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1
Mackinnon, Lorna Jay. "Biomarkers of isoflavone intake : validity at high intakes /." St Andrews, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/222.
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Montfort-Steiger, Veronica. "Carbohydrate intake in adolescent cyclists : habitual intake, endurance performance and gastric emptying." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.418779.
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Corney, Robert A. "Energy intake and appetite responses following manipulation of fluid balance and intake." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2017. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/26876.
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Fluid intake and regulation are implicated in the control of energy balance and appetite. The studies in this thesis have examined the effects of fluid manipulation on appetite and energy intake. Fifty-eight young, predominantly Caucasian males were recruited to five studies. The age, height and body mass of the subjects were: 24.9 ± 3.8 y, 1.79 ± 0.1 m, 80.1 ± 14.8 kg (mean ± SD) respectively. In Chapter 3, 13 h of hypohydration after exercise in the heat did not influence energy intake at an ad-libitum buffet meal (P=0.436) compared to a euhydrated trial, although greater thirst (P < 0.001) and lower fullness (P < 0.01) was reported in the hypohydration trial. Chapter 4 demonstrated that there was no difference in energy intake or appetite after 24 h of hypohydration either with or without fluid during a semi-solid ad-libitum breakfast. Thirst and fluid intake were greater during the hypohydrated with fluid (HYPO-F; 618 (251) mL) than the euhydrated with fluid (EU-F; 400 (247) mL) trials (P < 0.01). Chapter 5 and 6 showed that a bolus of water (500 mL) immediately before an ad-libitum porridge breakfast reduced energy intake in both healthy and overweight and obese subjects (P < 0.001). The water preload increased fullness and decreased hunger compared to pre-trial in both studies (P < 0.001). In Chapter 7, 75 minutes before an ad-libitum lunch a post-exercise milk (MILK) based drink reduced energy intake (6746 (2035) kJ) compared to an isoenergetic flavoured carbohydrate (CHO) and water based drink (7762 (1921) kJ; 7672 (2005) kJ) (P < 0.05). This thesis has shown that when subjects are hypohydrated, either after exercise or after 24 h of fluid restriction energy intake is not different at an ad-libitum meal. However, there is an increased thirst and subsequent fluid intake before an ad-libitum meal (chapter 3 and 4). This effect was more acutely displayed when a bolus of water was provided immediately before an ad-libitum breakfast meal and subsequently decreased energy intake in both normal and overweight/ obese subjects (chapter 5 and 6). The possible mechanism for this was gastric fill and distension creating satiety before a meal. Chapter 7 has showed that when subjects consume isoenergetic drinks with different energy densities (milk vs CHO and water), before an ad-libitum lunch, energy intake was decreased when milk was consumed. Milk having an increased energy density due to larger protein fractions (casein) may further explain the decrease in energy intake found in chapters 5 and 6 by a similar mechanism. Therefore, gastric fill before a meal decreases ad-libitum energy intake by either the intake of water immediately before a meal or by milk as a more delayed response (75 min). The hydration status however, did not affect energy intake directly in our finding, although it did affect subsequent fluid ingestion, which may have affected findings in chapters 3 and 4.
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Harry, Ethan. "Determinants of Caloric Intake." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/485.
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In the summer of 2003, David Cutler, Edward Glaeser, and Jesse Shapiro published the paper, “Why Have Americans Become More Obese?”1 In the paper, the authors explore changing trends in American weight and caloric intake over time and hypothesize as to the potential causes of these changes. In performing our tests, we hope to both replicate their results and update any analysis for the present.
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Murphy, John. "Intake Ground Vortex Aerodynamics." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1826/3515.
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When an aircraft is operating in static or near static conditions during taxiing or take-o
a vortex can form between the ground and the intake. With engine diameters increasing,
intakes are moving non-dimensionally closer to the ground and as a consequence
the likelihood of vortex formation during the aircraft operating envelope is set to increase.
To date there is little quantitative knowledge therefore a greater understanding
is required. This research is aimed at providing an extensive quantitative parametric
study of vortex formation leading to advanced design rules for future engines.
A 1/30
th
scale generic model intake was operated in the Cranfield University 8 ′
×
6 ′
wind tunnel to examine ground vortex formation under quiescent, headwind and crosswind
conditions. Stereoscopic Particle Image Velocimetry and total pressure measurements
have been extensively taken to assess the external and internal flowfields. For
the first time experiments with a rolling ground plane have been performed to provide
insight into the formation and characteristics of ground vortices during take-o .
As the velocity ratio reduces a characteristic trend is established whereby the vortex is
initially weak, increases in strength to a local maximum and reduces to zero thereafter.
The operating points that generate the strongest vortex for a given configuration have
been determined and an empirical model has been developed which can predict the vortex
strength and fan face distortion for any configuration. Under headwind conditions
a new vortex formation criterion has been established which also includes contours of
vortex circulation. An a priori prediction of the vortex strength under headwind conditions
has also been developed which considers the approaching and intake induced
vorticity sources, the latter of which is determined empirically. Good agreement is
found between the model and the experimental dataset. The rolling ground plane experiments
demonstrate significant sensitivities illustrating that the correct conditions
must be simulated properly.
6
Ho, S. S. H. "Subsonic intake duct flows." Thesis, University of Salford, 1990. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/2213/.
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Here both S-shaped and singly curved (here classified as S-shaped) duct diffusers for intakes in aeronautical propulsion systems are studied. The results are applicable in other situations where similar ducts occur; for example on V/STOL aircraft employing re-direction of thrust, intercomponent ducting in high bypass ratio engines, etc. An open circuit static test rig, capable of mass flow rates of 5 kg/s, and three-dimensional instrumentation were established. Flow measurements were made in S-shaped intake duct diffusers for rear mounted gas turbine engines in both aircraft and air-breathing missiles. These designs are intended for ventral type inlet installation. These ducts possess cross-sectional shape transitions, from oblate to circular, with area increase and annular ducts at the engine face. The work was aimed at both fundamental understanding of the flows and at establishing test data for the prediction methods. Tests were performed at throat Mach numbers of nominally 0.15 and 0.6 and in the unit Reynolds number range of 3x10_6/m - 2x10_7/m for three different ducts each having different upstream bends but common downstream bends. Detailed boundary layer surveys were made to establish plane of symmetry growth of the viscous region and the extent of three-dimensionality away from the plane of symmetry. Data are presented in the form of velocity profiles, streamwise and cross-flow, integral thicknesses and surface pressure fields. Engine face distortion is assessed from full outlet flow surveys. Flow visualization was recorded using surface oil flow techniques. Evidence is presented of a trend towards three-dimensional separation as the upstream bend increases in severity. For the most extreme case large regions of complex three-dimensional separated flow occur and topological analysis of the recorded surface oil flow pattern allows reconstruction of the separating flow. Clear correlations are established between flow visualization results and flow measurements yielding better understanding. Finally, results were compared with a three-dimensional compressible prediction method.
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Alhilal, Maryam. "Biomarkers of fat intake." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2013. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/biomarkers-of-fat-intake(32ce2b69-77d6-4cc8-93d7-2d9c38b6f9d4).html.
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The thesis reviews the previous use of biomarkers of fatty acid intake and concludes that there is a lack of supporting evidence from large randomized controlled trials (RCT) of sufficient duration for their use to be justified. The hypothesis that fatty acid biomarkers are robust indices of the intake certain fatty acids was tested by the analysis of blood samples from three large and long-term RCTs where dietary intake had been well controlled and compared with a control treatment. Erythrocyte lipid fatty acid composition was unable to detect changes in saturated fatty acid (SFA) or oleic acid intake. Plasma total lipids and phospholipids SFA were also poor indicators of SFA intake. The intake of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) could be predicted from the proportions in plasma and erythrocytes. Principal components analysis appeared to be a valid data reduction technique to measure changes in fatty acid patterns. A co-twin study design conducted in 570 female participants enrolled in the St Thomas‟ Twins Study investigated the heritability of fatty acid biomarkers (adipose tissue and plasma). For most fatty acids, environmental factors (dietary intake) were dominant, but in the case of arachidonic acid, 65% of the variance was explained by additive genetic factors. Investigations subsequently explored the effects of variations in single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) genes on the fatty acid composition of the biomarkers. Polymorphism in FADS1 rs174537 explained some of this variation. Carriage of the minor allele of rs174537 SNP also influenced the proportions of n-6 LC-PUFA in an RCT. Further research is suggested to identify what appeared to be a FADS1/FADS2 haplotype predicting lower levels of LC-PUFA, which might be of public health significance. In conclusion, plasma fatty acid composition can be recommended to elucidate the potential relationships between polyunsaturated, trans-unsaturated and branched chain fatty acid intake and non-communicable diseases.
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Knight, Colt Watson. "Intake, Reproductive, and Grazing Activity Characteristics of Range Cattle on Semi-arid Rangelands." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/612879.
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ABSTRACT: Study One - Our objective was to characterize mature range cows based on intake and grazing activity. Starting in the early spring of 2013, 4 experiments were conducted. First, mature range cows (n = 137) were fitted with radio frequency identification tags (RFID) and placed in a dry-lot pen equipped with GrowSafe® technology to monitor DMI of alfalfa hay. These data were then used to assign cows a residual feed intake (RFI) value utilizing the National Research Council (NRC) (1996) model to predict intake of beef cattle. Cattle with negative and positive RFI were characterized as low-intake and high-intake, respectively. In addition, the following data were also recorded: weight (kg), age (mo), days pregnant (d), and body condition score (BCS). Second, 30 mature range cattle were selected from the first trial and fitted with pedometers for 7 d to monitor activity with step counts and estimate distance traveled. Third, mature range cows (n = 25) selected from the first trial were fitted with global position system (GPS) collars, and placed on pinyon-juniper rangeland from 20 June 2014 to 17 September 2014. Forth, mature range cows (n = 28) were fitted with GPS collars, and placed on ponderosa pine rangeland from 17 September 2014 to 15 October 2014. Distance traveled, slope, distance from water, elevation data were collected from both GPS trials. Low-intake and high-intake cows consumed 9.3 and 12.2 kg/d, respectively (P < 0.0001). Low-intake cattle became pregnant sooner (P = 0.002) than high-intake cattle (average of 16 d sooner). Cattle age (mo) equaled 90 and 98 for low- and high-intake cows, respectively (P = 0.04). Weight, predicted DMI, and BCS did not differ between groups (P > 0.06). Step counts for low- and high-intake animals were 5839 and 5383 ± 2089, respectively (P = 0.61), and estimated distance traveled was 4.31 and 5.35 ± 1.66 km d⁻¹ for low- and high-intake animals, respectively (P = 0.77). Low-intake cows (6.23 km d⁻¹) traveled farther (P = 0.005) each day than high-intake cows (5.84 km d⁻¹) on pinyon-juniper rangelands, and high-intake cows utilized (P = 0.013) steeper slopes. No differences were detected (P ≥ 0.06) for distance traveled, distance from water, and elevation for cows grazing ponderosa pine rangeland). However, low-intake cattle preferred (P = 0.046) steeper slopes on ponderosa pine rangeland than high-intake cattle. These results indicate that low-intake animals may travel farther on some rangelands and rebreed earlier. Study Two - Commercial grade heifers (n = 173) born and raised on the University of Arizona's V bar V Ranch from 2012 to 2014 were fitted with radio frequency identification tags (RFID) and placed in a drylot equipped with Growsafe® technology (8 bunks) for 60 d in 3 groups based on birth year in order to calculate DMI, residual feed intake (RFI), ADG, G:F, and residual gain (RG). Birth date, birth weight, weaning weight, age at start of trial, initial trial weight, and final trial weights were also recorded. Residual feed intake scores were utilized to place heifers in one of three treatment groups, low-, medium-, and high-intake. Reproductive and calf data were collected on heifers born in 2012. Means for birth date, birth weight, weaning weight, initial weight, final weight, and ADG did not differ among the three treatments. Residual gain for low-, medium-, and high-intake heifers were different (P < 0.05) at 0.07, 0.00, and -0.07 kg d⁻¹, respectively. Low-intake cattle had an improved (P < 0.05) GF ratio of 0.19 when compared to the medium- and high-intake heifers with ratios of 0.15 and 0.13 (P > 0.05), respectively. Differences (P <0. 05) in DMI were detected with low-, medium, and high-intake heifers consuming 5.2, 6.2, and 7.5 kg d⁻¹, respectively. No differences were detected for pregnancy rate, calving rate, percent bred artificial insemination (AI), percent bull calves, calf birth weight, and calf birth date among treatments (P > 0.05).Study Three - Commercially available GPS tracking collars for cattle are cost prohibitive to most researchers. This paper will present a low-cost alternative to those collars (Knight GPS tracking collars), and provide detailed instructions on where to source materials and how to fabricate inexpensive GPS tracking collars. In addition, the two types of collars will be compared in a study where Brangus cattle (n = 8) were each fitted with LOTEK® 3300 and Knight GPS tracking collars for 31 d beginning 14 March 2015 at the Chihuahuan Desert Rangeland Research Center (CDRRC) 37 km north of Las Cruces, New Mexico. Location, slope, distance from water, distance traveled and elevation were recorded every 10 min. A record of GPS fix rate was logged. No differences were detected (P≥0.369) between collar types for location, slope, or distance from water. However, there was a tendency (P = 0.08) for Knight collars to report a lower estimate for distance traveled at 6171 m d⁻¹ compared to Lotek collars at 7104 m d⁻¹. Fix rate was greater (P≤0.001) for Lotek collars compared to Knight collars at 99.9 and 66.2%, respectively. Study Four - Previously characterized commercial cows (n = 26) were placed into either high (positive RFI) or low intake (negative RFI) groups. On 14 May 2015, 13 high- and 13 low-intake cows were fitted with modified igotU GT-120® GPS logging collars. Cattle were then placed on rangeland for 120 d. The first 30 d period animals transitioned from desert shrubland to pinyon-juniper. From 31 to 60 d, animals grazed pinyon-juniper rangeland. Next, during days 61 to 90, animals transitioned from pinyon-juniper to ponderosa pine, and the last 30 d were spent in ponderosa pine. Time periods will be referred to as month 1, 2, 3, and 4 for days 0 to 30, 31 to 60, 61 to 90, and 91 to 120, respectively. Location, slope, distance from water, elevation, and time spent close to water were recorded every 10 min. No differences were observed in the utilization of elevation or distance traveled, or distance from water (P>0.05). Low intake animals used a higher maximum slope (P < 0.05) during month 3, but slope utilization differences were not detected for other portions of the trial (P > 0.05). Study Five - Hereford sires (n = 35) with 7 or more cow offspring on the University of Arizona V bar V ranch in Rimrock, Arizona were tested at Neogen laboratories in Lincoln, NE for an Igenity Gold genetic profile. Their residual feed intake (RFI), ADG, tenderness, marbling score, milk production percent choice, yield grade, fat thickness, ribeye area, heifer pregnancy rate, stayability, maternal calving ease, birthweight and docility were estimated. Sires were given a genetic RFI score based on their RFI profile and placed into one of three intake groups, low (< 0.5 SD), medium (± 0.5 SD) and high (> 0.5 SD). Performance traits of cow offspring (n = 839) from those sires were also compared based on their sire's intake group. No differences (P > 0.05) were detected among sire intake groups for ADG, tenderness, marbling score, percent choice, yield grade, fat thickness, ribeye area, heifer pregnancy rate, stayability, maternal calving ease, birthweight and docility. Residual feed intake differed among groups (P < 0.05), and high intake cattle had more estimated milk production compared to low intake animals (P < 0.05). Cows from low intake sires were born later in the year (P < 0.05). High intake cattle had a higher (P < 0.05) birthweight and survived longer (P < 0.05) in the herd when compared to low and medium intake cows. Genetic RFI and expected milk production were moderately to highly correlated.
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Agard, Laura. "Adolescent Girls:Calcium Intake and Sources." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2002. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/PDF/AgardL2002.pdf.
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Ammar, Ahmed A. "Intake inhibition by neuropeptide Y /." Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2005. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2005/91-7140-308-6/.
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Falconer, Helen. "Personality differences and nutrient intake /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1990. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARPS/09arpsf182.pdf.
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Jarvandi, Soghra. "Learning processes in food intake." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=111915.
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Learning processes play a major role in controlling intake of food. Through repeated experiences an animal acquires the ability to predict the postingestive effects of a particular food (i.e., of its nutrients and energy) from its sensory characteristics. What is unclear from the literature, however, is whether an animal can anticipate the duration of subsequent food deprivation from predictive sensory qualities of a food, and hence increase the amount eaten of that cueing food. Therefore, the aim of this work was to investigate the characteristics of this under-researched type of learning, i.e., anticipatory eating, using laboratory rats trained on two lengths of fasting (short: 2-3 h, long: 8-10 h). The main findings were as follows. 1) Anticipatory eating is learnt when a choice is given between protein- and carbohydrate-rich foods as well as on a single balanced test food. 2) The learnt extra intake of food is instrumental to preventing the return of hunger, removal of which negative reinforcement extinguishes the response. 3) The resulting return of hunger induces re-learning of anticipatory eating. 4) During the training sessions, learning of anticipatory eating competes with classical conditioning of sensory preference. Conditioning of preference is likely to be stronger with the shorter than with the longer length of fasting. Therefore, the difference between intakes before the long and the short fast at each trial is the summed result of these two mechanisms of acquired increase in intake. While preference conditioning usually reaches a maximum rapidly, depletion-avoidance increases for as long as has been tested, with interruptions of rapid self-extinction and re-learning, This self-extinction contributes to the homeostatic character of this learning. 5) High-fat maintenance diet attenuates the learning of anticipatory eating. Overall, the findings provided robust evidence that eating in rats can be controlled by instrumental learning reinforced by hunger. Accordingly, the design of an experiment on such instrumental control of eating in human subjects is proposed to conclude this thesis.
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Wakelam, Christian Thomas. "Aero engine intake separation control." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.611740.
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Caldarone, Michelle Gail. "Caffeine Intake in College Students." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2015. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27839.
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Caffeine is a widely consumed substance that is readily available through many sources that may influence consumption in the college setting. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between caffeine intake and sleep behavior and the effect of campus dining frequency on caffeine intake in college students. Three hundred and fifty students (212 males and 138 females) participated in a 72-hour dietary analysis that provided the students? age, gender, body mass index (BMI), and physical activity level. The students were asked to record dining frequency as well. Ninety-six of the 350 students completed a 7-day sleep diary to complete the sleep analysis. Chi-square tests, regression analysis, and t-tests were performed to analyze relationships and differences between variables. Results showed that there were no significant relationships between caffeine intake and age, gender, BMI, physical activity, sleep time, or frequency of dining and caffeine intake in college students.
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Kemmis, Danika H. "Dietary intake of exercising adults /." View online, 1994. http://repository.eiu.edu/theses/docs/32211998858838.pdf.
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CASAGLIA, ADRIANO. "Dietary fluoride intake by children." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/202305.
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Cayford, Eleonor Marilyn. "The Relationship between Residual Feed Intake, Dry Matter Intake, and Reproductive Performance in Holstein Dairy Cows." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77700.
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Feed represents a large portion of input costs for dairy operations. Decreasing the feed consumed, measured here as dry matter intake (DMI), would therefore be advantageous to producers. However, this decrease could result in cows that do not supply the necessary energy to maintain high production, growth, and reproduction. Measures of feed efficiency try to capture important energy expenditures to ensure that cows consume less while maintaining production. Feed efficiency in this study is measured in residual feed intake (RFI), which is calculated as the difference between DMI and expected DMI based on production and growth measures. However, the RFI model does not capture the energy stores required for reproduction; therefore, selection for RFI may lead to reduced reproductive performance. In this thesis, I explored the phenotypic and genetic relationships between RFI, DMI, and reproductive performance as measured by number of services (NS), days open (DO), and days to first calving (DFC). First, ANOVA tests and phenotypic correlations determined the phenotypic relationship between the traits. Then, heritability and genetic correlations were used to estimate the genetic parameters. Phenotypically, results indicated mixed relationships between traits. Heritability estimates were low for reproductive traits and moderate for DMI and RFI. There was no unfavorable genetic relationship between DMI or RFI with any of the reproductive traits. Therefore, neither selection for DMI nor RFI will unfavorably impact reproduction.Master of Science
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Mark, Alyssa Marie. "Raw Milk Versus Conventional Milk Intake and its Effect on Nutrient Intake, Obesity and Central Adiposity." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1306898153.
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Gonzalez, Candace M. "The Relationship between Dietary Intake of Magnesium, Fiber, and Fluid Intake and Constipation Using NHANES Data." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10839229.
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Chronic constipation is a common condition that is characterized by infrequent stools, sensation of incomplete defecation, and straining to have a bowel movement. There are no clear guidelines used across healthcare disciplines to diagnose constipation. The Adequate Intake (AI) for total fiber is based on observed median fiber intake level to achieve the lowest level of observed risk of coronary heart disease; while this level may help ameliorate constipation, this outcome was not used as the basis for the AI recommendation. Constipation was defined as < 3 bowel movements per week. There was a statistically significant difference in fiber intake (p < .001), magnesium intake (p = .004), and fluid intake (p = .015) among individuals with irregular bowel movements < 3 per week compared to individuals who had ? 3 bowel movements per week. No association was observed between constipation and regarding physical activity outside of work, both moderate and vigorous. Additional research is needed to address the potential of different types of fiber (soluble vs. insoluble), different fluid intakes (milk, sugar sweetened beverages, coffee, etc.), and how these factors collectively relate to constipation.
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Westerterp-Plantenga, Margriet Sjoukje. "Psychobiology of food intake in humans." Maastricht : Maastricht : Rijksuniversiteit Limburg ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 1991. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=5645.
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Fenn, I. D. "Relationships between caffeine intake and emotion." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Psychology, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6961.
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An experiment was conducted to replicate and clarify the results gained by Shanahan (unpublished 1982). Shanahan's experiment confirmed that 400 milligrams of caffeine drunk by subjects, combined with a stressful situation significantly increased self reported anxiety levels.
The experiment showed no statistically significant relationship between the intake of 6.5 mg of caffeine per kilo bodyweight and anxiety, or positive moods such as 'euphoria'. The results do suggest that the relationships between caffeine and emotion is not a direct causal relationship but a process following the lines of Schacter's theory of emotion.
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Klockars, Anica. "Non-caloric regulation of food intake." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för neurovetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-223809.
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Food intake is shaped by environmental, endocrine, metabolic, and reward-related signals. A change in appetite is an outcome of integration of the relevant external and internal stimuli. While the main purpose of eating is to reverse a negative energy balance, mechanisms protecting homeostasis change appetite for other reasons. This thesis examines the role of select brain mechanisms in regulating consumption driven by aspects other than energy. In paper I, an increased percentage of c-Fos positive OT neurons was observed after mice ingested sucrose, while no change was found after Intralipid intake. Given a choice between isocaloric sugar and Intralipid solutions, mice injected with an OT receptor antagonist increase their preference for sucrose, while total calorie intake remains unchanged, suggesting that OT prevents overconsumption of sugar. Paper II addresses whether MCH, which has anxiolytic properties and mediates reward-motivated feeding, has the ability to alleviate conditioned taste aversion in rats. We found that while mRNA expression of MCH and its receptor are changed in aversive animals, central injections of MCH do not prevent the acquisition of aversion, nor do they affect the rate of extinction of the taste aversion. Paper III describes evidence that the N/OFQ system facilitates food intake by alleviating aversive responsiveness. Blocking the NOP receptor delays extinction of aversion and reduces food intake in hungry rats. Paper IV reports that leucine ingestion increases mRNA expression levels of genes known to mediate reward, as well as orexigenic gene expression in the nucleus accumbens (Nacc), a key component of the reward circuit. Adding leucine to drinking water increases activity of the reward system, which possibly contributes to the pleasure of consumption. A separate approach using Drosophila melanogaster is introduced in paper V which provides evidence that knocking down the gene for the transcription factor Ets96B during development results in a simultaneous disruption in sleep patterns and appetite, thus highlighting the interplay between these physiological parameters. We conclude that OT, MCH, N/OFQ and Ets96B belong to mechanisms regulating food intake for reasons other than energy balance. Composition of food and negative associations with diets affect neural networks controlling appetite.
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Chadd, Stephen Andrew. "Voluntary feed intake of hybrid pigs." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.254507.
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Smith, Ruth Deborah. "Potassium intake, growth and energy metabolism." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295704.
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Daniell, W. E. "Seismic behaviour of reservoir intake towers." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262826.
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Brink, C. J. "Bend diversion to minimise sediment intake." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/16262.
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Thesis (MScIng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The primary aim of the research was to determine the optimum diversion location in a curved channel to minimise the abstraction of sediment. The secondary aim was to determine the optimum diversion angle for a diversion channel located on the outside of a bend at the optimum diversion location. The velocity distribution in the curved channel was investigated to try obtain a better understanding of curvilinear flow. The scour patterns in the channel were monitored in order to compare them with the measured velocity distributions. Simulations were carried out with the DELFT 3D (hydrodynamics) and Mike21C (sediment dynamics) modelling programmes and compared with the results obtained from laboratory experiments and with existing empirical formulas. The optimum diversion location was found to be located on the outside of the bend in the downstream section of the bend. Three main scour zones were identified with the third scour zone at the location of the maximum velocity. The location of the maximum velocity was found to be relatively constant with varying Froude numbers, but moving in the downstream direction with increasing radius of curvature-to-width ratio. The velocity distributions in the horizontal and vertical planes are well defined and correspond to descriptions in the literature. It is evident that the diverted discharge ratio increases with an increase in the diversion angle while it decreases with an increase in Froude number. Higher Froude numbers in the curved channel lead to more favourable conditions for the diversion of water. The diversion does not influence the secondary flow patterns (for the range of Diversion Discharge Ratio’s tested) and that the maximum velocity zone stayed in the same location as in the tests without a diversion. The hydrodynamics of the laboratory experiments were well simulated with the DELFT 3D hydrodynamic model, using three-dimensional and two-dimensional formulations. Mike21C was used to simulate the sediment dynamics of some of thelaboratory experiments that gave relatively good agreement with experimental data. A two-dimensional depth averaged model could therefore be used with reliability to simulate field conditions in relatively shallow rivers, and is preferred to empirical methods to predict maximum scour that were calibrated under very specific hydraulic conditions.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die primêre doel van navorsing was om die optimum uitkeer-posisie in ‘n draai te bepaal om sodoende sediment onttrekking te minimiseer. Die sekondêre doel was om die optimum uitkeringshoek vir ‘n uitkeerkanaal te bepaal wat geleë is aan die buitekant van ‘n draai by die voorgestelde optimum uitkeer-posisie. Die snelheidsverspreiding in die draai was ook ondersoek om te probeer om spiraalvloei beter te verstaan. Die uitskuurpatrone in die kanaal is ook gemonitor om dit te kon vergelyk met die gemete snelheidsverspreiding. Numeriese simulasies is gedoen met DELFT 3D (hidrodinamika) en Mike21C (sediment dinamika) modelleringsprogrammatuur en is vergelyk met die resultate van die laboratorium eksperimente asook met die van bestaande empiriese vergelykings. Daar is gevind dat die optimum uitkeer-posisie aan die buitekant van ‘n draai aan die stroomaf-kant van die draai geleë is. Drie hoof uitskurings-areas is gevind terwyl die derde area ooreenstem met die posisie van maksimum snelheid. Die posisie waar die maksimum snelheid voorkom is relatief konstant met ‘n verandering in Froude-getal, maar beweeg in die stroomaf-rigting met ‘n styging in die radius-tot-wydte verhouding. Die vertikale en horisontale snelheidsverspreiding is goed gedefinieer en stem ooreen met soortgelyke beskrywings in die literatuur. Die uitkeer-vloei verhouding styg met ‘n stygende uitkeerhoek terwyl dit daal met ‘n styging in Froude-getal. Daar is ook gevind dat groter Froude-getalle meer gunstige omstandighede skep vir die uitkeer van water. Die uitkeer-kanaal beïnvloed nie die sekondêre vloei-patrone nie (vir die reeks van uitkeer vloei-verhoudings wat getoetsis) en die sone van maksimum snelheid bly in dieselfde omgewing vir hierdie toetse as vir die toetse sonder ‘n uitkeer kanaal. Die hidrodinamika van die laboratorium eksperimente is goed gesimuleer m.b.v die DELFT 3D numeriese program, terwyl Mike21C gebruik is om die sedimentdinamika te simuleer. Die resultate van die Mike21C simulasies vergelyk relatief goed met die eksperimentele data en kan met ‘n redelike graad van vertroue aangewend word om veldkondisies te simuleer in relatiewe vlak riviere. Dit word aanbeveel bo die empiriese vergelykings om maksimum uitskuring te voorspel aangesien die empiriese vergelykings gekalibreer is vir baie spesifieke hidroulise kondisies.
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Slegtenhorst, Sonja. "Antioxidant intake in paediatric oncology patients." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/18050.
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Thesis (MNutr)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Background: The role of antioxidants and adequate nutrition in the prevention and course of cancer treatment is globally recognised in nullifying the effects of free radicals and increasing the nutritional status of children during treatment. Objective: To investigate whether children with cancer meet their Dietary Reference Values and Safe Intakes for antioxidants, energy and protein. Design: Single centre prospective study. Setting: Children were recruited from the East of England Primary Treatment Centre using convenience sampling over 8 months. Forty-two children and adolescents diagnosed with a Solid tumour, Lymphoma or Leukaemia were eligible for data analysis (n=20 male; n=22 female). Method: Data was collected with an Estimated Food Record (EFR) in the 1st (EFR1) and 3rd month (EFR2) post-diagnosis. In the week following EFR completion, parents and/or children were contacted to complete four non-consecutive days of 24-hr food recalls. Data was categorised into diet alone, diet + food supplement (FS), tube feeding (tube) or diet + multi-vitamin-mineral supplementation (VMS). Malnutrition was determined by weight-for-age z-scores. Nutrient intake was compared to the Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI), the Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) and the Lower Recommended Nutrient Intake (LRNI). Result: The sample consisted of 33% (n=14) diagnosed with Leukaemia, 24% (n=10) with Lymphoma and 43% (n=18) with Solid tumours. Sixty seven percent (n=28) underwent chemotherapy and 33% (n=14) a combination of therapies. Significant correlations were seen between the assessment tools in the diet alone category for both months for; vitamins A, C, E, selenium and protein and for EFR1 for zinc and energy. In both months greater numbers of children achieved ≥100% of requirements for diet + VMS (EFR 1; p<0.05; EFR2 p<0.05) than for other feeding modes. Vitamin C achieved the highest intakes compared to the RNI at 773% (EFR1) and 829% (EFR2). Intakes above 200% of the RNI were seen for vitamins A, C, E, selenium and zinc. No significant differences were seen between modes of feeding in either month for selenium or zinc. Vitamin A (EFR1≤ 100% diet alone p<0.05) and zinc (EFR1≤ 100% diet alone p=0.02) met the least of the LRNI in the 1st month compared to other antioxidants. No statistical significant difference was observed between the number of children attaining their EAR’s between the 3 modes of feeding in the 1st month and 3rd month. In the 1st month 27% (n=8) of participants consumed vitamin and/or mineral supplements, 18% in the 3rd month (n=4). In the 1st month 5% (n=2) of children were moderately malnourished and 10% (n=4) in 3rd month. Conversely in the 1st month 3% (n=1) were overweight and 3% (n=1) obese; the leukaemia group predominant. Conclusion: The research tools showed good correlation. Children using vitamin and/or mineral supplements mostly achieved their RNI’s compared to other feeding modes. Across feeding modes some children achieved antioxidant intakes above 200% RNI. LRNI’s on diet alone were not achieved for vitamin A and zinc. The study showed Leukaemics as having a higher prevalence of obesity. More research is required to determine the clinical implications of these findings.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Agtergrond: Die rol van anti-oksidante en voldoende voeding in die voorkoming en verloop van kanker behandeling word wêreldwyd erken vir vernietiging van die effek van vry radikale en die verbetering van voedingstatus van kinders tydens behandeling. Doelwit: Om ondersoek in te stel of kinders met kanker hul Dieet Verwysingswaardes en Veilige Innames vir anti-oksidante, energie en proteïen bereik. Ontwerp: Enkel sentrum prospektiewe studie. Omgewing: Kinders was gewerf deur middel van gerieflikheidsteekproefneming oor 8 maande vanaf die “East of England Primary Treatment Centre”. Twee-en-veertig kinders en adolessente gediagnoseer met 'n Soliede tumor, Limfoom of Leukemie het in aanmerking gekom vir dataanalise (n=20 manlik, n=22 vroulik). Metode: Data was ingesamel met ‘n Geskatte Voedsel Rekord (GVR) in die eerste (GVR1) en derde maand (GVR2) na diagnose. In die week na voltooiing van die GVR is ouers en/of kinders gekontak om vier onopeenvolgende dae van 24-uur herroepe te voltooi. Data was verdeel in dieet alleen, dieet + voedsel supplement (VS), buisvoeding (buis) of dieet + multi-vitamien-mineraal supplementasie (VMS). Wanvoeding was bepaal deur middel van gewig-vir-ouderdom z-tellings. Nutriënt inname was vergelyk met die Aanbevole Nutriënt Inname (ANI), die Geskatte Gemiddelde Behoeftes (GGB) en die Laer Aanbevole Nutriënt Inname (LANI). Resultate: Die steekproef het bestaan uit 33% (n=14) gediagnoseer met Leukemie, 24% (n=10) Limfoom en 43% (n=18) Soliede tumore. Sewe-en-sestig persent (n=28) het chemoterapie ontvang en 33% (n=14) ‘n kombinasie van terapieë. Betekenisvolle korrelasies was waargeneem tussen die assesseringsinstrumente in die dieet alleen kategorie vir beide maande vir vitamiene A, C, E, selenium en proteïen en vir GVR1 ook vir sink en energie. In beide maande het ‘n groter aantal kinders ≥100% van hul behoeftes bereik vr dieet+VMS (GVR1; p<0.05; GVR2 p<0.05) as vir ander modi van voeding. Vitamien C het die hoogste innames bereik vergeleke met die ANI teen 773% (GVR1) en 829% (GVR2). Innames bo 200% van die ANI was waargeneem vir vitamiene A, C, E, selenium en sink. Geen betekenisvolle verskille was waargeneem tussen modi van voeding in enige maand vir selenium en sink nie. Vitamien A (GVR1≤100% dieet alleen p<0.05) en sink (GVR1≤100% dieet alleen p=0.02) het die minste van die LANI bereik in die eerste maand vergeleke met ander anti-oksidante. Geen statisties beduidende verskil was waargeneem tussen die aantal kinders wat hul GGB’s bereik het tussen die 3 voedingswyses in die eerste en derde maande nie. In die eerste maand het 27% (n=8) van deelnemers vitamien en/of mineraal supplemente ingeneem, en 18% (n=4) in die derde maand. In die eerste maand was 5% (n=2) van kinders matig wangevoed en 10% (n=4) in die derde maand. In die eerste maand was 3% (n=1) van kinders oorgewig en 3% (n=1) vetsugtig, die leukemie groep spesifiek. Gevolgtrekking: Die navorsingsinstrumente het goeie korrelasie getoon. Kinders wat vitamien en/of mineraal supplemente gebruik het het meestal hul ANI’s bereik vergeleke met ander modi van voeding. Oor voeding modi het sommige kinders anti-oksidant innames bo 200% ANI bereik. LANI’s op dieet alleen was nie bereik vir Vitamien A en sink nie. Hierdie studie het aangetoon dat dié met Leukemia ‘n hoër prevalensie van oorgewig/vetsug getoon het. Meer navorsing is nodig om die kliniese implikasies van die bevindinge te bepaal.
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McConn, Betty Renee. "Food intake in birds: hypothalamic mechanisms." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/95888.
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Feeding behavior is a complex trait that is regulated by various hypothalamic neuropeptides and neuronal populations (nuclei). Understanding the physiological regulation of food intake is important for improving nutrient utilization efficiency in agricultural species and for understanding and treating eating disorders. Knowledge about appetite in birds has agricultural and biomedical relevance and provides evolutionary perspective. I thus investigated hypothalamic molecular mechanisms associated with appetite in broilers, layers, chicken lines selected for low (LWS) or high (HWS) body weight, and Japanese quail, which provide a unique perspective to understanding appetite. Broiler-type chicks have been genetically selected for rapid growth and consume much more feed than do layer-type chicks which have been selected for egg production. Long-term selection has caused the LWS chicks to have different severities of anorexia while the HWS chicks become obese, thus making these lines a valuable model for metabolic disorders. Lastly, the Japanese quail have not undergone as extensive artificial selection as the chicken, thus this model may provide insights on how human intervention has changed the mechanisms that regulate feeding behavior in birds. This research involved applying a variety of different treatments including fasting and refeeding, diets differing in macronutrient composition, and/or central administration of neuropeptide Y, xenopsin, neuropeptide K, oxytocin, mesotocin, gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone, and prolactin-releasing peptide, after which I measured feeding behavior and various aspects of hypothalamic physiology. I measured nuclei activation in hypothalamic appetite-associated regions including the lateral hypothalamus, paraventricular nucleus, ventromedial hypothalamus, dorsomedial nucleus, and arcuate nucleus and I measured gene expression of various appetite-associated factors in the whole hypothalamus and individual nuclei. These data provided information about the regions of the brain involved in mediating effects on appetite and the molecular pathways involved in the effect on appetite. There were differences in dose threshold sensitivity to various injected factors in the different stocks, differential responses to fasting and refeeding, and differences in nuclei and genes that were activated in response to the various treatments. These data provide valuable insights on the molecular mechanisms that are associated with the short-term regulation of feeding behavior and pathways that may be genetically stock-dependent.PHD
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Knutsson, Magnus. "Modelling of IC-Engine Intake Noise." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Skolan för teknikvetenskap, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-10549.
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Dunnington, Kim Suzanne 1956. "Dietary intake of female college athletes." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277031.
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Dietary intake for female college students representing both athletic and nonathletic groups was studied using 3-day food records to determine whether there was difference in nutrient intake between groups. Body composition and nutritional beliefs were evaluated. Groups included: repertory dance (n = 4), gymnastics (n = 6), basketball (n = 6), cross-country runners (n = 5), volleyball (n = 4), and softball (n = 8). All groups had adequate calorie, high protein, low iron, zinc intake. All groups except volleyball had high vitamin C intake. Body composition ranged from 13.6%-21.7% fat. Eighty-six percent considered themselves over their optimal weight. A majority wanted more information on nutrition (75%) and on weight control (82%). I conclude there is no significant difference between dietary intake of athletic college women as compared to a nonathletic group, there is no significant difference in dietary intake among groups of athletic women, and athletic women consider dietary intake and nutrition knowledge to be important factors in training and competition.
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Moster, David A. "Intake Manifold Design for an Air Restricted Engine." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1353342193.
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Johansson, Alina. "Leucine intake affects brain activity and central expression of genes associated with food intake, energy homeostasis and reward." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hållbar samhälls- och teknikutveckling, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-13104.
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Leucine injections directly into the brain decrease food intake whereas supplementation of this amino acid in a diet has a negligible effect on food intake. We sought to investigate why orally supplemented leucine is ineffective as an anorexigen. We found that mice consuming leucine exhibited increased cFos immunoreactivity in the ARC and PVN of hypothalamus, areas controlling energy balance. However, real time- PCR analysis of the hypothalamic tissue in mice that were exposed to oral leucine showed changes in expression of genes involved in the regulation of energy balance as well as those mediating feeding reward (TMEM18, MC4R, CRH, FTO, SLC6A15, DOR). This suggests that leucine consumption affects activity of not only brain pathways that control calorie intake, but also those that mediate eating for pleasure. Hence the lack of feeding response to leucine supplementation in a diet may stem from the simultaneous action of this amino acid at brain circuit promoting reward and energy homeostasis.
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Sausenthaler, Stefanie. "Socioeconomic determinants of dietary fat intake and the effect of dietary fat intake on allergic diseases in children." Diss., kostenfrei, 2008. http://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7992/.
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Whybrow, Stephen. "Determinants of food and energy intake, and the effects of dietary energy denisty on energy intake on humans." Thesis, Queen Margaret University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247246.
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Smith, Suzanne Lynelle. "A Dietary Intervention Focusing on Vegetable Intake in Post-Partum Mothers with Concomitant Effects on Infant Vegetable Intake." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1163598912.
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Cook, Ian Daniel. "Perception of Fatigue, Macronutrient Intake and Fluid Intake of Field Hockey Athletes at Specific Game Day Time Intervals." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1460564696.
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Case, Jennifer A. "Protein intake, body composition and athletic performance." Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/3875.
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Gerges, Amira Sami. "Dietary calcium intake and overweight in adolescence." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1384.
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Recent research has shown an association between low dietary calcium intake and obesity in adults as well as overweight in young children; however, this relationship has not been investigated in adolescents. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between inadequate calcium intake and overweight in adolescents. The hypothesis of this study was that there is a negative correlation between dietary calcium intake and overweight in adolescents. The study population consisted of middle school and high school students (n = 102) in a local school district. The gender and ethnic distributions of the sample were as follows: 74% female, 26% male, 63% Caucasian, 16% African-American, 12% Hispanic, and 8% other. Dietary calcium and energy intakes were assessed using a previously validated calcium-focused food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for youths. Calcium intake was also assessed using a single question on daily milk consumption. The FFQ was administered by trained interviewers to groups of three to five students. Body fat was assessed using body mass index for age (BMI-for-age) and sum of triceps and subscapular skinfolds (STS). The mean reported calcium intake was 1,972 ± 912 mg/day, and mean reported energy intake was 3,421 ± 1,710 kcals/day. Reported calcium intake from the FFQ was inflated since approximately 75% reported drinking less than three glasses of milk a day. According to BMI-for-age, 29% were classified as at risk of overweight or overweight. Using STS, 39% were classified as overweight. Chi-square analysis using either method of dietary calcium intake and either method of overweight assessment did not show dependence between categories of calcium intake and level of weight or body fat. This study failed to show a relationship between dietary calcium intake and risk of overweight or overweight in adolescents.
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Alajmi, Fahhad, and n/a. "A Study of Dietary Intake in Kuwait." Griffith University. School of Health Science, 2004. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20051129.122226.
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This study investigated Kuwait food system. Firstly the current dietary consumption of a representative sample of the Kuwaiti population was assessed. Secondly the effects of the 1990 Gulf war on Kuwait's food and nutrition system were investigated. The major part of this study was a National Diet and Nutrition Survey of people aged 20 to 65 years, which is the largest and most detailed survey ever undertaken of the diet and nutritional status of adult people in Kuwait. A food frequency questionnaire was delivered to 491 subjects (response rate 81.8%, 278 female and 213 male). In addition, a sample of 383 (response rate 207 female and 176 male) were interviewed using a 24 hour recall method. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive cross-sectional picture of the dietary habits and nutritional status of the population of Kuwait. The energy and nutrient intakes in the survey were compared with the US RDA.
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Van, der Velde Peter. "Regulation of gastric emptying and food intake." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ47918.pdf.
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Loo, Ye Him. "The role of glucoregulation in alcohol intake." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0008/MQ40843.pdf.
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Geldart, Jacqueline R. "Determining forage intake potential of dairy cows." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ49355.pdf.
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Broberger, Christian. "Neuropeptide circuitries regulating food and water intake /." Stockholm, 1999. http://diss.kib.ki.se/1999/91-628-3625-0/.
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Birman, Sharon. "Clinical intake interviewing| Proposing LGB affirmative recommendations." Thesis, Pepperdine University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3564350.
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The initial impression a client formulates about the therapist is critical to establishing a deep and meaningful working alliance. The traditional intake interview protocol is fraught with heterocentric biases and heteronormative assumptions, thereby failing to provide an affirming experience for non-heterosexual clients or potentially overlooks issues relevant to competently serve the psychological needs of LGB clients. This dissertation endeavors to respond to the growing need for the clinical application of LGB affirmative approaches. An overview of the following bodies of literature is offered: (a) consequences of heterosexism on the lives of LGB individuals, (b) heterosexism and the field of psychology, (c) perceived competence of therapists treating LGB clients, (d) current practices in working clinically with LGB clients, and (e) intersection of multiple cultural considerations. Based on a synthesis of the literature, feedback from experts in the field, and a critical review of existing intake protocols, preliminary suggestions for engaging in an LGB affirming initial therapeutic experience is offered. 4 major areas of clinical considerations for engaging in an affirmative intake process are discussed: (a) creating an affirming environment, (b) the initial intake process, (c) important considerations specific to members of the LGB community; and (d) therapist competencies. Finally, intake questions for consideration in intake forms or during the course of an intake interview are presented.
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Joo, Won-Gu. "Intake/engine flowfield coupling in turbofan engines." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319865.
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Brown, Ian James. "Carbohydrate intake and blood pressure : INTERMAP study." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.443830.
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The International Collaborative Study of Macronutrients, Micronutrients and Blood Pressure (INTERMAP) is a cross-sectional study investigating the role of macronutrients in blood pressure (BP). Data included four 24-hour dietary recalls; two 24-hour urine collections; eight BP readings; and questionnaire data for 4,680 men and women aged 40-59 years from 17 population samples in four countries (Japan, People's Republic of China, United Kingdo'm [UK], and United States of America [USA]). Aims were to (1) test the hypothesis that there ,. a direct relation of dietary starch intake to the systolic and diastolic BP of individuals; (2) explore associations of total carbohydrate (CHO) and subfractions with BP; (3) calculate dietary glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) for participants; and (4) explore associations of dietary GI and GL with BP. In multiple regression analyses, starch, total CHO, galactose and lactose intakes (% total energy, intake [TEl]) were inversely related to BP. Adjusting for non-dietary factors, sodium/potassium excretion and alcohol intake, the difference in systolic BP associated with 14.1% TEl (2 standard deviations) higher intake of starch was -1.2 (95% confidence intervals -2.2, -0.3) mmHg, while 16.3% higher total CHO intake was associated with a -1.3 (-2.2, :-0.3) mmHg difference. Among, UK and USA participants, 0.2% TEl higher galactose intake was associated with a -1.6 (-2.6, -0.6) mmHgdifference in systolic BP, while 3.6% TEl higher lactose intake was associated with a -1.9 (-3.0, -0.8) mmHg difference. Dietary GI and GL values were estimated for UK and Japanese participants, but were not associated with BP in regression analyses adjusted for multiple confounders. Low-order inverse associations between starch, total CHO, galactose, lactose and BP were observed. More research is needed from animal models, population studies, and randomised trials to determine if CHO intake has a role in the prevention and control of high BP.
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Domäng, Markus, and Nargis Nasiri. "Fluoride Levels in Saliva after Tea Intake." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Tandläkarutbildning, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-98829.
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Tea contains fluoride but its effect as a caries-preventive measure is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the fluoride levels in saliva after tea-intake. Part one of the study analyzed the fluoride content of teas and one black and one green tea was thereafter selected for the clinical part of the study (part two). Ten healthy adults participated in part two which was designed as a prospective, crossover study where the salivary fluoride levels were analyzed after tea-intake at designated follow-ups. The fluoride level in saliva increased after tea-intake (0.04 ± 0.2 vs 0.97 ± 0.32 mg/L, (p < 0.01)). After intake of the black tea fluoride levels remained elevated compared to baseline at 5 minutes (0.04 ± 0.02 vs 0.12 ± 0.08 mg/L, ( p < 0.01)) and 10 minutes (0.04 ± 0.02 vs 0.09 ± 0.07 mg/L, (p < 0.05) but not at 20 minutes (0.04 ± 0.02 vs 0.05 ± 0.03 mg/L, (p = 0.056)). The green tea had elevated fluoride levels up to 5 minutes (0.05 ± 0.03 vs 0.14 ± 0.09 mg/L, (p < 0.01)) but not at 10 minutes (0.05 ± 0.03 vs 0.09 ± 0.08 mg/L, (p > 0.05)). The fluoride level in saliva is elevated after tea-intake which may suggest a caries-preventive effect, but not for a long period of time due to its rapid clearance in saliva.
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Foster, Emma. "Assessing dietary intake in primary school children." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/555.
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The foods we eat in childhood impact on health in adult life. With the increasing incidence of diet related diseases such as non insulin dependent diabetes and cancer it is important that food intakes are monitored. Further in order to assess the effectiveness of health promotion initiatives methods of assessing intake are required which are both accurate and sensitive enough to detect changes in diet. If nutrient intakes are of interest these methods must include a measure or estimate of the amount of food consumed. Weighing foods imposes a large burden on the subject, may not be practical or possible in some sub-sections of populations e. g. children, and often results in underreporting. The purpose of this work was to develop methods for assessing dietary intake in 4 to 11 year olds; to assess the relative validity of these methods; to utilise the methods to assess the effectiveness of a dietary intervention and to assess the validity of current methods of assessing portion size for use with children. Two methods of assessing dietary intake were developed and pilot tested with children aged 4 to 11 years old. A food record designed to measure frequency of fruit and vegetable intake and a food diary with interview using food photographs to measure nutrient intake. Following refinement the methods were used to assess the effectiveness of a fruit and vegetable intervention. In a further study the validity of adult food photographs and food models in estimating portion size with children was assessed in an interview where children were shown known weights of foods. The food record and food diary were successful in detecting changes in intake of fruit and vegetables as a result of the intervention. The food record was found to be difficult to complete and was accurate in measuring fruit and vegetable intakes only at the group level. Accuracy of chi ' ldren's estimates of portion size were poor, children significantly overestimated food portion sizes on average using both the food photographs and the food models. The precision of children's estimates of portion size was also poor with a large range of over- and underestimates of portion size using both the food models and the food photographs.
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Bryant, Maria. "Effects of nutrient intake on premenstrual symptoms." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.406255.
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Oriji, Ugochukwu Richard. "Numerical investigation of intake flows in crosswinds." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708098.
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