Journal articles on the topic 'Insurance studies'
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1
Ogawa, Hiroaki. "Insurance Liberalization and the Studies of Insurance." Hokengakuzasshi (JOURNAL of INSURANCE SCIENCE) 2010, no. 611 (2010): 611_157–611_176. http://dx.doi.org/10.5609/jsis.2010.611_157.
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Alam, Azhar, Ririn Tri Ratnasari, Fikri ‘Ainul Qolbi, and Fauzul Hanif Noor Athief. "Efficiency studies of the sharia insurance industry: A systematic literature review." Insurance Markets and Companies 13, no. 1 (December 27, 2022): 90–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ins.13(1).2022.08.
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The sharia insurance industry has experienced significant development from year to year. A sharia insurance company’s efficiency is crucial because it reflects its capacity to generate outputs from resources. This study aims to enhance comprehension of the efficiency of sharia insurance currently studied by doing a comprehensive literature study. This study selected 429 published articles about Islamic insurance indexed by Scopus between 2010 and 2022. 32 final articles that met the criteria that discussed efficiency as the primary study included in the qualitative synthesis analysis were selected. As a result, this study succeeded in revealing the development of sharia insurance efficiency studies based on the number of publications, authors, countries, subject areas, sources of publications, and cited articles. The study found four main methods researchers used to measure the efficiency of Sharia insurance. This study also revealed several studies comparing the efficiency level between conventional and sharia insurance. Furthermore, the study’s results were mapped based on the significance of the influence of variables on the efficiency of Sharia insurance. This study offers a new opportunity for further development in methods and variables of the efficiency of sharia insurance.
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Kawata, Yukichika, and Syed Ahmed Salman. "Muslims and Non-Muslims’ Satisfaction of the Islamic Insurance in Malaysia: Application of the Extended Customer Satisfaction Analysis." Turkish Journal of Islamic Economics 9, no. 1 (February 15, 2022): 119–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.26414/a189.
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Islamic insurance has a more value-added substance than conventional insurance, and it is the ultimate solution for anyone seeking financial protection for their potential misfortune. However, the penetration ratio has been low even in Muslim majority countries, including Malaysia. While some existing studies examined the factors that contribute to improving the penetration rate, almost no studies examined satisfaction as the primary target. This study conducted a questionnaire for both Muslims and non-Muslims in Malaysia to investigate the factors that determine the satisfaction of the conventional and Islamic insurances. The Snowball sampling method was used, and 396 responses were obtained from Muslim and non-Muslim insurance policyholders in Selangor and Kuala Lumpur. The extended version of the Customer Satisfaction (CS) analysis was developed and applied to the Malaysian insurance policyholders’ data. There are three main results in this study. First, the factors that determine both Muslims’ and non-Muslims’ satisfaction with insurance were different. Second, while non-Muslims in Malaysia were satisfied with both the conventional and Islamic insurances, Muslims were more confident with the Islamic insurance than conventional ones. Furthermore, the current Islamic insurance would be accepted with higher satisfaction by non-Muslims than Muslims. Third, the extended CS analysis successfully detected factors that determined satisfaction for both the conventional and Islamic insurances, suggesting the extended CS analysis was effective.
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Wang, H. Holly, Jesse B. Tack, and Keith H. Coble. "Frontier studies in agricultural insurance." Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice 45, no. 1 (December 6, 2019): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41288-019-00156-4.
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Korstanje, Maximiliano Emanuel, and Babu P. George. "What does insurance purchase behaviour say about risks?" International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment 6, no. 3 (September 14, 2015): 289–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdrbe-09-2012-0030.
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Purpose – This paper aims to explore the world of insurances as rites of adaptancy and resiliency before risk and disasters. The research on risks, both perceived and real, has become a frequent theme of academic research in the recent past. Design/methodology/approach – The information given by the superintendencia de Seguros de Buenos Aires involves 100 per cent of the insurances companies of Argentina. The reading of insurance demands corresponds with a new method in the studies of risks. Findings – Using advanced probability theory and quantitative techniques, risk management researchers have been able to construct sophisticated mathematical-statistical models of risk. Research limitations/implications – However, the relation between anticipated risks and insurance purchase behaviour has not received sufficient attention. In the present study, starting from the premise that societies may be studied by examining their fears, the authors posit that these fears are represented in the insurance premiums people buy for being protected. Originality/value – Insurance purchase behaviour at any particular point in time is a measure of what a society considers to be risky at that time and is a key source of information for tourism managers.
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Mirjalil, Iskandarov Abdurasul. "AGRICULTURAL RISK INSURANCE." European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Management Studies 02, no. 09 (September 1, 2022): 56–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.55640/eijmrms-02-09-12.
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Agriculture is a sector facing many risks. Agricultural risks have become the object of many scientific studies as a result of their direct impact on the food security of the state and thereby the standard of living of the population. Agricultural risks have their own characteristics. Also, the classification of agricultural risks is specific to industry risks. The article considers two main principles of risk classification and proposes a classification model based on the principle of grouping.
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BILETSKA, L. M. "LEGAL SECURITY OF INSURANCE." Law and Society, no. 5 (2022): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.32842/2078-3736/2022.5.11.
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Ramoutar, Richard S. "The Effects of Insurances, Pensions and Mutual Funds on Economic Growth." Journal of Economics and Public Finance 6, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): p17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jepf.v6n1p17.
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Earlier studies on the impact of the insurance sectors activities on economic growth have largely failed. To examine the financial development market interaction of pensions and mutual funds linkages, through which insurance assets affects economic growth. This study re-examines the impact of life insurance premium volume, non-life insurance premium volume, insurance company assets, pension fund assets and mutual fund assets on economic growth. Using panel data of 33 countries over the period 2000-2016. The study applied the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model in panel setting using the PMG (Pooled Mean Group) and MG (Mean Group) estimators in this analysis. The study findings indicate that cointegration exists among all series and that insurances and mutual funds stimulate economic growth in both the short and long run.
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Kislingerová, Sofia, and Jindřich Špička. "Factors Influencing the Take-Up of Agricultural Insurance and the Entry into the Mutual Fund: A Case Study of the Czech Republic." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 15, no. 8 (August 16, 2022): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15080366.
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The objective of the study was to identify the main factors influencing farmers’ willingness to take up agricultural insurance and participate in a mutual fund for non-insurable risks in the Czech Republic. Responses from 214 representative farms were processed using descriptive statistics, paired t-tests, binary logistic regression, and contingency analysis. The regression model showed the influences of agricultural area, distrust in insurance companies, the probability of losing more than 20% of production, the price of insurance premiums, and having a developed formal strategy on the likelihood of taking up agricultural insurance. Unlike previous empirical studies, this study did not attempt to look at agricultural insurance as an isolated risk management tool but rather to show the interrelationship between farmers’ decisions to join a mutual fund and their choice of agricultural insurance. Farmers expect most agricultural production risks to become significantly more important. With the ongoing economic crisis in the EU, there is growing pressure to reduce ad hoc public spending on coverage of non-insurable risks and to seek alternative solutions. The study also shows the need for a holistic approach to the design of risk management support systems in EU countries.
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Barszowski, Sebastian. "The comparison of selected legal aspects of insurance products on the Polish and British markets." Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica 77 (December 30, 2016): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0208-6069.77.07.
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Author of this thesis has undertaken the research about Polish and English legal system and regulations that are essential for insurance market. This topic is not very popular in literature, because it is hard to find the comparison of Polish and English regulations that establish the conditions on which third party liability vehicle insurance contracts are concluded. That issue is very important to determine the level of development of the Polish insurance market. Before 1989 insurance market in Poland was monopolized by two companies. So it could be said that it is rather young, and may be less developed than English. The aim of that thesis has been achieved. The studies show that there are several significant differences in Polish and English legal system, but regulations do not follow changes of the insurance market in both countries. At the beginning of the thesis the author presented history of risk management and insurances. Next moved to analysis of legal regulations that are essential for compulsory vehicle insurance in Poland and England.
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Meiners, Mark R., Hunter L. McKay, and Kevin J. Mahoney. "Partnership Insurance." Journal of Aging & Social Policy 14, no. 3-4 (December 29, 2002): 75–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j031v14n03_05.
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Lehtonen, Turo-Kimmo. "Picturing How Life Insurance Matters." Journal of Cultural Economy 7, no. 3 (February 14, 2014): 308–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17530350.2013.869503.
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Landini, Sara. "Green Motor Insurance." European Energy and Environmental Law Review 23, Issue 5 (September 1, 2014): 198–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2014017.
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Several Studies indicate ecodriving as a strategy to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The word ecodriving commonly indicates the combination of some driving techniques and style of driving. Insurers can represent an instrument to improve ecodriving. Some important actuarial studies done in the last 10 years indicate a direct connection between efficient drivers and those drivers with fewer preventable accidents. So ecodriving can have a direct concern for insurers. In the global market of motor insurance it is possible to find examples of green insurance policies providing discount for eco-drivers. In some case premiums are based directly on how much it is driven during the policy term. Premiums are calculated taking in to account the following factors: vehicle-mile, vehicle-kilometer or vehicle-minute. We intend to focus attention to the ecological function of such policies, to some related juridical problems and to possible solutions.
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Żylak, Danuta, Andrzej Hadzik, Jakub Ryśnik, and Rajmund Tomik. "INSURANCE PRODUCTS AS PROTECTION TOOLS AGAINST THE RISK IN SPORT TOURISM: POLISH AND CROATIAN CASE STUDIES." Folia Turistica 43 (June 30, 2017): 85–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.7813.
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Purpose. The purpose of the article is to assess travel insurance as a method of protection against the risk of sport tourism on the basis of a review of insurance products on the Polish and Croatian markets with emphasis on those prepared for practicing biking tourism. Method. A review of the literature and comparative analysis of the existing range of insurance products within both markets. Findings. The revue was focused on selected insurance products of leading insurance companies on the Polish and Croatian markets. The overview of available insurance products in the field of active tourism is an indication of effective protection against the risk for people taking up endeavors other than those which are considered everyday activities. Research and conclusion limitations. There is no definition of travel insurance in the Polish literature, but it is insurance aimed at satisfying the financial needs arising from the implementation of risk-taking activity for the entity. Empirical studies include leading insurers on the markets mentioned above within their scope of travel insurance offers for active sport tourism. Practical implications. Increasing the forethought of insurance for tourists through awareness of risk and the available insurance coverage. Originality. The paper concerns the important issue of protection against the risk in active sport tourism. It should be emphasized that the Croatian tourist market provides diversified sources of risk financing and insurance which is judged to be the most important method of financing risk in tourism. A comparative analysis of the Polish and Croatian was chosen due to the attractiveness of both countries in terms of tourism resources and intensive economic cooperation in the tourism sector. Type of paper. A combination of an overview with empirical studies.
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Kajwang, Ben. "THE ROLE AND OPPORTUNITIES OF INSURANCE IN ROBOTICS INDUSTRY." International Journal of Technology and Systems 7, no. 1 (September 3, 2022): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/ijts.1629.
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Purpose: The study examined the role and opportunities of insurance in robotics industry.
Methodology: The research methodology used in this study was based on a critical literature review of available studies on insurance and robotics industry in different countries across the world. This research method was preferred since it is quite reliable, cost-saving and time-saving as compared to primary research methods. This study relied more on online journals, articles and published work from libraries since they provide easy access to secondary information/data.
Findings: Generally, the researcher noted that most of the studies failed to explain the role of insurance in the robotics industry but emphasized more on the opportunities of insurance in the robotics industry. The results revealed that the reviewed studies had conceptual and contextual gaps. This is because some studies discussed on a specific line of insurance firm or a different firm other than insurance but has adopted the digital innovations in the robotics industry. While other studies discussed more on the effects or impacts of application of RPA in the insurance firms which is a resultant outcome or benefit but failed to clearly outline the role and opportunities of insurance in the insurance industry.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: This study will be of great importance to the management teams in the insurance industry by providing good insights on the available opportunities in the robotics industry that insurance firms can benefit from. On the other hand, policymakers in the insurance sector will be benefit from this study since it explains on the key role that policymakers and insurance regulatory authorities play in the adoption of RPA in the insurance firms. This will help them in implementing better policies that promote technological developments in the insurance sector. Further, the study will also be of academic value to the researchers and scholars by adding more insights to the knowledge base of insurance and robotics industry since its generally still scarce. The identified research gaps from the reviewed studies will also motivate the researchers and scholars to carry out more studies on insurance and robotics industry. Especially on the role of insurance in the robotics industry which stood out as the main research gap in this study.
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Kurylo, Volodymyr, Lyudmyla Kurylo, Yaroslav Zhovnirchyk, Yevgen Kartashov, and Sergii Sokol. "The development of the insurance market of Ukraine amid the global trends in insurance." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 14, no. 1 (May 8, 2017): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.14(1-1).2017.07.
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The insurance market of Ukraine is a part of the global economic environment, which brings together national insurance markets around the world. The paper studies the functioning of the insurance market of Ukraine taking into account the latest trends in the world economy. It notes an extremely small volume of premiums, insufficient coverage of the population and business entities. It is emphasized that the main attention of the experts of the insurance market of Ukraine is focused on its reaction to the annexation of the Crimea and the military conflict in Donbas. It identifies trends, conditions and development factors of the Ukrainian insurance market, as well as its prospects and the role of Ukraine on the global insurance market.
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Akhvlediany, Yu T. "Insurance Market Transformation in Conditions of Digitalization." Vestnik of the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, no. 3 (May 31, 2021): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2413-2829-2021-3-5-11.
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Digital technologies foster intensification of transformation processes on insurance market. Insurance market development depends on efficient introduction of digital insurance technologies, which give an opportunity to compete with global innovation technologies providing information security on global space. The article studies acute issues of insurance market development in conditions of digital technologies. On the basis of digital insurance analysis the article shows importance of further introduction of digital technologies into insurance industry in order to raise quality of insured’ protection and to develop insurance business in digital economy. The authors came to the conclusion that digital insurance is a result of the stable and effective development of finance market. Factors influencing insurance market development were identified, the impact of COVID-19 epidemic on insurance industry was demonstrated and acute types of insurance in these conditions were studied. The role of finance theory and insurance education in insurance market transformation was described as well as the necessity of system upgrading of education technologies.
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Olurotimi, Ogunwale, Ikpefan Ochei, Isibor Areghan, Achugamonu Uzoma, Folashade Owolabi, Osuma Godswill, and Adebayo Mercy. "Mergers, Acquisitions, and Corporate Financial Performance in the Financial Technology Inclined Quoted Insurance Companies in Nigeria." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS 18 (May 7, 2021): 838–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23207.2021.18.79.
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The research empirically examines effect of Mergers and Acquisitions on Corporate Financial success of Quoted Insurance Companies in Nigeria. It has become expedient in the face of the drastic increase in Mergers and Acquisitions activity in recent decades and the fact that there has been very little empirical evidence of positive wealth effects and particularly the success of M&A in the insurance sector. This has arisen because most studies in Nigeria have rather focused on the banking sector. Data was obtained from Quoted Insurance Companies from 2003 to 2016 and the Regression Techniques were employed in the study. The result indicated that there exists a positive effect of M&A on Corporate Financial Performance of Insurance Companies. It revealed that a unit increase in merger led to about 4% increase in the Corporate Financial Performance of the merged firms. In effect, a unit increase in Earnings after Merger actually led to about 8% increase in the Corporate Financial Performance of the same firms. The study hereby recommend that Insurance Companies should look at issues of Claims settlement, Product Development and Branding while the National Insurance Commission (NAICOM) should look into the education of insurable clients as well as appropriate polices that would drive Insurance penetration in Nigeria.
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Roberts, Celia, and Srikant Sarangi. "Third party insurance?" Communication and Medicine 15, no. 2 (March 14, 2020): 191–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/cam.38675.
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This paper deals with general practice consultations where there is a third party present, as a companion, to support the patient and act as a mediator between doctor and patient. Our study contrasts with most, but by no means all, of the studies on interpreting, which (1) focus on a transmission of information model in professional interpreting, (2) do not address monolingual mediated consultations where the third person is a carer and/or (3) do not address issues of trust and feelings which can characterise consultations mediated by family members. The data for this paper is drawn from a Londonbased project: Patients with Limited English and Doctors in General Practice: Educational Issues (PLEDGE). Using Goffman’s participant framework and aspects of narrative performance, we propose a cline of mediation, which can be mapped onto the structure of the clinical consultation – as evidenced through two case studies. The analysis indicates that consultations with companions that act as lay interpreters have more in common with monolingual triadic consultations than with professionally interpreted consultations. The shifts in role-relationships and alignments between the three participants subvert their official position to produce a remarkable intimacy and collaboration, while often subduing but sometimes amplifying the patient’s voice. There are implications of our findings both for family carers as mediators and for primary care health providers.
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Wise, William. "Life insurance company efficiency: best method and proxies." Insurance Markets and Companies 9, no. 1 (May 10, 2018): 6–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ins.09(1).2018.02.
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Life insurance is a very important segment of the economy of most countries as demonstrated by the investments, premium revenue and numbers employed. Hence, it is paramount to determine accurately how well life insurance companies (LICs) perform and how viable they are for the benefit of both other industries and national economies.Three papers that investigate LIC efficiency directly analyze how efficiency affects LIC profits. One critical feature is that they show that the inefficiency of LICs can greatly affect their (financial) outcome and ultimately their survivorship. Thus, said research clearly indicates that life insurer efficiency is a crucial area to investigate and assess and that it could greatly enhance the ability to properly monitor and inspect the life insurers.This article co-ordinates information regarding life insurance efficiency studies to help researchers learn which approaches, methods and output/input proxies to use. While some papers do so for some of the aspects that are important and necessary for life insurance efficiency studies, this is the first to deal with said aspects together. More specifically, this paper especially considers and evaluates the different methods and output proxies used in life insurance efficiency studies, as they seem to be the elements where the most disagreement exists between researchers. In addition, this article is unique in examining how input (proxy) prices are used in life insurance efficiency studies.
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Avtandil Lapachi, Avtandil Lapachi, and Akaki Nikolaishvili Akaki Nikolaishvili. "SWOT Analysis of Agricultural Insurance Development in Georgia." Economics 105, no. 03 (April 15, 2022): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/ecs105/3/2022-165.
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Based on rich literary sources and statistical materials, the article discusses the issues of agro-insurance in the framework of the government support program in Georgia, studies the problems of farmers' involvement and proposes measures to overcome them. The strengths and weaknesses of agro-insurance, its opportunities and dangers are studied, ie the analysis is done. According to which, the main drawback of agricultural insurance is its underdevelopment and imperfection, which means that it is necessary with the joint active participation of the state and agricultural insurers, even more activity in raising the awareness of farmers, because the development and improvement of agricultural insurance is inevitable. Is the direction. Keywords: Agricultural Insurance, Farmer, Insurer, Insurance Company, Insurance Risk, State Program, State Subsidy, Strengths and Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats.
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Mei, T. S. "Insurance in Between: A Critique of Liability Insurance and its Principles." Literature and Theology 21, no. 1 (March 1, 2007): 82–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/litthe/frl063.
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Frame, David E. "Insurance and Community Welfare." Journal of Urban Economics 49, no. 2 (March 2001): 267–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/juec.2000.2191.
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Kiwanuka, Archillies, and Athenia Bongani Sibindi. "Insurance Literacy: Significance of Its Dimensions for Insurance Inclusion in Uganda." Economies 11, no. 2 (January 17, 2023): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies11020033.
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The aim of the study was to establish the significance of the individual components of insurance literacy—knowledge, skills, attitude and behaviour—in explaining insurance inclusion in Uganda. The study was correlational and cross-sectional by design. Hence, 400 responses were obtained from individuals who enrolled for insurance. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis was adopted to test the predictive power of the dimensions of insurance literacy on insurance inclusion in Uganda. Before performing correlational and regression analyses, the study variables were tested for parametric assumptions, convergent and discriminant validity, common method variance and exploratory factors. The results of the study revealed that knowledge, skills and attitude significantly and positively predicted insurance inclusion in Uganda. Contrary to prior studies, behaviour was found to have an insignificant positive influence on insurance inclusion in Uganda. Overall, the individual components of insurance literacy explained 38.5% of the variation in insurance inclusion in Uganda. Notably, the current study contributes to the nascent literature on insurance literacy and insurance inclusion. Earlier studies have ignored the insurance component of financial inclusion. The originality of this study lies in that it is the first to examine the significance of the individual dimensions of insurance literacy towards explaining insurance inclusion. The implication of this study is that policymakers should consider insurance literacy in national financial inclusion strategies and financial literacy programmes in order to foster insurance inclusion.
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Zawisza, Sławomir, and Paweł Kasprowicz. "PROPERTY INSURANCE IN AGRICULTURE ON THE EXAMPLE OF DOBRCZ COMMUNE." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XX, no. 6 (December 10, 2018): 267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7772.
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The purpose of the study was an analysis of non-life insurance in agriculture on the example of the Dobrcz municipality. The studies were performed in March 2017. 40 randomly selected people participated in the study. Buying up compulsory and voluntary insurance has been analyzed. The purpose of executed study was also to show the most frequently chosen insurance companies and their offer. The study allowed to diagnose the level of farmers’ satisfaction with chosen insurance. Compulsory and voluntary non-life insurance bring with them certain advantages. It’s seen by farmers, who increasingly buy voluntary insurance in addiction to compulsory insurance. This was also the case in the studied municipality in which compulsory insurance is used by 100% of participants, whereas voluntary insurance by 40%. Awareness of insurance using farmers is increasing, because they know, that in case of the occurrence of an undesirable occurrence, they have certain backup and source of cash. This in turn is associated with the satisfaction of participants with the services of insurance companies.
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Syahputra, Angga, and Devi Nurtiyasari. "Challenges and Development Strategy of Sharia Insurance in an Era of Economic Disruption." Equilibrium: Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah 9, no. 2 (December 16, 2021): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.21043/equilibrium.v9i2.10670.
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<p><em>The presence of Islamic insurance is an alternative to avoid conventional insurance, which is considered to have elements of usury, maytsir, gharar and zholim. In the era of economic disruption, Islamic insurance players and customers are waiting for the government's strategic policies as regulators and facilitators. The formulation of a sharia insurance development strategy policy begins with analyzing the obstacles to developing sharia insurance in Indonesia. These constraints mean that the number of sharia insurance customers in Indonesia is not maximal. These obstacles include the lack of socialization and promotion, inadequate use of technology, lack of product and service development, lack of knowledge, and the existence of conventional insurance. Based on these constraints, strategies for developing sharia insurance in Indonesia that can be carried out include maximizing socialization and promotion, maximizing the use of technology, developing products and services, increasing literacy, and market penetration. This research aims to analyze Islamic insurance's constraints and development strategies using a mathematical method, namely the Analytic Network Process (ANP) method so that scientific studies support policy recommendations. Furthermore, in this study, the ANP method was adopted in a survey design involving several respondents. The heterogeneity of the assessments of some respondents is expected to provide a more rational alternative. The analysis results using the ANP method are priority constraints to get more attention and priority strategies that can be used to formulate policies to make them more focused.</em></p>
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Kajwang, Ben. "INSURANCE OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES IN AN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE SOCIETY." European Journal of Technology 6, no. 3 (September 3, 2022): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/ejt.1180.
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Purpose: The study examined the insurance opportunities and challenges in an Artificial Intelligence society.
Methodology: This study relied on a critical review of previous academic studies on Artificial Intelligence and the insurance industry between 2017 and 2022. This method was chosen since it is more reliable, economical, and efficient in terms of time and resources. In addition, the researcher opted to use recent studies since they provide more updated information on the AI technologies that have significant impact on the insurance industry.
Findings: The results of the study revealed that the reviewed studies consisted of contextual and conceptual gaps. This is because some of the studies did not target insurance companies but other companies hence the findings may not be applicable to the insurance industry. In addition, most of these studies discussed the insurance opportunities and benefits at in depth, but failed to discuss on the challenges that insurance firms face in an artificial intelligence society.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The findings of this study will be relevant to the main players in the insurance industry. The management team of the insurance companies will have a better understanding of how the various AI technologies are adopted to the different insurance operations so as to improve business efficiency. The study has also been able to outline the main challenge that the insurance sector experience in the adoption of AI, this will encourage the management to consider investing in training programmes so as to improve the skills of their employees. On the other hand, the policymakers will also benefit from this study when developing better legal frameworks that promote the adoption of AI. Further, the study will also be useful academically to researchers and scholars by expanding the body of information on insurance and artificial intelligence, which is still scarce. The reviewed studies' highlighted research gaps that can also inspire researchers and scholars to conduct additional research on artificial intelligence and insurance. In particular, the study's key research gap on the insurance challenge experienced in an artificial intelligence society.
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Kajwang, Ben. "CHALLENGES FACING THE ADOPTION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF WEATHER INDEXED INSURANCE BY INSURANCE FIRMS." Journal of Agricultural Policy 5, no. 1 (August 3, 2022): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/jap.973.
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Purpose: The study assessed the challenges facing the adoption and implementation of weather indexed insurance by insurance firms
Methodology: This was accomplished through the use of a desktop literature review. The use of Google Scholar was utilized in order to locate seminal references and journal articles that were pertinent to the study. In order to meet the inclusion criteria, the papers had to be no more than ten years old.
Findings: Using a certain weather parameter, a specific weather station, and a predetermined length of time, Weather Index Insurance is calculated. To avoid crop losses, the insurance might be constructed to cover against index realizations that are predicted to be too high or low. Pilots and feasibility studies have indicated that while the weather index product appears to be a boon, there are numerous hurdles or downsides to weather index products. Because of this, we set out to find out what obstacles insurance companies may face in implementing weather-indexed insurance. Index insurance's biggest flaw is its exposure to basis risk. In addition, weather-related risks exhibit characteristics that frequently contravene classical insurance rules. Drought and other slow-developing meteorological hazards, such as floods, can have a systemic effect since they are regionally connected. As a result, actuarial ratemaking becomes more challenging because of the increased volatility of meteorological variables and non-stationary loss distributions. Third, a lack of yield and weather data makes it difficult to estimate loss distributions accurately. Some farmers may not comprehend weather index insurance and hence not buy it, and a significant number of farmers may also require a subsidy if they want to get weather insurance.
Unique contribution of theory, practice and policy: Crop insurance companies can benefit from approaches like time diversification, local test procedures, and the addition of expert knowledge to observational data, as well as mechanisms like supporting insurance market development as a means of facilitating adaptation. In addition, better training on weather index insurance and regular communication are required.
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Warto, Warto, and Sabik Khumaini. "Analisis Hasil Investasi Dana Asuransi Jiwa Syariah di Indonesia Periode 2014-2021." Al Maal: Journal of Islamic Economics and Banking 4, no. 1 (July 30, 2022): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31000/almaal.v4i1.6651.
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This paper aims to analysis the management of Islamic Life Insurance funds in Indonesia. From the OJK report, it was found that the investment returns of Sharia Life Insurance funds often experience losses, even though when viewed from the assets and investment value they have the highest interest compared to Sharia General Insurance and Sharia Reinsurance. The data in this study were obtained from OJK and the financial statements of Indonesian Sharia Insurance companies. This research uses quantitative method. The results of the study indicate that the main factor causing investment losses in Sharia Life Insurance funds is the placement of funds, which is dominated by the Capital Market sector, which accounts for 80% of the total investment. Total investment losses during the period 2014-2021 amounted to Rp.-42,713 billion. Total profit is Rp. 61,656 billion. So the total return on investment during this period is Rp. 18,943 billion of the total investment of Rp. 2.485 trillion or only 1%. The solution is that Sharia Life Insurance companies need to look for alternative financing sectors other than the Capital Market.
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Liu, Tao, and Li Sun. "Maternity Insurance in China." Asian Women 31, no. 4 (December 31, 2015): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14431/aw.2015.12.31.4.23.
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Kharel, Khom Raj. "Contribution of Insurance Business In Nepal." Economic Journal of Nepal 42, no. 3-4 (December 31, 2019): 54–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ejon.v42i3-4.36038.
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This study aims to find the contribution of insurance business in Nepalese economy. The insurance sector is assumed to be an infrastructural pillar of the financial sector of the economy. The role of insurance business has been growing importance in financial intermediation, which has received less attention than bank and stock markets. The ultimate goal of insurance business is to provide security to insurance industry according to national need by protecting all classes of the society from natural and social risks while embracing the globally accepted insurance norms. There has been significant contribution of insurance business boosting economic development of Nepal. The objective of the study is to investigate insurance business and examine its contribution on financial resources mobilizations in Nepal. For this theoretical analysis, different research studies have studied to draw the fundamental issues of insurance business in the economy. The simple statistical tools have been applied to analyze the collected data. Furthermore the findings of the study emphasize the development of insurance business and its contribution in mobilizing financial resources needs to be paid more attention in financial sector analysis and macroeconomic policy.
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Yeung, Ryan, Bradley Gunton, Dylan Kalbacher, Jed Seltzer, and Hannah Wesolowski. "Can Health Insurance Reduce School Absenteeism?" Education and Urban Society 43, no. 6 (September 13, 2010): 696–721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013124510381379.
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Enacted in 1997, the State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) represented the largest expansion of U.S. public health care coverage since the passage of Medicare and Medicaid 32 years earlier. Although the program has recently been reauthorized, there remains a considerable lack of thorough and well-designed evaluations of the program. In this study, we use school attendance as a measure of the program’s impact. Utilizing state-level data and the use of fixed-effects regression techniques, we conclude that SCHIP has had a positive and significant effect on state average daily attendance rates, as measured by both SCHIP participation and eligibility rates. The results support the renewal and expansion of the program.
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Schweitzer, Jeremy, Nathan Fairman, Kristin Schreyer, and Kenneth Waxman. "Appendicitis, 2002: Relationship between Payors and Outcome." American Surgeon 69, no. 10 (October 2003): 902–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313480306901017.
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As the status of health-care insurance changes in the United States, studies have indicated that uninsured patients are less likely to receive timely and quality health care. Previous studies of appendicitis have shown that insurance status may effect the stage of presentation and outcome. However, these studies were based on databases lacking information regarding stage of presentation, timeliness of diagnosis and treatment, and character of hospitalization (length of stay, duration of antibiotic therapy, hospital costs). We accomplished a case control study, retrospective analysis of 975 patients treated for acute appendicitis between January 1996 and December 1999. Times to operation, number of preoperative outpatient visits, number of studies, severity of presentation, length of antibiotics and hospital stay, and hospital costs were analyzed [analysis of variance (ANOVA) techniques, P < 0.05 significant]. We sought answers to the following: (1) Did insurance status affect the timeliness of diagnosis and treatment? (2) Did insurance status affect the stage of presentation? (3) Did insurance status affect hospitalization, as measured by length of stay, duration of antibiotic therapy, and hospital costs? (4) Did age affect outcome independent of insurance status? There were no correlations between insurance status and timeliness of diagnosis or severity of presentation. Length of stay and hospital costs were also not different between insurance categories. Pediatric patients (<12 years old) and the elderly (>65 years old) presented with more advanced appendicitis, independent of insurance category. In contrast to previously published data, the treatment of acute appendicitis is not affected by insurance coverage in the sample community. Age and timeliness of presentation were the only factors correlating to outcomes.
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Kajwang, Ben. "INSURANCE OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES IN A CRYPTO CURRENCY WORLD." International Journal of Technology and Systems 7, no. 1 (August 18, 2022): 72–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/ijts.1620.
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Purpose: The study analysed the insurance opportunities and challenges in a cryptocurrency world.
Materials and Methods: The research methodology used in this study consisted of a systematic literature review of previous studies from different scholars, that have discussed on insurance opportunities and challenges in the cryptocurrency world or research topic related to the study topic. This research method was preferred since it is quite reliable, cost-saving and time-saving as compared to primary research methods. This study relied more on online journals, articles and published work from libraries since they provide easy access to secondary information/data.
Results: The results indicated that the reviewed studies had conceptual and contextual gaps. This is because most of them discussed on blockchain technology and smart contracts as the only components in the cryptocurrency market that insurance firms have tapped into. In addition, some of these studies have discussed on the opportunities and challenges in the real estate market and healthcare systems or a specific type of insurance firm rather than the bigger picture of the insurance industry.
Unique contribution to the theory, practice and policy: The theories discussed in this study will be beneficial to the researchers and scholars since it gives a better understanding on the application of these theories to insurance and the cryptocurrency world. The researchers and scholars will also find this study relevant considering that studies on insurance opportunities and challenges in a cryptocurrency world are quite scarce. This study will provide a good literature base for their studies. Moreover, the identified research gaps in this study will act as a motivation to the different researchers and scholars to conduct more studies on related topics, thus bridging the research gaps on insurance opportunities and challenges in a cryptocurrency world. The study will provide a better understanding to the management of the insurance companies, on how they can invest on the various opportunities available in the cryptocurrency market. Further, the policymakers in the insurance industry will also benefit from the discussion on challenges that arise from adoption of blockchain technology and smart contract, as they implement various policies that promote growth of the insurance industry.
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Weedige, Ouyang, Gao, and Liu. "Decision Making in Personal Insurance: Impact of Insurance Literacy." Sustainability 11, no. 23 (November 29, 2019): 6795. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11236795.
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Financial illiteracy and underinsurance have been revealed to be critical issues in the financial sustainability and well-being of families. However, studies show that financial literacy does not necessarily translate to insurance literacy, and more specialized education can improve insurance literacy. Little is known about the impact of insurance illiteracy on the inclination to seek and retain insurance. Considering this gap, our study aimed to investigate the direct and indirect effect of consumers’ insurance literacy on purchasing decisions of personal insurance. The study sample consists of middle-class consumers in Sri Lanka. A total of 300 valid questionnaires were collected and analyzed using a variance-based structural equation modeling. The results revealed that insurance literacy directly, and through its mediators of trust, perceived benefits, and favorable attitudes towards insurance, impacts the behavioral intention, significantly and positively. The cognition-based trust affected the purchase intention only through its mediators. Additionally, there is a significant difference between those who are having and not having insurance in terms of insurance literacy, trustfulness, and perceived value of insurance. This study is relatively a pioneer study, and findings will be of great interest to academicians and policymakers to encourage personal insurance as a tool in achieving financial security and well-being
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Awojobi, Oladayo Nathaniel. "Social Health Insurance in Africa: Lesson from Ghana." Health Economics and Management Review 2, no. 3 (2021): 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/hem.2021.3-01.
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This paper discusses social health insurance, healthcare utilization, financial protection and quality of care. The primary purpose of the research is to provide an overview of evidence from up-to-date studies about the effects of Ghana’s Social Health Insurance Scheme on improving access to healthcare, reducing financial hardship, and providing quality care for the insured. Systematization of the literary sources indicates that healthcare costs hinder poor people from accessing healthcare services when needed. Social health insurance is one intervention used to support individuals to access healthcare services irrespective of their socioeconomic status. The methodological basis of this study is a systematic literature review through the searches of PubMed and Google Scholar databases. The author included studies that assessed the effects of SHI on financial protection, access to healthcare and quality of care. He also excluded studies with limitations that will hinder the reliability of the review’s findings. The author screened, extracted data and cross-checked the extracted data. The systematic review presents the results of an empirical analysis, which identified 209 articles and included 14 studies in this review: financial protection (7 studies), healthcare utilization (4 studies) and quality of care (4 studies). Among these studies, one study reported both utilization and financial protection. These studies were published between 2014 and 2020. social health insurance provides strong evidence of a positive impact on improving access to healthcare and protecting insurees against financial hardship. However, most insured people were not satisfied with the quality of care from the social health insurance providers. The results of this review remain relevant to policymakers, especially in developing countries where social insurance is not available for poor and vulnerable people. With the political will and determination, social health insurance is possible in any developing country.
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Richterková, Zuzana, and Petr Koráb. "Impact of insurance sector activity on economic growth – A meta-analysis." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 61, no. 7 (2013): 2677–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361072677.
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The aim of this study is to compute the overall effect size concerning the impact of insurance sector activity on economic growth. The connection of insurance activity and economic growth has been a widely investigated topic due to numerous papers and research attempts performed so far. The results, however, often differ among individual studies. Therefore a comprehensive analysis of the significance of causality from insurance activity, measured by insurance premium, to business cycle fluctuation, is well-required. Using 10 published and unpublished studies, we conduct a meta-analysis of the literature on the impact of insurance activity on economic growth. Insurance premium is taken as the measure of insurance activity. The combined significance test of individual t-statistics is employed. The calculation of the effect size allows understand the true effect relying on synthesis of so far published research with significantly higher amount of observations and better precision. Our results confirm positive effect of insurance activity on economic growth and are particularly important for policy makers who set the policy towards subjects in the insurance market.
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Hoxha, Ilir, Lamprini Syrogiannouli, Medina Braha, David C. Goodman, Bruno R. da Costa, and Peter Jüni. "Caesarean sections and private insurance: systematic review and meta-analysis." BMJ Open 7, no. 8 (August 2017): e016600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016600.
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ObjectiveFinancial incentives associated with private insurance may encourage healthcare providers to perform more caesarean sections. We therefore sought to determine the association of private insurance and odds of caesarean section.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.Data sourcesMEDLINE, Embase and The Cochrane Library from the first year of records through August 2016.Eligibility criteriaWe included studies that reported data to allow the calculation of OR of caesarean section of privately insured as compared with publicly insured women.OutcomesThe prespecified primary outcome was the adjusted OR of births delivered by caesarean section of women covered with private insurance as compared with women covered with public insurance. The prespecified secondary outcome was the crude OR of births delivered by caesarean section of women covered with private insurance as compared with women covered with public insurance.ResultsEighteen articles describing 21 separate studies in 12.9 million women were included in this study. In a meta-analysis of 13 studies, the adjusted odds of delivery by caesarean section was 1.13 higher among privately insured women as compared with women with public insurance coverage (95% CI 1.07 to 1.18) with no relevant heterogeneity between studies (τ2=0.006). The meta-analysis of crude estimates from 12 studies revealed a somewhat more pronounced association (pooled OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.27 to 1.44) with no relevant heterogeneity between studies (τ2=0.011).ConclusionsCaesarean sections are more likely to be performed in privately insured women as compared with women using public health insurance coverage. Although this effect is small on average and variable in its magnitude, it is present in all analyses we performed.
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Pavić Kramarić, Tomislava, Maja Pervan, and Marijana Ćurak. "Determinants of Croatian Non-Life Insurance Companies’ Efficiency." Croatian operational research review 13, no. 2 (December 22, 2022): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17535/crorr.2022.0011.
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Although a relatively large number of studies have been focused on evaluating the efficiency of insurance companies from different aspects, analysis of factors that determine the achieved level of insurers’ efficiency is still in their inception. While these studies primarily encompass insurance companies operating in developed insurance markets, such research based on the sample of Croatian non-life insurers does not exist. Therefore, this paper is focused on the efficiency drivers of the insurance companies that operate in the Croatian non-life insurance market. The research is based on data for 18 insurance companies in the period from 2009 to 2021. Applying Data envelopment analysis (DEA) and Truncated regression, the research results show that age and ownership influence the efficiency of non-life insurance companies in Croatia, while the companies’ size, leverage, and product diversification are not confirmed as significant determinants of the efficiency.
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Frame, David E. "Housing, Natural Hazards, and Insurance." Journal of Urban Economics 44, no. 1 (July 1998): 93–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/juec.1997.2061.
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Kousky, Carolyn. "The Role of Natural Disaster Insurance in Recovery and Risk Reduction." Annual Review of Resource Economics 11, no. 1 (October 5, 2019): 399–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-100518-094028.
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Natural disaster losses have been increasing worldwide. Insurance is thought to play a critical role in improving resilience to these events by both promoting recovery and providing incentives for investments in hazard mitigation. This review first examines the functioning of disaster insurance markets broadly and then turns to reviewing empirical studies on the role of natural disaster insurance in recovery and the impacts of disaster insurance on incentives for ex ante hazard mitigation and land use. Rigorous empirical work on these topics is limited. The work that has been done suggests that insurance coverage does improve recovery outcomes, but impacts on risk reduction may be modest. More studies comparing outcomes across insured and uninsured properties are needed, particularly for better understanding the role of insurance in climate adaptation.
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Kajwang, Ben. "INFLUENCE OF MACROECONOMIC FACTORS ON THE GROWTH OF THE INSURANCE INDUSTRY." International Journal of Economics 7, no. 1 (August 3, 2022): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/ijecon.1600.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of macroeconomic factors on the growth of insurance industry in Kenya.
Materials and Methods: The main research approach used in this study relied on review of previous studies related to the study topic. This involves the use of secondary data obtained from institution records, government publications, historical and statistical records etc. This type of data is frequently chosen since it can be conveniently accessed and reduces the need for field research. Therefore, this study will rely heavily on already published studies, journals and annual records of insurance companies in Kenya to obtain secondary data that will be used to draw the results, conclusion and recommendations of the study.
Findings: The findings from the empirical studies were found to have conceptual, contextual and geographical gaps. This is because most of these studies discussed on either internal factors or both internal and macroeconomic factors influencing the performance or profitability of insurance companies. The findings of these studies were also limited to a few measures of growth of insurance firms. In addition, most of the empirical studies were not carried out in Kenya. Hence, the findings of these studies may differ due to the different governing systems used by different countries that also affect the operations of insurance companies.
Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: This study will be of great benefit to the different stakeholders in the insurance sector in Kenya. The management of the insurance companies will gain a broad understanding of the numerous macroeconomic factors and how they impact the performance and profitability of insurance firms. The policymakers in the insurance industry will also benefit from the suggestions and recommendations given on measures and policies that can be used to reduce the adverse effects of macroeconomic factors on the growth of the insurance industry. The findings of the study can also be used as a reference point to identify the macroeconomic factors that have a positive influence and those with a negative influence on the development of the insurance industry. Further, this study will also be relevant to the different researchers and academicians since the study's findings will be incorporated into their body of literature and act as a basis for their empirical studies. On the other hand, the scholars may also be motivated to carry out additional research in order to improve on the theories used in this study and fill any identified research gaps.
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Squires, Gregory D. "Racial Profiling, Insurance Style: Insurance Redlining and the Uneven Development of Metropolitan Areas." Journal of Urban Affairs 25, no. 4 (November 2003): 391–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9906.t01-1-00168.
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Pittman, Todd C. "Rejoinder to Racial Profiling, Insurance Style: A Spirited Defense of the Insurance Industry." Journal of Urban Affairs 25, no. 4 (November 2003): 411–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9906.t01-1-00169.
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Zainal Ariffin, Zailin, Azizul Yadi Yaakop, Norsuhada Isa, Siti Sarah Omar, Nor Khasimah Aliman, and Ramraini Ali Hassan. "Service Quality as Drivers of Customer Loyalty and Intention to Switch: Modeling the Mediating Effect of Customer Satisfation." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.21 (August 8, 2018): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.21.17092.
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The following study examines relationship of service quality, customer satisfaction, customer loyalty and consumers’ intentions to switch among finance and insurances consumers in Klang Valley area. Although many researchers have studied of service quality, customer satisfaction, customer loyalty and intention to switch, limited studies explore customer satisfaction as mediating role in the model. The present study proposes SERVQUAL model as indicator to determine the customer satisfaction among finance and insurances consumer. Stratified random sampling technique will be employed in the present study. Data collected also will be analyzed using the Smart PLS (Partial Least Square) to answer the hypothesis. It is believed that the mediating role of customer satisfaction is a promising area to explore and the potential to provide significant benefit to the finance and insurance institution.
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Levchenko, Valentyna, and Myroslav Ostapenko. "Formation of the optimal portfolio of insurer’s services of the voluntary types of insurance." Insurance Markets and Companies 7, no. 1 (November 18, 2016): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imc.7(1).2016.05.
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The article studies the possibility of using optimization modelling to form the optimal structure of insurance services’ portfolio of insurance companies. Based on the data of net insurance payments and profitability of the voluntary types of insurance in 2005-2015, the authors conducted their analysis according to the possibility to be included in the general insurance portfolio of the insurance company. The optimization model is based on the approach developed by G. Markowitz. The formation of insurance services portfolio is conducted by solving the optimization problem to maximize the portfolios’ profitability or to minimize the portfolio’s risks. The obtained results can be used in making strategic decisions by the management regarding the development of insurance companies. Keywords: insurance company, insurance service, insurance portfolio, portfolio optimization
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Chi, Pham Thi, and Dao Thanh Binh. "Deposit Insurance and Bank Risks in Vietnam." Business and Economic Research 10, no. 2 (March 26, 2016): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ber.v10i2.16750.
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The relationship between deposit insurance and banking risks has been widely studied, but has been the subject of relatively few empirical studies, especially for Vietnamese banking system. This research aims to explore the effect of deposit insurance on banks’ risk taking in Vietnam. The paper employs 7 bank specific variables and 2 macroeconomic variables, as well the premium paid by banks as variables for the regression models used. The results suggest that deposit insurance does impact banks’ risk taking incentive but it has different effects on each type of risk. It is concluded that credit, default and leverage risk are found to have a negative relationship with deposit insurance, while leverage and deposit insurance have a positive relationship, which may help banks and supervisors in their decision for the deposit risk premium. This paper contributes to the existing literature by help to understand the impact of deposit insurance on banks risk taking behavior in Vietnamese banks.
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Allodi, Evita, Enrico Maria Cervellati, and Gian Paolo Stella. "A new proposal to define insurance literacy: Paving the path ahead." Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions 10, no. 4 (2020): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/rgcv10i4p2.
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While the importance of insurance is widely recognised, for individuals as well as for society as a whole, the number of individuals actually buying insurance is dramatically low. After stressing this concept in this paper we focus on the critical comparison between three strands of research: financial literacy, insurance literacy, and behavioural insurance literacy and decision-making. Through an in-depth analysis of previous studies and empirical evidence, we set the stage to adapt the various definitions of financial literacy to propose our own definition of insurance literacy as a three-dimensional construct, based on three key pillars: knowledge, skills, and understanding. Finally, we analyse the limits resulting from the lack of insurance literacy and the possible benefits literate consumers can achieve. While our paper is built around our theoretical proposal of a new definition of insurance literacy, it can constitute an incentive for other researchers to analyse more in-depth insurance-related decisions with empirical studies, based on our theoretical foundation. Our final goal is thus to pave the way ahead.
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Ghosh, Sujoy, Pradip Mukhopadhyay, and Sarita Bajaj. "Diabetes and Insurance." Journal of Social Health and Diabetes 7, no. 02 (December 2019): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3401979.
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AbstractIndia has healthcare expenditure of more than 5 billion dollars on diabetes-related healthcare management. Globally, approximately 12% of health expenditure is spent on diabetes and related comorbidities. Hospitalization includes hospital and laboratory expenses and cost of medications as the direct cost. India is among the countries, where if the insured dies during the time period specified in the insurance policy and the policy is active, or in force, then a death benefit will be paid. Studies in India reported that medical reimbursement is availed by 21.3% in the high-income group and only 6.4% of the urban low-income group. An average cost of management of diabetic complications like diabetic foot, retinopathy, and patients with two complications was almost close to the average cost of claimed amount. Patients may be advised to take insurance for diabetes when there is any indication of future disease and risk factors contributing to diabetes like a strong family history, obesity, hypertension, and other vascular diseases. Diabetes Safe from Star Health and Varistha Mediclaim from National Insurance were among the first insurance policies to be launched in India.
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Singh, R., R. Prasad, and M. Pal. "STUDIES ON INTERCROPPING POTATO WITH FENUGREEK." Acta Agronomica Hungarica 49, no. 2 (July 1, 2001): 189–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aagr.49.2001.2.10.
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A field study conducted for two years at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi showed that intercropping potato with fenugreek is highly profitable and provides some in-season income to the potato growers. It also serves as an insurance against complete loss of income when the potato prices crash in the market.