Journal articles on the topic 'Insurance Australia'
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1
Shephard, R. B., E. G. C. Smith, and D. D. Spurr. "Earthquake insurance loss assessments for regions of Australia." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 30, no. 1 (March 31, 1997): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.30.1.32-39.
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Following the Newcastle earthquake of December 1989, a consortium of Australian insurance companies commissioned Works Consultancy Services Ltd, New Zealand to undertake earthquake probable maximum loss assessments for the main city centres of Australia. Studies have been completed for the regions around Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, Perth and Brisbane. Customised insurance loss assessment models were developed for each study region, with each including specific analytical models for geography, seismicity, ground conditions, patterns of building construction, and insurance company exposures. The analysis model includes earthquake insurance loss versus shaking intensity relationships derived from Australian and international data, and takes specific building vulnerabilities into account. Loss assessments target the Probable Maximum Loss in relation to return period.
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AL-SAGGAF, YESLAM. "The Use of Data Mining by Private Health Insurance Companies and Customers’ Privacy." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 24, no. 3 (June 10, 2015): 281–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180114000607.
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Abstract:This article examines privacy threats arising from the use of data mining by private Australian health insurance companies. Qualitative interviews were conducted with key experts, and Australian governmental and nongovernmental websites relevant to private health insurance were searched. Using Rationale, a critical thinking tool, the themes and considerations elicited through this empirical approach were developed into an argument about the use of data mining by private health insurance companies. The argument is followed by an ethical analysis guided by classical philosophical theories—utilitarianism, Mill’s harm principle, Kant’s deontological theory, and Helen Nissenbaum’s contextual integrity framework. Both the argument and the ethical analysis find the use of data mining by private health insurance companies in Australia to be unethical. Although private health insurance companies in Australia cannot use data mining for risk rating to cherry-pick customers and cannot use customers’ personal information for unintended purposes, this article nonetheless concludes that the secondary use of customers’ personal information and the absence of customers’ consent still suggest that the use of data mining by private health insurance companies is wrong.
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Ragg, Mark. "Private health insurance in Australia." Lancet 344, no. 8925 (September 1994): 812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(94)92365-5.
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Gans, Joshua S., and Stephen P. King. "Anti-insurance: Analysing the Health Insurance System in Australia." Economic Record 79, no. 247 (December 2003): 473–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.2003.00146.x.
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Grierson, William. "Just a kick or out of control—drilling into the energy insurance market." APPEA Journal 49, no. 1 (2009): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj08012.
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It has long been conceded by international insurance markets that across all classes of cover Australia historically represents between 1% and 2% of total premiumâbut accounts for between 3% and 4% of losses. Until recently this was also the perception in energy insurance, and while Australia might not have been making large amounts of money for international insurers the anomaly was not great enough to force underwriters to sit up and take notice as they had, for example, in the Gulf of Mexico. This has now all changed. In addition to the normal attritional losses the market has come to expect, a general run of international losses and recent high-profile Australian claims such as the Varanus Island fireâin itself likely to be one of the largest energy losses globally in 2008âhave come to the attention of underwriters. There is now a serious re-thinking of the energy insurance sectorâs positions both internationally and on Australian business in particular. The specific situation in energy is complicated by the drag along effect of severe Australian losses in the broader mining and resource arena. The SeptemberâOctober 2008 edition of the influential Inside Fac publicationâa widely read journal for insurers and reinsurersâlisted a total of US$3.5 billion in mining claims for the first half of 2008, of which US$1.96 billion (56%) occurred in Australia and a further US$400 million (11%) arose from international operations of Australian companies placed within Australian-based insurance programs. The issue for the Australian energy sector is that the same global underwriters who take on the petroleum business are also key players in the mining arena, and the markets are therefore closely linked. This presentation will focus on the impact that conditions, together with other factors, will have as well as explaining what it will likely mean for Australian exploration and production (E&P) companies. It will highlight how they can best position themselves for the new insurance reality they are about to confront.
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Seah, Davinia S. E., Timothy Z. Cheong, and Matthew H. R. Anstey. "The hidden cost of private health insurance in Australia." Australian Health Review 37, no. 1 (2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah11126.
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The provision of health services in Australia currently is primarily financed by a unique interaction of public and private insurers. This commentary looks at a loophole in this framework, namely that private insurers have to date been able to avoid funding healthcare for some of their policy holders, as it is not a requirement to use private insurance when treatment occurs in Australian public hospitals.
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Costello, Graham I., and Jörg H. Tuchen. "A Comparative Study of Business to Consumer Electronic Commerce within the Australian Insurance Sector." Journal of Information Technology 13, no. 3 (September 1998): 153–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026839629801300302.
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Electronic commerce is causing fundamental changes in the insurance sector. Inherent opportunities of this innovative sales channel are driving the development of a new customer relationship paradigm, development of new products, pursuit of low cost ‘self service’ strategies, and emergence of ‘virtual brokers’. The Australian insurance sector is well positioned to take advantage of electronic commerce due to the high level of PC penetration, high Internet usage, and extensive broadband infrastructure. The perception is that the Australian insurance sector is meeting these challenges. Surprisingly, despite the emergence of electronic commerce as a ‘hot topic’ in the information technology and insurance sector literature, little empirical research has been reported. Much of the extant literature can be criticized as being too generic and superficial. It is argued that until research is focused on specific aspects of electronic commerce, we will fail to capture meaningful insights. The aim of this research project is to develop a research framework appropriate for electronic commerce, research and to apply it to a specific sector (insurance), in a specific geographical region (Australia), using a specific electronic commerce, medium (Internet), for a specific purpose (business to consumer sale of risk products). The research objective is to discover which Australian insurance companies are using electronic commerce for what. The survey found that of the 21 largest Australian insurance companies only 18 have web sites. These sites are mainly used for promotional purposes and not for directly generating sales. Only six companies offer customer-specific pricing of their products. And of these, only four companies sell any of their products over the Internet. Paradoxically, despite pressing business drivers in the insurance sector and a favourable electronic commerce environment in Australia, these findings demonstrate a significant gap between appreciation of the importance of electronic commerce and realization of commercial potential. Whilst most Australian insurance companies are well aware of the special importance of electronic commerce, many fail to take full advantage. Although further qualitative research is recommended to understand why this is so, it is clear that a significant gap remains between the technical capabilities of electronic commerce and actual practice in the Australian insurance sector.
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Sujai, Mahpud. "Mendorong Sistem Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional Baru di Indonesia; Belajar dari Pengalaman Australia." Kajian Ekonomi dan Keuangan 17, no. 3 (November 9, 2015): 237–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31685/kek.v17i3.16.
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Significant change of Indonesian economy has lead to the need of people more than just basic need such as food and clothes. Others such as health and education have become a must for Indonesian. Anticipating this condition, government will implement new universal coverage health system in 2014 as mandated by law. This paper has objectives to explore several aspects which contribute or influence to the policy formulation and implementation, particularly in designing new health insurance system in Indonesia and learning from Australian experience and best practice. Methodology used in this paper is both primary research such as in depth interview with some health economist, expert form universities, government researcher as well as observation to the organization that manage health system in Australia and secondary research by doing literature review of health insurance system, benchmarking, compare and contrast the health insurance system in Indonesia and Australia and analyze the best and suitable ones for implemented in the future. There are several interesting findings that can be recommended such as Australian health reform and relationship between public and private health system.
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Newson, Ainsley J., Sam Ayres, Jackie Boyle, Michael T. Gabbett, and Amy Nisselle. "Human Genetics Society of Australasia Position Statement: Genetic Testing and Personal Insurance Products in Australia." Twin Research and Human Genetics 21, no. 6 (November 21, 2018): 533–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/thg.2018.60.
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The expansion of genetic and genomic testing in clinical practice and research and the growing market for at home personal genome testing has led to increased awareness about the impact of this form of testing on insurance. Genetic or genomic information can be requested by providers of mutually rated insurance products, who may then use it when setting premiums or determining eligibility for cover under a particular product. Australian insurers are subject to relevant legislation and an industry standard that was updated in late 2016. In 2018, the Human Genetics Society of Australasia updated its position statement on genetic testing and life insurance to account for these changes and to increase the scope of the statement to include a wider scope of insurance products that are not rated according to community risk, such as life, critical care, and income protection products. Recommendations include that providers of professional education involving genetics should include ethical, legal, and social aspects of insurance discrimination in their curricula; that the Australian government take a more active role in regulating use of genetic information in personal insurance, including enacting a moratorium on use of genetic test results; that information obtained in the course of a research project be excluded; and that there is improved engagement between the insurance industry, regulators, and the genetics profession.
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Lokuge, Buddhima, Thomas A. Faunce, and Richard Denniss. "Private health insurance and regional Australia." Medical Journal of Australia 182, no. 6 (March 2005): 290–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2005.tb06704.x.
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Otlowski, Margaret, Jane Tiller, Kristine Barlow-Stewart, and Paul Lacaze. "Genetic testing and insurance in Australia." Australian Journal of General Practice 48, no. 3 (March 1, 2019): 96–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-10-18-4722.
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Loff, Bebe, and Stephen Cordner. "Private-health insurance chaos in Australia." Lancet 354, no. 9172 (July 1999): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)75327-7.
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Wilcox, Sharon. "Promoting Private Health Insurance In Australia." Health Affairs 20, no. 3 (May 2001): 152–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.20.3.152.
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Thomas, Peter E. "Reflections on the role of less-than-comprehensive (exclusionary) private health insurance hospital products in the Australian healthcare system." Australian Health Review 36, no. 3 (2012): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah10989.
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The number of people in Australia that are currently covered by a hospital private health insurance product continues to rise every quarter. In September 2010, for the first time since the introduction of the public universal social insurance scheme, Medicare, more than 10 million persons in Australia are covered by private health insurance. Although the number of persons covered by private health insurance continues to grow, the quality and level of cover that members are holding is changing significantly. In an effort to limit premium rises and to reduce the benefits paid for treatment, private health insurers have introduced, and moved a large number of existing members to, less-than-comprehensive private health insurance policies. These policies, known as ‘exclusionary’ policies, are changing the dynamics of private health insurance in Australia. After examining the emergence and prevalence of these products, this commentary gives three different examples to illustrate how such products are changing the nature of private health insurance in Australia and are now set to create a series of policy issues that will require future attention.
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PAOLUCCI, FRANCESCO, PRZEMYSLAW M. SOWA, MANUEL GARCÍA-GOÑI, and HENRY ERGAS. "Mandatory aged care insurance: a case for Australia." Ageing and Society 35, no. 2 (November 13, 2013): 231–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x13000767.
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ABSTRACTThis paper assesses the feasibility and welfare-improving potential of an insurance market for aged care expenses in Australia. As in many other countries, demographic dynamics coupled with an upward trend in costs of personal care result in consumer co-contributions imposing a risk of expenses that could constitute a significant proportion of lifetime savings, in spite of the presence of a government-run aged care scheme. We explore issues around the development of an insurance market in this particular setting, considering adverse selection, moral hazard, timing of purchase, transaction costs and correlation of risks, as well as such contextual factors as longevity and aged care cost determinants. The analysis indicates aged care insurance is both feasible and welfare-enhancing, thus providing a gainful alternative to the aged care reform proposed by the Productivity Commission in 2011. However, while the insurance market would benefit the ageing Australian population, it is unlikely to emerge spontaneously because of the problem of myopic individual perceptions of long-term goals. Consequently, we recommend regulatory action to trigger the market development.
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Walker, Christopher. "An overview of the role of government in the organisation and provision of health services in Japan." Australian Health Review 19, no. 2 (1996): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah960075.
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This article is illustrated with reference to health services in the Tokyo Prefecture.It seeks to describe the role of government in the organisation and provision of healthservices in Japan. It is based on experiences gained from a three-month placementat the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Bureau of Public Health in late 1994.Wherever possible the article identifies similarities and differences between theJapanese and Australian health care systems. Part of the analysis has been to identifyareas where opportunities exist for Australian health service providers to developfurther cooperation with particular sectors of the Japanese health system and alsowhere the potential for the export of health services may exist.The health systems of Australia and Japan have points of similarity anddifference. Essentially both systems operate within the context of a compulsoryuniversal health insurance system. However, unlike Australia, the bulk of serviceprovision in Japan is left to the private sector, while government retains the primaryrole of regulator. It is interesting to observe that while the Australian health caresystem is currently exploring options to expand the service range and level ofparticipation of private sector services in health care delivery (within the context ofuniversal health insurance), the Japanese health care system appears to be examiningoptions through which further government intervention can improve service accessand service efficiency. Japan presents opportunities to observe the benefits anddisadvantages of predominantly private sector provision within the context ofuniversal health insurance coverage.
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Inamura, Tomohiko, Francis Lobo, Rie Hirose, and Hajime Sano. "Natural catastrophe risk modelling for northwest Australia offshore installations." APPEA Journal 57, no. 2 (2017): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj16100.
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Offshore installations are exposed to several natural hazards. The greatest is severe weather caused by hurricanes and cyclones. Such storms can be devastating, causing widespread damage and financial loss. Insurance companies offer a range of products that insure against potential losses, including physical damage, control of well, sue and labour, removal of wreck, business interruption and liability. This paper describes the development of the first stochastic natural catastrophe model for the northwest Australian coastal region. It is based on Monte Carlo simulations and uses scientific and engineering knowledge alongside actual insurance claims data to evaluate aggregate storm exposures for the offshore industry in this region. The model enables quantitative assessment of cyclone risk by developing an improved database through the compilation of available meteorological data. Its development is designed to allow the sustainable and reasonably priced supply of insurance, which is essential to the further extension of exploration and production activities and investment in Australia.
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Botes, Estian, and Henk Kloppers. "Insurable Interest as a Requirement for Insurance Contracts: A Comparative Analysis." African Journal of International and Comparative Law 26, no. 1 (February 2018): 130–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ajicl.2018.0223.
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Insurable interest should be considered to constitute a requirement for the validity of an insurance contract. Due to the fact that the difficulties experienced with regard to the doctrine are not unique to South Africa, a comparative approach was adopted that entailed a detailed discussion regarding the definition and application of the doctrine in Great Britain and Australia.
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Wolff, Leon. "Litigiousness in Australia: Lessons from Comparative Law." Deakin Law Review 18, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/dlr2013vol18no2art39.
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How litigious are Australians? Although quantitative studies have comprehensively debunked the fear of an Australian civil justice system in crisis, the literature has yet to address the qualitative public policy question of whether Australians are under- or over-using the legal system to resolve their disputes. On one view, expressed by the insurance industry, the mass media and prominent members of the judiciary, Australia is moving towards an American-style hyper-litigiousness. By contrast, Australian popular culture paints the typical Australian as culturally averse to formal rights assertion. This article explores the comparative law literature on litigiousness in two jurisdictions that have attracted significant scholarly attention — the United States and Japan. More specifically, it seeks to draw lessons from this literature for both understanding litigiousness in modern Australia and framing future research projects on the issue.
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Morgans, David. "Obstetric practice and indemnity insurance in Australia." Medical Journal of Australia 164, no. 11 (June 1996): 701. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1996.tb122255.x.
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KENELEY, MONICA J. "Marketing the Message: The Making of the Market for Life Insurance in Australia, 1850–1940." Enterprise & Society 16, no. 4 (September 21, 2015): 929–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eso.2015.40.
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During the late nineteenth century, sales of life insurance products in Australia increased at a rapid rate. An investigation of the way in which life insurance products were targeted to the consumers provides insights not only into the marketing approaches, but also the changing nature of the mutual organization. This article uses a “stages” approach to analyze the evolution of the marketing message. The experience of Australian mutual insurers suggests that marketing strategies, as with other types of organizational skills, evolve in response to both the prevailing business environment and the ability of the firm to acquire and implement new knowledge and ways of conducting business.
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Maringe, Noah. "A double-edged sword: The role of insurable interest in non-indemnity insurance in the light of the Covid-19 pandemic in Zimbabwe." De Jure 55, no. 1 (June 10, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2225-7160/2022/v55a3.
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The on-going Covid-19 pandemic has affected many facets of life including the business of insurance. It raises fresh questions as to who can insure the life of another because it has led to the loss of many lives. This brings one to the requirement of insurable interest in non-indemnity insurance. This paper argues that the requirement should be removed as it adds confusion to this branch of insurance law. It further limits the categories of people who can insure the lives of others. The Insurable Interest Bill of England attempts to expand the circumstances where one can have insurable interest. It is a step in the right direction as it represents liberalisation of that requirement. However, there are persuasive decisions in both Zimbabwe and South Africa which held that the existence of insurable interest should be a mere factor in deciding whether a contract is one of insurance or a mere wager. It is submitted that this decision can still be arrived at in some cases without even considering the existence of insurable interest. Removing the requirement of insurable interest has precedence as it has happened in other jurisdictions such as New Zealand and Australia. In fact, the intention of the Life Assurance Act 1 774 has not been achieved in real practice. The legal principles surrounding insurable interest in non-indemnity insurance are not only confused but they are confusing. Thus, the paper proposes for other facts which may be taken into account in determining whether a contract is one of insurance and not a wager. Such factors may include the age of the parties, the intention of the parties, the relationship of the parties and the consent of the insured. The emphasis should be on determining whether a contract is not a wager rather than to rely solely on the presence or absence of insurable interest.
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International Monetary Fund. "Australia: Insurance Core Principles�Detailed Assessment of Observance." IMF Staff Country Reports 12, no. 312 (2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781589069794.002.
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Leggat, Peter A., and Frances W. Leggat. "Travel Insurance Claims Made by Travelers from Australia." Journal of Travel Medicine 9, no. 2 (March 8, 2006): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/7060.2002.21444.
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Connelly, Luke B., and James R. G. Butler. "Insurance Rebates, Incentives and Primary Care in Australia." Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice 37, no. 4 (October 2012): 745–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/gpp.2012.40.
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Yip, Paul, David Pitt, Yan Wang, Xueyuan Wu, Ray Watson, Richard Huggins, and Ying Xu. "Assessing the Impact of Suicide Exclusion Periods on Life Insurance." Crisis 31, no. 4 (July 2010): 217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0027-5910/a000023.
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Background: We study the impact of suicide-exclusion periods, common in life insurance policies in Australia, on suicide and accidental death rates for life-insured individuals. If a life-insured individual dies by suicide during the period of suicide exclusion, commonly 13 months, the sum insured is not paid. Aims: We examine whether a suicide-exclusion period affects the timing of suicides. We also analyze whether accidental deaths are more prevalent during the suicide-exclusion period as life-insured individuals disguise their death by suicide. We assess the relationship between the insured sum and suicidal death rates. Methods: Crude and age-standardized rates of suicide, accidental death, and overall death, split by duration since the insured first bought their insurance policy, were computed. Results: There were significantly fewer suicides and no significant spike in the number of accidental deaths in the exclusion period for Australian life insurance data. More suicides, however, were detected for the first 2 years after the exclusion period. Higher insured sums are associated with higher rates of suicide. Conclusions: Adverse selection in Australian life insurance is exacerbated by including a suicide-exclusion period. Extension of the suicide-exclusion period to 3 years may prevent some “insurance-induced” suicides – a rationale for this conclusion is given.
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Li, Jixin, and Yuze Li. "Factors affecting utilization of healthcare services in Australia." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 8 (August 17, 2022): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v8i.1126.
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The health care access rate can highly contribute to society’s living quality, and further influence the general labor productivity and economic growth of a country. However, the health expenditure per person in Australia is very high and not able to decrease immediately, which can gradually impact the proportion of people visiting health care services. Thus, it is important to reveal other important factors influencing health care utilization and seek solutions via the results. This study aimed to reveal the factors associated with the healthcare service utilization in Australia. We first hypothesized that insurance coverage will be the factor with the most contribution. The data, collected from the health survey conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics in 1978-1978, were analyzed via regression model and exploratory data analysis. Model comparison was also performed to receive a more accurate conclusion. The overall results showed that factors influencing health conditions, such as higher age, diseases affecting daily activities appeared to have the greatest relevance with utilization rate. Insurance is also a significant factor, but has a lower contribution compared to the health-related ones. The results can act as an important indicator in introducing policies in health care system and enhance citizen’s health conditions.
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Hindle, Don, and Max J. Lenz. "Using Australian DRGs in Germany:a commentary." Australian Health Review 24, no. 1 (2001): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah010136.
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Germany will begin a change to per case payment by DRG from January 2003. It has selected the Australian DRGclassification as the basis for patient categorisation, in preference to the many other DRG variants around the world.The main aim is increase control over expenditure. We describe some of the reasons for high levels of spending onhospital inpatient care, including the fragmented insurance system and supplier-induced demand. We summarise thereasons why Australian DRGs were selected, and note some of the benefits that will accrue for Australia.
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Flynn, Kathryn. "Financial fraud in the private health insurance sector in Australia." Journal of Financial Crime 23, no. 1 (December 31, 2015): 143–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-06-2014-0032.
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Purpose – The purpose of this article is to explore financial fraud in the private health insurance sector in Australia. Fraud in this sector has commonalities to other countries with similar health systems but in Australia it has garnered some unique characteristics. This article sheds light on these features, especially the fraught relationship between the private health funds and the public health insurance agency, Medicare and the problematic impact of the Privacy Act on fraud detection and financial recovery. Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative methodological approach was used, and interviews were conducted with fraud managers from Australia’s largest private health insurance funds and experts in fields connected to health fraud detection. Findings – All funds reported a need for more technological resources and higher staffing levels to manage fraud. Inadequate resourcing has the predictable outcome of a low detection and recovery rate. The fund managers had differing approaches to recovery action and this ranged from police action, the use of debt recovery agencies, to derecognition from the health fund. As for present and future harm to the industry, the funds found on-line claiming platforms a major threat to the integrity of their insurance system. In addition, they all viewed the Privacy Act as an impediment to managing fraud against their organizations and they desired that there be greater information sharing between themselves and Medicare. Originality/value – This paper contributes to the knowledge of financial fraud in the private health insurance sector in Australia.
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Brunsdon, D. R. "The December 28, 1989 Newcastle, Australia earthquake." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 23, no. 2 (June 30, 1990): 102–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.23.2.102-120.
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The December 28, 1989 Newcastle earthquake resulted in the loss of twelve lives and caused significant damage to many masonry buildings. Although Australia has previously experienced earthquakes of greater magnitude and intensity, this was the first such event to occur near a highly populated area in that country. While this earthquake is a relatively moderate event in international terms, it is nevertheless of particular interest to New Zealand earthquake engineers and researchers and the insurance industry because of the social and organisational similarities between Newcastle and a number of large New Zealand cities. The nature of the damage to buildings and services is summarised, along with insurance aspects and the response of local authorities.
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Se Homer, Caroline. "Private health insurance uptake and the impact on normal birth and costs: a hypothetical model." Australian Health Review 25, no. 2 (2002): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah020032.
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Recent Australian government policy has encouraged large numbers of women of childbearing age to enter private health insurance. This paper describes how increased uptake of private health insurance may impact on the rate of normal birth, caesarean section and the costs of providing maternity care in low risk primiparous women in New South Wales. A hypothetical model was developed using data from the NSW Midwives Data Collection. Costs were calculated usingdata established from previous research in NSW (Homer et al 2001). It suggests that, as the proportion of low risk primiparous women with private health insurance increases, the rate of normal birth may decrease with a subsequent increase in rate of caesarean section. As the rate of caesarean section rises, the cost of providing intrapartum and postpartum care may also increase. I argue that increased rates of private health insurance membership have the potential to increase the rate of caesarean section and the cost of providing maternity care to low risk women. It is evident that government policy can impact on the outcome of maternity care in Australia in ways that might not have been predicted. Paradoxically, the care ofhealthy childbearing women may cost the Australian government more to provide in the future.
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Stoelwinder, Johannes U. "The price of choice: private health insurance in Australia." Australian Health Review 25, no. 6 (2002): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah020042.
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Private Health Insurance (PHI) is an integral part of the financing of the Australian health care system. PHI is popular and has strong political support because it is perceived to give choice of access and responsiveness. However, in the past increasing premiums have led to a progressive decline in membership. A package of reforms by the Commonwealth Government in support of the private health insurance has reinvigorated the industry over the last three years. Some strategies for achieving a sustainable PHI industry are described. The key challenge is to control claims cost to maintain affordable premiums. Many techniques to do this compromise choice and challenge the very rationale for purchasing the product. Funds and providers will have to establish a new level of relationship to meet this challenge.
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Connelly, Luke B., and James R. G. Butler. "Erratum: Insurance Rebates, Incentives and Primary Care in Australia." Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice 38, no. 1 (December 20, 2012): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/gpp.2012.50.
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Adams, M. B., and C. N. W. Scott. "Realistic reporting of life insurance company policy liabilities and profits: developments in Anglo-American countries." Journal of the Institute of Actuaries 121, no. 2 (1994): 441–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020268100020229.
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AbstractThis paper examines international developments in life insurance generally accepted accounting practice (GAAP) for policy valuation and profit recognition in four major Anglo-American markets—the U.K., Australia, the U.S.A. and Canada. Each valuation method examined has its advantages and disadvantages with respect to the needs of preparers and users of the annual corporate reports of life insurance companies. The paper documents that the statutory basis and U.S. GAAP are considered to have substantive deficiencies. In contrast, the U.K. accruals method, the Australian margin on services method and Canadian GAAP have much to commend them, particularly with regard to their flexibility to accommodate valuation adjustments for unexpected events. Nevertheless, from the preparers' point of view, the systems which would have to be developed to facilitate the U.K. accruals and Australian margin on services methods would be difficult and costly to implement. Profit reporting under Canadian GAAP is also sensitive to changes in actuarial reserving assumptions. The authors conclude that, since national preferences in actuarial and accounting practices are inevitable and because the product-market structures of life insurance markets are so distinctive, international harmonisation of life office GAAP is unlikely to occur for a very long time.
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Hopkins, Sandra, and H. E. Frech. "The Rise of Private Health Insurance in Australia: Early Effects on Insurance and Hospital Markets." Economic and Labour Relations Review 12, no. 2 (December 2001): 225–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530460101200206.
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Prykaziuk, Nataliia, and Lyudmila Gumenyuk. "ROADMAP FOR THE INTRODUCTION OF CYBER INSURANCE IN UKRAINE." Innovation and Sustainability, no. 1 (December 24, 2021): 64–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31649/ins.2021.1.64.72.
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The article examines the process of implementing cyber insurance in the world and proposes a Roadmap for implementation in Ukraine. The key goals and objectives facing the insurance market of Ukraine and the regulator in order to achieve this goal are considered. Approximate deadlines for the necessary measures to prepare for the introduction of cyber insurance in the Ukrainian economy are outlined. The key features of regulations in the field of cyber security in the EU and Australia are highlighted and ways to adapt them in Ukraine are proposed. Promising means to increase the security of individuals and legal entities in the digital space on the example of the mechanism of interaction between insurers and expert organizations in Australia. The main vectors of cooperation between insurance companies and expert organizations in the field of cyber security in the Ukrainian and global insurance markets are listed. A system of interaction between the subjects of cyber-insurance relations with the positioning of the insured in the center of relations as a key participant in insurance has been developed, which proves the high customer orientation of this area of insurance business. The current problems of the Ukrainian insurance market are substantiated and the ways of their solution through the mechanism of cyber insurance implementation are offered: modeling of the mechanism of estimation of losses from cyber attacks, monitoring of the current state of insurers, development of ways to minimize cyber incidents. The dynamics of cyber incidents in 2020 is analyzed and the correlation between the occurrence of global lockdowns caused by COVID-19 and the growth in the number of cyber attacks is revealed. Based on the analysis, it is proved that the introduction of cyber insurance in Ukraine is a necessary tool to protect all participants in insurance relations from cyber risks and for the development of the insurance market as a whole
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Prykaziuk, N. V., and L. S. Gumenyuk. "ROADMAP FOR THE INTRODUCTION OF CYBER INSURANCE IN UKRAINE." THEORETICAL AND APPLIED ISSUES OF ECONOMICS, no. 43 (2021): 217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/tppe.2021.43.21.
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The article examines the process of implementing cyber insurance in the world and proposes a Roadmap for implementation in Ukraine. The key goals and objectives facing the insurance market of Ukraine and the regulator in order to achieve this goal are considered. Approximate deadlines for the necessary measures to prepare for the introduction of cyber insurance in the Ukrainian economy are outlined. The key features of regulations in the field of cyber security in the EU and Australia are highlighted and ways to adapt them in Ukraine are proposed. Promising means to increase the security of individuals and legal entities in the digital space on the example of the mechanism of interaction between insurers and expert organizations in Australia. The main vectors of cooperation between insurance companies and expert organizations in the field of cyber security in the Ukrainian and global insurance markets are listed. A system of interaction between the subjects of cyber-insurance relations with the positioning of the insured in the center of relations as a key participant in insurance has been developed, which proves the high customer orientation of this area of insurance business. The current problems of the Ukrainian insurance market are substantiated and the ways of their solution through the mechanism of cyber insurance implementation are offered: modeling of the mechanism of estimation of losses from cyber attacks, monitoring of the current state of insurers, development of ways to minimize cyber incidents. The dynamics of cyber incidents in 2020 is analyzed and the correlation between the occurrence of global lockdowns caused by COVID-19 and the growth in the number of cyber attacks is revealed. Based on the analysis, it is proved that the introduction of cyber insurance in Ukraine is a necessary tool to protect all participants in insurance relations from cyber risks and for the development of the insurance market as a whole.
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Crockett, Michael, and Muhammad Jahangir Ali. "Auditor independence and accounting conservatism." International Journal of Accounting & Information Management 23, no. 1 (March 2, 2015): 80–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijaim-02-2014-0008.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the efficacy of the current legislative provisions that protect auditor independence in Australia. The collapses of several high-profile companies (Enron and WorldCom in the USA, HIH insurance and OneTel in Australia) in the early 2000s has raised questions about audit quality and independence. In response, regulators have introduced new regulations and guidance to improve audit quality. In Australia, the Corporations Act 2001 (2001) was amended via the Corporate Law Economic Reform Program Act 2004. This study poses the question: do non-audit service fees influence the level of accounting conservatism? Design/methodology/approach – The sample used in this analysis consists of all available Australian listed companies from the years 2006 till 2010. Findings – Using multiple measures of accounting conservatism and the auditor-client economic bond, our results suggest that the level of the economic bond between the auditor and the client does not significantly influence the level of accounting conservatism. Originality/value – Our results demonstrate that the combination of intrinsic market mechanisms and regulation in Australia sufficiently protect auditor independence.
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Khoo, Joanna, Helen Hasan, and Kathy Eagar. "Utilisation patterns of privately funded mental health services in Australia." Journal of Health Organization and Management 33, no. 1 (March 18, 2019): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhom-02-2018-0062.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to present patient-level utilisation patterns of hospital-based mental health services funded by private health insurers; and second, to examine the implications of the findings for planning and delivering private mental health services in Australia. Design/methodology/approach Analysing private health insurance claims data, this study compares differences in demographic and hospital utilisation characteristics of 3,209 patients from 13 private health insurance funds with claims for mental health-related hospitalisations and 233,701 patients with claims for other types of hospitalisations for the period May 2014 to April 2016. Average number of overnight admissions, length of stay and per patient insurer costs are presented for each group, along with overnight admissions vs same-day visits and repeat services within a 28-day period following hospitalisation. Challenges in analysing and interpreting insurance claims data to better understand private mental health service utilisation are discussed. Findings Patients with claims for mental health-related hospitalisations are more likely to be female (62.0 per cent compared to 55.8 per cent), and are significantly younger than patients with claims for other types of hospitalisations (32.6 per cent of patients aged 55 years and over compared to 57.1 per cent). Patients with claims for mental health-related hospitalisations have significantly higher levels of service utilisation than the group with claims for other types of hospitalisations with a mean length of stay per overnight admission of 15.0 days (SD=14.1), a mean of 1.3 overnight admissions annually (SD=1.2) and mean hospital costs paid by the insurer of $13,192 per patient (SD=13,457) compared to 4.6 days (SD=7.3), 0.8 admissions (SD=0.6) and $2,065 per patient (SD=4,346), respectively, for patients with claims for other types of hospitalisations. More than half of patients with claims for mental health-related hospitalisations only claim for overnight admissions. However, the findings are difficult to interpret due to the limited information collected in insurance claims data. Practical implications This study shows the challenges of understanding utilisation patterns with one data source. Analysing insurance claims reveals information on mental health-related hospitalisations but information on community-based care is lacking due to the regulated role of the private health insurance sector in Australia. For mental health conditions, and other chronic health conditions, multiple data sources need to be integrated to build a comprehensive picture of health service use as care tends to be provided in multiple settings by different medical and allied health professionals. Originality/value This study contributes in two areas: patient-level trends in hospital-based mental health service utilisation claimed on private health insurance in Australia have not been previously reported. Additionally, as the amount of data routinely collected in health care settings increases, the study findings demonstrate that it is important to assess the quality of these data sources for understanding service utilisation.
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KENELEY, MONICA J. "The Pitfalls of Internationalization: The Experience of American Life Insurers in Australia, 1885–1905." Enterprise & Society 19, no. 1 (January 8, 2018): 31–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eso.2017.64.
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In the latter part of the nineteenth century, the three largest life insurance companies had a presence in more than forty countries. In the 1880s they turned their attention to the Australian colonies, in which life insurance markets were expanding. The venture, however, was met with unexpected market resistance, and the expectations of the Big Three were never fully met. An eclectic paradigm provides an explanatory tool, which is applied to an investigation of the experiences of American companies. These companies were not able to realize the ownership and location, or internalize the advantages, needed to build a sustainable presence in the Australian life insurance market.
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Adibi, Hossein. "The Australian National Disability Insurance Scheme and People With Disabilities From CALD Backgrounds." International Journal of Reliable and Quality E-Healthcare 9, no. 3 (July 2020): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijrqeh.2020070101.
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The National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) is considered to be the second greatest reform in healthcare in Australia after the introduction of Medicare in Australia in 1983. This reform was introduced in 2012 in two phases. The first phase as a trial took place for three years. The expectation was that the reform will be rolled out by 2019 or 2020. This article argues that the trial implementation process has achieved very positive outcomes in the lives of a great number of people with disability in Australia. At the same time, NDIS is facing many serious challenges in some areas. One of the obvious challenges is that this reform is a market approached reform. The second challenge relates to meeting the needs of minorities. People with disabilities from Culturally and Linguistically Divers (CALD) backgrounds are one of the five most venerable, underutilised users of NDIS services in Australia. They have no strong voice and negotiable abilities. The main question here is how NDIS is to meet its commitment to satisfy the needs of these vulnerable people in Australia.
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Xiao, Guobei, Zhuoting Zhu, Xin Xiao, Zachary Tan, Ke Cao, Xianwen Shang, Karl D. Brown, Guofu Huang, Lei Zhang, and Mingguang He. "Geographical Inequality on Cataract Surgery Uptake in 200,000 Australians: Findings from the “45 and Up Study”." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (September 16, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9618912.
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Using a geographical information system (GIS), we investigated the spatiotemporal evolution of a cataract surgery service and its association with socioeconomic factors and private insurance, based on 10-year real-world medical claim data in an Australian population. The data collected cover a decade (2007–2016) from the “45 and Up Study”. A total of 234,201 participants within the cataract surgery service were grouped into 88 Statistical Area Level 3 (SA3s) according to their residential postcodes in New South Wales Australia. We analyzed the spatiotemporal variations and geographical distribution inequality in cataract surgery incidence and its respect to socioeconomic status (SES) and private health insurance coverage by Spearman correlation analysis and Moran’s I test. Then these variations were intuitive displayed by six-quartile maps and a local indicator of spatial association (LISA) maps based on GIS. The average cumulative age-gender-standardized of the incidence of cataract surgery (ICS) was 8.85% (95% CI, 5.33–15.6). Spatial variation was significant (univariate Moran’s I = 0.45, P = 0.001) with incidence gradually decreasing from the coastal regions to the north-western inland regions, suggesting inequality in the cataract surgery service across the state of New South Wales. Notably, clustering of the low incidence areas had gradually disappeared over the decade, suggesting that the cataract surgery service has improved over time. Low scores on the “index of socioeconomic disadvantages” (IRSD) and high private health insurance coverage were significantly associated with a higher incidence of cataract surgery (bivariate Moran’s I = −0.13 and 0.23, P < 0.01; Spearman correlation r = 0.25 and −0.25, P = 0.02), which is displayed on the map visually and obviously. Spatiotemporal variations in the incidence of cataract surgery are significant, but the low incidence area had gradually disappeared over time. High socioeconomic status and private insurance contribute to a higher incidence of cataract surgery in Australia.
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Diminic, Sandra, and Mary Bartram. "Does Introducing Public Funding for Allied Health Psychotherapy Lead to Reductions in Private Insurance Claims? Lessons for Canada from the Australian Experience." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 64, no. 1 (June 20, 2018): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0706743718784941.
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Objective: Provincial and territorial governments are considering how best to improve access to psychotherapy from the current patchwork of programmes. To achieve the best value for money, new funding needs to reach a wider population rather than simply replacing services funded through insurance benefits. We considered lessons for Canada from the relative uptake of private insurance and public funding for allied health psychotherapy in Australia. Method: We analysed published administrative claims data from 2003–2004 to 2014–2015 on Australian privately insured psychologist services, publicly insured psychotherapy under the ‘Better Access’ initiative, and public grant funding for psychotherapy through the ‘Access to Allied Psychological Services’ programme. Utilisation was compared to the prevalence of mental disorders and treatment rates in the 2007 National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. Results: The introduction of public funding for psychotherapy led to a 52.1% reduction in private insurance claims. Costs per session were more than double under private insurance and likely contributed to individuals with private coverage choosing to instead access public programmes. However, despite substantial community unmet need, we estimate just 0.4% of the population made private insurance claims in the 2006–2007 period. By contrast, from its introduction, growth in the utilisation of Better Access quickly dwarfed other programmes and led to significantly increased community access to treatment. Conclusions: Although insurance in Canada is sponsored by employers, psychology claims also appear surprisingly low, and unmet need similarly high. Careful consideration will be needed in designing publicly funded psychotherapy programmes to prepare for the high demand while minimizing reductions in private insurance claims.
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Clarke, Philip M. "The effect of the 30% private health insurance rebate on the purchasing behaviour and intentions of the Australian popula." Australian Health Review 22, no. 3 (1999): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah990007.
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This article examines the likely effect of the 30% private health insurance rebate on private health insurance coverage. It is based on a survey of the Australia population conducted in April-May 1999 which collected information on health insurance purchasing behaviour and intentions. These data are used to predict the subsidy's likely effect on hospital insurance coverage, with estimates ranging from 30.5% to 34.3% by May 2000. Ancillary insurance membership is forecast to increase to between 32.7% and 37.2% of the population over the same period. The 30% insurance rebate will probably produce, at best, a small increase in hospital insurance membership. The cost of the rebate is estimated at$1.4 billion in 1999-2000. Given the small increases in projected membership, the cost of the initiative is very- high.
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Podger, Andrew. "Federalism and Australia’s National Health and Health Insurance System." Asia Pacific Journal of Health Management 11, no. 3 (October 1, 2016): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24083/apjhm.v11i3.151.
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While health reform in Australia has been marked by piecemeal, incremental changes, the overall trend to increasing Commonwealth involvement has not been accidental or driven by power-hungry centralists: it has been shaped by broader national and international developments including technological change and the maturing of our nation and its place internationally, and by a widespread desire for a national universal health insurance system. In many respects the Australianhealth system performs well, but the emerging challenges demand a more integrated, patient-oriented system. This is likely to require a further shift towards the Commonwealth in terms of financial responsibility, as the national insurer. But it also requires close cooperation with the States, who could play a firmer role in service delivery and in supporting regional planning and coordination. The likelihood of sharing overall responsibility for the health system also suggests thereis a need to involve the States more fully in processes for setting national policies.
This article draws heavily on a lecture presented at the Australian National University in October 2015. It includes an overview of Australia’s evolving federal arrangements and the context within which the current Federalism Review is being conducted. It suggests Australia will not return to ‘coordinate federalism’ with clearly distinct responsibilities, and that greater priority should be given to improving how we manage shared responsibilities.
There is a long history of Commonwealth involvement in health, and future reform should build on that rather than try to reverse direction. While critical of the proposals from the Commission of Audit and in the 2014 Budget, the lecture welcomed the more pragmatic approaches that seemed to be emerging from the Federalism Review discussion papers and contributions from some Premiers which could promote more sensible measures to improve both the effectiveness and the financial sustainability of Australia’s health and health insurance system.
The Commonwealth’s new political leadership in 2015 seemed interested in such measures and in moving away from the Abbott Government’s approach. But the legacy of that approach severely damaged the Turnbull Government in the 2016 federal election as it gave traction to Labor’s ‘Mediscare’ campaign. In addition to resetting the federalism debate as it affects health, the Turnbull Government now needs to articulate the principles of Medicare and to clarify the role of the private sector, including private health insurance, in Australia’s universal health insurance system. Labor also needs to address more honestly the role of the private sector and develop a more coherent policy itself.
Abbreviations: COAG – Council of Australian Governments; NHHRC – National Health and Hospitals Reform Commission; PHI – Private Health Insurance; VFI – Vertical Fiscal Imbalance.
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Wheatland, Fiona Tito. "Medical Indemnity Reform in Australia: “First Do No Harm”." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 33, no. 3 (2005): 429–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2005.tb00510.x.
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Medical indemnity is not usually the stuff of high political and social drama in Australia. When the biggest medical defense organization went into voluntary liquidation in 2002, this all changed. Newspapers carried stories on an almost daily basis about the actual or possible negative impact of the “crisis” on doctors, hospitals, and communities. Doctors became increasingly vocal in their criticisms and expansive in their claims. Their political organization, the Australian Medical Association, lobbied powerfully and successfully for government intervention to address the problem of dramatically escalating premiums for some doctors. This, combined with a broader public relations campaign about public liability insurance, resulted in significant changes in the law at both the federal and state level - not just in the area of medical negligence but in relation to most personal injury litigation.The genesis of and reasons for current medical indemnity problems in Australia have been the subject of much speculation and little rigorous analysis.
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Miller, Pavla. "‘The age of entitlement has ended’: designing a disability insurance scheme in turbulent times." Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy 33, no. 2 (June 2017): 95–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21699763.2017.1302893.
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AbstractIn a period of welfare state retrenchment, Australia's neo-liberal government is continuing to implement an expensive National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS). Australia is among the pioneers of welfare measures funded from general revenue. Until recently, however, attempts to establish national schemes of social insurance have failed. The paper reviews this history through the lenses of path dependence accounts. It then presents contrasting descriptions of the NDIS by its Chair, the politician who inspired him, and two feminist policy analysts from a carers’ organisation. Path dependence, these accounts illustrate, has been broken in some respects but consolidated in others. In particular, the dynamics of ‘managed’ capitalist markets, gendered notions of abstract individuals and organisations, and the related difficulties in accounting for unpaid labour are constraining the transformative potential of the NDIS.
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Izumi, Hiroaki. "History of Development of Insurance Industry Self-Regulation in Australia." Hokengakuzasshi (JOURNAL of INSURANCE SCIENCE) 2020, no. 651 (December 31, 2020): 651_139–651_170. http://dx.doi.org/10.5609/jsis.2020.651_139.
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Leach, Liana S., Peter Butterworth, and Harvey Whiteford. "Private health insurance, mental health and service use in Australia." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 46, no. 5 (January 5, 2012): 468–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867411434713.
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Srivastava, Preety, Gang Chen, and Anthony Harris. "Oral Health, Dental Insurance and Dental Service use in Australia." Health Economics 26, no. 1 (October 9, 2015): 35–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hec.3272.
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