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1
Espuelas, Sergio. "FALLOS DE MERCADO Y SEGURO DE PARO EN ESPAÑA ANTES DE 1936." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 31, no. 3 (November 29, 2013): 387–422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610913000189.
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ABSTRACTBefore 1936, private insurance against unemployment was mostly run by trade unions. Commercial companies, meanwhile, did not penetrate into this insurance branch, which is probably due to the advantages that trade unions had when dealing with adverse selection and moral hazard problems. Nevertheless, union-based unemployment insurance reached a lower level of development than other private social insurance schemes, like sickness insurance, perhaps because of the financial difficulties that economic crisis involved for unemployment funds. Also, unemployment insurance spread specially among urban and high-wage workers, although coverage rates in Spain were below those of other European countries with higher income levels. However, even in the latter private coverage against unemployment did not reach 10% of the working population. As in other European countries, Spanish unemployment union-funds implemented strict economic incentives to deal with moral hazard, but precisely this hindered the spreading of private unemployment insurance.
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Cristea, Mirela, Graţiela Georgiana Noja, Doina Drăgoi, and Leontina Codruţa Andriţoiu. "INSURANCE DEVELOPMENT AND LIFE QUALITY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES. AN EMPIRICAL ASSESSMENT." Facta Universitatis, Series: Economics and Organization, no. 1 (December 24, 2021): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.22190/fueo210616022c.
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The connection between insurance and economic development has been intensively addressed in the literature, but a comprehensive analysis including the dimensions of human capital/quality of life has been less considered. The general objective of this research is to assess the degree of development of the insurance sector in the interplay with the representative dimensions of quality of life, at the level of the European Union (EU) Member States (MS), and to propose strategies for narrowing the gap between countries. The data encloses representative indicators that reveal the size of the insurance market, on the one hand, and the dimensions of quality of life, on the other hand, at the level of 2019. The research methodology consists of cluster analysis with the Ward method. The main results reveal that, at the level of all EU-27 Member States, the size of the insurance market is interconnected with the quality of life, with significant differences between them, developing countries having modest results compared to developed countries. Thereby, specific strategies and policies for these groups of countries are paramount, in order to enhance the wellbeing by insurance services and coverage.
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Gerschman, Silvia. "Public and Private Health Insurance in Brazil and European Union Countries." American Journal of Public Health Research 1, no. 4 (May 13, 2013): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.12691/ajphr-1-4-1.
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Tsyganov, Alexander A., and Sergey V. Maslennikov. "INSURANCE REGULATION PECULIARITIES IN THE BANK INSURANCE PRACTICE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION." Banking law 6 (December 10, 2020): 44–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/1812-3945-2020-6-44-57.
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In the Russian Federation, bancassurance has already become a relatively common type of interactions between banks and their customers in selling insurance, with banks being the main channels for distributing insurance services in exchange for commission. Borrowers are known to be the weaker side of a contract, which leads to banks impose insurance services and commission, which the banks may capitalize on. This indicates a significant issue for the local antitrust and banking regulations. The article describes the expertise in managing these activities in the member countries of the European Union and provides recommendations for a possible legal regulation of insurance and banking activities in Russia.
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Vukovic, Drenka. "Social implication of demographic changes in the European Union countries." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 121 (2006): 423–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn0621423v.
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The process of demographic changes in European countries is characterized by greater and greater ageing of the population, as a result of the decline in the rate of natural increase and the rise in life expectancy. Europeans have less and less children, they live longer and face the problems how to ensure a safe old age. Noticed trends of change will be intensified till the middle of the new millennium (2050), when the following situation is expected: the decline in the number of children (0-14 years) for almost 20% and the active-working population (15-64), while there will be more "old persons" (65-79) for more than 44%, and "the oldest" persons (80 or more) for even 180%. Ageing of the population characterizes all regions, but is specially pronounced in the countries in the south and countries in transition. Faced with the challenges of the disturbances in the demographic structure, the members of the European Union (25) developed an entire spectrum of measures and activities to prevent the negative social-economic consequences. Creation of "the policy of ageing" at the Union level develops within the co-ordination (OMC) of the process of modernization of the social security system (old-age pension insurance, health insurance, social and child protection); it also implies the creation of conditions for "the active old age" (increase in employment and staying as long as possible on the job market), the development of "the new forms of solidarity" between generations (as a consequence of the increase of the coefficient of dependency between active working and supported population), preventing poverty and social exclusion, etc. Strategic documents, directions and national action-plans determined the concrete measures needed to face the demographic challenges.
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Hoogenboom, Marcel. "Transnational Unemployment Insurance: The Inclusion and Exclusion of Foreign Workers in Labour Unions’ Unemployment Insurance Funds in the Netherlands (c.1900–1940)." International Review of Social History 58, no. 2 (June 7, 2013): 247–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859013000199.
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AbstractIn the early twentieth century, like many of their European counterparts, labour unions in the Netherlands established mutual unemployment insurance funds for their members. Various funds made agreements with labour unions in a number of European countries to recognize each other's insurance schemes, enabling union members to work in the Netherlands without losing their entitlement to benefits accumulated in their home countries, and vice versa. Whereas up until the 1930s some of the alliances between Dutch and foreign funds had flourished, in the 1930s the number of non-Dutch workers in the Netherlands making use of such agreements decreased drastically. This article analyses those transnational alliances and explores various causes for their demise, concluding that in the 1930s formal regulation of foreign labour by the Dutch government substantially reduced the number of potential foreign members of insurance funds while government interference in unemployment insurance abroad, and especially in Germany, made the transnational agreements effectively void.
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Mélitz, Jacques, and Silvia Vori. "National Insurance against Unevenly Distributed Shocks in a European Monetary Union." Recherches économiques de Louvain 59, no. 1-2 (1993): 81–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0770451800044262.
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SummaryWe examine proposals to introduce national insurance against unevenly distributed shocks in the European Community. This insurance would operate differently from tax and government spending activities that now yield regional insurance within countries, since these activities are mainly designed for other purpose such as income redistribution and general revenue-raising. According to our evidence, the appeal of such insurance is very limited because the risks are too highly correlated and there is an excessive chance that a country in difficulty would not receive aid. The costs of a continuing programme are likely to exceed the benefits.
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Bazoti, Pery. "The missing European Deposit Insurance Scheme." Region & Periphery, no. 9 (July 29, 2020): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/rp.23789.
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The European Banking Union embarked as a highly ambitious project of the European Union as a response to the signifi cant fl aws and weaknesses in the original architecture of the European Monetary Union that became apparent during the economic crisis. However, the establishment of a single European banking system has stumbled upon the creation of a common deposit insurance scheme that could safeguard depositors and create a more stable fi nancial framework in the euro area. The European Deposit Insurance Scheme (EDIS) was fi rstly introduced by the European Commission in 2015. As a bold proposal that comprises wide risk mutualization among the euro area member states, it has spurred a vivid discussion in the European public speech and many proposals have been made since then altering its original planning in an effort to tackle the moral hazard concerns that have risen. The present article, after discussing the reasons that keep obstructing EDIS, presents these suggestions that move around, primarily, the role of the national deposit guarantee schemes. However, as highlighted in the article, before moving to any alterations on the structure and role of a proposed common deposit insurance scheme, signifi cant risk minimization on behalf of the national banking systems, must precede by limiting the sovereign exposures of banks and the size of the Non-Performing Loans. Such steps of risk minimization are critical for addressing concerns and the political unwillingness demonstrated by several European countries in moving forward towards deeper integration.
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Nergaard, Kristine, and Torgeir Aarvaag Stokke. "The puzzles of union density in Norway." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 13, no. 4 (November 2007): 653–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890701300409.
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The level of union density in Norway is medium high, in contrast to the other Nordic countries where high density levels are supported by unemployment insurance funds. Developments in union density over time are stable in Norway, contrary to developments in most western European countries outside the Nordic region. This article traces the effects of unemployment insurance funds by comparing density levels in Norway with those in Finland and Sweden. In addition, the stability witnessed in union density in Norway over time is a particularly puzzling phenomenon, and the authors seek to explain it on the basis of specific institutional and labour market factors.
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Melnychenko, Oleksandr, Tetyana Kalna-Dubinyuk, Olha Vovchak, and Tetiana Girchenko. "The influence of climate change on the life insurance in the EU: A panel data approach." E3S Web of Conferences 307 (2021): 07001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130707001.
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The financial sector, as one of the most sensitive economic sectors, is alert to all trends and changes in the environment. The aim of the article is to study the impact of climate change on the life insurance market using panel data from 28 countries of the European Union (EU) for the last 9 years. This study is based on a panel model, where the amount of premiums under life insurance contracts is defined as a function of the fundamental factor of climate change - greenhouse gas emissions. According to empirical findings, an increase in greenhouse gas emissions per thousand tons leads to an increase in the amount of life insurance premiums by 0.1786 million euros. It has also been found that an increase in greenhouse gas emissions per thousand tons leads to an increase in deaths in the European Union by 1.0442 people, and these consequences are statistically significant. In general, our results suggest that the life insurance market as well as the non-life insurance market is dependent on climate change. The empirical results of this study provide valuable insight into how greenhouse gas emissions affect mortality in the European Union.
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Kuznichenko, Polina, Serhiy Frolov, Volodymyr Orlov, and Oleksii Boiko. "European Deposit Insurance Scheme implementation: pros and cons." Banks and Bank Systems 16, no. 1 (March 22, 2021): 116–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.16(1).2021.11.
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The creation of deposit insurance systems in world practice has become a tool for solving problems of maintaining the stability of banking systems, increasing customer confidence in banks and other credit institutions, and preventing cases of mass withdrawal of deposits during economic crises. The paper aims to examine why such an important pillar of the banking union as the European Deposit Insurance Scheme (EDIS) has not yet been implemented. The deadlock in the EDIS negotiations is unprecedented, and the likelihood that the agreement towards this pillar will be reached is rather low. The main reason for its blocking is the existing differences of interests between the main actors, and as a consequence, it makes the progress towards the completion of this process impossible. This study attempts to structure these interests, and it seems that the necessary tool to help bring them together is the concept of moral hazard. The results obtained confirmed the hypothesis that the main barrier for EDIS introduction is the severe difference of interest between countries that can be potentially major contributors and those that hope to benefit from that. Moreover, one of the arguments for such a delay is that cross-border subsidization leads to the problem when the country with better economic indicators pays for the debts of weaker economies as the costs should be socialized.
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Fila, Joanna. "European Microfinance – Relevance, Efficiency And Impact." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 18, no. 4 (December 17, 2015): 179–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cer-2015-0035.
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Microfinance aims at providing basic financial services such as loans, savings and insurance to socially and financially excluded persons and microentrepreneurs. Among these services, microcredit is the most recognizable instrument of microfinance. Microcredit supplies financial means to start up businesses and to finance microenterprises. Microfinance originated in poor countries. In recent years, however, it has also gained some recognition in European countries. This article presents the relevance, efficiency and impact of microfinance policy and its policy instruments with respect to support for microenterprises in the European Union.
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Peleckienė, Valentina, Kęstutis Peleckis, Gitana Dudzevičiūtė, and Kęstutis K. Peleckis. "The relationship between insurance and economic growth: evidence from the European Union countries." Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja 32, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 1138–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1331677x.2019.1588765.
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Engineer, Merwan H., Paul Schure, and Mark Gillis. "A positive analysis of deposit insurance provision: Regulatory competition among European Union countries." Journal of Financial Stability 9, no. 4 (December 2013): 530–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfs.2013.10.001.
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Parlińska, Agnieszka, and Maria Parlińska. "The Crop Insurance Systems in Poland Towards the EU." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 17(32), no. 4 (December 29, 2017): 228–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2017.17.4.99.
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The increasing number of unfavorable conditions of agricultural production causes the farmers to suffer severe losses in their activity. At the same time, the increase in the profitability of agricultural production, the support of numerous European Union funds, led to increased interest in insurance as an instrument supporting agricultural risk management. Hence, both the agricultural industry and the insurance industry see the need to create an effective agricultural and livestock insurance system. The paper examines the changes and scope of crop insurance in Poland towards the European Countries. There were presented issues connecting to policies, regulation and state aid rules, crop insurance level in EU countries and characteristic of the crop insurance market – case study Poland. There was used descriptive and comparative methods, as well as the selected statistical method. The analysis was performed in the years 2005-2016.
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Grzebieniak, Andrzej. "Evaluation of Life Insurance Market Development in Poland During the Years 1991-2010." Olsztyn Economic Journal 7, no. 2 (December 31, 2012): 209–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/oej.3421.
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Radical changes in Poland during the last decade of the 20th c. causednot only a significant acceleration of Poland's economic growth rate but also rapid increase in the importance of insurance for the national economy. The penetration coefficient, i.e. the ratio of the gross premium written to the GDP, which in case of the total premiums increased from 1.83% in 1991 to 3.83% in 2010, and in case of life insurance from 0.26% to 2.31% respectively, is considered one of the synthetic measures of that importance. Although the Polish insurance market is developed far less than the European Union market where that coefficient is 7.9% and 4.8% respectively those differences decrease every year. The similar trend is presented by the depth coefficient that is the per capita insurance premium that additionally in case of life insurance increases faster than in case of the insurance sector as a whole. This indicates a relatively good life insurance market development rate in Poland although that market still ranks within the second half of the total number of the European Union countries' domestic markets.
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Pumpure, Elizabete, Elina Ozola, and Ronalds Mačuks. "Costs of medical manipulations and funding of medical staff across the Europe." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, no. 1 (December 20, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20164629.
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The Clinical University hospitals in European Union, including those from new European countries, are providing medical services according to high quality standards; however there are significant differences in medical service payment from the government. There are also differences in the amount of the payment for in- and outpatient services. According to World Bank’s assessment several of new European Union members are ranked as high-income countries alongside to old European member countries, but the payment gap of medical services between these countries is very relevant. Health insurance costs vary a lot across the European Union countries, with the highest percentage in Germany (15.5%) and the lowest in France (100 Euro per year). In most countries the government finances the costs of surgical manipulations, but by contrast in Latvia patients have to pay fixed payment of EUR 43 for treatment even in case of malignancy and additional payments for staying in hospital. The salary of surgeons in field of gynecological oncology for the full workload ranges from 500 Euro in Macedonia to 4000 Euro in Denmark per month after the taxes. Reward from government varies a lot for the same manipulations in different countries. Despite the fact World Bank ranks new European countries as high-income countries there is tremendous difference in the manipulation costs covered by government and payment of medical stuff.
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Angheluță, Petrică Sorin, Svetlana Platagea Gombos, Ciprian Rotaru, and Anna Kant. "Aspects of globalization of employment in the European Union." SHS Web of Conferences 129 (2021): 08001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202112908001.
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Research background: The influence exerted by globalization manifests predominantly in field of employment. The challenges generated by this process are amplified by technological developments. Facilities of movement and establishment in various regions, and the new opportunities for conducting professional activities, have led to increased mobility of employment. Globalization has led to a growing interest of businesses to operate outside their own country. Purpose of the article: In the current context, the purpose of the article is to analyze whether in the field of employment there is a tendency to increase the share of persons employed in enterprises controlled from outside the EU in total EU employment. Methods: The article presents the comparative situation of the number of persons employed for enterprises controlled from outside the EU. The article also presents an analysis of the number of persons employed for enterprises controlled from inside the European Union. Findings & Value added: Following the analysis, there is an increase in employment in enterprises controlled from inside the EU in total EU employment. Also, depending on the economic activity, there is a higher distribution for the following economic activities: Manufacturing, Wholesale and retail trade, Administrative and support service activities, Information and communication, Transportation and storage. Regarding the comparative situation of the number of employed persons for enterprises controlled by all countries of the world for total business economy, except financial and insurance activities, a number of over 5 million employed persons was registered in 6 countries (Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Poland, Netherlands). Regarding the situation of the foreign control of enterprises by economic activity, controlled by all countries of the world for total business economy, except financial and insurance activities, at the level of the European Union the economic activities in which more than 10 million people are employed are: Manufacturing, Wholesale and retail trade, Administrative and support service activities, Construction, Professional, scientific and technical activities, Accommodation and food service activities and Transportation and storage.
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Vanthemsche, Guy. "Unemployment Insurance in Interwar Belgium." International Review of Social History 35, no. 3 (December 1990): 349–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002085900001004x.
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SUMMARYIn 1900, a special type of unemployment insurance was set up in Belgium: the so-called “Ghent system”, which had some influence on the development of unemployment insurance in many European countries. This particular system was characterized by the important role played by the trade-union unemployment societies. The public authorities (in Belgium, from 1920 onwards, the central government next to the towns and provinces) encouraged the affiliation of the labourers to these societies by granting different sorts of financial support to the unemployed society members and to the societies themselves. During the crisis of the 1930s, this led to an important growth of Belgian trade-union membership. On the other hand, the quantitative growth of the labour movement due to this particular organization of unemployment insurance, led to many negative sideeffects for the trade unions (administrative chaos, financial problems, loss of combativity). Moreover, the employers' organizations strongly opposed this system of unemployment insurance, because they thought it reinforced the labour movement's power in society (strengthening of union membership, influence on wage formation, obstruction of deflation policy). This article examines the heated debates waged in the labour movement itself and between this actor, the employers' organizations and the government, to solve the many important problems posed by this type of social insurance. The Belgian pre-Second World War debate concerning unemployment insurance was of great importance for the shaping of the Welfare State in Belgium, which took its present-day form in 1944.
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Vávrová, E. "The Czech agricultural insurance market and a prediction of its development in the context of the European Union." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 51, No. 11 (February 21, 2012): 531–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5148-agricecon.
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In the market economy, agriculture ranks among the important political and economic issues. Risks associated with agricultural activity can be catastrophic. For farmers and farms, damages resulting from materialized risks represent significant and existence-threatening problems. For the state, damages in agriculture can endanger the food supply chain, cause fluctuation in employment or jeopardize the state’s foreign-policy position due to lack of self-sufficiency. This is why it is necessary to discuss the methods and ways to deal with the problem, to eliminate agricultural risks or to minimize their occurrence and materialization. One of the possible ways is insurance. With regard to these facts, the author attempts to make an analysis of the possible ways to eliminate risks that endanger agricultural production and, according to this analysis, to describe the basic approaches to minimizing or eliminating the materialization of risks associated with agricultural activity. Subsequently, the author focuses on agricultural insurance systems in the countries of the European Union, and on the present-day situation in the field of agricultural insurance in the Czech Republic.
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Єлагін Віктор Павлович and Мартиненко Наталія Василівна. "АДМІНІСТРУВАННЯ ПЕНСІЙНИХ ВНЕСКІВ В КРАЇНАХ – ЧЛЕНАХ ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОГО СОЮЗУ: ДОСВІД ДЛЯ УКРАЇНИ." International Academy Journal Web of Scholar, no. 2(44) (February 28, 2020): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_wos/28022020/6910.
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The article analyzes the state management of pension systems for the organization of the exercise of powers to administer pension contributions in the countries − members of the European Union. The models of organization of administration of pension contributions are investigated. As suggestions for priority areas of modernizing the pension system of Ukraine on the example of the experience of countries − members of the European Union, the following are highlighted: attracting employees to participate in financing the pension system; the introduction of mandatory funded pensions with the payment of additional contributions by employees in excess of the unified social contribution to compulsory state pension insurance and the transition to a conditional savings system; differentiation of the unified social contribution rate for compulsory state pension insurance taking into account the state of economic development of the regions (high, medium, below average).
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Kozarevic, Safet, Emira Kozarevic, and Edina Siljegovic. "Development of the insurance sector in the Western Balkan countries: the drive towards the European Union insurance system." International Journal of Economic Policy in Emerging Economies 4, no. 3 (2011): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijepee.2011.040919.
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Zariņa, Ilze, Irina Voronova, and Gaida Pettere. "Assessment of the Stability of Insurance Companies: The Case of Baltic Non-Life Insurance Market." Economics and Business 32, no. 1 (May 31, 2018): 102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eb-2018-0008.
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Abstract The study gives an overview of the Baltic non-life insurance market. The purpose of the research is to summarise stability statistics on solvency ratios, risk profiles and capital surplus, which was contained in Solvency and Financial Condition reports (SFCR) in 2016 published first time by non-life insurance companies in European Union and Baltic market (Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania). Solvency II came into effect in 2016, and these reports have been prepared using the new requirements of the Solvency II framework. All non-life insurance companies are required to have eligible own funds at least equal to solvency capital requirement (SCR) in order to avoid supervisory intervention (own funds divided by SCR are required to be at least 100 %). The SCR is based on well known risk measure value at risk with 99.5 % confidence level over a one-year time horizon. Baltic non-life insurance companies were strong capitalized (median 155 %) in 2016. It means that all Baltic companies can survive even if 1 in 200 years events have occurred although Baltic solvency coverage ratio is lower than the median ratio in European Union (209 %). For Latvian non-life insurance market, solvency ratio median is the lowest in European Union comparing by countries. The authors have analysed the historical development of the market and have calculated financial ratios, Gini’s concentration index, as well as dissimilarity index. The authors have investigated the current and future internal and external risks and issues for the Baltic non-life insurance market, such as political environment, low-yield environment, and market competition due to new mergers and acquisitions (M&A) activities, and a new rule for accounting for insurance companies IFRS17.
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Śliwiński, Adam, and Tomasz Michalski. "European Insurance Markets in the Face of the 2007 Financial Crisis." International Advances in Economic Research 26, no. 4 (November 2020): 419–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11294-020-09808-x.
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AbstractThis study compares the development of insurance markets in countries such as Portugal, Italy, Greece and Spain to mature markets in countries such as the UK and Germany during the 2007 financial crisis. Markets are examined from the product innovation perspective. The market in a country is assessed using taxonomic measures, such as distance and similarity. Markets are described by a set of features divided into five groups: market structure, technical sphere, finance and investment, effectiveness, and product. The measures are calculated at two points in time, 1997 and 2010. The data were gathered from publications of the World Bank, European Union Commission (statistics offices), National Polish Bank and insurance associations. The financial crisis has slowed the speed of market development and influenced other spheres. In countries like Greece and Portugal, progress was even slower than in post-Soviet states, like Poland. The crisis has not imposed structural changes within the selected markets and the influence of the crisis is visible. The sectors were not very innovative, particularly in the product sphere. The literature on the influence of the crisis on insurance is contradictory. This study’s novelty is that it applies multidimensional analysis when comparing insurance-market innovativeness and development.
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Dacev, Nikola. "DEVELOPMENT OF BANK ASSURANCE IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA." KNOWLEDGE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL 30, no. 1 (March 20, 2019): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij300193d.
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Banking has gained a new dimension throughout the world in the last few decades due to the integration of global financial markets, the development of new technologies, the universalization of banking operations and diversification into non-banking activities. The merging of various financial services has provided synergies in the banks' operations and development of new concepts. One of these concepts is bank insurance (or banc assurance). Banc assurance, as an emerging distribution channel of insurance, essentially is defined as mediation of banks in the sale of insurance policies issued by insurance companies that are most often used as additional collateral for banks when giving loans to their clients, while the clients with the purchase of credit insurance through banks are secure in case of inability to pay off the loan due to occurrence of the insured risk, whereby the insurer covers the remaining debt of the client towards the bank. Banc assurance is much more developed in Western European countries, but in recent years this type of insurance has noted a trend of growth in the less developed countries also. Banks in the Republic of Macedonia, as well as banks in other countries in the region, try to encourage the development of banc assurance, but it still has a low level of growth in comparison with the European Union member states. This paper presents the level of development of banc assurance as well as its share in the insurance market in the Republic of Macedonia by analyzing the annual reports of the Insurance Supervision Agency of the Republic of Macedonia for the past few years. Consequently, an appropriate comparison was made between the realized values of the gross written premium of the banks as intermediaries in insurance with the realized values of the gross written premium of the other insurance intermediaries (insurance brokerage companies and insurance agencies); and a brief comparison was made with the share of banc assurance in the insurance markets in several countries in the region. The purpose of the paper is to determine the reasons for the situation in which the banc assurance in the Republic of Macedonia is, to analyze the need and the possibility for its development, as well as to determine the manners for banc assurance to reach the level of development in the member states of the European Union as soon as possible. For this purpose, an adequate analysis of the level of implementation of the European Directives for banc assurance (such as the Directive on Insurance Mediation and the Directive on Insurance Distribution) in the legal framework of the Republic of Macedonia has been carried out, as well as analysis of the national legislation regulating banc assurance in the Republic of Macedonia, covered in couple of provisions in the Law on Banks and the Law on Insurance Supervision.
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Yuvalı, Ertuğrul, and Nihan Gizem Kantarcı. "Unemployment Insurance for Labour Migrants according to the European Court of Justice." Göç Dergisi 9, no. 3 (November 30, 2022): 329–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/gd.v9i3.857.
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In the study, the decisions of the European Court of Justice regarding the unemployment insurance of migrant workers were examined. In decisions; It has been stated that migrating to benefit from unemployment insurance cannot be interpreted against the worker. It has been stated that immigrating from the country of citizenship to another country and residing there will not prevent him from receiving unemployment benefits. A migrant worker must be insured for a certain period of time to benefit from unemployment insurance. Each country regulates this period of employment with its own domestic laws. The length of service in different member states of the European Union, excluding the domestic law rules in the countries of employment, by the Court of Justice, It has been determined that it has been interpreted that it can be combined to benefit from unemployment insurance.
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Korneva, P. M. "Conflicting regulation of relations in the field of medical tourism: the experience of the European Union." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law, no. 65 (October 25, 2021): 364–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2021.65.66.
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The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the conflict regulation of relations in the field of medical tourism in the European Union. The author analyzes the concept of «medical tourism» and other terms used to denote the phenomenon of travel of persons to foreign countries to receive medical services («cross-border healthcare», «medical tourism», «medical travel»). The article analyzes the regulation of the EU-member states and supra-national regulation of private law aspects in the field of medical tourism. In particular, the peculiarities of receiving medical care by citizens of the European Union, which are regulated with the Directive of the Euro-pean Council and the Parliament 2011/24 / EU on the application of patients’ rights in cross-border healthcare. The author concludes that the conflict regulation of medical tourism in the European Union is based on the general conflict rules on the conclusion and implementation of contracts in the field of services and insurance, as well as compensation for damage caused by improper performance of contracts or civil offenses (torts), resolving conflicts of jurisdiction, etc. Special conflict regulation of relations in the field of medical tourism in the European Union is not developed. At the same time, the author emphasizes the significant gaps in the conflict regulation of certain issues related to medical tourism, especially such debatable as cross-border surrogacy, organ transplantation, eutha-nasia and others. The author supports the view that for the countries of the European Union today in the context of medical tourism for the purpose of surrogacy in countries where such a procedure is legal, relevant today are issues of conflict regulation, such as determining the nationality of the child; recognition of paternity (origin of the child); recognition of birth certificates of a surrogate mother issued in other countries.
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Čejková, Viktória, and Eva Vávrová. "Evaluation of the harmonization process of the Czech insurance market with the single insurance market of the EU." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 52, no. 6 (2004): 239–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200452060239.
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For the Czech insurance industry, it has been 13 years since the passage of the Insurance Act in 1991, which did away with the monopoly and allowed competition in this business sector. In our evaluation, we can state that the positives outweigh the negatives. A relatively high pace of growth in total premiums written was achieved and the ratio of premiums written to GDP increased, up to 4,0% in 2002. In comparison with EU countries, the Czech insurance market is behind in 2 global indicators: the ratio of premiums written to GDP and the share of life insurance in total premiums written. The Czech insurance market must count on greater competition from foreign insurance companies, as the Czech Republic was May 1, 2004, accepted as a member of the European Union.
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Mas Badia, María Dolores. "Credit-Based Insurance Scores: some Observations in the Light of the European General Data Protection Regulation." Cuadernos Europeos de Deusto, no. 62 (April 2, 2020): 155–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.18543/ced-62-2020pp155-186.
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Despite the differences between credit risk and insurance risk, in many countries large insurance companies include credit history amongst the information to be taken into account when assigning consumers to risk pools and deciding whether or not to offer them an auto or homeowner insurance policy, or to determine the premium that they should pay. In this study, I will try to establish some conclusions concerning the requirements and limits that the use of credit history data by insurers in the European Union should be subject to. In order to do this, I shall focus my attention primarily on Regulation (EU) 2016/679. This regulation, that came into force on 24 May 2018, not only forms the backbone of personal data protection in the EU, but is also set to become a model for regulation beyond the borders of the Union. This article will concentrate on two main aspects: the lawful basis for the processing of credit history data by insurers, and the rules that should apply to decisions based solely on automated processing, including profiling.Received: 30 December 2019Accepted: 07 February 2020Published online: 02 April 2020
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Barkauskaite, Aida, Ausrine Lakstutiene, and Justyna Witkowska. "Measurement of Systemic Risk in a Common European Union Risk-Based Deposit Insurance System: Formal Necessity or Value-Adding Process?" Risks 6, no. 4 (December 4, 2018): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks6040137.
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Scientific discussions have emphasized that the main problem with the current deposit insurance system is that the current system does not evaluate the risks that banks assume to calculate the deposit insurance premiums in many countries of the European Union (E.U.). Thus, the prevailing system does not safeguard a sufficient level of stability in the banking system. Scientific studies show that the deposit insurance system should consider not only the risk indicators for individual banks, but it must also consider the systemic risk of banks that affects the stability of the banking system. Hence, the question arises as to whether measurements of systemic risk in a common E.U. risk-based deposit insurance system are a formal necessity or if they are a value-adding process. Expanding the discussion of scientists, this article analyzes how contributions to insurance funds would change the banks of Lithuania following the introduction of the E.U.’s overall risk-based deposit insurance system and after taking into consideration the additional systemic risk. The research results that were obtained provide evidence that the introduction of a risk-based deposit insurance system would redistribute payments to the deposit insurance fund between banks operating in Lithuania, and, thereby, would contribute to a reduction in the negative effects of the deposit insurance system and would improve the stability in the financial system.
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Louisot, Jean-Paul. "Development of Mutual Insurance in France : 1960-2017." International Review of Financial Consumers 2, No. 2 Oct 2017 (October 1, 2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.36544/irfc.2017.1-2.1.
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Mutuality is the oldest social movement on French soil as the first mutual support groups were founded just before the French Revolution at the end of the 18th century, that is half a century before the first cooperatives and one century before workers’ unions. The tremendous development that the mutuality underwent in the second half of the 20th century in France, especially in the non-life insurance market where it was not a real actor until then, attracted the attention of professionals the world over. It is a reference that is even contemplated in the Islamic World where it could serve as a model for Takaful, and in developing countries where it could be adapted to micro-insurance. Beyond their importance in the French insurance markets, both non-life and life mutuals insurance play an important role in European economy and society, providing social coverage and other types of insurance to a significant proportion of European citizens. Some have questioned whether the liberal inspired European legal environment might threaten the future growth of mutual in the 21st century, or even the existing market shares, for a model that has proven efficient not only in its initial domain healthcare, but also in non-life insurance where it has really bloomed since World War 2. Following a presentation of the historic development of the mutuals in France since the Revolution, this article presents an overview of the specific features and roles of mutual societies in France, mentions relevant French and EU law applicable to mutuals, and considers the performance of mutuals through the financial crisis. The article takes the view that mutuals have the potential to contribute to the inclusive and sustainable growth of the European Union.
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Trippner, Paweł. "Financial situation of insurance sector for example, a Stock – Exchange Company PZU." Przedsiebiorczosc i Zarzadzanie 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eam-2014-0004.
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Abstract The insurance system is a very important element of the financial system of a country. As institutions of public trust, insurance companies play a crucial role in the process of transforming savings into investments, which directly affects the country’s economic development. Maintaining the insurance sector in a good financial condition guarantees stability of the financial system and economic development of Poland. The article aims to present the essence of operations of insurance companies as financial institutions, present their role in the economy, and describe various methods of appraising their financial condition. In order to fulfil the above goals, a research hypothesis is put forward stating that the financial condition of the insurance sector in Poland deteriorated in the analysed period as a result of an adverse impact of turbulence in financial markets and problems in financial systems in the European Union countries.
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Imamović, Emina. "Implementacija interne revizije prema Direktivi o solventnosti II u nacionalna zakonodavstva Republike Srbije i BiH." Evropska revija za pravo osiguranja XXI, no. 1 (2022): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/erpo2101.17i.
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T he European Union has introduced the Solvency II Directive as a need for better regulation and greater financial stability in the insurance industry, the implementation of which began on 1 January 2016. Countries for which the implementation of this directive is not mandatory, as they are not members of the European Union, are committed to harmonizing national regulations and laws governing insurance supervision and management by Solvency II. It prescribes risk-based supervision, clearly defines the principles on which insurance companies should work and operate: capital adequacy, technical reserves, risk marginsand reporting. It includes four key functions: risk management, compliance, internal audit, and actuarial. In the new legal framework, key office holders are subject to strict regulations regarding professional qualifications and personal reliability. Internal audit is prescribed as one of the four key functions. Solvency II highlights the independent nature of the internal audit. The key function of internal audit must be objective and independent of other operational activities, and thus has a specific role in the company’s management system. The internal audit function includes evaluating the adequacy and effectiveness of the internal control system and other elements of the management system. The independence of internal audit from operational functions is ensured by the company prescribing in its internal acts that internal audit directly reports to the management on all f indings and recommendations of internal audit. T he paper examines the national legislation in the f ield of internal audit in the insurance company of the Republic of Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Based on the research, conclusions were reached on mutual compliance of rules of these countries, and compliance with Solvency II.
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Papp, Nikolett. "A munkahelyi egészségsérelmek kompenzációjának felelősségbiztosítási modellje Magyarországon és az Európai Unióban." Erdélyi Jogélet 3, no. 4 (January 26, 2021): 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.47745/erjog.2020.04.09.
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"One of the most important issues in the design of national work injury compensation systems is how the two main possible routes of liability relate: on the one hand, the non-tort compensation (social security) model and, on the other, the tort compensation (employers’ liability under civil or labour law) model. In the Hungarian system of accident compensation in labour law, the employee is primarily entitled to certain benefits within the framework of social insurance and may claim damages in excess of this in damages lawsuits. Employers’ liability schemes can be supplemented by voluntary liability insurance solutions. Liability insurance contracts protect both parties: employers are protected against unplanned payments, possibly large amounts of compensation, and the outcome of potentially unpredictable compensation lawsuits, while it means guaranteed coverage for the employee in case of damage. The introduction of compulsory liability insurance for employers is an issue that arises from time to time. In some countries, employers are required to take out liability insurance, such as the United Kingdom, Germany, France, and Austria. In insurance-based models, the route of compensation plays a marginal role. In Hungary, the penetration of liability insurance is low; however, there is currently no legislative intention to make liability insurance more extensive or mandatory for employers. In general, however, there is no universal model for accident compensation in labour law. There is no such benchmark at the European Union level either, and it can be said that there is no explicit intention to fully harmonize Member State regulations. In this study, I examine the consequences of the mandatory or wider application of liability insurance, the regulatory concepts that exist, and the role that the European Union plays in regulating the issue."
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Fuchs, Dariusz. "DOPUSZCZALNOŚĆ ROSZCZEŃ REGRESOWYCH INSTYTUCJI ZABEZPIECZENIA SPOŁECZNEGO Z PAŃSTW UNII EUROPEJSKIEJ WOBEC POLSKIEGO UBEZPIECZYCIELA OC UBEZPIECZONEGO – ODPOWIEDZIALNEGO ZA SZKODĘ." Zeszyty Prawnicze 10, no. 1 (December 23, 2016): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2010.10.1.10.
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Admissibility of Claims of Social Security Institutions of the European Union Countries to the Polish Insurer of Civil Liability Insured who is Responsible for the DamageSummary The paper contains a general overview of the legal nature and the specific character of the recourse under the EU regulations on the application of social security schemes to employed persons and their families moving within the EU concerning civil liability insurer. It was underlined specific position of the social insurance institutions form EU Members versus Polish insurer. It was expressed that necessity of amendment of the Polish insurance regulation to create a base for recourse as in EU regulation.
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Tholl, Johannes, Tobias Basse, Samira Meier, and Miguel Rodriguez Gonzalez. "Risk premia and the European government bond market: new empirical evidence and some thoughts from the perspective of the life insurance industry." Zeitschrift für die gesamte Versicherungswissenschaft 110, no. 1 (February 2021): 49–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12297-021-00503-2.
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AbstractWe study yield spreads between government bonds in the European Monetary Union. This segment of the global fixed income market is of particular importance for insurance companies in Europe. Our empirical research strategy is inspired by Gunay (2020) who has analyzed the relationship between credit and liquidity risk in the United States using Granger causality tests. More specifically, we employ the procedure developed by Toda and Yamamoto (1995) to test for Granger causality among yield spreads in five different member countries of the European Monetary Union (namely Austria, Belgium, France, Italy and Ireland) relative to Germany. We examine interest rate data from bonds with three different maturities (5, 10 and 30 years). Given the importance of long-term bonds as asset class for European life insurers and pension funds, the empirical results from the often ignored market for government bonds with a maturity of 30 years should be of interest. With regard to long-term sovereign debt, there is no evidence for Granger causality among the time series examined here. Consequently, the risk premia required by investors to hold government bonds of one specific member country of the EMU do not help to forecast the risk premia that have to be paid by other countries. Given the structure of their liabilities, this empirical finding should be of high relevance for portfolio and risk managers in the European life insurance industry and in pension funds. With regard to the yield spreads to be observed in the market for 10-year government bonds, there seems to be no clear picture. Focusing on fixed income securities with a maturity of 5 years, there is one very interesting empirical finding. The test results reported here seem to imply that there is unidirectional Granger causality running from the yield spreads in all other four countries to Austria. Given that Austria is a comparably small country which is assumed to be in a fiscally stable position, this result could be interpreted as evidence for credit risk premia as being helpful to forecast liquidity risk premia in the market for medium-term government bonds issued by member states of the European Monetary Union.
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Zielińska, Klaudia. "Unknown Future of the Banking Union’s Third Pillar." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 19(34), no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 172–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2019.19.1.16.
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The aim of the article is to evaluate the process of building the third pillar of the banking union. The analysis of the problem required both subject literature studies and descriptive statistics. Time scope of the analysis covers the years 2012 until 2017. The relevant data used came from the European Central Bank and the European Banking Authority. The results of the study suggest that the creation of a European Deposit Guarantee Scheme is inevitable for further financial integration in the Eurozone but more detailed conditions need to be added to its implementation plan in order to have the scheme established. This stems from both the bad financial standing of some of the euro area banks and their dependency on the sovereign debt of their home and host countries. Studies also indicate low operational readiness of the national schemes, so a transition from re-insurance onto co-insurance phase will require increased efforts of both the Member States and the banks themselves.
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Cherniei, Volodymyr, Serhii Cherniavskyi, Alexander Dzhuzha, and Viktoria Babanina. "Combating credit fraud: experience of Ukraine and some other European Countries." Revista Amazonia Investiga 10, no. 42 (July 30, 2021): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2021.42.06.9.
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The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of combating fraud in the field of finance, in particular, combating crimes in the field of lending. The experience of Ukrainian law enforcement agencies in combating credit fraud has been studied. The experience of some European Union countries in combating financial fraud is analyzed. To achieve the goal of the paper a set of general scientific and special methods was used, such as method of system-structural analysis, dogmatic (formal-logical), historical, general sociological, comparative-legal method and others. It is concluded in the article that the rules of criminal law of Ukraine establish more severe penalties for some crimes compared to EU countries. For example, this applies to crimes in the field of money laundering. On the other hand, some offenses that do not qualify as crimes in Ukraine are recognized as criminal offenses in the EU. For example, this applies to abuses in the field of insurance. According to the results of the study, the solution of some important issues is proposed such as improvement of the current legislation in the field of credit and financial relations, adaptation of the legislation of Ukraine to international norms and standards in the system of credit and financial relations.
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Tarasiuk, Anna, and Bracken Crossley. "Taxation of Insurance Premiums in the EU Cross-Border Insurance Business." Prawo Asekuracyjne 3, no. 108 (September 30, 2021): 52–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.2820.
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As in many other cases of business activity, the performance of insurance activity involves various types of tax charges. Insurance contracts, having been excluded from the scope of value-added tax at the EU level, are subjected to taxes specific to insurance activity, namely insurance premium taxes, which are discussed in the article. However, insurance premium tax regulations are not harmonised at the EU level and vary immensely from one country to another. In fact, in some EU countries, including Poland, no such taxes have been implemented whatsoever. The issue discussed in the article is related to the fact that an increasing number of insurance companies perform insurance activity on a cross border basis. From this point of view, although there is no such tax in Poland, it may be of great importance to Polish insurance companies that insure risks located outside Poland. The regulations concerning the insurance premium tax depend on internal decisions of individual European Union countries, both in terms of the introduction of such tax, exemptions, and rates, and they may differ significantly across those jurisdictions. Due to the nature of cross-border activity and the rules on the localisation of the risk associated with the taxation of premiums, it was not clear whether and to what extent, in the case of insurance of risks located outside Poland, a tax obligation arises in respect of insurance premiums. These questions were addressed by the Court of Justice of the EU in several cases (C-118/96, C191/99, C-243-11). The CJEU decisions have revealed the multifaceted complexity inherent to the taxation of cross border insurance contracts.
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Kuzmin, V. N. "Experience in supporting viticulture in the European Union." Horticulture and viticulture, no. 1 (April 20, 2020): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31676/0235-2591-2020-1-49-57.
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In connection with the creation of the subprogram for the development of viticulture in the framework of the Federal scientific and technical program for the development of agriculture for 2017-2025 the analysis of foreign experience in supporting this sub-sector is relevant. The countries of the European Union (EU) are collectively the main producers, consumers and exporters of grape wine in the world. The goal of the EU viticulture support system is to bring the wine-growing and wine-making sector to structural change that are protected from a permanent market crisis. Each EU member-state has a budget set by the EU and can choose from the eight areas of support provided (promotion of wine products within the EU and in third-country markets – up to 50 % of regulated expenses; restructuring and rearrangement of wine yards – up to 50-75%; investment in tangible or intangible fixed assets, processing plants, wine infrastructure, marketing structures and tools for the production or sale of wine products – up to 40-75 %; innovation – supports material or non-material investments aimed at developing new products, procedures and technologies that improve the marketing and competitiveness of EU wine products – up to 50-75 % of regulated costs; distillation of by-products of wine in order to eliminate them and thus improve the quality of wines; “green” harvest-destruction of part or complete destruction of unripe grapes in a certain area-up to 50 % of the direct costs of destruction plus loss of income associated with destruction or disposal; mutual funds – for farmers who want to insure against market fluctuations; crop insurance), which must be applied within the framework of national programs to support agricultural industries for a period of five years. Goals, planned results, the range of organizations that can receive this support, the application procedure, eligibility criteria, subsidized and non-subsidized expenses, standard (normative) unit costs, the procedure for selecting applications, priority criteria and appropriate weighting, the timing of payment of subsidies, and advances are defined for each support area.
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Didenko, Iryna, and Natalia Sidelnyk. "Society’s Readiness for Modern Challenges of the Insurance Market: Bibliometric Analysis." Financial Markets, Institutions and Risks 5, no. 1 (2021): 116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/fmir.5(1).116-125.2021.
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This paper summarizes the arguments and counterarguments within the scientific discussion on the insurance market issue. The research’s primary purpose is to identify critical vectors and trends inherent in the modern insurance market. Systematization of literary sources and approaches for solving the problem of development and formation of the current insurance market indicates that it is necessary to use the best countries’ experience, adapting it to the domestic market. This concerns the issues of targeted financing of investment projects, the creation of funds to support policyholders’ protection, tax benefits for long-term insurance instruments, the possibility of opening a foreign insurance market for insurance institutions. The relevance of the decision of this scientific problem caused by the lack of standard definition of the concept of insurance by the academic community drives limited ability to assess the impact of insurance on social and economic aspects of society. Investigation of the topic of theoretical principles of insurance in the paper is carried out in the following logical sequence: analysis of the relationship between different types of insurance, analysis of publication activity in terms of years, countries, subject industries; research of keywords that occur when considering the topic of insurance. The research methods’ methodological tools were analytical tools of the Scopus database and VOSviewer software years of research 1832 – 2021. According to the international Scopus database results, the object of study is the chosen countries, regions, and universities. The paper presents empirical bibliographic analysis results, which showed that today the vast majority of research is conducted by experts from the United States and the European Union. Still, many Asian countries (China, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand), which demonstrate rapid economic development, are beginning to take a leading position among insurance research gradually. The research empirically confirms and theoretically proves that the insurance market is an integral and important part of the financial sector as a whole. The results of the research can be useful for further scientific work.
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Jabłońska, Małgorzata, Joanna Stawska, Radosław Dziuba, Mahmut Tekce, and Marta Krasoń. "Public Aid and Entrepreneurship During the Covid-19 Pandemic in the European Union Countries." Finanse i Prawo Finansowe 3, no. 31 (September 30, 2021): 57–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2391-6478.3.31.04.
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The aim of the article: The outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic made it necessary to involve the state in the process of rescuing numerous business entities from bankruptcy. In the European Union, the aid measure for entrepreneurs takes a form of public aid, which, as it turns out, is the necessary and the only tool to protect SME sector enterprises against bankruptcy. Social isolation caused by the virus that spread on a large scale effectively inhibited the development of entrepreneurship, which is inherently related to the economic development of countries. The aim of the article is therefore to indicate that supporting entrepreneurs within the framework of public aid may help to reverse the unfavorable economic trends related to the disturbed development of entrepreneurship.
Methodology: The article analyzes and assesses the government solutions introduced to the Polish economic reality, the purpose of which is to counteract the effects of Covid-19. The paper presents the current public aid tools available to entrepreneurs along with their financial dimension.
Results of the research: State aid granted by the state to entrepreneurs during the crisis caused by Covid-19 is indispensable for their further functioning. The paper presents aid instruments related to COVID-19 that are available to entrepreneurs. The analysis shows that public aid addressed to entrepreneurs injured as a result of the lockdown comes from many sources and is almost tailored to the individual entrepreneur. The entities providing aid on the basis of state aid include: banks, local government units, executive bodies of local government units, Social Insurance Fund, State Fund for Rehabilitation of Disabled People, financial intermediaries, bodies constituting local government units, the European Investment Bank, Polish Development Fund, district and voivodeship labor offices and BGK (Bank Gospodarstwa Krajowego). Having prepared a package of systemic solutions, the government introduced them systematically, depending on the situation of individual sectors of the economy. Special solutions in the form of financial shields were addressed directly to the tourism sector (e.g. loans for tour operators) or the catering sector, which in the face of the pandemic were most exposed to a decrease in revenues. The impact of introduced solutions on the country’s economy can be assessed only in the next few years, but the multitude and diversified nature of the anti-crisis solutions introduced in Poland will certainly contribute to slowing down the negative consequences of Covid-19 in the economy.
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Stawiarska, Ewa, and Maciej Stawiarski. "Assessment of Patient Treatment and Rehabilitation Processes Using Electromyography Signals and Selected Industry 4.0 Solutions." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 4 (February 20, 2023): 3754. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043754.
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Funding treatment and rehabilitation processes for patients with musculoskeletal conditions is an important part of public health insurance in European Union countries. By 2030, these processes will be planned in national health strategies (sequential process activities will be identified, care packages will be defined, service standards will be described, roles in the implementation of activities will be distinguished). Today, in many countries of the world (including the EU countries), these processes tend not to be very effective and to be expensive for both patients and insurance companies. This article aims to raise awareness of the need for process re-engineering and describes possible tools for assessing patient treatment and rehabilitation processes (using electromyographic signals—EMG and selected Industry 4.0 solutions). This article presents the research methodology prepared for the purpose of process evaluation. The use of this methodology will confirm the hypothesis that the use of EMG signals and selected Industry 4.0 solutions will improve the effectiveness and efficiency of treatment and rehabilitation processes for patients with musculoskeletal injuries.
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Wilkie, A. D. "Notes for a Discussion on the European Single Currency." British Actuarial Journal 3, no. 2 (June 1, 1997): 277–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357321700004979.
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ABSTRACTThis paper forms notes for discussions about the European single currency at the Institute of Actuaries and the Faculty of Actuaries. The author assumes (and hopes) that the single currency will start on time in 1999, with most of the Member States of the European Union included. The key dates are 1 January 1999, when the exchange rates between currencies will become irrevocably locked and become conversion rates, and 2002, when euro notes and coins will be introduced, and the retail banking sector will convert to euros. The advantages of a single currency are potentially very great; the costs are also considerable. Governments of Member States will no longer be able to get a competitive advantage by devaluing their currency, or be able to choose an inflation rate that is different from that of the E.U. as a whole. The key document is the Maastricht Treaty, and the conversion criteria included therein are discussed. The author concludes that, if governments choose to interpret the criteria leniently, all countries, except possibly Greece, will be included in 1999, with Greece joining a year or two later. Some of the practical considerations for actuaries, including life insurance, general insurance, pensions, banking and investment are mentioned. The paper is not comprehensive, and is a personal contribution to stimulate discussion.
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Bilbiie, Florin, Tommaso Monacelli, and Roberto Perotti. "Fiscal Policy in Europe: Controversies over Rules, Mutual Insurance, and Centralization." Journal of Economic Perspectives 35, no. 2 (May 1, 2021): 77–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.35.2.77.
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We discuss the main fiscal policy issues in Europe, focusing on two that are at the core of the current debate. The first is that the government deficit and debt were, from the outset, the key objects of contention in the debate that led to the creation of the Eurozone, and they still are. The second issue is that a currency union implies the loss of a country-specific instrument, a national monetary policy. This puts a higher burden on fiscal policy as a tool to counteract shocks, a burden that might be even heavier now that the European Central Bank has arguably reached the Zero Lower Bound. Two obvious solutions are mutual insurance (or risk-sharing) amongst countries and a centralized stabilization policy. Yet both have been remarkably difficult to come by, especially due to political constraints. We review and discuss the relative merits of several proposals for increased insurance or centralization, or both. We conclude with an early discussion of the implications of the COVID-19 crisis for European fiscal policy reform and an assessment of the current fiscal measures.
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de Wind, Annette E., Sören Brage, Francois Latil, and Nerys Williams. "Transfer of tasks in work disability assessments in European social security." European Journal of Social Security 22, no. 1 (March 2020): 24–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1388262720910307.
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European social security organisations experience shortages of insurance physicians and they attempt to streamline procedures in the disability assessment services in order to save costs, while safeguarding the quality of the assessments. Hence, they look at alternative ways for efficient and cost-effective assessments by transferring insurance physician tasks to other (non)-healthcare professionals. This study, carried out by European Union of Medicine in Assurance and Social Security (EUMASS), aimed to describe and compare the use of task transfer (task shifting, delegation and support) in European social security systems. The approach was threefold: (1) A survey questionnaire was sent to all 20 EUMASS members, inquiring about the present and planned use of task transfer in work disability assessments, and how it has been evaluated; (2) A literature study was undertaken on task transfer; (3) Case studies were carried out in selected countries (Belgium, France, the Netherlands, Norway, the United Kingdom) where different approaches to task transfer have been used. Task transfer in disability assessments has been introduced in seven countries, mostly in Western Europe. A mixture of task shifting, delegation, and support was often used. Nurses were the main group to take over new tasks, but other (non)-healthcare professionals were also involved. Task transfer is implemented in different ways in line with the cultural traditions and the specific organisations that comprise the political and financial framework of the individual country. Education and training were important for a successful change of tasks. The changes were mostly seen as positive. Innovative and flexible approaches are described which can provide examples for other countries and can inform further study.
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Popa, Adriana Florina, Stefania Amalia Jimon, Delia David, and Daniela Nicoleta Sahlian. "Influence of Fiscal Policies and Labor Market Characteristics on Sustainable Social Insurance Budgets—Empirical Evidence from Central and Eastern European Countries." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (May 31, 2021): 6197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116197.
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Social protection systems are a key factor for ensuring the long-term sustainability and stability of economies in the European Union, their reform being nowadays present in the political agenda of member states. Aging and the dependence on mandatory levies applied to the employed population on the labor market represent a threat for the sustainability of public social protection systems. In terms of sustainability, our purpose was to highlight the factors influencing social insurance budgets, considering the fiscal policies implemented in six countries of Central and Eastern Europe and their particular labor market characteristics. Therefore, a panel study based on a regression model using the Ordinary Least Squares method (OLS) with cross section random effects was used to determine the correlations between funding sources and labor market specific indicators. The data analyzed led to relevant results that emphasize the dependence of social insurance budgets on positive factors such as the average level of salaries, the share of compulsory social contributions, the unemployment rate, and the human development index, suggesting the continuing need for professional and personal development of the workforce.
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Gzik, Monika. "Poles’ knowledge about the coordination of retirement pensions in the European Union: an empirical study." Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny 84, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 227–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/rpeis.2022.84.2.15.
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The purpose of the article is to indicate the need to popularize knowledge in Poland about the coordination of retirement pensions in the EU and to present good practices for disseminating knowledge about coordination in selected countries covered by the coordination regulation. The following research hypothesis has been presented: the level of Poles’ knowledge about the coordination of retirement pensions in the European Union is low. The author’s own research was carried out based on the quantitative CAWI (Computer-Assisted Web Interviewing) method. The research included a survey sample with a total of 1,000 respondents. The nationwide survey was carried out among the Polish working population. The author's own research focuses precisely on the international aspect of pensions coordination. The research confirmed the low level of Poles' knowledge about coordination. Poles do not know whether Polish workers migrating within the European labour market can benefit from EU regulations that make it easier to receive a pension and retirement benefits, or whether the social insurance contribution periods for work performed abroad count when determining the right to receive Polish retirement benefits. The article presents good practices for disseminating knowledge about coordination in selected EU countries – Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, Spain, Ireland, Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom, as a basis for creating recommendations for Poland.
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Mrvić-Petrović, Nataša. "Right to compensation of damage arising from traffic accident in the legislation of the countries in transition." Glasnik Advokatske komore Vojvodine 71, no. 12 (1999): 210–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/gakv9907210m.
Full textAbstract:
By comparative analysis of the bases of liability for damages and the scope of the right to compensation for damages arising from traffic accidents existing in the legislation of the countries that are undergoing transition, the author reaches a conclusion that the process of overcoming the disadvantages of the former legislative solutions is going on slowly and that significant differences are noticed in respect of the level of protection of the injured person. In comparison to these jurisdictions, the present Yugoslav law, especially the solutions accepted in court practice, prove to be much more comprehensive. With the existing changes of the insurance law and with improved efficiency of the judicial protection, Yugoslav legislation could be more successfully adapted to the standards of the European Union.
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PARUBETS, Olena, Iryna SADCHYKOVA, Olha KALCHENKO, and Olena TARASENKO. "Financial inclusion as an instrument of accessibility to financial services for EU households." Economics. Finances. Law 1/1, no. - (January 19, 2022): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2022.1(1).3.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction. Taking into account the European integration intentions of Ukraine, the investigation of the experience of the European Union (EU) countries in the direction of ensuring financial inclusion of the population, especially the young people from whom the socio-economic development of these countries will depend in the future, is relevant. The purpose of the article is to study the experience of the EU countries in the direction of increasing the level of financial inclusion as a key tool for the accessibility to the financial services of the population and justifying the possibilities of its application in Ukraine. Results. The development of financial inclusion in the EU countries and the possibility of applying the best European experience in Ukraine taking into account the directions of its European integration are explored in the article. The essence of the financial inclusion is investigated and its main components are defined. Based on the analysis of financial literacy and financial inclusion indices, there have been drawn the conclusions regarding the problems and prospects for the development of financial inclusion in the EU and Ukraine. Conclusion. In order to develop the financial inclusion, it is necessary to create the appropriate conditions for public access to financial, digital, information infrastructure; provide reliable protection against cyber attacks through the development of the cyber insurance market; develop public-private partnership in the financial sphere and establish appropriate strategies at the state and local levels.