with T2DM.
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Mann, Kay D., Mark S. Pearce, Brigid McKevith, Frank Thielecke, and Chris J. Seal. "Whole grain intake and its association with intakes of other foods, nutrients and markers of health in the National Diet and Nutrition Survey rolling programme 2008–11." British Journal of Nutrition 113, no. 10 (April 21, 2015): 1595–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114515000525.
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Epidemiological evidence suggests an inverse association between whole grain consumption and the risk of non-communicable diseases, such as CVD, type 2 diabetes, obesity and some cancers. A recent analysis of the National Diet and Nutrition Survey rolling programme (NDNS-RP) has shown lower intake of whole grain in the UK. It is important to understand whether the health benefits associated with whole grain intake are present at low levels of consumption. The present study aimed to investigate the association of whole grain intake with intakes of other foods, nutrients and markers of health (anthropometric and blood measures) in the NDNS-RP 2008–11, a representative dietary survey of UK households. A 4-d diet diary was completed by 3073 individuals. Anthropometric measures, blood pressure levels, and blood and urine samples were collected after diary completion. Individual whole grain intake was calculated with consumers categorised into tertiles of intake. Higher intake of whole grain was associated with significantly decreased leucocyte counts. Significantly higher concentrations of C-reactive protein were seen in adults in the lowest tertile of whole grain intake. No associations with the remaining health markers were seen, after adjustments for sex and age. Over 70 % of this population did not consume the minimum recommend intake associated with disease risk reduction, which may explain small variation across health markers. Nutrient intakes in consumers compared with non-consumers were closer to dietary reference values, such as higher intakes of fibre, Mg and Fe, and lower intakes of Na, suggesting that higher intake of whole grain is associated with improved diet quality.
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Novaković, Romana, Adrienne EJM Cavelaars, Geertruida E. Bekkering, Blanca Roman-Viñas, Joy Ngo, Mirjana Gurinović, Maria Glibetić, et al. "Micronutrient intake and status in Central and Eastern Europe compared with other European countries, results from the EURRECA network." Public Health Nutrition 16, no. 5 (September 20, 2012): 824–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980012004077.
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AbstractObjectiveTo compare micronutrient intakes and status in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) with those in other European countries and with reference values.DesignReview of the micronutrient intake/status data from open access and grey literature sources from CEE.SettingMicronutrients studied were folate, iodine, Fe, vitamin B12 and Zn (for intake and status) and Ca, Cu, Se, vitamin C and vitamin D (for intake). Intake data were based on validated dietary assessment methods; mean intakes were compared with average nutrient requirements set by the Nordic countries or the US Institute of Medicine. Nutritional status was assessed using the status biomarkers and cut-off levels recommended primarily by the WHO.SubjectsFor all population groups in CEE, the mean intake and mean/median status levels were compared between countries and regions: CEE, Scandinavia, Western Europe and Mediterranean.ResultsMean micronutrient intakes of adults in the CEE region were in the same range as those from other European regions, with exception of Ca (lower in CEE). CEE children and adolescents had poorer iodine status, and intakes of Ca, folate and vitamin D were below the reference values.ConclusionsCEE countries are lacking comparable studies on micronutrient intake/status across all age ranges, especially in children. Available evidence showed no differences in micronutrient intake/status in CEE populations in comparison with other European regions, except for Ca intake in adults and iodine and Fe status in children. The identified knowledge gaps urge further research on micronutrient intake/status of CEE populations to make a basis for evidence-based nutrition policy.
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Zareef, Tahani A., Robert T. Jackson, and Abdulkareem A. Alkahtani. "Vitamin D Intake among Premenopausal Women Living in Jeddah: Food Sources and Relationship to Demographic Factors and Bone Health." Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 2018 (2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8570986.
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Background. Saudi women depend on food sources to maintain their serum 25(OH) D concentrations because covering by traditional clothing and time spent indoors limit their sun exposure. Little is known about vitamin D intake and its main food sources in Saudi Arabia. In addition, the association between vitamin D and calcium intake and bone mineral density (BMD) in young women is not well researched.Objectives. To assess the adequacy of vitamin D intake among Saudi women as compared to the estimated average requirements (EARs), to identify dietary vitamin D sources, to examine potential determinants of vitamin D intake, and to assess bone health and the association of calcium and vitamin D intake with BMD.Methods. This cross-sectional study was conducted in 257 premenopausal women aged 20–50 years in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Dietary vitamin D and calcium were assessed by the Semiquantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire. BMD was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in a subset of womenn=102at the lumbar spine and femur neck.Results. Sixty-five percent of women were below the EAR for vitamin D, and 61% fell below the EAR for calcium. Dairy products, supplements, and fish contributed most to vitamin D intake. Increased age was an independent determinant of sufficient vitamin D intakep<0.001. The prevalence of osteopenia was 33% in the lumbar spine and 30% in the femur neck. There was a significant positive association between calcium intake and BMD at the lumbar spinep=0.043after controlling for body mass index and energy intake. Vitamin D intake was not significantly different between women with low and normal bone mass.Conclusion. Premenopausal women in Jeddah have insufficient vitamin D and calcium intakes. Public health strategies to improve nutrition in young women are needed, and expanding fortification programs to include all dairy products would be useful.
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Morisset, Anne-Sophie, Hope A. Weiler, Lise Dubois, Jillian Ashley-Martin, Gabriel D. Shapiro, Linda Dodds, Isabelle Massarelli, Michel Vigneault, Tye E. Arbuckle, and William D. Fraser. "Rankings of iron, vitamin D, and calcium intakes in relation to maternal characteristics of pregnant Canadian women." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 41, no. 7 (July 2016): 749–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2015-0588.
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Iron, vitamin D, and calcium intakes in the prenatal period are important determinants of maternal and fetal health. The objective of this study was to examine iron, vitamin D, and calcium intakes from diet and supplements in relation to maternal characteristics. Data were collected in a subsample of 1186 pregnant women from the Maternal–Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) Study, a cohort study including pregnant women recruited from 10 Canadian sites between 2008 and 2011. A food frequency questionnaire was administered to obtain rankings of iron, calcium, and vitamin D intake (16–21 weeks of pregnancy). Intakes from supplements were obtained from a separate questionnaire (6–13 weeks of pregnancy). Women were divided into 2 groups according to the median total intake of each nutrient. Supplement intake was an important contributor to total iron intake (median 74%, interquartile range (IQR) 0%–81%) and total vitamin D intake (median 60%, IQR 0%–73%), while the opposite was observed for calcium (median 18%, IQR 0%–27%). Being born outside of Canada was significantly associated with lower total intakes of iron, vitamin D, and calcium (p ≤ 0.01 for all). Consistent positive indicators of supplement use (iron, vitamin D, and calcium) were maternal age over 30 years and holding a university degree. In conclusion, among Canadian women, the probability of having lower iron, vitamin D, and calcium intakes is higher among those born outside Canada; supplement intake is a major contributor to total iron and vitamin D intakes; and higher education level and age over 30 years are associated with supplement intake.
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Araujo, Marina Campos, Eliseu Verly Junior, Washington Leite Junger, and Rosely Sichieri. "Independent associations of income and education with nutrient intakes in Brazilian adults: 2008–2009 National Dietary Survey." Public Health Nutrition 17, no. 12 (November 13, 2013): 2740–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980013003005.
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AbstractObjectiveTo verify associations of income and education with nutrient intakes in Brazilian adults.DesignData from the population-based National Dietary Survey conducted in 2008–2009. Family per capita income and education levels were categorized into quartiles. Prevalences of inadequate nutrient intakes and excessive intakes of saturated fat and Na were calculated by using the method prescribed by the National Cancer Institute. The Estimated Average Requirement was used as a reference for micronutrient intake. Linear regression models for both the independent and the mutually adjusted associations of education and income with nutrient intakes were tested. Interaction between education and income was tested.SettingHouseholds (n 13 569) selected using a two-stage cluster sampling design.SubjectsFood records for two non-consecutive days were obtained for 21 003 Brazilian adults (aged 20–59 years).ResultsFor most of eleven nutrients, the prevalence of inadequate intake declined with increasing income and education levels; however, it remained high across all income and education quartiles. Excessive intake of saturated fat and low fibre intake increased with both variables. Most nutrients were independently associated with income and education in both sexes. Fe, vitamin B12 and Na intakes among women were associated only with education. There was an interaction between income and education for Na intake in men, P intake in women and Ca intake in both sexes.ConclusionsEducation is one important step to improve nutrient intakes in Brazil. Emphasis should be laid on enhancing dietary knowledge and formulating economic strategies that would allow lower-income individuals to adopt a healthy diet.
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Eustachio Colombo, Patricia, Emma Patterson, Liselotte S. Elinder, and Anna Karin Lindroos. "The importance of school lunches to the overall dietary intake of children in Sweden: a nationally representative study." Public Health Nutrition 23, no. 10 (April 21, 2020): 1705–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980020000099.
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AbstractObjective:School lunches have potential to foster healthy diets in all children, but data on their importance are relatively scarce. The current study aimed to describe the dietary intake from school lunches by sex and school grade, and to assess how the daily intake, school lunch intake and the daily intake provided by lunch differ by sex and parental education.Design:Cross-sectional. All foods and drinks consumed for 1–3 weekdays were self-reported. Energy, absolute and energy-adjusted intakes of nutrients and food groups were calculated per weekday and per school lunch. Mixed-effects linear models assessed sociodemographic differences in dietary intakes. Nutrient and energy density at lunch and during the rest of the day were compared.Setting:Seventy-nine Swedish primary schools.Participants:Pupils in grades 5 and 8 (N 2002), nationally representative.Results:Lunch provided around half of daily vegetable intake and two-thirds of daily fish intake. Nutrient density was higher and energy density lower at lunch compared with the rest of the day (P < 0·001). Boys had greater energy-adjusted intakes of red/processed meat and lower intakes of vegetables and dietary fibre compared with girls (P < 0·001), overall and at lunch. Daily energy-adjusted intakes of most nutrients/food groups were lower for pupils of lower-educated parents compared with pupils of parents with higher education, but at lunch, only Fe and fibre intakes were significantly lower in this group.Conclusions:School lunches are making a positive contribution to the diets of Swedish children and may mitigate well-established sex differences and social inequalities in dietary intake.
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Resnick, Mathew, David Tennent, Jeanne Patzkowski, and Anthony Johnson. "Optimal Protein Intake in Athletes." Texas Orthopaedic Journal 1, no. 2 (November 30, 2015): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.18600/toj.010211.
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Lightowler, Helen J., and G. Jill Davies. "Iodine intake and iodine deficiency in vegans as assessed by the duplicate-portion technique and urinary iodine excretion." British Journal of Nutrition 80, no. 6 (December 1998): 529–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114598001627.
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I intake and I deficiency were investigated in thirty vegans (eleven males and nineteen females) consuming their habitual diet. I intake was estimated using the chemical analysis of 4 d weighed duplicate diet collections. The probability of I-deficiency disorders (IDD) was judged from the measurement of urinary I excretion in 24 h urine specimens during the 4 d. There was wide variation in I intake. Mean I intake in males was lower than the reference nutrient intake (RNI; Department of Health, 1991) and mean intake in females was above the RNI, although 36% males and 63% females had I intakes below the lower RNI. Mean I intake in subjects who consumed seaweed (n 3) was in excess of the RNI, and approached the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives, 1989). The probability of IDD in the group investigated was moderate to severe: three of five subgroups were classified as moderate and two subgroups were classified as severe IDD possibility. The findings highlight that vegans are an ‘at risk’ group for I deficiency. The I status of vegans and the subclinical effects of low I intakes and infrequent high I intakes on thyroid function in this group should be further studied. Our work has also raised the question of adequate I intakes in groups where cow's milk is not consumed, and has exposed a need for more research in this area.
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Uemura, Hirokazu, Sakurako Katsuura-Kamano, Miwa Yamaguchi, Mariko Nakamoto, Mineyoshi Hiyoshi, and Kokichi Arisawa. "Association between dietary calcium intake and arterial stiffness according to dietary vitamin D intake in men." British Journal of Nutrition 112, no. 8 (September 5, 2014): 1333–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114514002153.
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Studies on the associations of dietary Ca and vitamin D intakes with arterial stiffness are scarce. In the present study, these associations were evaluated in Japanese men. Data from a total of 535 eligible men, aged 35–69 years, who participated in the baseline survey of a cohort study in Tokushima Prefecture, Japan, and underwent brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity (ba-PWV) measurements were analysed. ba-PWV is a measure of arterial stiffness and is recognised as a marker of atherosclerotic vascular damage. Information regarding the cohort's lifestyle characteristics including dietary behaviour over the past year was obtained from a structured self-administered questionnaire. Dietary Ca and vitamin D intakes were adjusted for total energy intake using the residual method and divided into quartiles; the highest quartile was used as the reference. General linear models were used to evaluate the associations between dietary Ca and vitamin D intakes and ba-PWV values adjusted for probable covariates. The association between dietary Ca intake and ba-PWV was further evaluated using similar general linear models stratified by dietary vitamin D intake (median or below/above median). Dietary Ca intake was found to be significantly inversely associated with ba-PWV after adjusting for probable covariates (P for trend = 0·020). However, no such association was observed between dietary vitamin D intake and ba-PWV. The inverse association between dietary Ca intake and ba-PWV was striking in subjects with higher dietary vitamin D intake. However, no association was found in subjects with lower dietary vitamin D intake. These results indicate that adequate dietary Ca and vitamin D intakes may be protective against the development of arterial stiffness in Japanese men.
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Koenig, Juergen, and Ibrahim Elmadfa. "Food-based dietary guidelines – the Austrian perspective." British Journal of Nutrition 81, S1 (June 1999): S31—S35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114599000860.
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Presently, no national dietary guidelines — neither food- nor nutrient-based — exist for Austria. Usually, the recommendations of the German Society of Nutrition are used instead. The determination of national characteristics of nutritional behaviour and food consumption can reveal starting-points for the improvement of nutritional status in Austria. Seven-day weighed records (children and adolescents, n = 2.173) and 24-h-recalls (adults, n = 2.488) were used for the evaluation of nutrient intake and food consumption. For a sub-sample of children and adolescents, results from laboratory assessment of biomarkers were also available (n = 1.400). Based on fat intake, the age groups were divided into low fat intake (less than 25th percentile = 28–34 % fat energy) and high-fat eaters (greater than 75th percentile = 38–45 % fat energy). Approximately 75 % of the Austrian population have fat intakes above 30 % of energy intake, older age groups having a higher prevalence of high fat intakes. Intakes of saturated fatty acids reach 40–46 % of total fat. The usual intake of dietary fibre in the Austrian population is between 17–21 g/d; some individuals are able to achieve the recommended intakes for dietary fibre, but do not represent a significant majority of the population. The mean intakes of fruits are clearly higher in children and adolescents (10 % of total food intake) than in adults (2–6 %). Differences in the intake of selected nutrients in foods between low and high fat consumers, unexpectedly, did not result in different plasma concentrations of cholesterol, nor did it result in differences in fat soluble vitamins. Therefore, one of the primary dietary guidelines for Austria should be the reduction of fat consumption, which is also associated with increasing intakes of fruits and vegetables, increasing intakes of dietary fibre and decreasing intakes of cholesterol.
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D'Angelo, Silvia, Isobel Claire Gormley, Breige A. McNulty, Anne P. Nugent, Janette Walton, Albert Flynn, and Lorraine Brennan. "Combining biomarker and food intake data: calibration equations for citrus intake." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 110, no. 4 (August 20, 2019): 977–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqz168.
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ABSTRACT Background Measurement error associated with self-reported dietary intake is a well-documented issue. Combining biomarkers of food intake and dietary intake data is a high priority. Objectives The aim of this study was to develop calibration equations for food intake, illustrated with an application for citrus intake. Further, a simulation-based framework was developed to determine the portion of biomarker data needed for stable calibration equation estimation in large population studies. Methods Calibration equations were developed using mean daily self-reported citrus intake (4-d semiweighed food diaries) and biomarker-derived intake (urinary proline betaine biomarker) data from participants (n = 565) as part of a cross-sectional study. Different functional specifications and biomarker transformations were tested to derive the optimal calibration equation specifications. The simulation study was developed using linear regression for the calibration equations. Stability in the calibration equation estimations was investigated for varying portions of biomarker and intake data “qualities.” Results With citrus intake, linear regression on nontransformed biomarker data resulted in the optimal calibration equation specifications and produced good-quality predicted intakes. The lowest mean squared error (14,354) corresponded to a linear regression model, defined with biomarker-derived estimates of intakes on the original scale. Using this model in a subpopulation without biomarker data resulted in an average mean ± SD citrus intake of 81 ± 66 g/d. The simulation study suggested that in large population studies, biomarker data on 20–30% of the subjects are required to guarantee stable estimation of calibration equations. This article is accompanied by a web application (“Bio-Intake”), which was developed to facilitate measurement error correction in self-reported mean daily citrus intake data. Conclusions Calibration equations proved to be a useful instrument to correct measurement error in self-reported food intake data. The simulation study demonstrated that the use of food intake biomarkers may be feasible and beneficial in the context of large population studies.
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Torheim, Liv E., Ingrid Barikmo, Anne Hatløy, Moro Diakité, Kari Solvoll, Modibo M. Diarra, and Arne Oshaug. "Validation of a quantitative food-frequency questionnaire for use in Western Mali." Public Health Nutrition 4, no. 6 (December 2001): 1267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2001181.
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AbstractObjective:The purpose of this study was to validate a quantitative food-frequency questionnaire (QFFQ) created for assessing the usual intake of foods and nutrients in the prevailing season in Western Mali.Design:Intake of foods and nutrients over the week preceding the interview was measured with a 69-item QFFQ. Intakes were compared with intakes as measured with 2-day combined weighed and recalled diet records.Setting:A rural village in Western Mali, West Africa.Subjects:Twenty-seven men and 48 women (15–59 years of age) representing 18 households.Results:Spearman rank correlations between intake of food groups from the QFFQ and the diet record ranged from 0.09 (meat/fish) to 0.58 (tea/coffee). Median coefficient was 0.37. Median Spearman correlation coefficient for nutrient intake was 0.40. Men had higher median correlation coefficients than did women. The proportion of subjects being classified into the same quartile of food intake was on median 33%, while a median of 7% was misclassified into extreme quartiles. Correct classification into the same quartile for intake of nutrients was on median 34% while a median of 4% was grossly misclassified. Intakes of most food groups and nutrients as measured by the QFFQ were higher than those measured by the diet records. However, while men had higher estimated intakes for foods eaten in-between meals, women in general had higher intake of foods eaten in the main meals.Conclusion:This QFFQ can be used for comparing the intake of foods and nutrients between groups within this study population. It therefore represents a useful tool in the surveillance of food intake in the population, both in identifying vulnerable groups and for tracking food intake over time. The differences between men and women in overestimating food intake need to be taken into account when using the method.
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Sahni, Shivani, Kerry E. Broe, Katherine L. Tucker, Robert R. McLean, Douglas P. Kiel, L. Adrienne Cupples, and Marian T. Hannan. "Association of total protein intake with bone mineral density and bone loss in men and women from the Framingham Offspring Study." Public Health Nutrition 17, no. 11 (October 29, 2013): 2570–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980013002875.
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AbstractObjectiveTo examine (i) the association of percentage of total energy intake from protein (protein intake %) with bone mineral density (BMD, g/cm2) and bone loss at the femoral neck, trochanter and lumbar spine (L2–L4) and (ii) Ca as an effect modifier.SettingThe Framingham Offspring Study.SubjectsMen (n 1280) and women (n 1639) completed an FFQ in 1992–1995 or 1995–1998 and underwent baseline BMD measurement by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in 1996–2000. Men (n 495) and women (n 680) had follow-up BMD measured in 2002–2005.DesignCohort study using multivariable regression to examine the association of protein intake % with each BMD, adjusting for covariates. Statistical interaction between protein intake % and Ca (total, dietary, supplemental) intake was examined.ResultsThe mean age at baseline was 61 (sd 9) years. In the cross-sectional analyses, protein intake % was positively associated with all BMD sites (P range: 0·02–0·04) in women but not in men. Significant interactions were observed with total Ca intake (<800 mg/d v. ≥800 mg/d) in women at all bone sites (P range: 0·002–0·02). Upon stratification, protein intake % was positively associated with all BMD sites (P range: 0·04–0·10) in women with low Ca intakes but not in those with high Ca intakes. In the longitudinal analyses, in men, higher protein intake % was associated with more bone loss at the trochanter (P = 0·01) while no associations were seen in women, regardless of Ca intake.ConclusionsThis suggests that greater protein intake benefits women especially those with lower Ca intakes. However, protein effects are not significant for short-term changes in bone density. Contrastingly, in men, higher protein intakes lead to greater bone loss at the trochanter. Longer follow-up is required to examine the impact of protein on bone loss.
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Cowan, Alexandra E., Shinyoung Jun, Janet Tooze, Kevin Dodd, Jaime Gahche, Heather Eicher-Miller, Patricia Guenther, et al. "An Analysis of Four Proposed Measures for Estimating Distributions of Total Usual Vitamin D Intake Among Adults Using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 1390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa061_018.
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Abstract Objectives To estimate distributions of total usual vitamin D intakes from foods and supplements among U.S. adults, using four different methods of assessment. Usual intake is defined as long-term average daily intake. Methods Distributions of total usual vitamin D intakes were estimated from data provided by 9954 adults (≥19 y) from the 2011–2014 NHANES. Dietary and dietary supplement (DS) data were collected using two 24-hour recalls (24HR), and DS data were also collected via an in-home inventory that ascertained participants’ DS use in the past 30 days. The four methods used included: combined “add then shrink” (Method 1); combined “shrink then add” (Method 2); stratified “shrink then add” (Method 3); three-part (Method 4). Briefly, Method 1 analyzes DS users and nonusers together and includes DS use as a covariate in the model. Nutrient intake from foods and DS are “added” prior to applying usual intake procedures to “shrink” the total intake distribution. Method 2 combines DS users and nonusers identically, but “shrinks” the nutrient intake distribution from foods prior to incorporating nutrient intake from DS to produce total usual intakes. Method 3 also follows the “shrink then add” framework but stratifies DS users and nonusers separately in the model. Method 4 also stratifies DS users and nonusers but computes total usual intakes in three parts: 1) usual intake from foods for DS nonusers; 2) usual intake from foods for DS users; and 3) usual intake from DS for DS users. Results All methods following the “shrink then add” framework (i.e., methods 2- 4) resulted in similar estimated distributions of total usual vitamin D intakes; but Method 1, the “add then shrink” method, resulted in distributions that were wider as a result of inflated within-person variation. Among the “shrink then add” methods, the main differences existed between methods 2 and 3 vs. method 4, partly due to differences in modeling of DS intake information reported on 24HRs vs. the in-home inventory. Conclusions Currently, no consensus exists on the best method for incorporating DS nutrients into usual intake models designed to estimate intake from foods and beverages. These findings support the notion that the “shrink then add” methods are more amenable to modeling when compared to “add then shrink.” Funding Sources This work was supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health.
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Manzi, Fiona, Victoria Flood, Karen Webb, and Paul Mitchell. "The intake of carotenoids in an older Australian population: The Blue Mountains Eye Study." Public Health Nutrition 5, no. 2 (April 2002): 347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2002258.
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AbstractObjective:To describe the distribution of carotenoid intakes and important food sources of carotenoids in the diet of a representative population of older Australians.Design:Population-based cohort study.Setting:Two post-code areas in the Blue Mountains, west of Sydney, Australia.Subjects:We studied 2012 (86%) of the 2334 participants aged 55 + years attending the 5-year follow-up of the cross-sectional Blue Mountains Eye Study (BMES), who completed a detailed semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire. The intakes for five carotenoids were studied: α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein and zeaxanthin combined, and lycopene.Results:The mean intake per day for each carotenoid was: α-carotene, 2675 μg; β-carotene equivalents, 7301 μg; β-cryptoxanthin, 299 μg; lutein and zeaxanthin, 914 μg; lycopene, 3741 μg; retinol, 653 μg; total vitamin A, 1872 μg retinol equivalents. β-Carotene equivalents contribute a substantial proportion of total vitamin A intake (65%) in this population. Women had slightly higher intakes than men for α-carotene, β-carotene equivalents, and lutein and zeaxanthin (P<0.05) . Carrots and pumpkin were the main contributors to α-carotene and β-carotene equivalent intakes. Orange juice, oranges and papaw were the main contributors to β-cryptoxanthin intake. Broccoli, green beans and oranges contributed substantially to lutein and zeaxanthin intake. The main contributors to lycopene intake were tomatoes and bolognaise sauce.Conclusions:Vitamin A intake in this population is high relative to the Australian Recommended Dietary Intake. Carotenoid intakes, particularly β-carotene, make a substantial contribution, particularly from fruit and vegetables. This study provides important information as a basis for examining associations between dietary carotenoid intake and eye disease in the BMES.
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Frankmann, S. P., S. I. Sollars, and I. L. Bernstein. "Sodium appetite in the sham-drinking rat after chorda tympani nerve transection." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 271, no. 2 (August 1, 1996): R339—R345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1996.271.2.r339.
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Sodium depletion in the neurologically intact rat (Intact) produces a prompt and robust intake of NaCl. After chorda tympani nerve transection (CTX), there is a longer latency and a reduced intake of NaCl. The CTX rat depends on remaining gustatory and postingestive information to direct NaCl intake. In the present study, the effect of the removal of the postingestive signals of ingested NaCl (by means of a chronic gastric fistula) on the NaCl intakes and licking patterns of Intact and CTX rats was studied. When the gastric fistula was open (Sham), ingested NaCl did not pass beyond the stomach, thus negative postingestive stimulation was absent. After overnight sodium depletion, when postingestive stimulation was present (i.e., gastric fistula closed; Real), the CTX group drank significantly less 0.3 M NaCl than the Intact group over the 2-h test [11.7 +/- 1.6 (CTX) vs. 15.3 +/- 2.8 (Intact) ml]. In contrast, when postingestive signals were absent (i.e., Sham) the Intact group ingested 52.5 +/- 4.4 ml, whereas the CTX group had ingested only 12.4 +/- 3.1 ml of 0.3 M NaCl. Lickometer data analysis revealed that even during the first minute of the test the CTX/Real group generated significantly fewer licks than any of the other groups. Thus, although the CTX group was sensitive to inhibitory postingestive signals in the early portion of the appetite test, the absence of these signals did not release the robust and sustained intake of NaCl characteristic of the Intact group. These results suggest that information provided by the chorda tympani nerve is critically important to the strong motivational properties of NaCl after sodium depletion.
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Feeney, Emma L., Anne P. Nugent, Breige Mc Nulty, Janette Walton, Albert Flynn, and Eileen R. Gibney. "An overview of the contribution of dairy and cheese intakes to nutrient intakes in the Irish diet: results from the National Adult Nutrition Survey." British Journal of Nutrition 115, no. 4 (December 17, 2015): 709–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000711451500495x.
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AbstractDairy products are important contributors to nutrient intakes. However, dairy intakes are reportedly declining in developed populations, potentially due to concerns regarding Na and SFA in dairy foods, particularly cheese. This could impact other nutrient intakes. The present study used data from the National Adult Nutrition Survey (NANS) to (1) examine dairy intakes, with a specific focus on cheese, and (2) to examine the contribution of cheese to population nutrient intakes. The NANS captured detailed dietary intake data from a nationally representative sample (n 1500) between 2008 and 2010 using 4-d semi-weighed food diaries; 99·9 % of the population reported dairy intake. Mean daily population dairy intake was 290·0 (sd 202·1) g. Dairy products provided 8·7 % of the population intake of reported dietary Na, 19·8 % SFA, 39 % Ca, 34·5 % vitamin B12 and 10·5 % Mg. Cheese alone provided 3·9 % Na intake, 9·1 % Ca, 12·6 % retinol, 8·3 % SFA, 3·7 % protein, 3·4 % vitamin B12 and 3·2 % riboflavin. High dairy consumers had greater Ca and Mg intakes per 10 MJ, greater total energy intake, greater percentage of energy from carbohydrate and SFA and lower Na intakes compared with low dairy consumers. Similar trends were observed for high consumers of cheese for most nutrients except Na. These results demonstrate that dairy and cheese are important contributors to nutrient intakes of public health interest, such as Ca and B12. Our analysis also demonstrated that food-based dietary guidelines recommending lower-fat versions of dairy products are warranted.
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Abreu, Daisy, Isabel Cardoso, Jean-Michel Gaspoz, Idris Guessous, and Pedro Marques-Vidal. "Trends in dietary intake in Switzerland, 1999 to 2009." Public Health Nutrition 17, no. 3 (February 21, 2013): 479–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980013000207.
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AbstractObjectiveTo assess nutrition trends of the Geneva population for the period 1999–2009.DesignBus Santé Geneva study, which conducts annual health surveys in random samples of the Geneva population. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated FFQ and trends were assessed by linear regression.SettingPopulation-based survey.SubjectsData from 9283 participants (50 % women, mean age 51·5 (sd10·8) years) were analysed.ResultsIn both genders total energy intake decreased from 1999 to 2009, by 2·9 % in men and by 6·3 % in women (both trendsP< 0·005). Vegetable protein and total carbohydrate intakes, expressed as a percentage of total energy intake, increased in women. MUFA intake increased while SFA, PUFA and alcohol intakes decreased in both genders. Intakes of Ca, Fe and carotene decreased in both genders. No changes in fibre, vitamin D and vitamin A intakes were found. Similar findings were obtained after excluding participants with extreme dietary intakes, except that the decreases in SFA, vegetable protein and carbohydrate were no longer significant in women.ConclusionsBetween 1999 and 2009, a small decrease in total energy intake was noted in the Geneva population. Although the decrease in alcohol and SFA intakes is of interest, the decrease in Ca and Fe intakes may have adverse health effects in the future.
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Ferrell, C. L., and T. G. Jenkins. "Energy utilization by Hereford and Simmental males and females." Animal Science 41, no. 1 (August 1985): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100017542.
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ABSTRACTPost-weaning metabolizable energy intake, growth of empty-body chemical components and efficiencies of energy utilization were evaluated for Hereford intact males (17) and females (16) and Simmental intact males (15) and females (16) during a 212-day feeding period. Within each breed × sex subclass, animals were assigned to one of three levels of metabolizable energy (ME) intake: (1) 544 kJ/kg M0·75 per day, (2) 795 kJ/kg M0·75 per day, and (3) ad libitum. Body composition of each animal was estimated at the beginning and end of the feeding period by deuterium oxide dilution.Protein and water gain of Hereford and Simmental cattle were similar at restricted levels of intake but were greater for Simmental than for Hereford cattle at ad libitum intakes. Similarly, rates of protein and water gain tended to increase more rapidly in response to increased energy intake by males than by females. Hereford males gained fat and energy slightly more rapidly than Hereford females, but Simmental males gained fat and energy at slower rates than Simmental females.Males had higher maintenance requirements and tended to use ME with less efficiency for maintenance and gain than females. Hereford cattle had lower maintenance requirements and used ME with greater efficiency for both maintenance and gain than Simmental cattle.