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Journal articles on the topic 'Insurance, Unemployment – Great Britain'

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Published: 10 March 2023

Last updated: 11 March 2023

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1

Boyer, George R. "The Evolution of Unemployment Relief in Great Britain." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 34, no. 3 (January 2004): 393–433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002219504771997908.

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The history of unemployment relief in Britain from 1834 to 1911 was not a “unilinear progression in collective benevolence,” culminating in unemployment insurance. The combination of poor relief and private charity to assist cyclically unemployed workers from 1834 to 1870 was more generous, and more certain, than the relief provided for the unemployed under the various policies adopted from 1870 to 1911. A major shift in policy occurred in the 1870s, largely in response to the crisis of the Poor Law in the 1860s. Because the new policy—a combination of self-help and charity—proved unable to cope with the high unemployment of cyclical downturns, Parliament in 1911 bowed to political pressure for a national system of relief by adopting the world's first compulsory system of unemployment insurance.

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2

Toft, Christian. "State action, trade unions and voluntary unemployment insurance in Great Britain, Germany, and Scandinavia, 1900–1934." European Economic Review 39, no. 3-4 (April 1995): 565–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-2921(94)00063-6.

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3

Clasen, Jochen. "Unemployment Insurance in Two Countries: a Comparative Analysis of Great Britain and West Germany in the 1980s." Journal of European Social Policy 2, no. 4 (November 1992): 279–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095892879200200403.

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4

Ingham, M., and P. E. Hart. "Youth Unemployment in Great Britain." Economic Journal 98, no. 393 (December 1988): 1226. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2233741.

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5

Volkov, A., A. Gutnick, Y. Kvashnin, V. Olenchenko, and A. Shchedrin. "Experience of Overcoming of Crisis Phenomena in Some EU Countries." World Economy and International Relations, no. 3 (2015): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2015-3-35-47.

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The article analyses the most recent experience of anti-recessionary policies in several EU member nations, such as UK, Nordic countries (especially Sweden), Ireland, Baltic countries and Greece. As for Great Britain, its government implemented traditional package of anti-crisis measures aimed at support of national financial system and stimulation of economic growth. By 2010 the nation reached relative economic stability and then proceeded into a slow recovery. Still, the crisis highlighted serious risks of ongoing financialization and de-industrialization in the UK. So, the government began to develop a long-term program of modernization and structural reshaping of national economy. Nordic countries also actively used Keynesian-type anti-crisis measures. The most interesting is Swedish case. The nation passed the global financial and economic crisis of 2008-2009 smoother than other EU members due to deep institutional reforms undertaken after the acute crisis of 1991-1993. Then Sweden experienced a deep fall of GDP combined with a crisis of local banks, surge of interest rates and unemployment level, weakening of national currency. This pushed Riksbank to introduce strict measures for limiting the inflation rate, Riksdag – caps for state budget expenditure. State sector of national economy was substantially decreased. These measures proved to have long-term positive implications. In contrast, Ireland that enjoyed an impressive economic growth before 2008 was badly prepared to external shocks. The Irish government’s reactions to financial and economic turmoil were rather spontaneous. The main task was to stabilize the local financial system that suffered from excessive dependency on foreign markets. Only by 2014 Ireland showed signs of economic recovery. Similarly, Baltic countries found themselves to be ill prepared for functioning under economic crisis conditions. Neither national governments nor EU Commission succeeded to propose efficient anti-crisis actions. As a result, population of Baltic nations most heavily suffered from the crisis. In Greece crisis made inevitable substantial revision of national social and economic model, as well as the political parties’ system. Under strong pressures from the EU Greece at last started to implement long-needed reforms in such spheres as budget planning, labor legislation, social insurance, healthcare and education. Acknowledgments. The article has been supported by a grant of the Russian Humanitarian Scientific Foundation. Project № 14-07-00047a “European Union as a Testing Site of New Anti-Crisis Technologies under Conditions of Globalization”.

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6

Hellwig, Timothy T. "The Origins of Unemployment Insurance in Britain." Social Science History 29, no. 1 (2005): 107–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200013262.

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Britain’s 1911 National Insurance Act ranks as the world’s first compulsory program of unemployment insurance and was a key element of the Liberal government’s reforms. Yet by failing to incorporate differences in actor preferences toward insurance, existing theories of social policy origins provide incomplete explanations for its timing and scope. The objective of this article is to improve on accounts of the 1911 unemployment insurance scheme using a cross-class alliance approach. It argues that employers and workers in capital-intensive trades formed an alliance in support of the scheme, whereas their counterparts in relatively labor-intensive trades were unable to strike a similar bargain. Unlike other frameworks, this approach is amenable to explaining why the unemployment scheme was designed as a contributory system that excluded many trades. The study’s findings carry implications for social historians, political economists, and sociologists alike.

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7

Kilgour, John G. "Unemployment Insurance and the Great Recession." Compensation & Benefits Review 47, no. 5-6 (September 2015): 255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886368716657619.

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8

Matsunaga, Tomoari. "The Origins of Unemployment Insurance in Edwardian Britain." Journal of Policy History 29, no. 4 (September 15, 2017): 614–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s089803061700029x.

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9

Lynes, Tony. "From Unemployment Insurance to Assistance in interwar Britain." Journal of Poverty and Social Justice 19, no. 3 (October 30, 2011): 221–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/175982711x596973.

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10

Mueller, Andreas I., Jesse Rothstein, and Till M. von Wachter. "Unemployment Insurance and Disability Insurance in the Great Recession." Journal of Labor Economics 34, S1 (January 2016): S445—S475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/683140.

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11

Sander, William. "Unemployment and marital status in Great Britain." Biodemography and Social Biology 39, no. 3-4 (September 1992): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19485565.1992.9988825.

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12

Sousounis, Panos, and Gauthier Lanot. "Social networks and unemployment exit in Great Britain." International Journal of Social Economics 45, no. 8 (August 13, 2018): 1205–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-04-2017-0137.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect employed friends have on the probability of exiting unemployment of an unemployed worker according to his/her educational (skill) level. Design/methodology/approach In common with studies on unemployment duration, this paper uses a discrete-time hazard model. Findings The paper finds that the conditional probability of finding work is between 24 and 34 per cent higher per period for each additional employed friend for job seekers with intermediate skills. Social implications These results are of interest since they suggest that the reach of national employment agencies could extend beyond individuals in direct contact with first-line employment support bureaus. Originality/value Because of the lack of appropriate longitudinal information, the majority of empirical studies in the area assess the influence of social networks on employment status using proxy measures of social interactions. The current study contributes to the very limited empirical literature of the influence of social networks on job attainment using direct measures of social structures.

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13

BAXTER, J. L. "LONG-TERM UNEMPLOYMENT IN GREAT BRITAIN, 1953-1971*." Bulletin of the Oxford University Institute of Economics & Statistics 34, no. 4 (May 1, 2009): 329–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1972.mp34004002.x.

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14

Owens, John R., and Larry L. Wade. "Economic Conditions and Constituency Voting in Great Britain." Political Studies 36, no. 1 (March 1988): 30–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.1988.tb00215.x.

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The extent to which levels and trends in local unemployment and income influenced the Conservative vote in 633 separate British constituency elections in 1983 is estimated in several regression models. Long-term influences on voting are controlled by the endogenous variables of social class and territoriality. It is argued that this research design is superior to previous ones that have treated general elections as national elections in exploring the economic theory of voting. Sensitivity analysis (the use of several models to illuminate the research problem posed) suggests that, unlike America congressional elections, current rates and trends in local unemployment and income exerted a substantial and systematic influence on constituency voting.

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15

Fieldhouse, E. A., and M. I. Gould. "Ethnic Minority Unemployment and Local Labour Market Conditions in Great Britain." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 30, no. 5 (May 1998): 833–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a300833.

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British ethnic minority unemployment rates are considerably higher than those of the white population. In 1991 the ethnic minority unemployment rate was more than double that of the white majority. One possible explanation is that Britain's ethnic minorities are concentrated in areas of economic disadvantage. The authors use the 2% Individual Sample of Anonymised Records (SAR) in conjunction with area-based census data for pseudo travel-to-work areas, to explore the relative importance of individual characteristics and area characteristics on ethnic minority unemployment rates. Multilevel modelling techniques are employed to estimate simultaneously variations between individuals and between areas after allowing for variables measured at both levels of analysis. The most important differences in the propensity to unemployment are shown to be between individuals, and, compared with whites, ethnic minority groups are shown to be disadvantaged wherever they live. In general, there is also evidence of greater variation in ethnic minority unemployment between areas than there is for whites. However, there is the same underlying geography of unemployment for the black and white populations, but a slightly different pattern for Asian ethnic groups. These differences can be explained only partially by area-level characteristics. In all, it is argued that at the spatial scale which is identifiable in the Individual SAR, ethnic minority unemployment cannot be attributed to geographical distribution, though data at a finer geographical scale are needed to test this hypothesis more fully.

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16

Boone, Christopher, Arindrajit Dube, Lucas Goodman, and Ethan Kaplan. "Unemployment Insurance Generosity and Aggregate Employment." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 13, no. 2 (May 1, 2021): 58–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20160613.

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This paper examines the impact of unemployment insurance (UI) on aggregate employment by exploiting cross-state variation in the maximum benefit duration during the Great Recession. Comparing adjacent counties located in neighboring states, there is no statistically significant impact of increasing UI generosity on aggregate employment. Point estimates are uniformly small in magnitude, and the most precise estimates rule out employment-to-population ratio reductions in excess of 0.35 percentage points from the UI extension. The results contrast with the negative effects implied by most micro-level labor supply studies and are consistent with both job rationing and aggregate demand channels. (JEL E24, E32, J22, J23, J65)

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17

Robson, Martin T. "Housing Markets And Regional Unemployment Flows In Great Britain." Manchester School 71, no. 2 (March 2003): 132–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9957.00340.

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18

Hyclak, Thomas, and Geraint Johnes. "REGIONAL WAGE INFLATION AND UNEMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS IN GREAT BRITAIN." Scottish Journal of Political Economy 39, no. 2 (May 1992): 188–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9485.1992.tb00615.x.

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19

Furnham, Adrian, and Beryl Hesketh. "Explanations for Unemployment in Great Britain and New Zealand." Journal of Social Psychology 129, no. 2 (April 1, 1989): 169–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1989.9711718.

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20

Rothstein, Jesse. "Unemployment Insurance and Job Search in the Great Recession." Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 2011, no. 2 (2011): 143–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/eca.2011.0018.

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21

Vanthemsche, Guy. "Unemployment Insurance in Interwar Belgium." International Review of Social History 35, no. 3 (December 1990): 349–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002085900001004x.

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SUMMARYIn 1900, a special type of unemployment insurance was set up in Belgium: the so-called “Ghent system”, which had some influence on the development of unemployment insurance in many European countries. This particular system was characterized by the important role played by the trade-union unemployment societies. The public authorities (in Belgium, from 1920 onwards, the central government next to the towns and provinces) encouraged the affiliation of the labourers to these societies by granting different sorts of financial support to the unemployed society members and to the societies themselves. During the crisis of the 1930s, this led to an important growth of Belgian trade-union membership. On the other hand, the quantitative growth of the labour movement due to this particular organization of unemployment insurance, led to many negative sideeffects for the trade unions (administrative chaos, financial problems, loss of combativity). Moreover, the employers' organizations strongly opposed this system of unemployment insurance, because they thought it reinforced the labour movement's power in society (strengthening of union membership, influence on wage formation, obstruction of deflation policy). This article examines the heated debates waged in the labour movement itself and between this actor, the employers' organizations and the government, to solve the many important problems posed by this type of social insurance. The Belgian pre-Second World War debate concerning unemployment insurance was of great importance for the shaping of the Welfare State in Belgium, which took its present-day form in 1944.

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22

Maestas, Nicole, Kathleen J. Mullen, and Alexander Strand. "Disability Insurance and the Great Recession." American Economic Review 105, no. 5 (May 1, 2015): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20151089.

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The US Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) program is designed to provide income support to workers who become unable to work because of a severe, long-lasting disability. In this study, we use administrative data to estimate the effect of labor market conditions, as measured by the unemployment rate, on the number of SSDI applications, the number and composition of initial allowances and denials, and the timing of applications relative to disability onset. We analyze the period of the Great Recession, and compare this period with business cycle effects over the past two decades, from 1992 through 2012.

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23

Hsu, Joanne W., David A. Matsa, and Brian T. Melzer. "Unemployment Insurance as a Housing Market Stabilizer." American Economic Review 108, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 49–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20140989.

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This paper studies the impact of unemployment insurance (UI) on the housing market. Exploiting heterogeneity in UI generosity across US states and over time, we find that UI helps the unemployed avoid mortgage default. We estimate that UI expansions during the Great Recession prevented more than 1.3 million foreclosures and insulated home values from labor market shocks. The results suggest that policies that make mortgages more affordable can reduce foreclosures even when borrowers are severely underwater. An optimal UI policy during housing downturns would weigh, among other benefits and costs, the deadweight losses avoided from preventing mortgage defaults. (JEL D14, E32, G21, J65, R31)

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24

Rice, Patricia G. "Juvenile Unemployment, Relative Wages and Social Security in Great Britain." Economic Journal 96, no. 382 (June 1986): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2233121.

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25

Hellwig, T. T. "The Origins of Unemployment Insurance in Britain: A Cross-Class Alliance Approach." Social Science History 29, no. 1 (March 1, 2005): 107–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/01455532-29-1-107.

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26

Larrimore, Jeff, Jacob Mortenson, and David Splinter. "Earnings Shocks and Stabilization During COVID-19." Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2021, no. 049 (August 2, 2021): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/feds.2021.052.

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This paper documents the magnitude and distribution of U.S. earnings changes during the COVID-19 pandemic and how fiscal relief offset lost earnings. We build panels from administrative tax data to measure annual earnings changes. The frequency of earnings declines during the pandemic were similar to the Great Recession, but the distribution was very different. In 2020, workers starting in the bottom half of the distribution were more likely to experience large annual earnings declines and a similar share of male and female workers had large earnings declines. While most workers experiencing large annual earnings declines do not receive unemployment insurance, over half of beneficiaries were made whole in 2020, as unemployment insurance replaced a median of 103 percent of their annual earnings declines. After incorporating unemployment insurance, the likelihood of large earnings declines among low-earning workers was not only smaller than during the Great Recession, but also smaller than in 2019.

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27

Richards, John, and Alan Carruth. "SHORT-TIME WORKING AND THE UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFIT SYSTEM IN GREAT BRITAIN*." Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 48, no. 1 (May 1, 2009): 41–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1986.mp48001003.x.

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28

Hughes, Peter R., and Gillian Hutchinson. "THE CHANGING PICTURE OF MALE UNEMPLOYMENT IN GREAT BRITAIN 1972-1981." Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 48, no. 4 (May 1, 2009): 309–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1986.mp48004001.x.

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29

Kelly, Bernard. "‘England owes something to these people’: the Anglo-Irish Unemployment Insurance agreement, 1946." Irish Historical Studies 38, no. 150 (November 2012): 269–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400001127.

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On 19 December 1946, the Irish President, Seán T. O'Kelly, signed the Unemployment Insurance Act into law. This innocuous-sounding piece of legislation has received very little attention from historians, but was of great importance to one section of post-war Irish society. Under its terms, Dublin and London entered into a special scheme whereby Irish men and women who had served with the British forces during the Second World War were allowed to claim British unemployment insurance payments, while still resident in the twenty-six counties of independent Ireland. Coming at a time of unemployment and economic slump in Ireland, this was of crucial importance to many exservicemen. This article will explore the background, negotiation and implementation of the unemployment insurance agreement, and will speculate on the reasons why the Taoiseach, Éamon de Valera, agreed to it. It will also examine the British side of the scheme and explore London's motives, both concrete and notional.

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30

CLASEN, JOCHEN, and DANIEL CLEGG. "Unemployment Protection and Labour Market Reform in France and Great Britain in the 1990s: Solidarity Versus Activation?" Journal of Social Policy 32, no. 3 (July 2003): 361–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279403007049.

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Standard accounts of unemployment protection and labour market policy reform tend to put France and the UK at opposing ends of the spectrum of values and policy directions in Europe. British efforts in the 1990s of switching emphasis from ‘passive’ benefit payment towards promoting participation in ‘active’ programmes of labour market integration are widely understood as a product of liberalism, individualism and increasing labour market flexibility, introducing a degree of workfare into the overall structure of unemployment support. By contrast, in France the resistance of traditional values and a ‘social treatment of unemployment’ are often portrayed as having put a brake on labour market reform and retrenchment of unemployment protection. After a reflection on the respective national discourses, the article challenges this view and points to a more complex reality that includes not only acknowledgement of labour market differences but also trends of convergence and counterintuitive developments. Secondly, it claims that in the 1990s Britain and France have both moved increasingly towards an unemployment policy based on activation, but in forms which reflect, to a great extent, different political incentive structures. The political implications of differentially institutionalised interests have in this way driven unemployment policy in different, but not opposing, directions. Recognition of this more nuanced reality should enable a better theoretical understanding of the social and political conditions for successful activation policies.

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31

Lenio, Paweł. "Źródła finansowania ochrony zdrowia w Polsce i w Wielkiej Brytanii." Studenckie Prace Prawnicze, Administratywistyczne i Ekonomiczne 23 (August 3, 2018): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1733-5779.23.4.

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The sources of the health system funding in Poland and Great BritainThe subject of this paper are sources of healthcare financing in Poland and Great Britain. Healthcare system in Great Britain is based on the local government units and it is financed by the budgets of these units. Health insurance contribution does not exist in Great Britain. The financing model currently in place is based primarily on the proceeds of the National Health Fund which are ensured through collection of health insurance contributions. Public sources of healthcare financing also include the state budget and the budgets of local government units. Author have identified differences and similarities in the examined healthcare financing systems and sources. This paper also includes conclusions with a view of the future law in Poland.

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32

Neumark, David, and Kenneth Troske. "Lessons from other countries, and rethinking (slightly) unemployment insurance as social insurance against the Great Recession." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 31, no. 1 (October 24, 2011): 188–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pam.20626.

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33

Montgomery, S. M., M. J. Bartley, D. G. Cook, and M. E. Wadsworth. "Health and social precursors of unemployment in young men in Great Britain." Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 50, no. 4 (August 1, 1996): 415–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.50.4.415.

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34

Micklewright, John. "The Strange Case of British Earnings-Related Unemployment Benefit." Journal of Social Policy 18, no. 4 (October 1989): 527–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279400001847.

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ABSTRACTThe abolition in 1982 of the Earnings-Related Supplement (ERS) to unemployment benefit, which had been introduced in 1966, left the UK with no element of income support for the unemployed linked to previous earnings. The ERS scheme represents an important case study of economic and social policy but it has been little researched hitherto. The paper examines the history of ERS, showing how the original legislation and subsequent development produced a benefit that bore little relation to schemes in other countries. Unpublished administrative data on the receipt of ERS are used to help document the scheme's failings, and the paper closes by placing ERS within the context of the development of unemployment insurance in Britain.

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35

EWEN, SHANE. "Insuring the industrial revolution: fire insurance in Great Britain, 1700–1850." Economic History Review 57, no. 4 (November 2004): 777–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2004.00295_6.x.

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36

Alidadi, Katayoun. "Religion and unemployment benefits." European Labour Law Journal 8, no. 1 (March 2017): 67–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2031952517699134.

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When employees are dismissed or resign because of a conflict between their religion and job duties or expectations, how does this affect their claims to unemployment benefits? How do European countries address this question? The answer has significant consequences for many jobseekers and employees belonging to religious minorities and in many ways excluded from the mainstream labour market, yet the role of religion in the adjudication of European unemployment disputes has so far received limited attention. This article focuses on the role of religious dress in unemployment benefits disputes in Belgium, the Netherlands and Great Britain. It also assesses whether the messaging in relevant case law in the area of unemployment benefits has been sufficiently interlocking with employment law. Finding a level of disconnect, it is argued that an explicit duty of reasonable accommodation in employment would appropriately address the interplay between unemployment benefits and employment law in Europe.

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37

Johnston, Andrew C. "Unemployment Insurance Taxes and Labor Demand: Quasi-Experimental Evidence from Administrative Data." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 13, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 266–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20190031.

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To finance unemployment insurance, states raise payroll tax rates on employers who engage in layoffs. Tax rates are, therefore, highest for firms after downturns, potentially hampering labor-market recovery. Using full-population, administrative records from Florida, I estimate the effect of these tax increases on firm behavior leveraging a regression kink design in the tax schedule. Tax hikes reduce hiring and employment substantially, with no effect on layoffs or wages. The results imply unanticipated costs of the financing regime which reduce the optimal benefit by a quarter and account for 12 percent of the unemployment in the wake of the Great Recession. (JEL D22, E24, H25, H32, H71, J23, J65)

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38

Luigjes, Christiaan, Georg Fischer, and Frank Vandenbroucke. "The US Unemployment Insurance Scheme: A Model for the EU?" Intereconomics 54, no. 5 (September 2019): 314–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10272-019-0844-x.

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Abstract The system of unemployment insurance (UI) used in the United States has often been cited as a model for Europe. The American model illustrates that it is possible to create and maintain a UI system based on federal-state co-financing that intensifies during economic crises and thus reinforces protection and stabilisation. Central requirements and conditional funding can improve the aggregate protection and stabilisation capacity of the system. However, the architecture of the US system financially incentivises states to organise retrenchment of their own efforts for UI, which in turn leads to a divergence of benefit generosity and coverage levels. During the Great Recession, the federal government mitigated these incentives for retrenchment through minimum requirements attached to federal financial intervention. With regards to the European unemployment re-insurance system debate, the US experience implies both positive and encourageing conclusions and cautionary lessons.

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39

Farber, Henry S., Jesse Rothstein, and Robert G. Valletta. "The Effect of Extended Unemployment Insurance Benefits: Evidence from the 2012–2013 Phase-Out." American Economic Review 105, no. 5 (May 1, 2015): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20151088.

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Unemployment Insurance benefit durations were extended during the Great Recession, reaching 99 weeks for most recipients. The extensions were rolled back and eventually terminated by the end of 2013. Using matched CPS data from 2008-2014, we estimate the effect of extended benefits on unemployment exits separately during the earlier period of benefit expansion and the later period of rollback. In both periods, we find little or no effect on job-finding but a reduction in labor force exits due to benefit availability. We estimate that the rollbacks reduced the labor force participation rate by about 0.1 percentage point in early 2014.

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40

Lusher, Lester, Geoffrey C. Schnorr, and Rebecca L. C. Taylor. "Unemployment Insurance as a Worker Indiscipline Device? Evidence from Scanner Data." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 14, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 285–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20190007.

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We provide causal evidence of an ex ante moral hazard effect of unemployment insurance (UI ) by matching plausibly exogenous changes in UI benefit duration across state-weeks during the Great Recession to high-frequency productivity measures from individual supermarket cashiers. Estimating models with date and cashier-register fixed effects, we identify a modest but statistically significant negative relationship between UI benefits and worker productivity. This effect is strongest for more experienced and less productive cashiers, for whom UI expansions are especially relevant. Additional analyses from the American Time Use Survey reveal a similar increase in shirking during periods with increased UI benefit durations. (JEL D82, E32, J22, J24, J65, L81)

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41

KRAVETS, IRYNA, and Alla KRUSHYNSKA. "EMPLOYMENT AND SOCIAL INSURANCE: ASPECTS OF PROTECTING THE ECONOMICLY ACTIVE POPULATION." HERALD OF KHMELNYTSKYI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY 300, no. 6 (December 3, 2021): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5740-2021-300-6-20.

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The article highlights the importance of employment, the role of social insurance in promoting employment and protecting the economically active population in modern conditions. Current trends in employment of the population of Ukraine in the context of the spread of coronavirus disease indicate a decrease in employment, rising unemployment, declining incomes and, consequently, lower living standards. It is emphasized that an important task of public administration of labor in market conditions is the implementation of measures that would promote employment, efficient use of labor potential, reproduction of labor, in particular through social protection of economically active population through the social insurance system. The role and indicators of functioning of the Social Insurance Fund of Ukraine and the Fund of Compulsory State Social Insurance of Ukraine in case of unemployment in the direction of support and protection of the economically active population in modern conditions are highlighted. It is noted that in accordance with the current legislation, Ukraine implements a system of rights, obligations and guarantees, which provides material support, insurance benefits and the provision of social services to insured persons at the expense of insurance funds. It is noted that in order to promote employment, the prevention of insured events. It is concluded that the issues of social insurance in case of disability, occupational disease, as well as in case of unemployment and employment problems are closely interrelated and are of great importance for the future socio-economic development of the country. State policy in the field of employment should focus on creating conditions for full and productive freely chosen employment, social protection of the economically active population from social risks in the field of labor, as well as in the event of unemployment. Today there is a need to increase employment by promoting job creation, increasing work motivation, wages, as a means of reproduction and development of human potential in Ukraine.

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Blackaby, D. H., and D. N. Manning. "The North-South Divide: Earnings, unemployment and cost of living differences in Great Britain." Papers of the Regional Science Association 69, no. 1 (December 1990): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01933895.

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Pattie, Charles J., and R. J. Johnston. "ONE NATION OR TWO? THE CHANGING GEOGRAPHY OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN GREAT BRITAIN, 1983–1988." Professional Geographer 42, no. 3 (August 1990): 288–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0033-0124.1990.00288.x.

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Blackaby, D. H., and D. N. Manning. "THE NORTH-SOUTH DIVIDE: EARNINGS, UNEMPLOYMENT AND COST OF LIVING DIFFERENCES IN GREAT BRITAIN." Papers in Regional Science 69, no. 1 (January 14, 2005): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1435-5597.1990.tb01202.x.

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Wu, Chi-Fang, Yu-Ling Chang, Soohyun Yoon, and Salma Musaad. "How do low-income single-mothers get by when unemployment strikes: Patterns of multiple program participation after transition from employment to unemployment." PLOS ONE 17, no. 9 (September 22, 2022): e0274799. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274799.

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Little is known about longitudinal patterns of welfare program participation among single mothers after they transition from employment to unemployment. To better understand how utilization patterns of these welfare programs may change during the 12 months after a job loss, we used the 2008 Survey of Income and Program Participation to examine the patterns of participation in Medicaid, the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, and unemployment insurance among 342 single mothers who transitioned from employment to unemployment during the Great Recession. Using sequence analysis and cluster analysis, this paper identified four distinct patterns of program participation: (a) constantly receiving in-kind benefits; (b) primarily but not solely receiving food stamps; (c) inconsistent unemployment insurance or Medicaid-based benefits; and (d) limited or no benefits. Almost two-fifths of our sample of single mothers received inconsistent, limited, or no benefits. Results of the multinomial regression revealed that race, work disability, poverty, homeownership, and region of residence were significant factors that influenced whether study subjects participated in or had access to social safety net programs. Our findings illustrate the heterogeneity in patterns of multiple program participation among single mothers transitioning from employment to unemployment. Better understanding these varied patterns may inform decisions that increase the accessibility of US social safety net programs for single mothers during periods of personal economic hardship.

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Zhilkina, A. N., and M. H. R. Orusbiev. "Background, problems and solutions for introducing Islamic insurance in the United Kingdom." Vestnik Universiteta, no. 9 (November 12, 2021): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2021-9-130-135.

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The article is devoted to the study of Islamic insurance in the United Kingdom. It has been established that insurance is a major component of the state’s financial system. At the same time, there has been a rapid development of Islamic finance in recent years. The total Muslim population in the UK in 2020 is 4,130,000. Despite its low Muslim population, Great Britain is taking a proactive stance in developing Islamic finance. Despite the low number of Muslims, Great Britain is taking an active position in the development of Islamic finance. The country has established principles for the development of takafuls, and the market is being regulated. In addition, an ambitious target has been set for London to become an Islamic finance centre. There are currently positive trends in the takaful market. Despite this situation, further development in this area is required.

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Burchardt, Tania, and John Hills. "From Public to Private: The Case of Mortgage Payment Insurance in Great Britain." Housing Studies 13, no. 3 (May 1998): 311–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02673039883308.

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Carpenter, Laura M. "Demedicalization and Remedicalization of Male Circumcision in Great Britain and the United States." SALUTE E SOCIETÀ, no. 2 (July 2009): 155–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ses2009-en2011.

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- This study explicates the theoretically important, yet inadequately specified, processes of demedicalization and remedicalization by comparing the histories of male circumcision in Great Britain and the United States. Although circumcision was medicalized to a similar degree in both countries before World War II, by the 1960s, circumcision was almost completely demedicalized in Britain and almost universal in the U.S. Since then, circumcision has become partially demedicalized in the U.S. Medical professionals and insurance/healthcare systems drove demedicalization in both countries; in the U.S., grassroots activists also played a critical role, while medical community "holdouts" resisted demedicalization. Recent research indicating that circumcision inhibits HIV transmission is differentially likely to produce remedicalization in the two nations, given differences in circumcision prevalence, HIV epidemiology, insurance/health systems, activism opportunities, and status of religious groups. Future research should theorize the life cycle of medicalization, explore comparative cases, and attend more closely to medical "holdouts" from previous eras, prevalence and duration of medicalized practices, and barriers to non-medical interpretations.Keywords: medicalization, demedicalization, remedicalization, health, circumcision, sociology.Parole chiave: medicalizzazione, demedicalizzazione, rimedicalizzazione, salute, circoncisione, sociologia.

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Luzardo-Luna, Ivan. "Labour frictions in interwar Britain: industrial reshuffling and the origin of mass unemployment." European Review of Economic History 24, no. 2 (February 26, 2019): 243–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ereh/hez001.

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Abstract This article estimates the matching function of the British labour market for the period of 1921–1934. Changes in matching efficiency can explain both employment resilience during the Great Depression and the high structural unemployment throughout the interwar period. Early in the 1920s, matching efficiency improved due to the development of the retail industry. However, the econometric results show a structural break in March 1927, related to a major industrial reshuffling that reduced the demand for workers in staple industries. Since these industries were geographically concentrated, there was an increase in the average distance between the unemployed and vacancies, and matching efficiency declined.

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Dubych, Klavdia Vasylivna, and Kateryna Volodymyrivna Danylyuk. "HELP FOR UNEMPLOYMENT: WORLD EXPERIENCE AND WAYS OF IMPLEMENTATION IN UKRAINE." International Journal of Legal Studies ( IJOLS ) 4, no. 2 (December 30, 2018): 391–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.0024.

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The article deals with theoretical and methodological analysis of world experience in the development and implementation of mechanisms for the appointment of unemployment benefits and determining the ways of its application in Ukraine. Material security in case of unemployment of people who have lost their jobs is an extremely important task of implementing social policy in the field of employment in Ukraine. The research has proved that the domestic mechanism for the appointment of material assistance in the event of unemployment requires improvement, which needs to be implemented in the context of practical implementation, taking into account world experience. The strong reason for the need for such an analysis is the accumulated experience of the developed Western countries in the field of employment in the formation, implementation and practical implementation of the mechanism for assigning unemployment benefits in the context of different systems of social protection and provision: the Anglo-Saxon, Continental, Scandinavian models, on the example of the aid allocation mechanism on unemployment, in countries such as Great Britain, Germany, Norway, Poland, etc.

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