Journal articles on the topic 'Insured Loan'
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1
Santini, Inawati. "WANPRESTASI PEMBAYARAN KLAIM ASURANSI JIWA AKIBAT KELALAIAN PENYERAHAN BERKAS OLEH MITRA PENANGGUNG SEBAGAI KOLEKTOR PENGAJUAN KLAIM (Studi Kasus Sertifikat Asuransi Polis Nomor 15.001673)." UNES Law Review 1, no. 2 (December 26, 2018): 184–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.31933/law.v1i2.26.
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At this time many banks are incentive to lure consumer credit to consumers. In general, consumer loan interest rate is higher than productive credit, even there is a fixed rate. It seems that the fixed rate makes it easy to organize family finances, paying only monthly installments of the same amount, but if carefully calculated, the interest is much higher. Consumer Loan Protection with Insurance Policy Certificate 15.001673 is a life insurance product that guarantees repayment of the remaining amount of Loans and / or monthly loan installment of the Customer as Participant (Insured) to the Policyholder in case the Participant (the Insured) has a death risk or total temporary disability / Or total permanent disability. Although it is clear about the rights and obligations in the insurance agreement but the reality is very different because it turns out the insurer does not fulfill its obligations in the event of claim submission from the insured. Rejection of insurance claims may be made by the insurer under the pretext of submitting the file beyond the specified time limit. Issues to be studied further is how validation of denial of life insurance claim made by Jasindo in accordance with the insurance policy and existing legislation and whether Partner Error is can be classified as Wanprestasi payment of Insurance Claim for late in submission of policy file No: 15.001673. In conducting research, this research is normative law research that is research having object of study about rule or rule. The objective is to determine the validity of the refusal of insurance claims made by Jasindo in accordance with the existing insurance policies and regulations and to find out the Default Payment of Insurance Claims due to Delayed Submission by Marketing Party as Collector Submission of Claim on Insurance Certificate Number 15.001673
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Gurung, Jas Bahadur. "Insureds’ Perception towards Insurance Services in Pokhara." REPOSITIONING The Journal of Business and Hospitality 1 (November 20, 2016): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/repos.v1i0.16040.
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The basic objective of this study is to analyze the perception or opinion of Insured on the services provided by the insurers, agents and surveyors in Pokhara valley. Study shows 71.57 percent respondents agreed insurance creates awareness among people. Similarly, 73.53 percent respondents agreed it also provides social security. Regarding interest rates on loan, 57.43 percent respondents are indifferent on their opinion that whether the rate of interest on loan is cheaper or not but 30.69 percent are agreed that interest on loan is cheaper. Sixty-six point six seven percent respondents are neutral that payment of loan installment is easier or not but 22.22 percent opined installment payment is easier in insurance companies. In the context of satisfactoriness of insurance services, 50.49 percent respondents agreed that services of insurance companies are satisfactory. Out of 92 respondents, 71.74 percent argued that they are satisfied with the services of insurance agents and 28.26 percent are not satisfied. Of the total respondents, 35.89 percent agreed on the performance of insurance surveyors is satisfactory and free of bias. But 33.33 percent respondents on the other are neutral about the performance and behavior of surveyors. On the whole, the above facts imply that the perception of insureds towards insurance services is satisfactory in Pokhara valley.Repositioning Vol.1(1) 2016: 23-36
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Root, Hilton L., Mark Andrew Abdollahian, and Jacek Kugler. "In Korea, the Thirst for Funds Drives Change." Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies 05, no. 01 (March 2002): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219091502000717.
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It is widely acknowledged that Korea will not be secure against future economic crisis without structural reform of finance, enterprise and labor markets. Real reform requires a transfer of authority from the government to market-based institutions, forcing banks to take full responsibility for the loans they authorize. Before the crisis, the government implicitly insured depositors' bank loans made to the large conglomerates, leaving banks little incentive to develop the necessary skills in credit analysis and loan monitoring. The insured agents did not take proper care to manage their risks. Moral hazard or will increased government control over the financial sector weaken market discipline?
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Shkodrova, Ina. "Life Insurance as Collateral for Bank Credit." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 26, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2020-0060.
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AbstractThis article will cover issues related to the obligations of the parties to the contract and the subject of the insurance contract concluded in connection with a bank loan agreement. Who are the parties to the contract and who benefits from the insured amount when the insured event occurs? What is the purpose, what does the Insurance Code provide and how does it guarantee the creditor’s rights? Insurance as additional collateral for the bank.
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Kopkin, Nolan. "The conditional spatial correlations between racial prejudice and racial disparities in the market for home loans." Urban Studies 55, no. 16 (March 5, 2018): 3596–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098018755086.
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Many studies have shown the existence of disparities in loan denial rates between blacks and whites that cannot be accounted for by observable applicant characteristics. Examining the link between racial gaps in home loan denial rates and prejudicial attitudes toward blacks measured by questions in the General Social Survey, this article shows not only that blacks are more likely to be denied conventional home mortgages but that denial rates among blacks for these loans are also geographically correlated with racial prejudice, particularly among first-lien home purchase loans and loans from depository lenders. However, among Federal Housing Administration-insured loans guaranteed by the government in the event of borrower default, this study finds no evidence of a statistical relationship between racial prejudice and loan denials among black applicants. Results are consistent with taste-based discrimination by discriminatory lenders; however, one cannot rule out that statistical discrimination is at least partially driving the results.
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Kvanina, V. V., and M. N. Lokteva. "About Certain Issues of Hard Selling of Insurance Services when Concluding a Loan Agreement: Law and Practice." Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)), no. 7 (September 23, 2022): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2022.95.7.094-102.
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Based on the analysis of materials of law enforcement practice on the issue of imposing additional insurance services on the borrower at the conclusion of a loan agreement, the most typical cases of violation of the borrower’s rights regarding compliance with their right to refuse additional insurance services, including life and/or health insurance of the borrower, have been identified; providing the borrower with a consumer loan on the same terms if the borrower has independently insured his life, health/ other insurance interest in favor of the lender from the insurer that meets the criteria established by the lender in accordance with the requirements of the legislation; refund to the policyholder of the insurance premium paid in case of refusal of the policyholder from the voluntary insurance contract, etc.The article proposes at the legislative level to fix the bank’s obligation to reflect in lending documents information about the full cost of the loan with the presence of risk insurance, as well as information about the full cost of the loan without the purchase of insurance services, and, accordingly, the consolidation of this right in the insurance policy, which will give the relationship between the bank and the borrower more transparency.
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Flannery, Mark J. "Capital regulation and insured banks choice of individual loan default risks." Journal of Monetary Economics 24, no. 2 (September 1989): 235–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(89)90005-6.
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Dewi, I. Gusti Agung Mas Cahyani, Anak Agung Sagung Laksmi Dewi, and Ni Made Puspasutari Ujianti. "Kedudukan Hukum Perjanjian Kredit dalam Hal Objek Jaminan Fidusia Musnah." Jurnal Preferensi Hukum 1, no. 1 (July 27, 2020): 228–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/jph.1.1.2166.228-233.
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Crediting activities can be carried out by anyone who has the ability to initiate a loan agreement between the creditor / creditor and the recipient of the loan / debtor, this is regulated in article 8 of the Banking Act. This study aims to analyze the legal position in the credit agreement if the fiduciary collateral object is destroyed, and analyze efforts to resolve disputes due to the destruction of the fiduciary collateral object. The method used is an empirical method with the approach of legal sociology. The results showed that the legal position of the credit agreement if the fiduciary collateral object was destroyed either in the case that the object became the object had been insured or not insured by the owner of the object. The credit agreement remains and the debtor remains responsible for paying off the debt. With this situation, the creditor will turn into a concurrent creditor. Furthermore, in resolving disputes the destruction of fiduciary collateral objects, there are two ways, namely, if the object used as fiduciary collateral object by the debtor in a credit agreement is insured, the creditor can claim insurance for the collateralized object. Whereas if the object which is used as collateral has not been insured in this case the creditor has issued a credit and is taking care of the object's insurance, an undesirable event occurs by the debtor and the creditor, namely the destruction of the object used as collateral. Then the debtor must be held responsible by replacing the items pledged with new objects owned by the debtor and the selling price is the same as the credit issued by the creditor.
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Kim, Kevin Nooree, and Ani L. Katchova. "Impact of the Basel III bank regulation on US agricultural lending." Agricultural Finance Review 80, no. 3 (January 7, 2020): 321–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-11-2019-0124.
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Purpose Following the recent global financial crisis, US regulatory agencies issued laws to implement the Basel III accords to ensure the resiliency of the US banking sector. Theories predict that enhanced regulations may alter credit issuance of the regulated banks due to increased capital requirements, but the direction of changes might not be straightforward especially with respect to the agricultural loans. A decrease in credit availability from banks might pose a serious problem for farmers who rely on bank credit especially during economic recessions. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach In this study, the impact of Basel III regulatory framework implementation on agricultural lending in the USA is examined. Using panel data of FDIC-insured banks from 2008 to 2017, the agricultural loan volume and growth rates are examined for agricultural banks and all US banks. Findings The results show that agricultural loan growth rates have slowed down, but the amount of agricultural loan volume issuance still remained positive. More detailed examination finds that regulated agricultural banks have decreased both the agricultural loan volume and their loan exposure to the agricultural sector, showing a possible sign of credit crunch. Originality/value This study examines whether the implementation of the Basel III regulation has resulted in changes in agricultural loan issuance by US banks as predicted by the lending channel theory.
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Tang, Chunhua, Huiyuan Zhang, and Jiamuyan Xie. "Optimal Contract Design in Contract Farming under Asymmetric Effort Information." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 13, 2022): 15000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142215000.
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This paper studies the contract design, optimal financing, and pricing decision of the leading agricultural enterprise when the level of effort of the farmer is private information. We use buyer direct finance and add agricultural income insurance to transfer risks to overcome the farmer’s loan difficulty and contract default caused by information asymmetry. We design four kinds of contracts, including the uninsured and symmetric information contract (SN contract), the uninsured and asymmetric information contract (AN contract), the insured and symmetric information contract (SY contract), and the insured and asymmetric information contract (AY contract). Through comparative analysis of the different types of contracts, several results are obtained. First, when there is no insurance, supervision of the leading enterprise can improve the farmer’s level of effort; but supervision costs are incurred, and incentive contracts can avoid the farmer’s moral hazard. Second, agricultural income insurance improves the farmer’s level of effort when information is asymmetric, which transfers risks and saves costs for all the game participants. Third, the leading enterprise prefers an asymmetric information contract and the farmer prefers AN contract when the probability of loan repayment is high.
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Jiang, Shan, and Chen L. Miller. "International Real Estate Review." International Real Estate Review 22, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 169–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.53383/100279.
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Reverse mortgages generally have open maturity dates. The variability of the exact termination time of a mortgage is one of the most important risks faced by the lenders and mortgage insurers. This paper analyzes the termination experience of reverse mortgages in the United States (US). We find that reverse mortgages can be terminated by three distinct events: refinancing, mortality and mobility. Using the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) insured Home Equity Conversion Mortgage (HECM) loan data, we estimate the probability of the termination through individual events. The results show that refinance termination and other termination events are driven by different factors. Refinances are mainly driven by macroeconomic conditions, such as the appreciation of the house value and decline in interest rate, and usually done in the beginning years of the loan origination. Mortality terminations follow closely the US mortality tables, which are governed by age and gender. Mobility termination shares a similar pattern with mortality termination, especially in the later years of the loan life. Meanwhile, the initial cash drawdown pattern has significant but different impacts on each type of termination. By separating refinance termination from the two other types of terminations, we show that refinance termination slows down when the interest rate starts to rise. Without separating refinance termination, HECM investors could over-project the number of future HECM terminations in a rising interest rate scenario and result in loss of funds.
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Calavita, Kitty, and Henry N. Pontell. "“Heads I Win, Tails You Lose”: Deregulation, Crime, and Crisis in the Savings and Loan Industry." Crime & Delinquency 36, no. 3 (July 1990): 309–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128790036003002.
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This study examines fraud in the savings and loan industry as a case study of white-collar crime. Drawing from extensive government reports, Congressional hearings, and media accounts, the study categorizes three types of savings and loan crime and traces them to the competitive pressures unleashed by deregulation in the early 1980s, within the context of a federally protected, insured industry. In addition, the study delineates the limitations of the enforcement process, focusing on the ideological, political, and structural forces constraining regulators. Although savings and loan crime is in many respects similar to corporate crime in the manufacturing sector, a relatively new form of white-collar crime, referred to as “collective embezzlement,” permeates the thrift industry. The study links the proliferation of collective embezzlement and other forms of thrift crime, as well as the structural dilemmas that constrain the enforcement process, to the distinctive qualities of finance capitalism.
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Gebrekidan, Tnsue, and Lyu Kaiyu. "Effect of index-based livestock insurance on loan uptake." Agricultural Finance Review 79, no. 4 (August 5, 2019): 426–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-09-2018-0078.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to weigh up the effect of index-based livestock insurance (IBLI) on loan take up behavior of the pastoral households in the Borena zone of Southern Ethiopia. Although the insurance was introduced over the last decade and it appears to have promising welfare benefit, there is a lack of pragmatic evidence on its effect in leveraging the household’s future wealth for the hope of better productivity in the present. Design/methodology/approach The authors analyze household-level unique panel data collected in three rounds using descriptive statistics and the fixed effect model estimated by least squares dummy variable analysis. Findings The authors found that the IBLI appears to have a positive and significant effect on the loan uptake behavior of the herding households. Social implications This increased likelihood of loan uptake suggests that the insurance can reduce the cognitive cost of loan default that would occur due to weather shocks and build-up of the household’s confidence to uptake loan. Consequently, this likelihood can promote the creditworthiness of the insured and reduce his/her fear and worry regarding the possibility of loan delinquency. Originality/value The paper is, except where otherwise stated, entirely new work.
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Zhao, Fang, and James Moser. "Bank Lending and Interest- Rate Derivatives." International Journal of Financial Research 8, no. 4 (September 14, 2017): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v8n4p23.
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Using data that cover a full business cycle, this paper documents a direct relationship between interest-rate derivative usage by U.S. banks and growth in their commercial and industrial (C&I) loan portfolios. This positive association holds for interest-rate options contracts, forward contracts, and futures contracts. This result is consistent with the implication of Diamond’s model (1984) that predicts that a bank’s use of derivatives permits better management of systematic risk exposure, thereby lowering the cost of delegated monitoring, and generates net benefits of intermediation services. The paper’s sample consists of all FDIC-insured commercial banks between 1996 and 2004 having total assets greater than $300 million and having a portfolio of C&I loans. The main results remain after a robustness check.
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Nowak, Katarzyna. "Niepewność interpretacyjna zapisów ochrony ubezpieczeniowej konsumentów ubezpieczeń na życie oferowanych do kredytów mieszkaniowych na przykładzie wybranych ofert." Finanse i Prawo Finansowe 3, no. 31 (September 30, 2021): 89–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2391-6478.3.31.06.
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Bundled package of home loans and insurance are a natural phenomenon. Banks treat insurance as the primary security for the credit. For the consumer–borrower can help in financial difficulty. The purpose of insurance added to the loan is to reduce the risk of inability of borrowers to pay back their loans to banks and to ensure the safety of the insured or beneficiary of the insurance policy Therefore, insurance added to the loans should effectively protect borrowers. However, bundled package entails the risk of mismatching the insurance cover with the individual policy-holder insurance needs. Consumer–borrower may not be aware of the scope of insurance protection, which results from the insurance contract and general insurance terms and conditions. Therefore, in order to properly understand the offer of insurance, it becomes necessary to familiarize the borrower–the consumer with the general insurance conditions. However, as research shows, there is a big problem on the insurance sector with unintelligible insurance policy.
The purpose of the article/hypothesis: The aim of the article is to compare and assess the scope of insurance cover based on the provisions of the general conditions of life insurance added to home loans by the two largest banks in Poland.
Methodology: The article uses a comparative analysis of the scope of insurance cover on the based on provisions of the general conditions of insurance. The following categories have been selected from the general conditions of insurance: subject of insurance, definitions of events covered by the liability of the insurer, nature of benefits, amount of insurance and exclusions and limitations of liability.
Results of the research: the analysis of the scope of insurance cover at selected banks in the article shows that selected categories from the general terms and conditions of insurance limit the potential level of insurance cover. After reviewing the general terms and conditions of insurance, consumer–borrower is not sure whether he will get help from the insurer when he needs it.
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Taylor, Greg. "Modelling Mortgage Insurance Claims Experience: A Case Study." ASTIN Bulletin 24, no. 1 (May 1994): 97–129. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/ast.24.1.2005084.
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AbstractMortgage insurance indemnifies a mortage lender against loss on default by the borrower. The sequence of events leading to a claim under this type of insurance is relatively complex, depending not only on the credit worthiness of the borrower but also on a number of external economic factors.Prominent among these external factors are the loan to valuation ratio of the insured loan, the disposable income of the borrower, and movements in property values. A broad theoretical model of the functional dependencies of claim frequency and average claim size on these variables is established in Sections 6 and 7. Section 8 fits these models, extended by other “internal” variables such as the geographic location of the mortgaged property, to a real data set.Section 9 compares the fitted model with the data, and finds an acceptable fit despite extreme fluctuations in the claims experience recorded in the data set.
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Francke, M. K., and F. P. W. Schilder. "Losses on Dutch residential mortgage insurances." Journal of European Real Estate Research 7, no. 3 (October 28, 2014): 307–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jerer-01-2014-0008.
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Purpose – This paper aims to study the data on losses on mortgage insurance in the Dutch housing market to find the key drivers of the probability of loss. In 2013, 25 per cent of all Dutch homeowners were “under water”: selling the property will not cover the outstanding mortgage debt. The double-trigger theory predicts that being under water is a necessary but not sufficient condition to predict mortgage default. A loss for the mortgage insurer is the result of a default where the proceedings of sale and the accumulated savings for postponed repayment of the principal associated to the loan are not sufficient to repay the loan. Design/methodology/approach – For this study, the authors use a data set on losses on mortgage insurance at a national aggregate level covering the period from 1976 to 2012. They apply a discrete time hazard model with calendar time- and duration-varying covariates to analyze the relationship between year of issue of the insurance, duration, equity, unfortunate events like unemployment and divorce and affordability measures to identify the main drivers of the probability of loss. Findings – Although the number of losses increases over time, the number of losses relative to the active insurance is still low, despite the fact that the Dutch housing market is the world’s most strongly leveraged housing market. On average, the peak in loss probability lies around a duration of four years. The average loss probability is virtually zero for durations larger than 10 years. Mortgages initiated just prior to the beginning of the financial crisis have an increased loss probability. The most important drivers of the loss probability are home equity, unemployment and divorce. Affordability measures are less important. Research limitations/implications – Mortgage insurance is available for the lower end of the market only and is intended to decrease the impact of risk selection by banks. The analysis is based on aggregate data; no information on individual households, like initial loan-to-value and price-to-income ratios; current home equity; and unfortunate events, like unemployment and divorce, is available. The research uses averages of these variables per calendar year and/or duration. Information on repayments of insured mortgages is missing. Originality/value – This paper is the first to describe the main drivers of losses on insured mortgages in The Netherlands by using loss data covering two housing market crises, one in the early 1980s and the current crisis that started in 2008. Much has changed between the two crises. For instance, prices have risen steeply as has household indebtedness. Furthermore, alternative mortgage products have increased in popularity. Focusing a study on the drivers of mortgage losses exclusively on the current crisis could therefore be biased, given the time-specific circumstances on the housing market.
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Saputri, Inggit Eka. "Faktor – Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Minat Nasabah terhadap Produk Gadai Emas pada PT Bank Syariah Indonesia KCP Medan Setia Budi." Al-Kharaj : Jurnal Ekonomi, Keuangan & Bisnis Syariah 5, no. 1 (July 16, 2022): 334–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.47467/alkharaj.v5i1.1207.
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Pawn gold is a loan facility with a gold guarantee to obtain cash with a high estimate, low and easy costs, can be automatically extended, stored safely and insured online or offline services. This study aims to find out what are the factors that influence customer interest in gold pawning products. The marketing mix in this research is location, promotion and service. With this type of qualitative research using descriptive methods, the results show that the three marketing mix of pawning gold promotions are the most dominant in influencing customer interest in pawning gold products.
Keywords: pawn gold, Islamic banking
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Tolani, Sanjay, Ananth Rao, Genanew B. Worku, and Mohamed Osman. "System and neural network analysis of intent to buy and willingness to pay insurance premium." Managerial Finance 45, no. 1 (January 14, 2019): 147–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-04-2018-0156.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze significant determinants to assess the probability of insureds’ intent to buy (ITB) insurance and willingness to pay (WTP) quantum of dollars for security benefits. Design/methodology/approach The authors use the Double Hurdle Model (DHM) and Neural Network (NN) architecture to analyze the insureds’ behavior for ITB and WTP. The authors apply these frameworks to all the 503 insureds of a branch of a leading insurer in the United Arab Emirates. Findings The DHM identified age, loans & liabilities, body mass index, travel outside the UAE, salary and country of origin (Middle Eastern and African) as significant determinants to predict WTP for social security benefits. In addition to these determinants, NN architecture identified insurance replacement, holding multiple citizenship, age of parents, mortgages, country of origin: Americas, length of travel, income of previous year and medical conditions of insured as additional important determinants to predict WTP for social security benefits; thus, NN is found to be superior to DHM due to its lowest RMSE and AIC in the holdout sample and also its flexibility and no assumptions unlike econometric models. Research limitations/implications Insureds’ data used from one UAE Branch limit the generalizability of empirical findings. Practical implications The study findings will enable the insurers to appropriately design the insurance products that match the insurers’ behavior of ITB and WTP for social security benefits. Social implications The study findings have the potential for insurance institutions to be more flexible in their insurance practices through public–private partnerships. Originality/value This is the authors’ original research work.
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Cox, Raymond A. K., Randall K. Kimmel, and Grace W. Y. Wang. "Equity Capital as a Safety Cushion in the US Banking Sector." International Journal of Economics and Finance 8, no. 9 (August 24, 2016): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v8n9p50.
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<p>The incidence of US bank failures soared in the financial crisis and economic recession starting in 2008. Financial regulations promulgated by the Federal Reserve and issued through the Basel III Accord raised the minimum equity capital requirements of banks. The intent of the increase in equity capital was to serve as a greater safety cushion to reduce the probability of failure. The purpose of this study is to examine the financial statement variables that distinguish failed (zero equity capital) and nonfailed US banks. The methods employed to investigate our research question are: 1. univariate t-test, and 2. tobit regression analysis with equity capital as the dependent variable. Our results show that the factors explaining equity capital include real estate loans to assets, equity capital to total assets, log of total assets, return on equity, loan loss allowance to total loans, non-performing loans to total assets, total loans to total assets, mortgage-backed securities to total assets, total short-term debt securities to total assets, net gains on sales of loans to total non-interest income, and insured deposits to total deposits. Bank management and financial regulators need to focus on these financial characteristics to ensure adequate equity capital as a safety cushion.</p>
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Durkin, Thomas A., Gregory Elliehausen, and Thomas W. Miller, Jr. "Consumers and Guaranteed Asset Protection (GAP Protection) on Vehicle Financing Contracts: A First Look." Finance and Economics Discussion Series, no. 2022-062 (September 2022): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/feds.2022.062.
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Guaranteed Asset Protection (GAP) shields purchasers from financial risks of losses exceeding insured collateral values if vehicles become total losses. Yet surprisingly little is known about the sales of this product or consumers’ attitudes toward it. In this study, we report the results of a representative national survey conducted by the Survey Research Center (SRC) of the University of Michigan. The SRC interviewed 1,206 individuals in the fall of 2020. This survey shows that consumers purchased GAP in about 39 percent of financed vehicle transactions. Consumers purchase GAP more often when there is a heightened financial risk: larger credit amounts, longer loan maturities, and lower income levels. More than 90 percent of GAP purchasers report that buying GAP is a good idea and that they would buy it again. Only about 1 percent of surveyed purchasers indicate dissatisfaction with their choice. A multivariate model of GAP purchase suggests that consumers’ financial situation and terms of the transaction are more important than risk aversion by itself.
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Jalbert, Terrance, Jonathan D. Stewart, and Terry Pope. "How Do Minimum Payment Changes Affect Credit Card Arbitrage?" Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 28, no. 3 (April 30, 2012): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v28i3.6956.
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This paper examines how changes in the minimum payment percentage and effective maturity of introductory offers affect credit card arbitrage. Credit Card arbitrage involves taking a cash advance on, or making purchases against, a credit card that offers a low or zero percent introductory interest rate. The proceeds are deposited into a Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) insured money market account. Profits from this strategy are dependent on factors including the minimum payment due on the credit card each month. Recently, under pressure from the U.S. Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, some banks have increased the minimum monthly payment percentage on their cards. We measure the sensitivity of Credit Card arbitrage profits to changes in the offer maturity and the required minimum monthly credit card payment. We also analyze how offer duration changes with changes in the minimum monthly payment. These calculations represent an important contribution to the literature because of the unique pattern of credit card loan payments.
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Jovanović, Slobodan. "Credit card insurance." Tokovi osiguranja 38, no. 2 (2022): 52–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/tokosig2202052j.
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This paper first briefly discusses the legal nature and legal framework of the loan and credit card agreement, its specific mandatory elements, and the relationship between such agreement and the credit card insurance agreement, followed by particular aspects of a credit card, its economic importance, and wide spread presence. The second part of the paper deals with the classification of this non-life insurance service, and the nature and scope of risks covered by insurance. The accessory nature of the contract for credit card insurance is pointed out. The author divides the insurance of the credit cardholders into insurance in favour of the credit card issuer and insurance in favour of the credit cardholder, and then analyses the specifics of insurance in the event of unemployment and accident suffered by the insured person. The author concludes that the insurance of credit cardholders is carried out exclusively using the method of "named risks", whereas Serbian insurance terms and conditions have deficiencies in terms of defining covered and excluded risks, while there are circumstances on the foreign market for which no coverage is provided.
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Shah, Moazzum, and Ghulam Hussain Babar. "عقد رہن کی معاصر اطلاقات کا شرعی جائزہ Shariah Analysis of Modern Applications of the Pledge Contract." Al-Wifaq, no. 4.2 (December 31, 2021): 67–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.55603/alwifaq.v4i2.u5.
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Rahn Literally means to detain something. From shariah's point of view, Rahn is the security that can be lawfully employed for the satisfaction of claim in respect of a debt. In Rahn, real or corporeal property of material value is pledged as security of debt. This is a contract that protects the rights of parties entering into a financial agreement. On the one hand, it enables the debtor to get a loan to fulfil his financial needs by providing security to the Creditor against the debt. On the other hand, this contract protects the right of the creditor and saves him to incur a financial loss as a result of the default of the debtor in repayment of debt. In the modern banking system, where the major role of a bank is to disburse loans to the customers or to enter into credit transactions with them, the significance of Rahn contracts has increased. Therefore, there is a need to examine the rules and conditions of the Rahn contract in respect of its modern applications. This article proceeds with a discussion on the basic concept, rules, and conditions of the Rahn contract in different Fiqh schools of thought. The second part focuses on the modern applications of the Rahn contract. The last part of this study consists of the conclusion and findings of this article. The study found that it is allowed to pledge shares and ownership documents to use them as collateral in a debit transaction. Moreover, it is also allowed for the creditor to ask for an insured item or good to secure his debt.
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Nepali, Brinda. "Farmers’ perception on status of livestock insurance in Surkhet district, Nepal." Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources 4, no. 2 (January 1, 2021): 111–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/janr.v4i2.33679.
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Livestock is an important sector for sustained livelihoods of Nepalese people, particularly for small holder farmers. However, occurrence of any disease or disaster may get livestock as the source of sufferings. Livestock insurance can come up as an effective tool for risk management in livestock sector. This study covers the current status and perception of the farmers on livestock insurance. A total of 45 livestock farmers were selected purposively from three municipalities (15 from each municipality) in Surkhet district as Birendranagar Municipality (Birendranagar, Saldada), Bheriganga Municipality (Maintada) and Lekbeshi Municipality (Lekfarsa, Dasarathpur and Satakhani). Data was collected by face-to-face interview with farmers (45), focus group discussions (2) and key informant survey (4). Mortality, high cost of animal, production loss and price risk were the major risks encountered in the farm. Utilization of their saving and loan reimbursement was preferred by the farmers for capital management. Adoption of insurance among livestock owners was found motivated mainly by cooperatives, friends and family. Among twenty insurance companies offering insurance policies in Surkhet district, Everest Insurance Company Limited was popular. Only few farmers were found having complete awareness on livestock insurance. Majority of farmers agreed on insurance as an effective tool for risk management whereas only 64.44% of total respondent farmers were insuring their livestock, out of which 37.93 % had renewed their insurance package. Goats were mostly insured. This study indicates that better coverage, further process simplification, and perspicuity of livestock insurance scheme including awareness raising are essential for livestock insurance to approach higher level of insurance adopters.
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Hudson, Janella, Rachel Ungar, Laurie Albright, Rifky Tkatch, James Schaeffer, and Ellen R. Wicker. "Robotic Pet Use Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults." Journals of Gerontology: Series B 75, no. 9 (August 13, 2020): 2018–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa119.
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Abstract Objective The primary purpose of this study was to explore the efficacy of robotic pets in alleviating loneliness for older adults. Method Self-reported lonely individuals with AARP Medicare Supplement plans insured by UnitedHealthcare who participated in a program with a robotic pet (n = 20) were recruited to participate in semi-structured interviews. Participants were asked to provide feedback about their experiences interacting with a robotic pet, their perceptions about the potential impact on loneliness, and recommendations for improving the program. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Participants’ responses were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Constant comparison and consensus-gaining processes were used to develop categories that later formed representative themes. Results Seven themes emerged from analysis: Openness to Adoption of Robotic Pet, Reactions to Pet and its Attributes, Integration of Pet in Daily Life, Strategic Utilization and Forging New Connections, Deriving Comfort and Camaraderie, Advice for Future Users, and Recommendations for Enhancing Ownership Experience. Participants living alone, with fewer social connections and less active lifestyles, derived the most benefit from interacting with their pets. Common responses to pets included cuddling, petting, grooming, and sleeping with them. Some shared or loaned their pets, while others refused to loan their pets to interested peers. Most reported showing their pets to others, which helped some facilitate communication and social connections. Conclusion Robotic pets may be an effective solution for alleviating loneliness in older adults, especially among those who live alone, have fewer social connections, and live less active lifestyles.
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Dacev, Nikola. "DEVELOPMENT OF BANK ASSURANCE IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA." KNOWLEDGE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL 30, no. 1 (March 20, 2019): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij300193d.
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Banking has gained a new dimension throughout the world in the last few decades due to the integration of global financial markets, the development of new technologies, the universalization of banking operations and diversification into non-banking activities. The merging of various financial services has provided synergies in the banks' operations and development of new concepts. One of these concepts is bank insurance (or banc assurance). Banc assurance, as an emerging distribution channel of insurance, essentially is defined as mediation of banks in the sale of insurance policies issued by insurance companies that are most often used as additional collateral for banks when giving loans to their clients, while the clients with the purchase of credit insurance through banks are secure in case of inability to pay off the loan due to occurrence of the insured risk, whereby the insurer covers the remaining debt of the client towards the bank. Banc assurance is much more developed in Western European countries, but in recent years this type of insurance has noted a trend of growth in the less developed countries also. Banks in the Republic of Macedonia, as well as banks in other countries in the region, try to encourage the development of banc assurance, but it still has a low level of growth in comparison with the European Union member states. This paper presents the level of development of banc assurance as well as its share in the insurance market in the Republic of Macedonia by analyzing the annual reports of the Insurance Supervision Agency of the Republic of Macedonia for the past few years. Consequently, an appropriate comparison was made between the realized values of the gross written premium of the banks as intermediaries in insurance with the realized values of the gross written premium of the other insurance intermediaries (insurance brokerage companies and insurance agencies); and a brief comparison was made with the share of banc assurance in the insurance markets in several countries in the region. The purpose of the paper is to determine the reasons for the situation in which the banc assurance in the Republic of Macedonia is, to analyze the need and the possibility for its development, as well as to determine the manners for banc assurance to reach the level of development in the member states of the European Union as soon as possible. For this purpose, an adequate analysis of the level of implementation of the European Directives for banc assurance (such as the Directive on Insurance Mediation and the Directive on Insurance Distribution) in the legal framework of the Republic of Macedonia has been carried out, as well as analysis of the national legislation regulating banc assurance in the Republic of Macedonia, covered in couple of provisions in the Law on Banks and the Law on Insurance Supervision.
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Rao, N. Maruti. "Farmers perception and awareness about agriculture insurance scheme – a study of north karnataka." Journal of Management and Science 10, no. 3 (February 18, 2021): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/jms.10.11.
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Agriculture is considered the backbone of Indian economy. The agriculture sector determines the growth and sustainability of Indian economy. About 52% of India’s workforce and 21% of India’s population still relies on agriculture for employment and livelihood. In spite of this, 197 farmers had committed suicide in 2015 in Karnataka (till September) and North-Karnataka accounted for 25 percent of such suicide cases compared to an average of 15 percent in remaining 5 regions of Karnataka (as per political map of Karnataka). As per the officials from agriculture department, none of the farmers who committed suicide had taken a crop insurance policy. These lives might have been saved if the crop is insured against climate change. As per the records of Agriculture Insurance Company of India (AIC) Ltd, only 16.3 percent of all farmers in Karnataka are covered under the NAIS. In the light of this observation, the researcher felt that it is high time to assess the awareness and existing knowledge about crop insurance among farmers. It is also necessary to assess perception of farmers about crop insurance. The study reveals that farmers have lot of faith in Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana. They have strong confidence in PMFBY that it will provide security against Crop Loss. However, they opined that there is no provision in the policy for risk coverage of both Kharif and Rabi Seasons. It is suggested that crop insurance should be delivered along with crop loan through banks. The agriculture department (GOK) should conduct an awareness programme in collaboration with Management Educational Institutes. This will not only help in creation of awareness but also educating farmers about crop insurance
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Pysmenna, Tetiana. "INSURANCE OF FINANCIAL RISKS OF BUSINESS ENTITY: FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE." Economic Analysis, no. 27(3) (2017): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2017.03.151.
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The subject of the study is the theoretical and practical principles of insurance of financial risks of the subject of economic activity. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the theoretical foundations and analyse the practice of financial risk insurance of the entity. It is established that the essence of insurance of financial risks can be formulated in different ways. Often, under this notion we consider the protection of the property interests of the entity in the event of financial risks in its activities, which is carried out at the expense of the insurance company's funds formed from insurance premiums. In the implementation of financial risks, an entity may suffer material loss in the form of actual damage or loss of profit. The tendencies of development of insurance of financial risks in the market of insurance services of Ukraine are determined. They are affected by the change in the volume of gross and net insurance premiums and insurance premiums on insurance of financial risks. On the basis of the assessment of the level of gross and net insurance payments, the insurance of financial risks is classified as a profitable type of insurance to a certain extent. The main types of insurance of financial risks of the subject of economic activity are described. At the domestic insurance market, insurance companies practice loan insurance, insurance guarantees and investment insurance. Each type of insurance of financial risks is carried out in order to protect the property interests of the entity in the event of various insurance incidents. For each type of insurance of financial risks, the insured amount, insurance rate, insurance payment and insurance indemnity must be established. It is concluded that the issue of financial risk insurance needs further research in the consideration of other types of financial risk insurance of the entity.
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Marr, Ana, Anne Winkel, Marcel van Asseldonk, Robert Lensink, and Erwin Bulte. "Adoption and impact of index-insurance and credit for smallholder farmers in developing countries." Agricultural Finance Review 76, no. 1 (May 3, 2016): 94–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-11-2015-0050.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review the most recent scientific literature on the determinants explaining the demand for index-insurance, the impact of index-insurance and the existing links between insurance and credit. In this meta-analysis, the authors identify key discoveries on the potential of index-insurance in enhancing credit supply for smallholders and thus farm productivity. Design/methodology/approach – Following a systematic literature search in Scopus and Web of Science, relevant empirical articles were identified by using the following criteria search algorithm: “insurance” and (“weather” or “micro” or “area?based” or “rain*” or “livestock” or “index”), and ((“empiric*” or “experiment” or “trial” or “RCT” or “impact”) or (“credit” or “loan*” or “debt” or “finance”)). The authors identified 1,133 related papers, 110 of which were selected as closely matching the study criteria. After removing duplicates and analysing each document, 45 papers were included in the current analysis. The framework for addressing insurance and credit issues, in the paper, entails three subsequent themes, namely, adoption of insurance, impact of insurance and links between insurance and credit. Findings – It is not confirmed yet that demand for insurance is indeed hump-shaped in risk aversion and the functional form of this relationship should be tested in more detail. This also holds for the magnitude of the effect of trust and education on actual demand. Furthermore, it is unclear to what extent other risk mitigation strategies form complements or substitutes to index-insurance. Lastly, the interaction between basis risk and price is important to the design of index-insurance products. If basis risk and price elasticity are indeed highly correlated, products that diminish basis risk are crucial in increasing demand. On the impact of bundled products, e.g. combination of insurance and credit, limited empirical research has been conducted. For example, it is unknown to what extent credit suppliers would react to the insured status of farmers or what the preferences of farmers are when it comes to a mix of financial products. In addition, several researchers have suggested that microfinance institutions or banks could insure themselves against covariate risk, yet no empirical evidence about this insurance mechanism has been conducted so far. Research limitations/implications – The authors based the research on scientific literature uploaded in Scopus and Web of Science. Other potentially insightful grey literature was not included due to lack of accessibility. Given the research findings, there is plenty of opportunity for further research particularly with regard to the effects of bundled products, e.g. insurance plus credit, on demand for index-insurance, supply of credit, loan conditions and impact on farm productivity and farmers’ well-being. Practical implications – Microfinance institutions, insurance companies, NGOs, research institutions and universities, particularly in developing countries, will be interested to learn about the systematic review of scientific research done in the area of insurance and credit for agriculture and the possibilities for application in their own practice of supplying these financial products. Social implications – A rigorous understanding of the potential of index-insurance and credit is essential for identifying the right mix of financial products that help smallholder farmers to increase farm productivity and their own well-being. Originality/value – The paper is valuable due to its rigorous evaluation of existing theoretical and empirical research around issues explaining the degree of adoption and impact of index-insurance and that of bundled financial products (i.e. index-insurance plus credit). The paper has the potential to become essential reading for academics, practitioners and policy-makers interested in researching and putting in practice the best options leading to greater farm productivity and well-being in developing countries.
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UMAROV, Hasan S., and Husan S. UMAROV. "Assessment of a company by a credit insurer to establish a credit limit." Economic Analysis: Theory and Practice 21, no. 8 (August 30, 2022): 1518–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ea.21.8.1518.
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Subject. The article considers the peculiarities of company analysis for the purposes of making optimal management decisions by insurers (clients of credit insurers), when working with counterparties on deferred payment terms. Objectives. The aim is to disclose the process of analysis of financial and non-financial indexes of the company to simulate business processes and identify promising areas of its development. Methods. The study rests on comparative, statistical, formal-logical methods of research. Results. The paper presents a detailed analysis of financial results and some non-financial parameters of three Russian pharmaceutical distributors, with the disclosure of the process of related indicators estimation. Special attention is on the dynamics of indicators, which characterize business activity, financial stability, efficiency of resource utilization and employee performance. Conclusions. Granting a deferred payment to counterparties is an important component of trade relations between suppliers (insurers) and buyers. Moreover, working with the counterparty on deferred payment requires a thorough analysis of its financial position, as well as a number of non-quantitative parameters that may affect the activities of the subject in a constantly changing economic environment. Complex diagnostics by the credit insurer of all these factors is the basis for establishing the insurance credit limit, within which the insurer can grant trade loans.
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Крюкова, Елена. "LEGAL REMEDIES FOR PREVENTING DISCRIMINATION ON GENETIC CHARACTERISTICS IN THE INSURANCE SPHERE." Rule-of-law state: theory and practice 16, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33184/pravgos-2020.2.4.
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The article analyzes the norms of Russian and foreign legislation regarding the prohibition of discrimination on genetic characteristics in the insurance sector. The article reviews the problem of increasing the risks of insurance companies to have large payments in the future and the unaccounted load on the remaining insured persons due to the lack of complete and reliable genetic information about the insurance body. Aim: a comprehensive analysis of Russian legislation in terms of the possibility of insurers using genetic information about the insured. Methods: empirical methods of comparison, description, interpretation; theoretical methods of formal and dialectical logic. Private scientific methods are used: legal-dogmatic and the method of interpretation of legal norms. Results: the conclusions about the need to detail international principles in the mentioned sector and the regulation of the procedure for providing genetic information to third parties are substantiated. The author proposes a differentiated approach regarding the possibility of access to data on the human genome within the framework of various types of insurance. The article emphasizes that health insurance should be based on the concept of solidarity regardless of the genetic characteristics of insured persons, and as a result, the regulatory framework that ensures the regime of confidentiality of genetic information needs to be strengthened and specified.
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Chang, Chuen-Ping, Shi Chen, and Jyh-Jiuan Lin. "Shadow banking and life insurance policyholder protection." Argumenta Oeconomica 2022, no. 2 (2022): 199–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.15611/aoe.2022.2.10.
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This paper develops a life insurance liability valuation model that integrates the balance-sheet insurer loans with the shadow banking entrusted loans in a premature default risk environment. It is shown that the life insurance policyholder significantly benefits from the entrusted loan activities in a less likely premature default risk environment. The policyholder protection is increased in accord with a high guaranteed interest rate, particularly when the life insurance company has ample access to entrusted loans. The policyholder protection is also significantly increased by a high participation level when the life insurance company ‘shrinks away’ from accessing entrusted loans. Overall, the authors concluded that shadow banking entrusted loans help policyholder protection.
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Gallenstein, Richard A., Khushbu Mishra, Abdoul G. Sam, and Mario J. Miranda. "Willingness to Pay for Insured Loans in Northern Ghana." Journal of Agricultural Economics 70, no. 3 (February 18, 2019): 640–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1477-9552.12317.
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Peng, Chien-Chih, and Heather Dufour. "Case Study: Asset and Liability Management at Cumberland Valley National Bank & Trust." Journal of Finance Issues 5, no. 2 (December 31, 2007): 246–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.58886/jfi.v5i2.2630.
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Asset and liability management is the financial risk management practiced at financial institutions. The goal of asset and liability management is to maximize the risk-adjusted returns to shareholders over the long run. Credit risk is a very important risk category in banking because bankers usually manage credit risk on daily basis. How credit administration and asset and liability management should be coordinated to insure proper returns to shareholders is a critical issue to examine. This issue involves both the loan origination process and loan portfolio diversification. The loan origination process establishes policies and procedures to guide lenders within a banking atmosphere. These policies and procedures outline the type of loans and borrowers a bank wants to attract and those loans and borrowers a bank wants to avoid. Also among these guidelines are checks and balances to ensure compliance and accuracy. Loan portfolio diversification is important for the financial welfare of banks and for stability purposes. The goal of this paper is to identify how poor loan origination processes and poorly managed loan portfolios can negatively affect bank performance. The impact of such negative implications can result in configurations that stray from the norm, or peer group average. This paper also looks at one bank that recognized their difficulties and the actions they took to turn their company around.
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Lorenzo, Giovanna Di, and Massimiliano Politano. "The Covid-19 Effect on Security Mortgage Valuation." Journal of Statistics: Advances in Theory and Applications 25, no. 1 (April 5, 2021): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18642/jsata_7100122193.
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The reverse mortgage market has been expanding rapidly in developed economies in recent years. Reverse mortgages provide an alternative source of funding for retirement income and health care costs. We often hear the phrase “house rich and cash poor” to refer the increasing number of elderly persons who hold a substantial proportion of their assets in home equity. Reverse mortgage contracts involve a range of risks from the insurer’s perspective. When the outstanding balance exceeds the housing value before the loan is settled, the insurer suffers an exposure to crossover risk induced by three risk factors: interest rates, house prices, and mortality rates. In this context, Covid-19 has occurred and the insurer is faced with this additional source of risk. We analyse the combined impact of these risks on the pricing and the risk profile of reverse mortgage loans. We consider a CIR process for the evolution of the interest rate, a Black & Scholes model for the dynamics of house prices and the Gompertz model for the trend in mortality Our results show that the decrease in the mortality curve due to Covid exposes the insurer to higher risks once the shock is reabsorbed. The risk is higher the higher the age of entry. Only a significant reduction of the shock adjustment coefficient will return the situation to normality.
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Jaffee, Dwight M. "Symposium on Federal Deposit Insurance for S&L Institutions." Journal of Economic Perspectives 3, no. 4 (November 1, 1989): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.3.4.3.
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Federal deposit insurance was introduced to eliminate the bank runs of the Great Depression: the FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation) was created in 1933 to insure commercial bank deposits, and the FSLIC (Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation) was created in 1934 to insure savings and loan association (S&L) deposits. Following a decade of neglect, the Bush administration and Congress moved early in 1989 to resolve the most serious problems yet to confront federal insurance of U.S. bank deposits. How did S&L losses expand so rapidly and unexpectedly? How should FSLIC be redesigned to avoid a reoccurance? Who is going to pay for the existing FSLIC losses? What are the future prospects for the S&L industry?
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Bogataj, David, Valerija Rogelj, Marija Bogataj, and Eneja Drobež. "Housing equity withdrawal for development of assisted-living facilities." Facilities 38, no. 9/10 (July 15, 2020): 651–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/f-10-2018-0125.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to develop new type of reverse mortgage contract. How to provide adequate services and housing for an increasing number of people that are dependent on the help of others is a crucial question in the European Union (EU). The housing stock in Europe is not fit to support a shift from institutional care to the home-based independent living. Some 90% of houses in the UK and 70%–80% in Germany are not adequately built, as they contain accessibility barriers for people with emerging functional impairments. The available reverse mortgage contracts do not allow for relocation to their own adapted facilities. How to finance the adaptation from housing equity is discussed. Design/methodology/approach The authors have extended the existing loan reverse mortgage model. Actuarial methods based on the equivalence of the actuarial present values and the multiple decrement approach are used to evaluate premiums for flexible longevity and lifetime long-term care (LTC) insurance for financing adequate facilities. Findings The adequate, age-friendly housing provision that is appropriate to support the independence and autonomy of seniors with declining functional capacities can lower the cost of health care and improve the well-being of older adults. For financing the development of this kind of facilities for seniors, the authors developed the reverse mortgage scheme with embedded longevity and LTC insurance as a possible financial instrument for better LTC services and housing with care in assisted-living facilities. This kind of facilities should be available for the rapid growth of older cohorts. Research limitations/implications The numerical example is based on rather crude numbers, because of lack of data, as the developed reverse mortgage product with LTC insurance is a novelty. Intensity of care and probabilities of care in certain category of care will change after the introduction of this product. Practical implications The model results indicate that it is possible to successfully tie an insurance product to the insured and not to the object. Social implications The introduction of this insurance option will allow many older adult with low pension benefits and a substantial home equity to safely opt for a reverse mortgage and benefit from better social care. Originality/value While currently available reverse mortgage contracts lapse when the homeowner moves to assisted-living facilities in any EU Member State, in the paper a new method is developed where multiple adjustments of housing to the functional capacities with relocation is possible, under the same insurance and reverse mortgage contract. The case of Slovenia is presented as a numerical example. These insurance products, as a novelty, are portable, so the homeowner can move in own specialised housing unit in assisted-living facilities and keep the existing reverse mortgage contract with no additional costs, which is not possible in the current insurance products. With some small modifications, the method is useful for any EU Member State.
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Kaufman, George G., and R. Dan Brumbaugh Jr. "The Collapse of Federally Insured Depositories: The Savings and Loans as Precursor." Journal of Finance 49, no. 2 (June 1994): 754. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2329175.
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D’Amato, Valeria, Emilia Di Lorenzo, and Marilena Sibillo. "Dread Disease and Cause-Specific Mortality: Exploring New Forms of Insured Loans." Risks 6, no. 1 (February 25, 2018): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks6010013.
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Ahmad, Ammar Shihab. "The Role Of Insurance Companies in Financing Investment Comparative Study between Qatar Commercial Company and Qatar Islamic Insurance Company." Journal of University of Human Development 4, no. 3 (August 19, 2018): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v4n3y2018.pp8-18.
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Insurance companies are one of the most important financial institutions in the financial sector, as they play a very important role of transferring the risk from the weak side of the (insured) who can be a natural person and Omnawi to the most able to bear the risk of the (insured) The insurance company, and hence when the insured contract with the insured receives compensation when the risk agreed by the insurance company in return for payment of insurance premiums for the company, and this role is important in the continuity of the insured in the exercise of their economic and social activities and non-stop as a result of receiving compensation at the time of danger , Which is not They are in their normal lives practicing if they have insurance for their requirements or the survival of their companies within the economic cycle if they have a lock on their companies, and the insurance companies Which will contribute to giving insurance companies an opportunity to invest the accumulated premiums directly through the establishment of companies by them, or investing the premium money indirectly through the provision of loans or purchase of securities from disability units Which provides the appropriate funding for the establishment of its companies, which leads to increase local production and provide new jobs for the members of the community in which it operates, and there are two types of insurance companies (commercial and Islamic) and both types serves the economy in which they work, but whichever is the best ? Hence, the goal of the research is to compare between them and to indicate which is better.
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Sokolova, Ekaterina Vladimirovna, Tatyana Vladimirovna Kotova, and Elena Vladimirovna Chernikina. "Insurance innovation with mortgage loan." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Economics 2020, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-5537-2020-1-139-148.
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The article highlights the problem of digital transformation of the insurance sector, which can facilitate the effective interaction of all participants, increase information transparency and improve the quality of analytical data, optimize the business processes of insurers, and involve a wider range of insurance services in the online environment. To simplify the work with customer data in the processes of automated data collection, analysis and storage, it is necessary to create
a single database. Such a base can be an insurance history bureau. The development strategy of the insurance industry of the Russian Federation for 2019-2021 provides for the creation and use of insurance histories for various types of insurance by analogy with credit histories. Given that in recent years, along with traditional types of lending, mortgage lending has developed, it is proposed to create a mortgage insurance history bureau. Based on the data on issued and prematurely repaid mortgage loans for 2012-2018, the volumes of this information bureau were determined and a forecast was made for 2019-2023 on the number of existing mortgage loans. A business model for the creation and functioning of a mortgage insurance history bureau is proposed, and a cost-effectiveness calculation is made, confirming the feasibility of this proposal. The process of creating and operating a mortgage insurance history bureau is illustrated, which includes two stages:
a preparatory stage for development of a regulatory document of the Central Bank establishing an access procedure and a list of information provided by insurers, amendments and additions to the relevant federal law, software development and definition of a bureau administrator insurance histories; an operation stage for the transfer of the client's dossier with the main parameters of the loan to the credit history bureau after acquiring a mortgage, transfer of the insurance company information about the concluded insurance contract for insurance bureau, storing information during the term of the loan, and five years after his retirement.
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Gallenstein, Richard A., Jon Einar Flatnes, John P. Dougherty, Abdoul G. Sam, and Khushbu Mishra. "The impact of index‐insured loans on credit market participation and risk‐taking." Agricultural Economics 52, no. 1 (January 2021): 141–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/agec.12611.
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WIDJANARTO, HASWAR. "PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP PARA PIHAK ATAS MUSNAHNYA BENDA JAMINAN FIDUSIA DALAM PERJANJIAN KREDIT BANK." CENDEKIA: Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan 2, no. 2 (May 27, 2022): 114–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.51878/cendekia.v2i2.1189.
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ABSTRAK Setelah dikeluarkannya Undang Undang No 42 Tahun 1999 tentang jaminan fidusia, dunia jaminan fidusia semakin menarik perhatian para pelaku bisnis pembiayaan dan kalangan perbankan. Pada saat dikeluarkan Undang Undang tersebut diharapkan dapat memberikan perlindungan hukum kepada para pihak dan memberikan kepastian hukum. Namun, masih ada beberapa kelemahan dari Undang Undang No 42 tahun 1999 tentang jaminan fidusia. Undang Undang tersebut kurang memberikan perlindungan hukum dan kepastian hukum sehingga belum sepenuhnya terwujud sebagaimana politik hukum Undang Undang No. 42 tersebut. Kendala kendala yang timbul dalam pelaksanaan Undang Undang No 42 Tahun 1999 selama ini adalah kurangnya penegakan hukum. Dalam penelitian ini dibahas 2 (dua) permasalahan pokok sehubungan dengan musnahnya benda jaminan fidusia dalam perjanjian kredit bank. Pertama, bagaimana pengaturan tanggung jawab debitur terhadap benda jaminan fidusia yang musnah dalam perjanjian kredit bank menurut Undang Undang Nomor 42 Tahun 1999 tentang jaminan fidusia. Kedua, bagaimana perlindungan hukum bagi para pihak dalam perjanjian kredit bank terhadap masalah musnahnya benda jaminan fidusia. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian hukum normatif, yaitu penelitian hukum yang didasarkan pada data sekunder dengan pendekatan perundang undangan dan pendekatan konsep. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa menurut Undang-Undang Nomor 42 Tahun 1999 tentang jaminan fidusia, terkait dengan tanggung jawab debitur terhadap benda jaminan fiduisa yang musnah dalam suatu perjanjian kredit bank, debitur tetap harus bertanggung jawab untuk mengembalikan pinjaman kredit walaupun benda jaminan fidusia tersebut diasuransikan atau tidak diasuransikan. Kedua, perlindungan hukum bagi para pihak dalam perjanjian kredit bank terhadap masalah musnahnya benda jaminan masih sangat lemah karena jika terjadi wanprestasi yang dilakukan oleh salah satu pihak, perlindungan hukum tidak berjalan secara efektif bagi pihak-pihak yang dirugikan. Kata kunci: Perlindungan Hukum, Tanggug Jawab. Jaminan Fidusia, Musnahnya Benda Jaminan Fidusia, Perjanjian Kredit Bank. ABSTRACT After the issuance of Law No. 42 of 1999 concerning fiduciary guarantees, the world of fiduciary guarantees has increasingly attracted the attention of financing businesses and banking circles. When the law is issued, it is expected to provide legal protection to the parties and provide legal certainty. However, there are still some weaknesses in Law No. 42 of 1999 regarding fiduciary guarantees. The Act does not provide legal protection and legal certainty so that it has not been fully realized as the legal politics of Law no. the 42. The obstacles that arise in the implementation of Law No. 42 of 1999 so far are the lack of law enforcement. In this study, 2 (two) main problems are discussed in connection with the destruction of fiduciary collateral objects in bank credit agreements. First, how is the arrangement of the debtor's responsibility for the destroyed fiduciary collateral in the bank credit agreement according to Law Number 42 of 1999 concerning fiduciary guarantees. Second, how is the legal protection for the parties in the bank credit agreement against the problem of the destruction of fiduciary collateral objects. The research method used in this research is normative legal research, namely legal research based on secondary data with a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The results show that according to Law Number 42 of 1999 concerning fiduciary guarantees, related to the debtor's responsibility for fiduciary collateral objects that are destroyed in a bank credit agreement, the debtor must still be responsible for repaying the credit loan even though the fiduciary guarantee object is insured or not. insured. Second, legal protection for the parties in the bank credit agreement against the problem of the destruction of collateral is still very weak because if there is a default by one of the parties, legal protection does not run effectively for the injured parties. ABSTRAKSetelah dikeluarkannya Undang Undang No 42 Tahun 1999 tentang jaminan fidusia, dunia jaminan fidusia semakin menarik perhatian para pelaku bisnis pembiayaan dan kalangan perbankan. Pada saat dikeluarkan Undang Undang tersebut diharapkan dapat memberikan perlindungan hukum kepada para pihak dan memberikan kepastian hukum. Namun, masih ada beberapa kelemahan dari Undang Undang No 42 tahun 1999 tentang jaminan fidusia. Undang Undang tersebut kurang memberikan perlindungan hukum dan kepastian hukum sehingga belum sepenuhnya terwujud sebagaimana politik hukum Undang Undang No. 42 tersebut. Kendala kendala yang timbul dalam pelaksanaan Undang Undang No 42 Tahun 1999 selama ini adalah kurangnya penegakan hukum. Dalam penelitian ini dibahas 2 (dua) permasalahan pokok sehubungan dengan musnahnya benda jaminan fidusia dalam perjanjian kredit bank. Pertama, bagaimana pengaturan tanggung jawab debitur terhadap benda jaminan fidusia yang musnah dalam perjanjian kredit bank menurut Undang Undang Nomor 42 Tahun 1999 tentang jaminan fidusia. Kedua, bagaimana perlindungan hukum bagi para pihak dalam perjanjian kredit bank terhadap masalah musnahnya benda jaminan fidusia. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian hukum normatif, yaitu penelitian hukum yang didasarkan pada data sekunder dengan pendekatan perundang undangan dan pendekatan konsep. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa menurut Undang-Undang Nomor 42 Tahun 1999 tentang jaminan fidusia, terkait dengan tanggung jawab debitur terhadap benda jaminan fiduisa yang musnah dalam suatu perjanjian kredit bank, debitur tetap harus bertanggung jawab untuk mengembalikan pinjaman kredit walaupun benda jaminan fidusia tersebut diasuransikan atau tidak diasuransikan. Kedua, perlindungan hukum bagi para pihak dalam perjanjian kredit bank terhadap masalah musnahnya benda jaminan masih sangat lemah karena jika terjadi wanprestasi yang dilakukan oleh salah satu pihak, perlindungan hukum tidak berjalan secara efektif bagi pihak-pihak yang dirugikan.
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MYSLIMI, Grisejda, Emirgena NIKOLLI, and Joana SHIMA. "Challenges of agricultural insurance development in Albania." Economicus 21, no. 2 (2022): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.58944/qocp5468.
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Agricultural production is exposed to natural risks that cannot be prevented and lead not only to production losses but also to a decrease in farmers’ income.As a result of these risks, farmers often do not have the opportunity to pay their loans. Against risky borrowers, credit institutions refuse to give loans. Under these conditions, the government must intervene in risk management, trying to reduce these negative effects. The provision of agricultural products as one of the most important instruments for the financial support of this sector will be the focus of this paper. Agricultural insurance provides compensation for economic losses resulting from unfavorable natural phenomena, contributing to the reduction of poverty. Without adequate insurance, lenders would not provide farmers with insurance policies. Agricultural insurance is a tool that helps farmers to predict the future, to protect the business from unforeseen events, supply and demand fluctuations or various operational challenges. In the case of developing countries such as Albania, these markets are not developed. A main problem in the development of these markets is the lack of demand due to unaffordable prices for farmers. One of the biggest challenges of the agricultural insurance industry is not only providing the right insurance product, but also helping agricultural sector in improving risk management practices to increase production. As Hazell (2009) puts it, many agricultural risks cannot be insured on a financially sound basis, but there is scope for increased insurance of farm assets, of the life and health of rural people, and of some specific perils that affect crop and livestock yields. Such insurance could be efficiently provided by the private sector if governments were to remove some of the important constraints impinging on commercial insurers. The greatest challenge is to find ways of insuring low-income rural households against natural hazards on a financially sound basis.
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Lin, Jyh-Horng, Shi Chen, and Fu-Wei Huang. "Political connections, government capital injection, and deposit insurance premium." International Journal of Managerial Finance 15, no. 1 (February 4, 2019): 2–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmf-12-2017-0271.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to develop a capped barrier option framework to consider the politically preferential treatment for bank loans incentivized by government capital injections and calculate loan-risk sensitive insurance premiums.Design/methodology/approachThis paper takes a capped barrier option approach to the market valuation of the equity of the bank and the liability of the deposit insurer. The cap demonstrates the dynamics of a politically connected borrowing firm’s asset and highlights the truncated nature of loan payoffs. The barrier addresses that default can occur at any time before the maturity date. The bank participating in a government capital injection program is required to fund the politically connected firm that has preferential access to financing.FindingsPolitical connection as such makes the bank more prone to risk taking at a reduced interest margin, produces greater safety for the bank owing to government capital injections, and leads to increasing the fair deposit insurance premium. The positive effect of political connection on the deposit insurance premium, which ignores the cap and the barrier yields significant over-estimation.Originality/valueThe study on the politically connected borrowing firm shows that political connection is likely to affect the distressed bank’s performance, yielding the political-connection cost of a reduced bank interest margin and the political-connection benefit of a reduced bank equity risk, contributing the literature on political connection and bank bailout.
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Johnson, Taylor R., Alexander Nguyen, Kush Shah, and Grant D. Hogue. "Impact of Insurance Status on Time to Evaluation and Treatment of Meniscal Tears in Children, Adolescents, and College-Aged Patients in the United States." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7, no. 10 (October 1, 2019): 232596711987507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967119875079.
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Background: The meniscus is vital for load bearing, knee stabilization, and shock absorption, making a meniscal tear a well-recognized sport-related injury in children and young adults. An inverse relationship between the quality and value of orthopaedic care provided and the overall treatment cycle exists in which delayed meniscal tear treatment increases the likelihood of unfavorable outcomes. Although a majority of children and young adults have health insurance, many athletes within this demographic still face significant barriers in accessing orthopaedic services because of insurance type and household income. Purpose: To determine the impact of insurance status and socioeconomic markers on the time to orthopaedic evaluation and treatment as well as the rate of surgical interventions for meniscal tears in children and young adult athletes in the United States. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of all patients ≤22 years of age who presented to our institution between 2008 and 2016 and who were diagnosed with meniscal tears. Patients were categorized based on insurance and socioeconomic status. Dates of injury, referral, evaluation by an orthopaedic surgeon, and surgery were also recorded. Chi-square and regression analyses were utilized to determine the significance and correlation between the influencing factors and time to referral, evaluation, and surgery. Results: Publicly insured, commercially insured, and uninsured patients comprised 49.4%, 26.6%, and 24.1%, respectively, of the 237 patients included in this study. Insurance status was predictive of time to orthopaedic referral, initial evaluation, and surgery ( P < .01). Uninsured and publicly insured patients experienced significant delays during their orthopaedic care compared with commercially insured patients. However, no correlation was found between insurance status or household income and the rate of surgical interventions. Conclusion: Publicly insured and uninsured pediatric and college-aged patients faced significant barriers in accessing orthopaedic services, as demonstrated by substantially longer times between the initial injury and referral to an orthopaedic evaluation and surgery; however, these socioeconomic factors did not affect the rate of surgical management. Clinical competency regarding the effects of socioeconomic factors on the time to orthopaedic care and efforts to expedite care among underinsured and underserved children are vital for improving patient outcomes.
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Senft, Jonas D., Michel Wensing, Regina Poss-Doering, Joachim Szecsenyi, and Gunter Laux. "Effect of involving certified healthcare assistants in primary care in Germany: a cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 9, no. 12 (December 2019): e033325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033325.
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ObjectivesGrowing prevalence of chronic diseases and limited resources are the key challenges for future healthcare. As a promising approach to maintain high-quality primary care, non-physician healthcare professionals have been trained to broaden qualifications and responsibilities. This study aimed to assess the influence of involving certified healthcare assistants (HCAs, German: Versorgungsassistent/in in der Hausarztpraxis) on quality and efficacy of primary care in Germany.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingPrimary care.ParticipantsPatients insured by the Allgemeine Ortskrankenkasse (AOK) statutory health insurer (AOK, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany).InterventionsSince 2008 practice assistants in Germany can enhance their professional education to become certified HCAs.Primary and secondary outcome measuresClaims data related to patients treated in practices employing at least one HCA were compared with data from practices not employing HCAs to determine frequency of consultations, hospital admissions and readmissions. Economic analysis comprised hospitalisation costs, prescriptions of follow-on drugs and outpatient medication costs.ResultsA total of 397 493 patients were treated in HCA practices, 463 730 patients attended to non-HCA practices. Patients in HCA practices had an 8.2% lower rate of specialist consultations (p<0.0001), a 4.0% lower rate of hospitalisations (p<0.0001), a 3.5% lower rate of readmissions (p=0.0463), a 14.2% lower rate of follow-on drug prescriptions (p<0.0001) and 4.7% lower costs of total medication (p<0.0001). No difference was found regarding the consultation rate of general practitioners and hospital costs.ConclusionsFor the first time, this high-volume claims data analysis showed that involving HCAs in primary care in Germany is associated with a reduction in hospital admissions, specialist consultations and medication costs. Consequently, broadening qualifications may be a successful strategy not only to share physicians’ work load but to improve quality and efficacy in primary care to meet future challenges. Future studies may explore specific tasks to be shared with non-physician workforces and standardisation of the professional role.
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Jayasuriya Daluwathumullagamage, Dulani. "Icarus of the 21st century: bond/monoline insurance." Qualitative Research in Financial Markets 14, no. 1 (October 18, 2021): 1–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qrfm-07-2020-0122.
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Purpose The business model of monoline insurers is to guarantee payments of debt issues in case of defaults by the issuer. Although sparse attention is given to monolines in literature, they play an important role in enabling municipalities and firms in refinancing. This study aims to conduct a systematic review of 181 articles from 1990 to 2020 from 23,130 records and a case study on the key monoline insurers. Key failure, success factors and demand for future monoline insurance are identified. Finally, the study explores monolines’ potential during COVID-19 and develops a framework for monoline governance and regulation. Design/methodology/approach The study follows Briner and Denyer and Moher et al. to implement the systematic review. The methodology involves ascertaining the motivation behind the review, and formulating research questions; aggregating relevant prior literature from scientific databases, conducting quality assessment and synthesising the data; and conducting extensive analysis for framework development. Case study methodology foundation phase focuses on understanding the research philosophy. The second phase involves documenting the procedures involved. The final phase involves collecting the relevant quantitative and qualitative material. In addition, collecting empirical data from numerous sources allows triangulation. Findings The review results of 181 articles from 1990 to 2020 show that peak article counts occur in 2010 and 2013 (nine academic studies) and in 2008 and 2010 (six industry studies). Over- and under-explored domains happen to be bond pricing (86 academic studies) and bond markets (36 industry studies) and corporate bonds (19 academic studies), respectively. The study highlights failure factors such as adverse selection, premiums mispricings, inadequate capital and regulation, untimely downgrades and governance issues; and identifies success factors such as conservative underwriting, early financing, competitor business acquisitions and obtaining put-back claims. Potential during COVID-19 is discussed and a monoline governance framework is developed. Research limitations/implications Search and selection criteria distortions may lead to sample selection bias in systematic reviews. Issue is addressed by using different permutations of the search key words to refine the search criteria. Reference list of collected final sample of articles are perused to identify additional articles. It is difficult to obtain verifiable empirical data on the bond/monoline insurers or their insured products, especially for the structured finance sector. Most of the information available on data stream and firm’s quarterly financial reports for publicly traded monoline/bond insurers and credit rating reports are included to overcome this issue. Practical implications Demand for bond/monoline insurance still persists even in the USA. Although borrowing costs are low, obtaining bank loans would be challenging for municipalities and corporates with increased risks. Especially, given worldwide government stimulus on wages, most municipalities would possess reduced budgets for public finance. Monoline insurance can play a key role in financing such projects. Thus, it is important to understand their unique traditional and transformed business model and applicability during and post-COVID-19. Given the near extinction of bond/monoline insurers during the 2008 global financial crisis (GFC), an adequate framework for bond/monoline insurers as developed in this study is key for future business continuity. Social implications There is significant interest, especially, from the industry on monolines as identified in our systematic review. Monoline insurance has major effects on taxpayers, government policies and bond investors. They aid in financing public finance projects that have significant societal impact. This study contributes by filling existing gaps in the literature, especially, from a behavioural, ethical and social perspective of the monolines, regulators, other stakeholders and new entrants to the industry during COVID-19. This study links prior finance theories to the impact of bond/monoline insurer’s during the 2008 GFC and their stakeholders involved that has societal implications. Originality/value This study can be differentiated from prior research on monoline insurers as follows: The study identifies, gaps, similarities, trends between prior academic and industry literature and develop a bond/monoline governance framework; identifies key failure and success factors during the 2008 GFC crisis to develop the governance framework and identify monolines’ potential during COVID-19; as opposed to most prior literature that only focus on one (Drake and Neal, 2011 analyse MBIA) or two key bond/monoline insurers, this study focuses on five key bond/monoline insurers in detail and all other key insurers as well in the empirical analysis section.
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Malla, Buddhi Kumar. "Credit Portfolio Management in Nepalese Commercial Banks." Journal of Nepalese Business Studies 10, no. 1 (February 5, 2018): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnbs.v10i1.19138.
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Credit portfolio management is a key function for banks (and other financial institutions, including insurers and institutional investors) with large, multifaceted portfolios of credit, often including illiquid loans (Nario, Pfister, Poppensieker & Stegemann, 2016). After global financial crisis of 2007-2008, the credit portfolio management function has become most crucial functions of the bank and financial institutions. The Basel III, third installment of Basel accord was developed after crisis to strengthen bank capital requirements by increasing bank liquidity and decreasing bank leverage that encourages banks to measure credit risk of bank's portfolios. The Basel committee also raises an issue concerning the application of the risk weights used in the capital adequacy framework to determine exposure to risk assets for the purpose of determining large credit exposure (Morris, 2001).The portfolio management of the Nepalese banking sector has been improved remarkably during last 10 years due to the strict regulation of Nepal Rastra Bank. This journal will try to describe the present credit portfolio management practice of Nepalese commercial banks by using qualitative and quantitative methods. In this study, concentration of banks for credit portfolio management has been studied by analyzing security wise loan, product wise loan and sector wise concentration of loan where the researcher has found assorted outcomes. This research also aims to provide some suggestions to overcome with problems associated with credit portfolio.The Journal of Nepalese Business Studies Vol. X No. 1 December 2017, Page: 101-109