Relevant bibliographies by topics / Insulating solution

Academic literature on the topic 'Insulating solution'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Insulating solution"

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Zach, Jiri, Jitka Peterková, and Nikol Žižková. "Development of Materials Based on Flax for Thermal Insulation and Thermal Rehabilitation of Structures." Advanced Materials Research 688 (May 2013): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.688.153.

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Thermal restoration of building constructions presents a complex of measures during renovation and life prolongation of buildings. It is a solution including restoration of bearing parts of the construction, solutions of moisture questions and the thermal insulation and new surface treatments of the construction. After application of the thermal insulation total energy intensity for heating and cooling is reduced and the thermal comfort inside insulated object is improved. Nowadays at application of thermal insulating systems a huge amount of insulants produced from non-renewable materials (EPS, PUR) is needed or the production of these is energy demanding (rock wool). Some of them, namely foam-plastic insulating materials are not compatible with original walling materials and after its application the diffusion flow is frequently limited in direction to exterior. The paper describes possibilities of production of insulants from flax waste and use of such insulating materials in the field of exterior heat insulating materials for existing objects.
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Zagorodnyuk, L. Kh, D. A. Sumskoy, and S. V. Zolotykh. "EFFECTIVE HEAT-PROTECTIVE SYSTEM WITH THE USE OF THERMAL INSULATING SOLUTION OF REDUCED DENSITY." Russian Automobile and Highway Industry Journal 16, no. 3 (July 4, 2019): 323–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.26518/2071-7296-2019-3-323-333.

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Introduction. The manuscript is devoted to the actual problem of thermal insulation of buildings and structures. The paper presents a developed low-density insulation solution with improved heatengineering characteristics. The aim of the work is to increase the efficiency of the heat-shielding system using a low-density heat-insulating solution.Methods and materials.The authors carried out tests at the site of heat engineering control of LLC «Intellect-service-ZBK-1» to determine the resistance to heat transfer of the enclosing structure.Results.The construction of the wall system consisting of the «Aerobel» D500 gas-silicate block (625×200×250 mm) and made on a low-density heat-insulating masonry mortar, as well as with the use of a heat-insulating mortar and a universal «Moutrical» energy-efficient coating allowed increasing actual reduced heat transfer resistance from 0.9 to 1.4 (m2 ·K) / W (by 36%).Discussion and conclusions.Laboratory research and field tests that meet the requirements of state standards and that develop low-density heat-insulating plaster demonstrate the low-density heatinsulating solution, which indicates the feasibility in thermal insulation of buildings and structures. The authors achieve special economic and ecological effect in connection with the use of local raw materials and waste production of expanded perlite sand.
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Colombo, Isabella Giorgia, Matteo Colombo, and Marco Di Prisco. "TRC sandwich solution for energy retrofitting." Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings 33 (March 3, 2022): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/app.2022.33.0098.

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Concerning energy improvement of existing façades, a favourable system involves prefabricated multilayer panels, made of internal insulation core and outer textile reinforced concrete layers. It is a convincing alternative to external thermal insulation composite systems (ETICS) and ventilated façades, and it meets all the requirements for façade systems. The main advantage is the possibility toapply the panel using a crane, without any scaffolding. The paper considers two solutions: the former uses expanded polystyrene (EPS) as insulating material; the latter substitutes EPS with an innovative green insulation material made of inorganic diatomite. The paper aims at comparing the solutions in terms of mechanical properties of the components and behaviour of the composite sandwich at lab-scale level. Numerical models, previously calibrated, will be instrumental for the discussion.
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Radwan, Ali, Ahmed Diab, Abo-Hashima Elsayed, Yehya Mohamed, Hassan Haes Alhelou, and Pierluigi Siano. "Transformers Improvement and Environment Conservation by Using Synthetic Esters in Egypt." Energies 14, no. 7 (April 3, 2021): 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14071992.

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Distribution transformer (DT) is a crucial component in power systems as it exchanges energies between different voltage levels or between utility grid and DC microgrids. Nevertheless, the operation of an oil-immersed DT is limited by the thermal and electrical capabilities of the internal insulating liquid. This paper aims to raise the efficiency of distribution transformers and preserve the environment by using a biodegradable insulating liquid instead of the conventional mineral insulating oil (MIO). This work examines the Egyptian case, where a real distribution network located in middle Egypt is selected as a pilot project. Study and analysis of the status que of the insulation system inside DTs are done with the aid of fault-tree analysis. The deficiency of the insulation system is confirmed by conducting an electronic survey of 100 expert participants. The most appropriate solution among three different alternatives is confirmed using the weighting and ranking method. The best choice suitable for the selected area is the substitution of MIO by synthetic ester (SE). The technical and environmental advantages achieved by the presented solution are discussed. The feasibility studies have proven that the solution is positively acceptable in all aspects. An execution plan is established for the application of proposed solution on the selected Egyptian distribution network.
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Yakovchuk, R., A. Kuzyk, O. Miller, and A. Lyn. "HEAT INSULATION-APPARATUS SYSTEMS OF HOUSEHOLD FACADE AS A FACTOR OF INCREASED FIRE HAZARD." Fire Safety, no. 32 (August 14, 2018): 80–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.32447/20786662.32.2018.12.

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The paper analyzes the problems associated with the fire hazard of the application of thermal insulation and finishing systems of facades of buildings, which directly depends on the design solution of the thermal insulation system and the type of thermal insulation material. The generalized requirements for physical and technical indicators of the quality of heat-insulating materials; the possibility of applying facade heat insulation structures depending on their class, the height of the houses and the combustibility of the materials of the heat-insulating and finishing layers; fire-technical characteristics of expanded polystyrene are considered. The threats of fire spreading by thermal insulation systems of facades are analyzed and possible ways of its propagation between floors are considered. It is concluded that the use of combustible thermal insulating materials poses an increased danger to life and health of people during a fire. The problem of ensuring the fire safety of buildings, in which the insulation and finishing systems of exterior walls are used, depends on a number of factors and requires a more thorough study.
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Břenek, Aleš, Vojtěch Václavík, Tomáš Dvorský, Jaromír Daxner, and Vojtech Dirner. "Built-In Moisture Process in Structure with Damaged Waterproofing after the Application of Thermal Insulation Boards." Advanced Materials Research 1020 (October 2014): 591–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1020.591.

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The article deals with energy rehabilitation of a building with damaged waterproofing of its lower structure. The reference construction is made of fired bricks, whose functional properties are perfectly fine, but the thermal insulation properties are insufficient for this time. The most common solution of such a problem is the application of a thermal insulating material based on expanded polystyrene on the building envelope. Unfortunately, these solutions often entail the risk of moisture problems in places that appeared to be dry before. The article compares the current solution with the new one relying on material based on calcium silicate [4] with high moisture transport capabilities as an alternative insulation of these buildings.
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Qian, Jing, and Yanbing Zhao. "Insulating Packaging Solution Based on Cylinder Model." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/972589.

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Insulating packaging is used in a variety of applications as a thermal protection for temperature-sensitive products. With computer simulation, one spherical shell model and one cylinder model are identified as suitable result for insulating packaging solution. Based on the cylinder model, the insulating packaging solution is achieved by using “minimum packaging cost” as an optimization target. The comparison of results predicted from the present model with benchmark experimental data shows satisfactory agreement in terms of packaging duration.
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Li, Yu Mei, Tao Ding, and Zong Tao Chen. "Structural Optimization and Electric Field Analysis on the Insulation Structure of UHDV Wall Bushing." Advanced Materials Research 732-733 (August 2013): 1052–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.732-733.1052.

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The insulation mechanism of UHVDC wall bushing is discussed. Design solution of the insulation structure is determined. In the solution, internal insulation includes SF6 gas-insulated and shielding structure, and external insulation is a type of composite insulating material, which is made up of epoxy FRP pipe and silicone rubber sheds. Creepage distance of external insulation and two types of shielding structures are designed in the paper. Finally two types of shielding structure are compared and optimized based on electric field simulation, and the result shows that dual-plate grounded shielding can enable the electric field strength of UHVDC wall bushing more evenly distributed.
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GRACHEV, Vladimir V., Aleksandr V. GRISHCHENKO, and Marina A. SCHREIBER. "Methodology for assessing the degree of moisture ingress into the insulation of traction electric motors of diesel locomotives." BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH RESULTS 2021, no. 4 (December 2021): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.20295/2223-9987-2021-4-47-56.

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Objective: To develop a method for assessing the degree of moisture absorption by the traction electric motor (TEM) insulation. Methods: Based on the analysis of one-dimensional diffusion of liquid into the insulating material of the TEM windings, it has been shown that cracks increase its saturation with liquid. The proposed analytical solution for anisotropic diffusion of liquid into a cracked insulating material has been investigated. Results: An analytical model has been developed that describes the ideal moisture absorption according to the Fick's law, and it has been shown that it is suitable for calculating the diffusion of moisture into the insulating materials of the TEM windings. Practical importance: Further research should be aimed at obtaining material properties in a moisture-controlled environment
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Lee, Gihyun, Sohee Kim, and Sungbo Cho. "Impedance Characterization of the Degradation of Insulating Layer Patterned on Interdigitated Microelectrode." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 15, no. 10 (October 1, 2015): 7573–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2015.11147.

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Life-time and functionality of planar microelectrode-based devices are determined by not only the corrosion-resistance of the electrode, but also the durability of the insulation layer coated on the transmission lines. Degradation of the insulating layer exposed to a humid environment or solution may cause leakage current or signal loss, and a decrease in measurement sensitivity. In this study, degradation of SU-8, an epoxy-based negative photoresist and insulating material, patterned on Au interdigitated microelectrode (IDE) for long-term (>30 days) immersion in an electrolyte at 37 °C was investigated by electrical impedance spectroscopy and theoretical equivalent circuit modeling. From the experiment and simulation results, it was found that the degradation level of the insulating layer of the IDE electrode can be characterized by monitoring the resistance of the insulating layer among the circuit parameters of the designed equivalent circuit modeling.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Insulating solution"

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Zhang, Qiaoming. "Electrolyte-gated organic field-effect transistors based on organic semiconductor: insulating polymer blends." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667288.

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La presente tesis doctoral se centra en la fabricación, optimización, caracterización y aplicación de capas activas compuestas de una mezcla de semiconductor orgánico y un polímero aislante (OSC:PS) en transistores orgánicos de efecto de campo (EGOFET) con puerta-electrolítica. El EGOFET esta considerado como una prometedora plataforma de detección en el campo de la bioelectrónica debido a su capacidad de operar en medios electrolíticos. Hasta la fecha, aunque en varios proyectos de investigación se ha demostrado su alto potencial como plataforma de detección, existe algunos problemas que deben resolverse, tales como su baja movilidad del portador de carga, lentos tiempo de respuesta y una degradación rápida que dificultan su aplicación práctica. En este contexto, la tesis se divide en tres bloques, que van desde la fabricación de los dispositivos hasta sus aplicaciones. La primera parte de la tesis tiene como objetivo la fabricación de dispositivo robustos y eficientes empleando dos estrategias: (i) la optimización de la mezclas de polímero aislante y semiconductor orgánico (OSC) y (ii) el uso de una técnica basada en la deposición de capas activas mediante disolución que recibe el nombre de BAMS (bar assistance meniscus shearing). En la primera parte de la tesis (Capitulo 2), se emplearon cuatro semiconductores orgánicos diferentes en que se incluyen tres pequeñas moléculas y un polímero semiconductor como materiales activos. Los dispositivos se han caracterizado mediante medida electricas (características de transferencia y salida) y su analisis y compresión, la sensibilidad potenciométrica, velocidad de conmutación (tiempo de respuesta) y estabilidad eléctrica en agua MilliQ y soluciones salinas (NaCl). Además, la segunda parte de la tesis (Capítulo 3) está dedicada al desarrollo de un sensor de iones de mercurio basado la exposición de los capas activas a disoluciones acuosa que contienen iones de mercurio. En este caso, se observó un cambio gradual en el potencial umbral, que era respuesta directa de la concentración de iones a la qual se exponia la capa activa. Además, se realizaron pruebas de microscopía de fuerza de atómica “Kelvin-prove” y espectroscopía electroquímica de impedancia con el objetivó de entender el mecanismo de respuesta frente al mercurio. El cual se relaciono con la oxidación/reducción de los iones Hg2+ y la superficie del semiconductor. Finalmente, la tercera parte de la tesis (Capítulo 4) se centra en la fabricación de nuevos dispositivo sustituyendo el electrolito por un hidrogel (HYGOFET). Logrando dispositivo de alto rendimiento empleando un hidrogel a base de agua como dieléctrico. Además, el HYGOFET muestra una excelente respuesta a los variación de presión debida a la alineación de los dipolos del agua dentro de la capa de semiconductor. Por lo tanto, el dispositivo se puede visualizar como un prototipo de sensor de presión adaptable a ropa inteligente.
The present Doctoral Thesis is focused on the fabrication, optimization, characterization and application of organic semiconductors:insulating polymer blends for electrolyte-gated organic field-effect transistors (EGOFETs), which are considered a promising sensing platform in the field of bioelectronics due to their ability to operate in common electrolyte media. Up to date, although several research works have already demonstrated the high potential of using EGOFETs as sensing platform, some unsolved problems (i.e. low carrier mobility, slow response time and fast degradation) are actually hindering their practical application. Within this context, the thesis is divided into three main parts, from EGOFET devices fabrication to their applications. The first part of the thesis aims to obtain robust and efficient EGOFETs device based on two overlooked strategies: (i) the exploitation of blends composed by an insulating polymer and an organic semiconductor (OSC) and (ii) the use of a solution-shearing technique, such as bar-assisted meniscus shearing (BAMS), to deposit the OSC:PS blend. In this part (Chapter 2), four OSCs, including three small molecules and one polymer, were selected as active materials for the fabrication of EGOFETs. The four OSC:polymer blends EGOFET devices have been systematically studied by evaluating and comparing their transfer and output characteristics, potentiometric sensitivity, switching speed and their electrical stability properties recorded in MilliQ water and a NaCl solution as electrolyte media. In addition, the second part of the thesis (Chapter 3) is devoted to the development of a mercury ions sensor based on an EGOFETs by systematically exposing the blend films to a mercury ions aqueous solutions. In this case, a gradual positive threshold voltage shift of the electrical characteristics was observed, which was selected as the detection parameter towards mercury ions. Furthermore, Kelvin probe force microscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy tests were carried out to explore the mechanism of the mercury response, which was demonstrated to be related to the redox reaction between Hg2+ ions and the semiconductor surface. Finally, the third part of the thesis (Chapter 4) is focused on the fabrication of a novel EGOFET device, namely a hydrogel-gated organic field-effect transistor (HYGOFET). A high performance HYGOFET device was achieved by replacing the liquid electrolyte with a water-based hydrogel to serve as dielectric layer. Furthermore, the HYGOFET exhibits an excellent response to pressure stimuli due to the alignment of water dipoles within the OSC layer. The device can thus be envisioned as proof of concept device which can be find applications in the field of textile electronic skin.
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MONTEROSSI, MARIA PIA. "Energy Saving Through An Innovative Aircraft Turbine Thermal Control." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2711695.

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One of the most important challenges for the next generation of aircraft propulsion systems is an engine more efficient, with less pollutants emission and so definitely more sustainable. To reach this goal a lot of new technical solutions must be exhibit in order to optimize the main engine parts, but the attention should also be focused on how the different engine components work, due to the thermal loads they undergo during the different phases of the flight. Typical examples of the effects that the thermal loads produce are the gaps among the different components, producing unavoidable leakages, due to their differential thermal expansion. Actually in the Low Pressure Turbines (LPT) one of the countermeasures applied to control and to minimize these gaps consists in blowing into the stator cavities some relatively cold air bled from one of the compressor stages. This technique, even if effective for the turbine thermal control, results in supplementary fuel consumption. In this research a first attempt to reduce the required cooling air, by introducing insulating materials in the proper LPT cavities, is shown. The preliminary numerical analyses performed to point out and compare suitable configurations are here presented. The configuration, identified as the most performing, has been used to forecast the insulation technology effectiveness. The obtained numerical results evaluated both in terms of temperature decreasing of the Casing plate and of Cooling air reduction, are reported. The technological solution, numerically pointed out, has been experimentally validated by means of the available testing facility, whose Test Article reproduces, properly scaled, one stage of a modern LPT. After the experimental campaign, the experimental data and the ones obtained by running the numerical model have been compared in order to evaluate the final model accuracy. Finally, a thermal insulating selection has been performed to overcome the limits that the tested technology has exhibited. The studied alternative solutions and the obtained results are here reported and compared with the ones obtained with the technology previously implemented.
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Eke, Samuel. "Stratégie d'évaluation de l'état des transformateurs : esquisse de solutions pour la gestion intégrée des transformateurs vieillissants." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEC013/document.

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Cette thèse de doctorat traite des méthodes d’évaluation de l’état des transformateurs de puissance à huile. Elle apporte une approche particulière de mise en oeuvre des méthodes de classification dans la fouille de données. Elle propose une stratégie qui met en oeuvre deux nouveaux indicateurs de santé de l’huile construit à partir d’un système neuro flou ANFIS (Adaptative Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System) et un classifieur ou prédicteur de défaut construit à partir des méthodes de classification supervisée, notamment le classifieur Bayésien naïf. Un organigramme simple et efficace d’évaluation de l’état des transformateurs y est proposé. Il permet de faire une analyse rapide des paramètres issus des analyses physico-chimiques de l’huile et de des gaz dissous. Une exploitation des méthodes de classification non supervisée, notamment les méthodes de k-moyennes et C-moyennes flous a permis de reconstruire les périodes de fonctionnement d’un transformateur marquées par des défauts particuliers. Il a aussi été démontré comment ces méthodes peuvent servir d’outil d’aide à l’organisation de la maintenance d’un groupe de transformateurs à partir des données d’analyses d’huile disponibles
This PhD thesis deals the assessment method of the state of power transformers filled with oil. It brings a new approach by implementing classification methods and data mining dedicated to transformer maintenance. It proposes a strategy based on two new oil health indicators built from an adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). Two classifiers were built on a labeled learning database. The Naive Bayes classifier was retained for the detection of fault from gases dissolved in oil. A simple and efficient flowchart for evaluating the condition of transformers is proposed. It allows a quick analysis of the parameters resulting from physicochemical analyzes of oil and dissolved gases. Using unsupervised classification techniques through the methods of kmeans and fuzzy C-means allowed to reconstruct operating periods of a transformer, with some particular faults. It has also been demonstrated how these methods can be used as tool to help the maintenance of a group of transformers from available oil analysis data
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Cabrita, Ariana Reis. "Análise funcional e económica de edifícios com paredes exteriores em blocos de argila expandida." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/16074.

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A introdução de novos materiais e soluções construtivas deve dotar os edifícios de uma boa qualidade funcional, designadamente, no domínio térmico e acústico bem como não introduzir aumentos significativos de custo. A garantia de condições de conforto térmico e acústico nos edifícios pressupõe o cumprimento de um conjunto de critérios regulamentares, designadamente, o Regulamento das Características de Comportamento Térmico dos Edifícios (RCCTE), o Regulamento Geral do Ruído (RGR) e o Regulamento dos Requisitos Acústicos de Edifícios (RRAE), que devem ser cumpridos na fase de projeto e corretamente implementados na fase de execução. Este trabalho tem como principal objetivo a análise funcional e económica de edifícios com paredes exteriores em blocos de argila expandida. Para o efeito proceder-se-á à caracterização dos blocos de argila expandida, efetuar-se-á a análise térmica e acústica de um caso de estudo onde serão utilizados estes blocos na envolvente exterior e efetuar-se-á a análise técnica e económica desta solução; ABSTRACT: The introduction of new materials and construction solutions must provide a better functional quality to the buildings, particularly on thermal and acoustic behavior, but should not increase significantly its cost. To guarantee comfort conditions in buildings the construction solutions must respect a variety of criterias, in particular three regulations: RCCTE (Regulamento das Características de Comportamento Térmico dos Edifícios), RGR (Regulamento Geral do Ruído) and RRAE (Regulamento dos Requisitos Acústicos de Edifícios). These rules must be taken into account in the project stage and also correctly implemented during the construction stage. The main purpose of this dissertation is to analyze functionally and economically buildings which have exterior walls filled with expanded clay blocks. These blocs will be fully characterized and applied to a case study, analyzing its thermal and acoustic behavior and finally studying this solution technically and economically.
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Marinelli, Pietro. "QRA for LNG storage tanks: a comparison of different technological solutions." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017.

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Nell'elaborato è stato proposto un confronto in termini di rischio tra sei differenti soluzioni tecnologiche applicate alla zona di stoccaggio di impianti per la gestione di gas naturale liquefatto (LNG). Si sono analizzate zone serbatoti con diverse tipologie di serbatoi tra cui single, double e full containment e differenti dimensioni e materiale del bacino di contenimento esterno. Sono state prese in considerazione anche le le tubazioni connesse ai serbatoi. Per svolgere il confronto si è scelto di sviluppare un'analisi di rischio. Come linee guida per l'analisi si è scelto di seguire le "Guidelines for Chemical Process Quantitative Risk Analysis", CCPS. La metodologia prevede una prima fase di definizione del sistema e di identificazione dei pericoli, per passare poi all'analisi delle conseguenze con relativa stima delle frequenze di accadimento dei guasti che danno origine ai rilasci di materiale pericoloso. Una delle fasi più importanti nell'analisi di rischio è senza dubbio la definizione degli scenari che possono generarsi in seguito all'innesco di un rilascio di sostanza pericolosa. Dopo un'attenta valutazione e valendomi del supporto tecnico di esperti del settore, sono state individuate prima le tipologie di rilascio (rottura di serbatoi e/o piping) e in seguito gli scenari incidentali principali (pool fire, flash fire, jet fire e vapor cloud explosion). Per il calcolo delle conseguenze e del rischio (espresso come frequenza annua di morte) è stato utilizzato Phast Risk 6.7, software in grado di calcolare intensità dell'effetto e probabilità di morte attorno alla sorgente di rilascio di materiale pericoloso. Le frequenze di guasto dei componenti (serbatoti, piping, valvole, flange e connessioni strumentali) sono state estratte a partire dall'analisi di alcuni database. I risultati trovati sono molto interessanti e mettono in luce l'importanza delle proprietà del materiale e delle dimensioni del bacino di contenimento esterno.
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Vallet, Magali. "Etude des phénomènes limitant l'étalement de solutions aqueuses sur des films de polymères par électromouillage." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10136.

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L'application d'un champ electrique a un systeme compose d'une goutte de liquide conducteur posee sur un film isolant, permet d'observer une evolution reversible et de grande amplitude de l'etalement du liquide. Mais, sous haut champ, l'avancee du liquide est stoppee, avant d'atteindre la transition de mouillage. Differents phenomenes limitants tels que la saturation de l'angle de contact, l'irreversibilite plus ou moins marquee et des instabilites de la ligne de mouillage sont etudiees. L'utilisation d'eau pure, provoque, a haut champ, l'apparition d'instabilites au voisinage de la ligne de mouillage, caracterisee par une fragmentation de la goutte mere en gouttelettes. Une analyse theorique de la stabilite de la ligne de mouillage, qui semble en bon accord avec les seuils d'apparition des gouttelettes est presentee. Cependant, l'ajout de sels en solution semble inhiber totalement ces instabilites, sans que la transition de mouillage soit atteinte. Une etude experimentale permet de correler la saturation de l'angle de contact avec l'ionisation de l'air. On montre que celle-ci est localisee au voisinage du bord de la goutte et qu'elle est a l'origine de la saturation de l'etalement du liquide. Ceci constitue apparemment une limitation fondamentale de l'effet d'electromouillage.
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Claude, Sophie. "Étude expérimentale et numérique de solutions basées sur les éco-matériaux pour la rénovation thermique du patrimoine bâti urbain." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ISAT0008/document.

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Concilier patrimoine et amélioration de la performance énergétique du bâti ancien est un défi pour de nombreux centres historiques. La Communauté d’Agglomération du Grand Cahors, qui finance ce travail de thèse à travers une convention CIFRE, a souhaité s’attaquer à cette problématique en valorisant des isolants bio-sourcés. Le choix du matériau et du système d’isolation sont essentiels car ils influencent à la fois la performance hygrothermique de la paroi, la qualité de l’air intérieur, le coût et l’empreinte carbone de la rénovation. Dans cette étude, nous nous sommes focalisé sur la performance hygrothermique de la paroi afin d’assurer que la mise en place d’une isolation par l’intérieur ne soit pas source de dégradations futures de la paroi. Pour cela, nous avons confronté différents outils et méthodes tels que la caractérisation physique des matériaux, une instrumentation in-situ dans deux appartements du centre ancien de Cahors et des simulations hygrothermiques alliant différents outils numériques
Improving the energy efficiency of buildings is essential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate against climate change. Historic dwellings represent a large part of the French building stock that needs to be refurbished. In the city center of Cahors, France, the old medieval dwellings are considered as valuable cultural heritage and internal insulation is often the only insulation technique that can be used when the architectural value of the exterior façade is to be preserved. This PhD thesis, funded by a CIFRE agreement with the Communauté d’Agglomération du Grand Cahors, studied the suitability of bio-based materials for the internal insulation of historical dwellings in urban area. The selection of the insulation material and the system is crucial because of its impact on the hygrothermal performance of the wall, the indoor air quality, the financial cost, and the carbon footprint of the refurbishment solution. In this study we focused on the hygrothermal performance of the walls to provide a reliable risk assessment in order to avoid hygrothermal failure. Due to the complexity of the problem and the lack of needed data, we ran a multi-scale study including both experimental (laboratory characterisation and building monitoring) and numerical modelling methods
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Čapek, Dušan. "Cenové porovnání variantního technického řešení stavebního objektu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-265633.

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The subject of this thesis is to compare the price of a variant of the technical solution to a specific building. On introduction describes the various parts of the construction budget and their origins. In the practical part the comparison of alternative building materials on the basis of their technical characteristics. Victorious materials are inserted into the original budget, so a change was made final price of the building.
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Mihal, Marek. "Vybrané části stavebně technologického projektu - Biotechnologické a biomedicínské centrum Akademie věd a Univerzity Karlovy." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-240061.

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Subject of this diploma thesis is the construction and technological solutions to the main building of biotechnology and biomedicine centre in Vestec. The aim of a thesis is to propose time, technical and technological construction processes of construction. The content of a thesis is the project of site equipment, time and financial plan of construction, assembly machines, studies of realization main technological phase, inspection and test plan for plasterboard partition, technological regulations for plasterboard partition, metal facade and contact insulation system ETICS.
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Volf, Josef. "Sportcentrum Broumov." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-226590.

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The topic of the masters thesis is newly built sports center in Broumov on the outskirts of the historic center. The proposal was placed high demands on appearance. There is a non-traditional stone facade with a combination of wood ventilated facades. The combination of wood and stone construction gives a historic feel and fit and existing buildings, which will carry the dominant built-up area. The new building is set into the sloping terrain with a flair for existing buildings. The building is part sunk into the ground to reduce the height to the surrounding area. The sports center is divided into three dilatations objects: Technical facilities, sports hall, bowling with squash and gym.
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Books on the topic "Insulating solution"

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Zhukov, Aleksey, Ekaterina Bobrova, Igor' Bessonov, and Elizaveta Mednikova. Energy efficiency of building systems. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1856852.

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The monograph summarizes and systematizes the results of experimental and theoretical studies of thermal insulation systems of building structures, technological facilities, transport facilities, and cold preservation. The criterion for the effectiveness of system insulation solutions is energy efficiency as a criterion for a comprehensive assessment, including both taking into account the direct reduction of energy costs during the operation of insulation shells, and the costs of installation, maintenance of structures in working condition, evaluation of the operational resistance of materials and durability of system solutions as a whole. Modern types of thermal insulation materials based on gas-filled plastics, foamed glass, foamed rubber and products based on mineral fibers are considered: stone wool, glass wool and glass fiber, basalt fiber. It is intended for researchers, specialists in the field of materials science, technologists — developers of new types of thermal insulation materials and constructors, designing products from them, as well as for teachers and university students. It can be useful for a wide range of people interested in construction and energy saving problems.
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Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation., ed. Exterior insulation and finish systems (EIFS): Problems, causes and solutions. [Ottawa]: CMHC, 2000.

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Padgett, Fred. Wood amongst the wires: The temporary solution. Livermore, CA: S. Padgett, 2000.

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UK, Eurisol. New regulations? simple solutions!: The Eurisol guide to the new thermal insulation standards using mineral wool. St Albans: Eurisol, 1997.

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Hileman. Solutions Manual for Insulation Coordination for Power Systems. Marcel Dekker, 1999.

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Bilow, Marcel, Tillmann Klein, and Ulrich Knaack. DEFLATE-ABLES. 010 publishers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.47982/bookrxiv.13.

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Pneumatic structures have been thoroughly investigated and developed during the 1960s. However, the energy crisis and aesthetic developments stopped the process of employing these structures as a mainstream construction method. Nowadays these structures are typically used in special areas of architecture and design. Imagine-Deflateables concentrates on the very limited knowledge of vacuum constructions and develops a range of aesthetic, technical and functional design possibilities. Until today, there has been a very limited number of designs developed and realized using pressurized constructions – despite the fact that this technology could lead to positive aspects: the air pressure of the earth can be used as a stabilizing and form-giving parameter, creating a specific and inspiring shape. In addition, the very nature of this technology offers varying degrees of thermal and acoustic insulation. There are of course weak points such as potential leakage and the need for high pressurization of the construction; but new material technologies and specific structural concepts will provide solutions to overcome these issues. Exploiting the possibilities of extremely light and, at the same time, energetically active constructions, deflateables are one of the promising fields of architectural and design developments. The chance to create structures that can move and react to requests such as user and climate requirements as well as formative demands, lifts this topic onto the level of a realistic and usable technology for as yet unknown design possibilities.
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Book chapters on the topic "Insulating solution"

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Vivaldini, Diogo O., Vânia R. Salvini, Arnadeu A. C. Mourão, and Victor C. Pandolfelli. "Nanoporous Refractory Insulating: Solution or Illusion?" In Proceedings of the Unified International Technical Conference on Refractories (UNITECR 2013), 379–84. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118837009.ch66.

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Vaillencourt, Richard. "Insulation." In Simple Solutions to Energy Calculations, 117–28. 6th ed. New York: River Publishers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003207320-7.

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Erünal, Ebru. "Toward Halogen-Free Flame Retardants for Polystyrene Thermal Insulation Boards." In Environmentally-Benign Energy Solutions, 665–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20637-6_33.

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Hasan, Ahmed, and Ibrahim Dincer. "Investigation of New Insulation Materials for Environmentally-Benign Food Delivery Bags." In Environmentally-Benign Energy Solutions, 751–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20637-6_37.

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Açıkkalp, Emin, Süheyla Yerel Kandemir, Önder Altuntaş, and T. Hikmet Karakoc. "Optimum Insulation Thickness for Cooling Applications Using Combined Environmental and Economic Method." In Environmentally-Benign Energy Solutions, 483–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20637-6_25.

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Tenente, Marcos, Carla Henriques, Álvaro Gomes, Patrícia Pereira da Silva, and António Trigo. "Multiple Impacts of Energy Efficiency Technologies in Portugal." In Springer Proceedings in Political Science and International Relations, 131–46. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18161-0_9.

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AbstractPortuguese programs aimed at fostering Energy Efficiency (EE) measures often rely on cost–benefit approaches only considering the use phase and neglecting other potential impacts generated. Therefore, this work suggests a novel methodological framework by combining Hybrid Input–Output Lifecycle Analysis (HIO-LCA) with the Portuguese seasonal method for computing the households’ energy needs. A holistic assessment of the energy, economic, environmental, and social impacts connected with the adoption of EE solutions is conducted aimed at supporting decision-makers (DMs) in the design of suitable funding policies. For this purpose, 109,553 EE packages have been created by combining distinct thermal insulation options for roofs and façades, with the replacement of windows, also considering the use of space heating and cooling and domestic heating water systems. The findings indicate that it is possible to confirm that various energy efficiency packages can be used to achieve the best performance for most of the impacts considered. Specifically, savings-to-investment ratio (SIR), Greenhouse gases (GHG), and energy payback times (GPBT and EPBT) present the best performances for packages that exclusively employ extruded polystyrene (XPS) for roof insulation (packages 151 and 265). However, considering the remaining impacts created by the investment in energy efficiency measures, their best performances are obtained when roof and façades insulation is combined with the use of space heating and cooling and DHW systems to replace the existing equipment. If biomass is assumed to be carbon–neutral, solution 18,254 yields the greatest reduction in GHG emissions. Given these trade-offs, it is evident that multiobjective optimization methods employing the impacts and benefits assessed are crucial for helping DMs design future EE programs following their preferences.
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Citti, O., C. Linnot, T. Champion, and P. Lenfant. "New Recycling Solution for Refractories from Insulation Glass Furnaces." In 74th Conference on Glass Problems, 233–44. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118932964.ch24.

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Kon, Okan, and İsmail Caner. "Life Cycle Cost Analysis of the Buildings in Turkey Related to Energy Consumption Due to External Wall Insulation." In Environmentally-Benign Energy Solutions, 123–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20637-6_6.

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Hequet, Anne-Gaëlle. "Effective insulation control monitoring system: the CANDI™ solution for a safer production." In Light Metals 2012, 905–7. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48179-1_156.

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Hequet, Anne-Gaelle. "Effective Insulation Control Monitoring System: The CANDI™ Solution for a Safer Production." In Light Metals 2012, 905–7. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118359259.ch156.

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Conference papers on the topic "Insulating solution"

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Vrbová, Pavla. "Conceptual Solution of Insulating Materials Within Building Installations." In 9th Annual Conference on Architecture and Urbanism. Brno: Fakulta architektury VUT v Brne, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.13164/phd.fa2020.11.

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Lam, Kin Yu, Alan Sbravati, and Janet Tan. "Beyond a Green Solution – Enhancement of Power Network with Natural Ester Insulating Fluid." In 2021 5th International Conference on Green Energy and Applications (ICGEA). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icgea51694.2021.9487600.

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Huang, Jingliang, Feipeng Wang, Li Yang, Chunxiang Wan, and Zheng Zhang. "Influence of Spinning Voltage and Solution Concentration on Insulating Oil Regeneration by PVDF Nanofibers." In 2020 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Dielectrics (ICD). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icd46958.2020.9341924.

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Peterson, Amy, Kyoung-Su Im, and Ming-Chia Lai. "Numerical Simulation of Coolant Electrolysis in Composite Plate PEM Fuel Cell Stacks." In ASME 2005 3rd International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2005-74095.

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Two- and three- dimensional numerical models of a PEM fuel cell have been developed to investigate the effects of shunt current within the coolant channel. The model accounts for the electrostatic equation solved for a ten cell fuel stack for idealized and realistic coolant channels including varying conductivities of the solution. The electrostatic equation was solved in the coolant channel for the fully insulated, non-insulated, and incremental lengths of insulation on the channels. The model results found that the length of the insulation on the coolant channel plays an important role in shunt current reduction and fuel cell performance. The case of insulating the coolant channels was found to show that current density propagated further into the channels as increased lengths of insulation were used. However, the strength of the current density from the ending point of the insulation was found to decrease with increasing insulation lengths. Furthermore, a simple experiment was conducted idealizing the fuel cell as batteries connected in series and then submerged in a low conductivity solution. A camera was used to capture the current potential in the different “stacks” and to validate the numerical model.
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Fan, Jintu, Ning Du, and Huijun Wu. "Optimal Porosity of Fibrous Battings for Thermal Insulation." In ASME/JSME 2007 Thermal Engineering Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2007 InterPACK Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2007-32084.

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The porosity of fibrous porous materials is an important factor to the thermal insulating performance of the material. This paper considers both the optimal porosity of uniform fibrous battings and the optimal distribution of the porosity of non-uniform fibrous battings for thermal insulation. The former was determined by an approximate analytical solution and a numerical simulation by using Finite Volume Method, and the latter was studied by applying Simulated Annealing Method. The study showed that the optimal porosity of uniform fibrous porous materials is very much dependent on fiber emissivity, and fiber radius, but little influenced by the temperature difference of the boundaries. For non-uniform fibrous materials, there can be an optimal distribution of porosity, which can be predicted by applying the Simulated Annealing Method.
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Itoh, E., H. Karasawa, N. Matsukawa, and K. Miyairi. "The electrical properties of glass like insulator prepared by solution process and its application for organic electronic devices." In Proceedings of 2005 International Symposium on Electrical Insulating Materials, 2005. (ISEIM 2005). IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iseim.2005.193452.

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Munteanu, Laurentiu, Marius Cornel Suvar, Florin Manea, Ligia Ioana Tuhut, and Andrada Denisa Matei. "NUMERICAL STUDY ON FIRE HAZARD ASSOCIATED TO EXTERNAL THERMAL INSULATION CLADDING SYSTEMS." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/2.1/s07.10.

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The significant increase in the price of energy resources leads today's society not only to a reconsideration of energy conservation policies but also to the encouragement of architects, builders, and building owners to use thermal insulation and exterior wall finishing systems. The design of thermal insulation for facades is a constructive decision, in which the layer with thermal insulation properties is fixed on the load-bearing side of the walls, with the help of adhesives and/or by mechanical means, followed by the application of a reinforcement and finishing layer. These operations have the role of ensuring the normative values of the thermal indicators specific to the wall structures, their protection against environmental influences, ensuring the optimal microclimate of the interior compartments of the building as well as providing an attractive, aesthetic appearance to the facades and structural elements. Wet exterior cladding or composite thermal insulation systems using polystyrene (ETICS) provide a complete and very cost-effective solution to meet the above-described goals. However, multiple examples of fires in the scientific literature, with the spread of fire on the support of thermal insulation and finishing systems of buildings, indicate their particular danger. This fire risk is directly related to the chosen structural solution for cladding and the type of thermal insulation material used, being also influenced by noncompliance or violation of specific technical regulations or rules on the fire safety of materials and buildings. Through the application of CFD-based computational fire field models, the associated risks for a custom 7-storey building with external cladding were considered in this study. The aim was to observe the fire spread on one side of the building, insulated using the ETICS exterior insulation and finishing system. As an insulating material, two types of expanded polystyrene (EPS) were used, with different fire resistance properties. The study results demonstrate the importance of choosing the right technical solution in terms of fire safety and the need to apply methods to limit the vertical spread of fire.
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Iradukunda, Ange-Christian, David Huitink, Tarek Gebrael, and Nenad Miljkovic. "Performance and Durability Validation of Voltage Blocking Technologies to Enable Direct Cooled High-Voltage, High-Power Modules." In ASME 2021 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2021-73313.

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Abstract Power densification and rising module heat losses cannot be managed by traditional “external-to-case” cooling solutions. This is especially pronounced in high voltage systems, where intervening layers of insulating material between the power devices and cooling solution need to be sufficiently thick to provide adequate voltage isolation. As operating voltages increase, the required thicknesses for these insulating layers become so large that they limit the ability to extract the heat. A direct cooling approach that addresses voltage separation issues represents a unique opportunity to deliver coolant to the hottest regions, while opening up the opportunity for increased scaling of power electronics modules. However technical concerns about long-term performance of coolants and their voltage isolation characteristics coupled with integration challenges impede adoption. Here, the reliability and performance of voltage blocking strategies, namely dielectric fluids and dielectric surface coatings, are examined to advance the feasibility of a direct cooling approach for improved thermal management of high-voltage, high-power module. The breakdown voltage of the dielectric fluid is characterized through relevant temperatures, flow, and electric fields with the ultimate goal of developing design rules for direct integrated cooling schemes. The development and electrical characterization of conformal dielectric surface coatings to provide further protection of the electronics is also undertaken. Results showed the ability for layers of Parylene C to maintain their insulating capacity when subject to E-fields as high as 33.5V/μm.
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Li, Xiao-Fei, Kai Yue, and Xin-Xin Zhang. "A Modified Step-Wise Transient Method for Measuring the Thermal Conductivity of Anisotropic Materials." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-64624.

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Acquiring the thermal conductivity of anisotropic insulating materials accurately has important implications for applications of insulation materials. In this study, a modified step-wise transient method with special considerations of heat-loss effect occurring at the edge of measured samples, finite geometry of the sample and orthotropic thermal conductivity was proposed. A three-dimensional model in a rectangular coordinate system was established to describe the heat transfer process correctly. A general analytical solution of the temperature rises of the measured sample was derived by applying Laplace-transform technique and the separation of variables method. It is indicated that the temperatures calculated by the analytical solution agree well with the results of numerical calculation. The sensitivity analysis of crucial parameters was performed to select appropriate measuring points of the measured sample. Based on the above analysis, the orthotropic thermal conductivities of the measured anisotropic materials were achieved by measuring the temperature rises at two points of the measured sample. The simulation results demonstrate the reliability and validity of the proposed model taking orthotropic thermal parameters, heat-loss effect and finite geometry of the sample into account.
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Bahou, Oumayma, Naima Belayachi, and Brahim Ismail. "Experimental Investigation of the Compatibility of Lime Coating with Insulation Straw Biocomposite." In 4th International Conference on Bio-Based Building Materials. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/cta.1.164.

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The use of bio-based composite as building materials is one of the innovative solutions for dealing with environmental disorders caused by the construction sector. Among these materials we find biocomposites based on vegetable aggregates, which have proven their effectiveness as insulating materials in numerous studies. Despite the growing interest in these materials and the recognition of their performance, their use remains hampered by the lack of implementation rules specific to these materials to move towards a control of their use and their durability affected by the climate and use conditions to which they will be exposed at the level of a building. The objective of this work is to study the compatibility of a protective coating with a block substrate of biocomposites based on cereal straw. It is in fact a mixture of vegetable aggregates (straw), a binder composed of lime and additives also obtained from a renewable source (Ismail et al., 2020). These additives (air-entraining agent, casein protein and a biopolymer) have been added to improve both the fibre-binder interface and the porosity of the binder. The use of these bio-based materials for external or internal thermal insulation of the building requires the application of a coating to protect them against climatic aggressions and to give them an aesthetic appearance. The lime-based coatings, air-entraining agent and casein protein selected for this study have been the subject of an experimental investigation (Brahim Ismail, 2020). In order to assess the compatibility of these coatings with the straw-based insulating material, we were interested in studying the adhesion between the biocomposite and the coating after aging cycles in accordance with the EN 1015-21 standard. The samples (biocomposite + coating) were subjected to two types of aging, one using water and the other using a saline solution of sodium sulphates (Na2SO4). The results of the bond tests after aging showed that the cohesive fracture (at the level of the substrate) is a pattern observed in all the studied systems. In Addition, It has been found that the coating to which a percentage of fine fibers has been added undergoes considerable degradation after aging with salt solution, demonstrating the need of an additional layer of outer coating without fibers in order to ensure the sustainability of the system.
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Reports on the topic "Insulating solution"

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Neuhauser, K. Measure Guideline: Three High Performance Mineral Fiber Insulation Board Retrofit Solutions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1220402.

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Neuhauser, Ken. Measure Guideline: Three High Performance Mineral Fiber Insulation Board Retrofit Solutions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1168775.

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T. Schirber, L. Goldberg, and G. Mosiman. Technology Solutions for New and Existing Homes Case Study: Optimized Slab-on-Grade Foundation Insulation Retrofits. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1256790.

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Pfluger, Rainer, and Alexander Rieser, eds. Conservation compatible energy retrofit technologies: Part III - Documentation and assessment of materials and solutions for wall insulation in historic buildings. IEA SHC Task 59, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18777/ieashc-task59-2021-0006.

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Weinschenk, Craig, Daniel Madrzykowski, and Paul Courtney. Impact of Flashover Fire Conditions on Exposed Energized Electrical Cords and Cables. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, October 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/hdmn5904.

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A set of experiments was conducted to expose different types of energized electrical cords for lamps, office equipment, and appliances to a developing room fire exposure. All of the cords were positioned on the floor and arranged in a manner to receive a similar thermal exposure. Six types of cords commonly used as power supply cords, extension cords, and as part of residential electrical wiring systems were chosen for the experiments. The non-metallic sheathed cables (NMB) typically found in residential electrical branch wiring were included to provide a link to previous research. The basic test design was to expose the six different types of cords, on the floor of a compartment to a growing fire to determine the conditions under which the cord would trip the circuit breaker and/or undergo an arc fault. All of the cords would be energized and installed on a non-combustible surface. Six cord types (18-2 SPT1, 16-3 SJTW, 12-2 NM-B, 12-3 NM-B, 18-3 SVT, 18-2 NISPT-2) and three types of circuit protection (Molded case circuit breaker (MCCB), combination Arc-fault circuit interrupter (AFCI), Ground-fault circuit interrupter (GFCI)) were exposed to six room-scale fires. The circuit protection was remote from the thermal exposure. The six room fires consisted of three replicate fires with two sofas as the main fuel source, two replicate fires with one sofa as the main fuel source and one fire with two sofas and MDF paneling on three walls in the room. Each fuel package was sufficient to support flashover conditions in the room and as a result, the impact on the cords and circuit protection was not significantly different. The average peak heat release rate of the sofa fueled compartment fires with gypsum board ceiling and walls was 6.8 MW. The addition of vinyl covered MDF wall paneling on three of the compartment walls increased the peak heat release rate to 12 MW, although most of the increased energy release occurred outside of the compartment opening. In each experiment during post flashover exposure, the insulation on the cords ignited and burned through, exposing bare conductor. During this period the circuits faulted. The circuit protection devices are not designed to provide thermal protection, and, thus, were installed remote from the fire. The devices operated as designed in all experiments. All of the circuit faults resulted in either a magnetic trip of the conventional circuit breaker or a ground-fault trip in the GFCI or AFCI capable circuit protection devices. Though not required by UL 1699, Standard for Safety for Arc-Fault Circuit-Interrupters as the solution for detection methodology, the AFCIs used had differential current detection. Examination of signal data showed that the only cord types that tripped with a fault to ground were the insulated conductors in non-metallic sheathed cables (12-2 NM-B and 12-3 NM-B). This was expected due to the bare grounding conductor present. Assessments of both the thermal exposure and physical damage to the cords did not reveal any correlation between the thermal exposure, cord damage, and trip type.
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