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Journal articles on the topic 'Insurance, Unemployment – OECD countries'

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Published: 10 March 2023

Last updated: 11 March 2023

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1

Algan, Yann, and Pierre Cahuc. "Civic Virtue and Labor Market Institutions." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 111–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.1.1.111.

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We argue civic virtue plays a key role in explaining the design of public insurance against unemployment risks by solving moral hazard issues which hinder the efficiency of unemployment insurance. We show, in a simple model, that economies with stronger civic virtues are more prone to provide insurance through unemployment benefits rather than through job protection. We provide cross-country empirical evidence of a strong correlation between civic attitudes and the design of unemployment benefits and employment protection in OECD countries over the period 1980 to 2003. We then use an epidemiological approach to estimate the existence of a potential causal relationship from inherited civic virtue to labor market insurance institutions. (JEL: J41, J65, J68, Z13)

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2

Denisova, Irina A. "Lessons from the ongoing crisis for labour market institutions in Russia." Population and Economics 4, no. 2 (April 30, 2020): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/popecon.4.e53552.

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The paper discusses the role of unemployment insurance system in economic development in general and in the context of the ongoing crisis due to the forced lockdown related to COVID-19. The key elements of employment subsidy programs with reduced working hours or partial unemployment benefits, based on the experience of OECD countries get special attention.

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3

Vishnevskaya, N. "OECD Countries: Labour Market Policy During COVID-19 Pandemic." World Economy and International Relations 66, no. 1 (2022): 110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2022-66-1-110-118.

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In 2020 – the first half of 2021, the OECD economies faced a serious crisis, which was manifested by an increase in unemployment, a reduction in the number of jobs, and a decrease in household income. However, the nature of the last crisis and, accordingly, the ways out of it differed significantly from the previous recessions. During the COVID 19 pandemic, the global economy faced a massive supply shock caused by the forced shutdowns and the introduction of a self-isolation regime. The key task of state policy was to preserve the human capital of companies in order to facilitate the fastest possible recovery when anti-epidemic restrictions have been lifted. The OECD governments launch strong agenda to maintain their labor markets. The State Employment Service and the unemployment insurance system have significantly adjusted their methods of interaction with unemployed and companies. This included measures to simplify the procedure for obtaining unemployment benefits, which led to a significant increase in the number of beneficiaries. The deadlines for payment of benefits have been extended, the amount of the benefits has been increased and, in a number of countries, some groups of workers who had previously remained outside the system were included in the insurance system. Teleworking has become an important means of overcoming the spread of infection. The proportion of teleworkers in OECD countries ranged in the midst of the crisis from 30 to 60%. Governments are actively involved in supporting distance employment, starting with its legislative permission and ending with financial support for companies that are switching to this form of work. During the pandemic, job retention programs have become one of the main labor market support tools. The characteristic features of job retention programs were the wide coverage of workers, the simplification of the procedure for obtaining the state aid, the inclusion of workers with a non-standard form of contract. The governments have sought to encourage companies to use the reduced work period for professional retraining. Once the pandemic is over, OECD countries will have to return to the backlog of structural labor market problems.

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4

Seung-yoon Sophia Lee. "A comparative study on Unemployment insurance, Social assistance and ALMP in OECD countries." Korea Social Policy Review 25, no. 1 (March 2018): 345–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17000/kspr.25.1.201803.345.

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5

Ertman, Agnieszka. "Differences in flexibility of labour markets in OECD countries – the topsis method." Oeconomia Copernicana 2, no. 3 (September 30, 2011): 43–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/oec.2011.012.

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Flexible labour market can be defined as the market with capability to adapt to changing economic conditions so as to keep high employment rate, unemployment and inflation low and ensure continued growth in real incomes. Labour market flexibility has a significant influence on employment level in the economy. Some economists believe that higher level of protection in the labour market is accompanied with lower employment rates in the economy. Low labour market flexibility is a contemporary problem of many economies. Lack of flexibility in this market is often associated with regulation of labour market in such areas as social insurance, minimum wage, legislation relating to employment protection and the strength of trade unions. EPL index (Employment Protection Level) is a basic measure indicating degree of labour market regulation. The index was created by the OECD experts and is used for international comparisons. The article aims to examine a degree of labour markets flexibility in OECD countries and identify position of Poland compared to other OECD members. TOPSIS method (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution) is applied to achieve the goal. This method consists in creating synthetic index and calculates the distance of each object between the ideal solution and negative ideal solution, and then linear ordering of researched objects. Synthetic indicator of labour market flexibility was calculated using 11 variables, among which institutional variables such as restrictiveness of employment protection, tax wedge, trade union density or percentage of part time workers in total employment dominated. Synthetic index also covers variables describing labour market performance e.g. employment rate of young and older workers or long term unemployment rate as they indicate a speed of labour market’s responsiveness on external changes.

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6

Schmitt, Carina, and Peter Starke. "The political economy of early exit: The politics of cost-shifting." European Journal of Industrial Relations 22, no. 4 (July 24, 2016): 391–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959680115621137.

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Large-scale exit from the labour market began in the 1970s in many OECD countries. The literature indicates that individual early retirement decisions are facilitated by generous and accessible ‘pathways’ into retirement in the public pension system, unemployment insurance or disability benefits. It is unclear, however, why early exit became so much more prevalent in some countries than in others and why such differences remain, despite a recent shift back towards higher employment rates and ‘active ageing’. We test a logic of sectoral cost-shifting politics involving cross-class alliances in the tradable sector, against a more traditional class-based logic of welfare state policy-making. Quantitative analysis of employment outcomes in 21 countries shows that the political economy of early exit clearly rests on the sectoral politics of cost-shifting.

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7

Shapiro, Daniel. "Can Old-Age Social Insurance Be Justified?" Social Philosophy and Policy 14, no. 2 (1997): 116–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052500001849.

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While in America most people think of “welfare” as means-tested programs such as Aid to Families with Dependent Children, in reality in the United States and other affluent democracies the heart of the welfare state is social insurance programs, such as health insurance, old-age or retirement pensions, and unemployment insurance. They are insurance programs in the sense that they protect against common risks of a loss of income if and/or when certain events come to pass (illness, old-age or retirement, unemployment); they are “social” because unlike market insurance they are not run on a sound actuarial basis, the premiums are not voluntarily incurred but compulsory, and there is very limited choice or flexibility concerning the type of policy one can purchase. Why have social insurance rather than market insurance? In this essay, I take up this question with regard to old-age or retirement pensions, which at present absorb around 9 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP) and 25 percent of government spending of the affluent industrial countries comprising the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). My aim is to show that old-age or retirement social insurance (henceforth “SI”) is worse in virtually every relevant normative respect than its alternative, some form of market or private pensions. By relevant normative respect, I mean those values or principles which are used by contemporary political philosophers in their discussions and justifications of welfare-state policies, and which are applicable to assessments of different systems of old-age or retirement pensions. (Although they are applicable, almost no contemporary political philosophers have in fact applied them—an amazing state of affairs which I hope to remedy here.)

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8

Yörük, Erdem, İbrahim Öker, and Gabriela Ramalho Tafoya. "The four global worlds of welfare capitalism: Institutional, neoliberal, populist and residual welfare state regimes." Journal of European Social Policy 32, no. 2 (January 8, 2022): 119–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09589287211050520.

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What welfare state regimes are observed when the analysis is extended globally, empirically and theoretically? We introduce a novel perspective into the ‘welfare state regimes analyses’ – a perspective that brings developed and developing countries together and, as such, broadens the geographical, empirical and theoretical scope of the ‘welfare modelling business’. The expanding welfare regimes literature has suffered from several drawbacks: (i) it is radically slanted towards organisation for economic co-operation and development (OECD) countries, (ii) the literature on non-OECD countries does not use genuine welfare policy variables and (iii) social assistance and healthcare programmes are not utilized as components of welfare state effort and generosity. To overcome these limitations, we employ advanced data reduction methods, exploit an original dataset ( https://glow.ku.edu.tr/ ) that we assembled from several international and domestic sources covering 52 emerging markets and OECD countries and present a welfare state regime structure as of the mid-2010s. Our analysis is based on genuine welfare policy variables that are theorized to capture welfare generosity and welfare efforts across five major policy domains: old-age pensions, sickness cash benefits, unemployment insurance, social assistance and healthcare. The sample of OECD countries and emerging market economies form four distinct welfare state regime clusters: institutional, neoliberal, populist and residual. We unveil the composition and performance of welfare state components in each welfare state regime family and develop politics-based working hypotheses about the formation of these regimes. Institutional welfare state regimes perform high in social security, healthcare and social assistance, while populist regimes perform moderately in social assistance and healthcare and moderate-to-high in social security. The neoliberal regime performs moderately in social assistance and healthcare, and it performs low in social security, and the residual regime performs low in all components. We then hypothesize that the relative political strengths of formal and informal working classes are key factors that shaped these welfare state regime typologies.

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9

Boeri, Tito, Giulia Giupponi, Alan B. Krueger, and Stephen Machin. "Solo Self-Employment and Alternative Work Arrangements: A Cross-Country Perspective on the Changing Composition of Jobs." Journal of Economic Perspectives 34, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 170–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.34.1.170.

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The nature of self-employment is changing in most OECD countries. Solo self-employment is increasing relative to self-employment with dependent employees, often being associated with the development of gig economy work and alternative work arrangements. We still know little about this changing composition of jobs. Drawing on ad-hoc surveys run in the UK, US, and Italy, we document that solo self-employment is substantively different from self-employment with employees, being an intermediate status between employment and unemployment, and for some, becoming a new frontier of underemployment. Its spread originates a strong demand for social insurance which rarely meets an adequate supply given the informational asymmetries of these jobs. Enforcing minimum wage legislation on these jobs and reconsidering the preferential tax treatment offered to self-employment could discourage abuse of these positions to hide de facto dependent employment jobs. Improved measures of labor slack should be developed to acknowledge that, over and above unemployment, some of the solo self-employment and alternative work arrangements present in today’s labor market are placing downward pressure on wages.

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10

Balakrishnan, Ravi, and Claudio Michelacci. "Unemployment dynamics across OECD countries." European Economic Review 45, no. 1 (January 2001): 135–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0014-2921(99)00064-1.

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11

Bradley, David H., and John D. Stephens. "Employment Performance in OECD Countries." Comparative Political Studies 40, no. 12 (September 17, 2007): 1486–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414006292609.

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This article provides the first comprehensive test of the frequent, sharply differing market liberal and insitutionalist political economy recommendations for employment creation. The statistical analysis is a pooled time series for 17 advanced capitalist democracies from 1974 through 1999. Consistent with both neoliberal and institutionalist hypotheses, long-term unemployment replacement rates, social security taxes, and employment protection laws have negative effects on employment levels. Contrary to neoliberal hypotheses but consistent with institutionalist hypotheses, the authors find that short-term unemployment replacement rates, active labor market policy, and neocorporatist bargaining have positive effects on employment levels and that total taxes have no effect on employment levels.

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12

Hossain, Md Sharif. "Revisiting the Phillips Curve and the Lucas Critique." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 5, no. 4 (April 30, 2013): 221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v5i4.397.

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Many OECD countries are facing problems of high government debt and high unemployment. Consequently, a monetary stimulus is being increasingly viewed as a solution to curb the rising debt burden and stimulate economic growth. Some OECD countries are setting inflation target at 2% or even higher. In this paper we investigate the likely impact of inflation on unemployment for a panel of 10 highincome OECD countries, namely, Australia, Denmark, Iceland, Japan, Korea, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the United States. The period of study is 1970-2012. Results indicate a significantly positive long-run impact of inflation on unemployment. Granger causality indicates long-run bi-directional causality between inflation and unemployment. For the 10 OECD countries and the period of this study, the empirical findings support the Lucas critique: inflation and unemployment are positively correlated. A monetary stimulus, therefore, will most likely aggravate the unemployment scenario in the 10 OCED countries under study.

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13

Bassanini, Andrea, and Romain Duval. "The determinants of unemployment across OECD countries." OECD Economic Studies 2006, no. 1 (May 28, 2007): 7–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eco_studies-v2006-art2-en.

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14

McCallum, John. "Unemployment in OECD Countries in the 1980s." Economic Journal 96, no. 384 (December 1986): 942. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2233166.

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15

Song, Frank M., and Yangru Wu. "Hysteresis in unemployment: Evidence from OECD countries." Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance 38, no. 2 (June 1998): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1062-9769(99)80111-2.

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16

Bhattarai, Keshab. "Unemployment–inflation trade-offs in OECD countries." Economic Modelling 58 (November 2016): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2016.05.007.

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17

Britton, Andrew. "Can Fiscal Expansion Cut Unemployment?" National Institute Economic Review 115 (February 1986): 83–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795018611500109.

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In both 1977 and 1978, on average over the year, using a standardised international definition, the rate of unemployment in Britain about 6 per cent. This was about 1 per cent higher than the rate recorded for the average of all countries in OECD. Since then the rate of unemployment has risen in most countries, but by more in Britain than elsewhere. Our rate has gone up from 6 per cent to 13 per cent, while the OECD average has gone up from 5 per cent to about 8 per cent.

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18

Vishnevskaya, N. "Unemployment in OECD Countries: Evolution of Views and Policies." World Economy and International Relations, no. 8 (2012): 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2012-8-14-26.

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The crisis of late 2000s has confirmed that the institutional structure of the labor market remains one of the main factors influencing employment under changing economic conditions. At first glance, in many European countries the containment of unemployment was executed successfully during the crisis. However, this can prevent a recovery of demand for labor and lead to maintaining and even increasing the unemployment and economic inactivity. All this may exacerbate the problem of segmentation of the labor market. In turn, as the economic situation improves the rapid growth of unemployment in the United States and some other countries with liberal model of labor market can quickly be quickly replaced by the opposite trend. Namely, even though the unemployment rate may not go back to the pre-crisis level it can, at least, again approach to it.

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19

Sarantis, Nicholas. "Distribution, Aggregate Demand and Unemployment in OECD Countries." Economic Journal 103, no. 417 (March 1993): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2234785.

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20

Azmat, Ghazala, Maia Güell, and Alan Manning. "Gender Gaps in Unemployment Rates in OECD Countries." Journal of Labor Economics 24, no. 1 (January 2006): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/497817.

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21

Alexiou, C., and P. Tsaliki. "Unemployment Revisited: Empirical Evidence from 20 OECD Countries." Contributions to Political Economy 28, no. 1 (March 31, 2009): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cpe/bzp005.

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22

Jean, Sébastien, and Miguel Jiménez. "The unemployment impact of immigration in OECD countries." European Journal of Political Economy 27, no. 2 (June 2011): 241–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2010.11.006.

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23

R�ed, Knut. "Unemployment hysteresis - macro evidence from 16 OECD countries." Empirical Economics 21, no. 4 (December 1996): 589–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01180703.

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24

Vodopivec, Milan. "Introducing unemployment insurance to developing countries." IZA Journal of Labor Policy 2, no. 1 (2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2193-9004-2-1.

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25

Cirelli, Fernando, Emilio Espino, and Juan M. Sánchez. "Designing unemployment insurance for developing countries." Journal of Development Economics 148 (January 2021): 102565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2020.102565.

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26

Bakas, Dimitrios, and Yousef Makhlouf. "Can the insider–outsider theory explain unemployment hysteresis in OECD countries?" Oxford Economic Papers 72, no. 1 (February 25, 2019): 149–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpz026.

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Abstract Insider–outsider theory is often used as a basis for explaining the hysteretic behaviour of unemployment. Despite this, there is no empirical evidence about the validity of this theory on explaining the persistence of unemployment. This article addresses this gap, using various labour market proxies of insiders’ power for the OECD countries over 1960–2013 and employing panel unit root tests that exploit the information contained in these proxies. The results show that although the unemployment rate exhibits a pronounced hysteretic behaviour in OECD countries, this behaviour is reversed once we account for the insider–outsider proxies. Our findings thus validate the role of the insider–outsider theory as a key source of unemployment hysteresis.

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27

Akhter, Waheed, Vasileios Pappas, and Saad Ullah Khan. "Insurance demand in emerging Asian and OECD countries: a comparative perspective." International Journal of Social Economics 47, no. 3 (February 14, 2020): 350–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-08-2019-0523.

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PurposeIn this paper, we aim to assess insurance demand across selected Asian and OECD countries during the period of the global financial crisis.Design/methodology/approachWe collected data from 55 emerging Asian and OECD countries during the period of the global financial crisis. Our methodology relies on panel regressions. Separate models are run for the Asia/OECD economies and a follow-up distinction between high/low-income regions is also made.FindingsWe find that global financial crisis affects negatively the general insurance demand particularly in high-income region. Higher dependency ratio in Asia tends to decrease insurance demand, whereas education in case of Asia positively influences insurance demand indicating that higher literacy rate can be helpful to capture the potential customers. Our results further reveal that life insurance is an important driver for insurance demand in OECD countries, whereas general insurance demand is higher in the Asian economies.Research limitations/implicationsA limitation of this study is that data sets employed do not differentiate between different life and general insurance products.Practical implicationsThis study is helpful for regulators, policymakers and insurance providers to evaluate, assess and monitor insurance demand in relevant countries.Originality/valueThis is one of the pioneering studies that have assessed insurance demand among emerging Asian and OECD countries during the period of the global financial crisis.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-08-2019-0523

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28

Maruthappu, Mahiben, Charlie Zhou, Callum Williams, Thomas Zeltner, and Rifat Atun. "Unemployment and HIV mortality in the countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: 1981–2009." JRSM Open 8, no. 7 (July 2017): 205427041668520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2054270416685206.

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Objectives To determine an association between unemployment rates and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) mortality in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Design Multivariate regression analysis. Participants OECD member states. Setting OECD. Main outcome measures World Health Organization HIV mortality. Results Between 1981 and 2009, a 1% increase in unemployment was associated with an increase in HIV mortality in the OECD (coefficient for men 0.711, 0.334–1.089, p = 0.0003; coefficient for women 0.166, 0.071–0.260, p = 0.0007). Time lag analysis showed a significant increase in HIV mortality for up to two years after rises in unemployment: p = 0.0008 for men and p = 0.0030 for women in year 1, p = 0.0067 for men and p = 0.0403 for women in year 2. Conclusions Rises in unemployment are associated with increased HIV mortality. Economic fiscal policy may impact upon population health. Policy discussions should take into consideration potential health outcomes.

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29

MEIJERS, FRANS, and KITTY TE RIELE. "From Controlling to Constructive: Youth Unemployment Policy in Australia and The Netherlands." Journal of Social Policy 33, no. 1 (January 2004): 3–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279403007256.

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Youth unemployment is an issue that has increasingly troubled western countries since the 1970s. This paper provides data on youth unemployment in Australia and the Netherlands, and discusses government policy in both countries. The rate of youth unemployment was similar in both countries in the mid 1980s, but since then it has declined dramatically in the Netherlands, while changing little in Australia. Youth unemployment policy in Australia has been driven by the concept of obligation, while in the Netherlands youth unemployment policy has been organised around the principle of a guarantee for youth. The Dutch labour market programme offers more continuity and coherence than the rather ad hoc Australian programmes. However, the paper argues that youth labour market policy in both countries is of a controlling nature, and does not serve marginalised youth. Moreover, policy in neither country meets OECD criteria for effective labour market programs. The paper concludes with the description of a Dutch program which, to a large extent, does meet the OECD criteria, and demonstrates that a more constructive approach to youth unemployment is possible.

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30

Bordot, Florent. "Artificial Intelligence, Robots and Unemployment: Evidence from OECD Countries." Journal of Innovation Economics & Management N° 37, no. 1 (January 7, 2022): 117–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/jie.037.0117.

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31

McCarthy, Mary, and Lucrezia Reichlin. "Do Women Cause Unemployment? Evidence from Eight OECD Countries." Labour 2, no. 2 (September 1988): 71–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9914.1988.tb00135.x.

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32

Nymoen, Ragnar, and Victoria Sparrman. "Equilibrium Unemployment Dynamics in a Panel of OECD Countries." Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 77, no. 2 (March 20, 2014): 164–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/obes.12061.

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33

Manacorda, Marco, and Barbara Petrongolo. "Skill Mismatch and Unemployment in OECD Countries Marco Manacorda." Economica 66, no. 262 (May 1999): 181–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0335.00164.

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34

Ozkan, Umut Riza. "Comparing Formal Unemployment Compensation Systems in 15 OECD Countries." Social Policy & Administration 48, no. 1 (January 7, 2013): 44–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/spol.12010.

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35

Bod’a, Martin, and Mariana Považanová. "Output-unemployment asymmetry in Okun coefficients for OECD countries." Economic Analysis and Policy 69 (March 2021): 307–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2020.12.004.

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36

Madsen, Jakob B. "The NAIRU and Classical Unemployment in the OECD Countries." International Review of Applied Economics 12, no. 2 (May 1, 1998): 165–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02692179800000001.

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37

Marques, André M., Gilberto Tadeu Lima, and Victor Troster. "Unemployment persistence in OECD countries after the Great Recession." Economic Modelling 64 (August 2017): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2017.03.014.

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38

Fosten, Jack, and Atanu Ghoshray. "Dynamic persistence in the unemployment rate of OECD countries." Economic Modelling 28, no. 3 (May 2011): 948–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2010.11.007.

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39

Kargı, Bilal. "Okun’s Law and Long Term Co-Integration Analysis for OECD Countries (1987-2012)." EMAJ: Emerging Markets Journal 6, no. 1 (February 2, 2016): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/emaj.2016.97.

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Even though, there are so many so long discussions on the relation between population increase and economic growth, today, general opinion tends to believe that there is a direct relation between population increase and economic growth. This opinion is supported by some empirical studies. Despite an economical growth caused by directly with population growth, it is known that there is a reverse relation between unemployment and growth known as Okun’s Law. This relation, suggesting that every 1 point decrease in unemployment induces a 3 point increase in growth, is tested for many countries. In this study, this hypothesis of Okun is examined and it is found to be true for selected 23 countries, even with the difference in coefficients. At the same time, long term relation between growth and unemployment is tested with the use of time series analysis and long term relation is found for 14 countries. Additionally, tests done for all 34 OECD countries showed that reversed relation between unemployment and growth is valid and they are co-integrated in long run. In this study, countries are categorized according to growth rate as “low”, “normal” and “high” and a consistent unemployment rate for countries with high growth rate could not be seen. In the case of countries with lowest growth rate, generalization that they have quite high unemployment rate can be made.

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40

Li, Donghui, Fariborz Moshirian, Pascal Nguyen, and Timothy Wee. "The Demand for Life Insurance in OECD Countries." Journal of Risk & Insurance 74, no. 3 (September 2007): 637–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6975.2007.00228.x.

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41

Espuelas, Sergio. "FALLOS DE MERCADO Y SEGURO DE PARO EN ESPAÑA ANTES DE 1936." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 31, no. 3 (November 29, 2013): 387–422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610913000189.

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ABSTRACTBefore 1936, private insurance against unemployment was mostly run by trade unions. Commercial companies, meanwhile, did not penetrate into this insurance branch, which is probably due to the advantages that trade unions had when dealing with adverse selection and moral hazard problems. Nevertheless, union-based unemployment insurance reached a lower level of development than other private social insurance schemes, like sickness insurance, perhaps because of the financial difficulties that economic crisis involved for unemployment funds. Also, unemployment insurance spread specially among urban and high-wage workers, although coverage rates in Spain were below those of other European countries with higher income levels. However, even in the latter private coverage against unemployment did not reach 10% of the working population. As in other European countries, Spanish unemployment union-funds implemented strict economic incentives to deal with moral hazard, but precisely this hindered the spreading of private unemployment insurance.

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42

Celikay, Ferdi. "Dimensions of tax burden: a review on OECD countries." Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Science 25, no. 49 (March 30, 2020): 27–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jefas-12-2018-0138.

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Purpose The tax burden, defined as the ratio of the collected taxes in a particular period against the total product, is commonly used to determine the effect of fiscal and tax policies on the socioeconomic structure. The purpose of this study is to examine how the changes in some macroeconomic indicators affect the tax burden. Design/methodology/approach System generalized method of moments approach is used for 34 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) members in the period of 1993-2016. Findings Based on the research findings, variables such as income per capita, foreign trading volume, the capacity of employment, unemployment and economic share of industry sector effect tax burden in a statistically significant and positive direction. The reason that lies behind the positive effect of unemployment on tax burden is the fact that the sense of social state is not abandoned. Thus, it is predicted that the state will increase public transfer expenditures in the short term due to unemployment, this increase will impose a financial burden on the public sector both in the medium and long term and finally, there will be an increase in the tax burden. Originality/value Results in the literature suggest that there are many reasons for increasing tax burden such as socio-economic development, financial and organizational structure and the globalization process. However, according to this study, it seems that gross domestic product per capita, the size of the industry sector, openness, employment capacity and unemployment rate also have a positive and significant effect on tax burden in the long run. Ultimately, these results demonstrate that tax burden, one of the most important indicators of the public sector size in the sample of the states and period in hand, is influenced positively by all independent variables and increases slightly but surely. These results suggest that the tax state is still a determinative factor in the socioeconomic field within its taxation tools.

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Berger, Tino, and Gerdie Everaert. "IS THE IMPACT OF LABOR TAXES ON UNEMPLOYMENT ASYMMETRIC?" Macroeconomic Dynamics 17, no. 1 (May 10, 2011): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136510051100006x.

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This paper tests whether increases and decreases in labor taxes have an asymmetric impact on unemployment. Using a panel of 16 OECD countries over the period 1970–2005, we estimate a panel unobserved-component model to account for the fact that unemployment rates and labor taxes are nonstationary but not cointegrated. We find a positive impact of labor tax increases on unemployment in European and Nordic countries, whereas for labor tax decreases, no significant impact is found in these countries. For Anglo-Saxon countries, neither increases nor decreases in labor taxes have any impact on unemployment.

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Checchi, Daniele, and Luca Nunziata. "Models of unionism and unemployment." European Journal of Industrial Relations 17, no. 2 (June 2011): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959680111400896.

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We investigate the problem of simultaneous determination of labour market institutions and outcomes in single equation multi-country estimations by presenting an empirical analysis of unemployment and union density in 20 OECD countries. When explicitly modelling potential endogeneity and heterogeneity, our results suggest that unions contribute to explaining unemployment in different ways than previously thought. In addition, the relationship between unemployment and union density is heterogeneous across countries, depending on the way in which income support for the unemployed is organized.

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Acar, Aslı Beyhan, and Mine Afacan Findikli. "Employment of disadvantaged groups in OECD countries." International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 9, no. 4 (July 5, 2020): 330–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v9i4.763.

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In the labour relations literature, groups such as women, students, youth, youth who are neither employed nor in education or training (15-29-year-olds) disabled people, and retirees are accepted as “disadvantaged”. Although the employment of disadvantaged groups or unemployment indicators vary across countries, the employment of disadvantaged groups appears to be a common problem in many countries. In this context, in this study, it was conducted to investigate the dissimilarity of some disadvantaged groups in terms of employment and unemployment among OECD countries, including women, youth, youth who are neither employed nor in education or training. The most dissimilar countries tried to be determined in terms of variables handled within OECD countries. This determination was considered important to make comparisons correctly between countries. Since the most recent data in OECD and World Bank databases belong to 2018, countries that belong to this year and cover the most variables whenever possible are tried to be addressed. Multidimensional scaling analysis (MDS) was used in the research. In macro studies, Cluster or MDS analyses are generally preferred for cross country comparisons. MDS analysis is a method especially used to determine the dissimilarity between units. In this study, it was found that Turkey was the most dissimilar country in other OECD countries in terms of the variables that are used in the study. This study is due diligence and the results should not be considered as good or bad. There are very good examples of countries in the field of employment and social policy, and it is also important to evaluate the locations according to these countries in determining the main results.

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KOÇ, TUBA, EMRE DÜNDER, and HAYDAR KOÇ. "FRACTIONAL REGRESSION MODEL FOR INVESTIGATING THE DETERMINANTS OF THE UNEMPLOYMENT RATES IN OECD COUNTRIES." Journal of Science and Arts 21, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.46939/j.sci.arts-21.2-a09.

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Unemployment is a serious problem for all over the world. It is a crucial task to endeavor with the unemployment for the welfare of the world. Once, the potential factors should be known to accomplish this task. The aim of this study is to investigate the determinants of the unemployment rates using fractional regression models for the 35 OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries over the periods 2000-2017. We determined the factor affecting the unemployment rate by the fractional regression model using GMMbgw and GMMpre estimators for panel data. The empirical results revealed the significant determinants of unemployment as the result of the fractional regression models. Finally, we observe that saving rates, the growth rate of import and export are expressive on the unemployment rates

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Konat, G., and M. F. Coşkun. "Testing Unemployment Hysteresis with Multi-Factor Panel Unit Root: Evidence from OECD Countries." Economy of Region 18, no. 3 (2022): 742–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2022-3-9.

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Hysteresis is a dominant feature of unemployment in numerous countries. According to the hysteresis hypothesis, it is a well-known fact that high unemployment may persist and remain an economic threat in the long run if policy measures are not taken. In this study, it is tested whether the unemployment rates for 10 selected countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Estonia, France, Japan, Netherlands, Spain, Britain and the USA) contain unit root or not, in other words, whether the hysteresis effect is valid for these countries. For this purpose, this study utilises the concept of the multi-factor panel unit root test proposed by Pesaran, Smith and Yamagata. This method measures cross-section dependence through factors. The test analyses whether the unit root is valid or not, using information about a sufficient number of additional explanatory variables. The characteristic of these additional variables is that they must share a common factor with the variable whose stationarity is tested. It is accepted that this common factor causes cross-sectional dependence. We have taken tax wedge, trade union density and minimum wage as factors that cause cross-sectional dependency and affect unemployment hysteresis. In this test developed by the authors, in the case of a multi-factor error structure, the test procedure is completed by using the information contained in 3 additional variables. The study explores not only the validity of unemployment hysteresis but also the factors that affect the rigidity of the unemployment rate. However, the research was unable to encompass the entire OECD countries and all times because of the lack of data. The results showed that the hysteresis is valid for 10 selected OECD countries.

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Felbermayr, Gabriel J., Mario Larch, and Wolfgang Lechthaler. "Unemployment in an Interdependent World." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 5, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 262–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.5.1.262.

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How do changes in labor market institutions, like more generous unemployment benefits in one country, affect labor market outcomes in other countries? We set up a two-country Armingtonian trade model with frictions on the goods and labor markets. Contrary to the literature, higher labor market frictions increase unemployment at home and abroad. The strength of the spillover depends on the relative size of countries and on trade costs. It is exacerbated when real wages are rigid. Using panel data for 20 rich OECD countries, and controlling for institutions as well as for business cycle comovement, we confirm our theoretical predictions. (JEL E24, F16, J64, J65)

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Boone, Laurence, Claude Giorno, Mara Meacci, David Rae, Pete Richardson, and Dave Turner. "Estimating the structural rate of unemployment for the OECD countries." OECD Economic Studies 2001, no. 2 (May 7, 2003): 171–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eco_studies-v2001-art14-en.

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Uk Kim, Chong, and Gieyoung Lim. "Minimum Wage and Unemployment: An Empirical Study on OECD Countries." Journal of Reviews on Global Economics 7 (February 19, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-7092.2018.07.01.

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