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Journal articles on the topic 'Insulated Rail Joints'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 January 2023

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1

Gallou, M., B. Temple, C. Hardwick, M. Frost, and A. El-Hamalawi. "Potential for external reinforcement of insulated rail joints." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 232, no. 3 (December 22, 2016): 697–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409716684278.

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This paper aims to investigate the alternative ways of reducing the deterioration and failure of insulated rail joints of railway tracks. Joints deteriorate faster than rails due to the presence of structural discontinuity. This weakness results in extra displacement due to the applied load and dynamic force that results as a consequence. Overtime, this situation worsens as the impacts and applied stresses damage and soften the ballast and the supporting subgrade under the joint. This study initially presents a static finite element model designed to simulate the mechanics of insulated rail joints, and then a comparison is made between the plain rail and a suspended insulated rail joint under various support stiffnesses. The product design options of the reinforced insulated rail joints are then chosen as input variables of the model. The results of the model are compared with the field and laboratory data acquired via the Video Gauge, which is a new high-resolution optical measurement technique. The results show that the use of strap rails or more robust I-beam sections in the vicinity of the insulated rail joint to stiffen the support structure can significantly reduce the displacement and the subsequent dip angle seen in an insulated rail joint. This potentially presents a means of improving the behaviour of the insulated rail joints. Their impact becomes more significant for soft support conditions. Although these results are indicative of new conditions for insulated rail joints, the field measurements indicate that the magnitude of deflection of insulated rail joints is a result of the structural discontinuity of the rails, the dynamic P2 force, the wheel condition, the degraded ballast and it significantly increases with time under repeated load. Thus, it is recommended that a careful field implementation and testing will indicate the effect of an external enhancement on the timely degradation of insulated rail joints.

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2

Mandal, Nirmal Kumar. "Ratchetting damage of railhead material of gapped rail joints with reference to free rail end effects." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 231, no. 2 (August 4, 2016): 211–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409715625361.

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Free ends of insulated rail joints occur because gaps between the rails and endposts can be created due to pull-apart problems as the rails contract longitudinally in winter and by degradation of railhead material. Dynamic behaviour of gapped rail joints changes adversely compared to that of insulated rail joints. Thus, material degradation and damage of gapped rail joint components such as rail ends, joint bars, etc. are accelerated. Only limited literatures are available addressing the free end of rail effects at rail joints, targeting stress and pressure distributions in the vicinity of the rail joints. To understand clearly the material degradation and delamination process of gapped rail joints, a thorough analysis of failure of both insulated rail joints and gapped rail joints and subsequent damage of the railhead material is necessary to improve the service life of these joints. A new three-dimensional finite element analysis is carried out in this paper to assess damage to railhead material when gapped rail joints form. Both narrow (5 mm) and wide (10 mm) gaps are considered, using a peak vertical pressure load of 2500 MPa applied cyclically at one rail end, forming vertical impacts. Stress distributions and plastic deformations in the vicinity of gapped rail joints are quantified using finite element analysis data and compared with that of the insulated rail joints to show the effects of free rail ends. Residual stress and strain distributions indicate the damage to the railhead material. Equivalent plastic strain (PEEQ) quantifies the progressive damage to the railhead material at the rail ends. The free end of rail effects can be further illustrated by comparing PEEQ for insulated rail joints and gapped rail joints. The railhead material of 5 and 10 mm gapped rail joints is more sensitive to permanent deformation compared to that of the corresponding insulated rail joints. Therefore, free rail end joints pose an increased potential threat to rail operations in relation to crack initiation, damage and premature failure of railhead material.

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3

Gallou, M., M. Frost, A. El-Hamalawi, and C. Hardwick. "Assessing the deflection behaviour of mechanical and insulated rail joints using finite element analysis." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 232, no. 9 (April 8, 2018): 2290–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409718766925.

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Rail joints constitute a weak component in the railway system. In this paper, three-dimensional finite element analyses are carried out to study the structural deflection performance of rail joints under a fatigue static test through vertical stiffness assessment. Four different types of four-bolted joints are investigated under a dynamically enhanced static load including a glued insulated rail joint, a dry encapsulated insulated rail joint, a dry non-glued insulated rail joint and a mechanical rail joint. The analysis focused on the accurate simulation of the contact types between the interfaces of rail joint components, namely the rail, fishplate faces, bolts and insulating materials. It also focused on the effect of the elastic supporting structure of the joint with regard to the overall joint deflection. The effect of bolt pre-tension is included in the model. The vertical displacement of insulated rail joints is measured experimentally by dial gauges and a video technique in both laboratory and field settings. The numerical modelling investigated the effect of different contact types on the interfaces of the rail joint components during the performance of fishplates, and of the rail in the vicinity of the rail joint under a given support condition. The vertical displacement of the rail joint was presented and assessed against specified limits of endurance tests and field-measured deflection values that validate the model. Stress distribution in the fishplates was presented that could allow the calculation, through a stress-life approach, the fatigue life of the fishplates and, consequently, of the joints due to repeated wheel passage. A comparison of the performance of the aforementioned rail joint types is included. The results indicate that this finite element model can be routinely used in industries, as it was used in the UK Rail industry study, to allow designers to optimize the life expectancy of insulated rail joints.

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4

Németh, Attila, Zoltán Major, and Szabolcs Fischer. "FEM Modelling Possibilities of Glued Insulated Rail Joints for CWR Tracks." Acta Technica Jaurinensis 13, no. 1 (February 18, 2020): 42–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.14513/actatechjaur.v13.n1.535.

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In this paper the authors detail the possibilities of modelling of finite element method (FEM) of glued insulated rail joints which are applied in railway tracks with continuously welded rails (CWR). A lot of laboratory tests (static and dynamic 3-point bending tests, axial pulling tests) were executed on glued insulated rail joints, the specimens were related to three different rail profiles applied in Hungary: MÁV 48.5; 54E1 (UIC54), 60E1 (UIC60), respectively. The static bending tests with many bay length values were conducted, before and after dynamic (fatigue) tests. 2-D beam models were made in FEM software using semi-rigid hinge as the simplified connection of fishplated glued insulated rail joint. The FEM models were calibrated and then validated with the static vertical displacement values in the middle-bay position measured in laboratory. The model validation was conducted with two methods.

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5

Németh, Attila, and Szabolcs Fischer. "INVESTIGATION OF THE GLUED INSULATED RAIL JOINTS APPLIED TO CWR TRACKS." Facta Universitatis, Series: Mechanical Engineering 19, no. 4 (December 12, 2021): 681. http://dx.doi.org/10.22190/fume210331040n.

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This article summarizes the research results related to our own conducted extensive laboratory tests of polymer composite and steel fishplated glued insulated rail joints (GIRJs), namely axial tensile tests as well as vertical static and dynamic tests. The investigation dealt with the examination of GIRJs assembled with steel and special glass-fiber reinforced plastic (polymer composite) fishplates, both of them for CWR railway tracks (i.e. so-called gapless tracks or, in other words, railway tracks with continuously welded rails). The exact rail joint types were MTH-P and MTH-AP, consistently. The MTH P types have been commonly applied for many years in the CWR tracks in Europe, mainly in Hungary. The MTH-AP rail joints consist of fishplates that are produced by the APATECH factory (Russia). They are made of a fiberglass-amplified polymer composite material at high pressure and controlled temperature. This solution can eliminate electrical fishplate lock and early fatigue failures just as it can ensure adequate electrical insulation. The advantage of such rail joints can be that they are probably able to ensure the substitution of the glued insulated rail joints with relatively expensive steel fishplates currently applied by railway companies, e.g. Hungarian State Railways (MÁV). The aim of the mentioned research summarized in this paper is to formulate recommendations on technical applicability and on the technological instructions that are useful in everyday railway operation practice on the basis of the measurements and tests carried out on rail joints in laboratory.

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6

Chen, Y. C., and J. H. Kuang. "Contact stress variations near the insulated rail joints." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 216, no. 4 (July 1, 2002): 265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440902321029217.

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The effect of an insulated rail joint (IRJ) on the contact stress variation near wheel-rail contact zones was simulated by employing three-dimensional finite element models. Three linear elastic IRJ materials, i.e. epoxy-fibreglass, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and Nylon-66, were investigated. Contact elements were used to simulate the interaction between the wheel and rail contact points. Numerical results showed that the presence of IRJ might significantly affect the wheel-rail contact stress distributions. Results also indicated that the traditional Hertzian contact theory is no longer available to predict the contact stress distribution around the rail joints.

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7

Huang, S. W., S. Burgess, L. Németh Wehrmann, D. Nolan, and Tara Chandra. "Insulated Rail Joints for Signalling Applications." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 4069–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.4069.

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Insulated rail joint assemblies provide electrical insulation between two sections of rail for signalling purposes. In this work, rail steel was successfully bonded to PSZ ceramic using an active brazing technique. In order to increase the wettability of the PSZ ceramics, titanium coating was deposited on the ceramic surface using a filtered arc deposition system. A filler metal called BVAg-18 (60%Ag-30%Cu-10%Sn) was used and the joining was performed at a temperature of 750 °C. Bonding between partially stabilised zirconia and rail steel with BVAg-18 filler metal was not achieved using a standard brazing method. Bonding did occur with the BVAg-18 filler metal using the advanced brazing technique of active metal brazing, with best results obtained using a brazing temperature of 750oC and a dwell time of 10 minutes. The microstructure of the coating and joint interface were characterised by XRD, SEM and EDS.

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8

Luzin, Vladimir, C. Rathod, D. Wexler, Paul Boyd, and Manicka Dhanasekar. "Residual Stresses in Rail-Ends from the in-Service Insulated Rail Joints Using Neutron Diffraction." Materials Science Forum 768-769 (September 2013): 741–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.768-769.741.

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Insulated rail joints (IRJs) are an integral part of the rail track signaling system and pose significant maintenance and replacement costs due to their low and fluctuating service lives. Failure occurs mainly in rail head region, bolt- holes of fishplates and web-holes of the rails. Propagation of cracks is influenced by the evolution of internal residual stresses in rails during rail manufacturing (hot-rolling, roller-straightening, and head-hardening process), and during service, particularly in heavy rail haul freight systems where loads are high. In this investigation, rail head accumulated residual stresses were analysed using neutron diffraction at the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO). Two ex-service two head-hardened rail joints damaged under different loading were examined and results were compared with those obtained from an unused rail joint reference sample in order to differentiate the stresses developed during rail manufacturing and stresses accumulated during rail service. Neutron diffraction analyses were carried out on the samples in longitudinal, transverse and vertical directions, and on 5mm thick sliceed samples cut by Electric Discharge Machining (EDM). For the rail joints from the service line, irrespective of loading conditions and in-service times, results revealed similar depth profiles of stress distribution. Evolution of residual stress fields in rails due to service was also accompanied by evidence of larger material flow based on reflected light and scanning electron microscopy studies. Stress evolution in the vicinity of rail ends was characterised by a compressive layer, approximately 5 mm deep, and a tension zone located approximately 5- 15mm below the surfaces. A significant variation of d0 with depth near the top surface was detected and was attributed to decarburization in the top layer induced by cold work. Stress distributions observed in longitudinal slices of the two different deformed rail samples were found to be similar. For the undeformed rail, the stress distributions obtained could be attributed to variations associated with thermo-mechanical history of the rail.

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9

Rathod, C., D. Wexler, T. Chandra, and H. Li. "Microstructural Characterisation of Railhead Damage in Insulated Rail Joints." Materials Science Forum 706-709 (January 2012): 2937–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.2937.

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As an integral part the railway network infrastructure, insulated rail joints (IRJs) electrically isolate track segments providing critical feedback to both track signaling and train position detection systems. Because of the discontinuous nature of IRJs, accumulated damage at the railhead is high. Failure modes include plastic flow of metal across joints, bolt and fishplate failures, delamination of insulated material and, as a result of rolling contact fatigue, end post and endpost surface damage. In the current investigation, microstructural changes in the vicinity of endposts of IRJs made from both surface coated and uncoated rail are investigated using techniques of optical and scanning electron microscopy. Damaged IRJs made from pearlitic head hardened rail steel are compared with head hardened rail steel laser coated with martensitic stainless steel, the latter having an increased service life. Problems associated with the surface coating are identified and approaches to further improving IRJ resistance to rolling contact fatigue suggested. Keywords: Insulated rail joints, rail, head hardened, surface coated rail

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10

N. Zong, D. Wexler, and M. Dhanasekar. "Structural and Material Characterisation of Insulated Rail Joints." Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.56748/ejse.131631.

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Insulated rail joints are designed in a similar way to butt jointed steel structural systems, the difference being a purpose made gap between the main rail members to maintain electrical insulation for the proper functioning of the track circuitry at all times of train operation. When loaded wheels pass the gap, they induce an impact loading with the corresponding strains in the railhead edges exceeding the plastic limit significantly, which lead to metal flow across the gap thereby increasing the risk of short circuiting and impeding the proper functioning of the signalling and broken rail identification circuitries, of which the joints are a critical part. The performance of insulated rail joints under the passage of the wheel loading is complex due to the presence of a number of interacting components and hence is not well understood. This paper presents a dynamic wheel-rail contact-impact modelling method for the determination of the impact loading; a brief description of a field experiment to capture strain signatures for validating the predicted impact loading is also presented. The process and the results of the characterisation of the materials from virgin, in-service and damaged insulated rail joints using neutron diffraction method are also discussed.

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11

Rathod, Chandrahas, David Wexler, Vladimir Luzin, Paul Boyd, and Manicka Dhanasekar. "A Neutron Diffraction Investigation of Residual Stresses in Rail Ends after Severe Deformation of Rail Surfaces." Materials Science Forum 777 (February 2014): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.777.213.

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Insulated rail joints (IRJs) are a primary component of the rail track safety and signalling systems. Rails are supported by two fishplates which are fastened by bolts and nuts and, with the support of sleepers and track ballast, form an integrated assembly. IRJ failure can result from progressive defects, the propagation of which is influenced by residual stresses in the rail. Residual stresses change significantly during service due to the complex deformation and damage effects associated with wheel rolling, sliding and impact. IRJ failures can occur when metal flows over the insulated rail gap (typically 6-8 mm width), breaks the electrically isolated section of track and results in malfunction of the track signalling system. In this investigation, residual stress measurements were obtained from rail-ends which had undergone controlled amounts of surface plastic deformation using a full scale wheel-on-track simulation test rig. Results were compared with those obtained from similar investigations performed on rail ends associated with ex-service IRJs. Residual stresses were measured by neutron diffraction at the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO). Measurements with constant gauge volume 3x3x3 mm3 were carried in the central vertical plane on 5mm thick sliced rail samples cut by an electric discharge machine (EDM). Stress evolution at the rail ends was found to exhibit characteristics similar to those of the ex-service rails, with a compressive zone of 5mm deep that is counterbalanced by a tension zone beneath, extending to a depth of around 15mm. However, in contrast to the ex-service rails, the type of stress distribution in the test-rig deformed samples was apparently different due to the localization of load under the particular test conditions. In the latter, in contrast with clear stress evolution, there was no obvious evolution of d0. Since d0 reflects rather long-term accumulation of crystal lattice damage and microstructural changes due to service load, the loading history of the test rig samples has not reached the same level as the ex-service rails. It is concluded that the wheel-on-rail simulation rig provides the potential capability for testing the wheel-rail rolling contact conditions in rails, rail ends and insulated rail joints.

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12

Sandström, J., and A. Ekberg. "Numerical study of the mechanical deterioration of insulated rail joints." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 223, no. 3 (December 1, 2008): 265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544097jrrt243.

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Numerical simulations are performed to study plastic deformation and fatigue impact of an insulated joint. The simulations feature a sophisticated constitutive model capable of capturing ratcheting under multi-axial loading conditions. Calculation results are presented in the form of effective strain magnitudes, plastic zone sizes, and multi-axial low cycle fatigue parameters. The simulation results indicate that the main damage mechanism at insulated joints is ratcheting and not low cycle fatigue. A parametric study quantifies effects of increased vertical and longitudinal load magnitudes, as well as the effect of an increased insulating gap. In particular, longitudinal loading is indicated as being severely deteriorating for the rail in the vicinity of the joint. Finally, the effect of rail edge bevelling is assessed and found to be small for the case studied.

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13

Plaut, R. H., H. Lohse-Busch, A. Eckstein, S. Lambrecht, and D. A. Dillard. "Analysis of tapered, adhesively bonded, insulated rail joints." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 221, no. 2 (March 2007): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954409jrrt107.

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14

Himebaugh, Anne K., Raymond H. Plaut, and David A. Dillard. "Finite element analysis of bonded insulated rail joints." International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 28, no. 3 (April 2008): 142–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2007.09.003.

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15

Zong, Nannan, Hossein Askarinejad, Thaminda Bandula Heva, and Manicka Dhanasekar. "Service Condition of Railroad Corridors around the Insulated Rail Joints." Journal of Transportation Engineering 139, no. 6 (June 2013): 643–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)te.1943-5436.0000541.

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16

Mandal, Nirmal Kumar, and M. Dhanasekar. "Sub-modelling for the ratchetting failure of insulated rail joints." International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 75 (October 2013): 110–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2013.06.003.

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17

Stephen, JT, C. Hardwick, P. Beaty, R. Lewis, and MB Marshall. "Ultrasonic monitoring of insulated block joints." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 233, no. 3 (August 13, 2018): 251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409718791396.

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Insulated block joints are essential components used in railway tracks. They are divided into circuits and are used for train detection and signalling. However, they also represent a weak point in the track system and have a finite life. Condition monitoring of these components for planning preventative maintenance is currently labour intensive, and can be significantly expensive for the rail operator. In this study, insulated block joints were fatigued via shear load, whilst being condition monitored for degradation using a normally incident ultrasonic technique. Tests were also initially performed on lap-joints and shear specimens to further understand the response of the ultrasonic signal to failure of the adhesive layer under controlled conditions. Dynamic reflection coefficients as well as the applied load were recorded in all tests, and results were compared to failure zones on the specimens. The results showed that the ultrasonic technique was able to determine the onset of failure and de-bonding of the adhesive layer in addition to degradation and wear. The technique was also able to highlight differences in performance between two different liners, pultruded glass reinforced polyester resin and a flexible glass fibre sheet, with the latter showing improved resistance. The outcomes of this study have highlighted the viability of condition monitoring insulated block joints using an ultrasonic approach and have provided a basis for a future field trial.

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18

Beaty, Philip, Barnaby Temple, Matthew B. Marshall, and Roger Lewis. "Experimental modelling of lipping in insulated rail joints and investigation of rail head material improvements." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 230, no. 4 (September 15, 2015): 1375–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409715600740.

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19

Soylemez, Emrecan, and Korhan Ciloglu. "Influence of Track Variables and Product Design on Insulated Rail Joints." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2545, no. 1 (January 2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2545-01.

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20

Mandal, Nirmal Kumar. "On the low cycle fatigue failure of insulated rail joints (IRJs)." Engineering Failure Analysis 40 (May 2014): 58–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2014.02.006.

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21

El-sayed, H. M., M. Lotfy, H. N. El-din Zohny, and H. S. Riad. "A three dimensional finite element analysis of insulated rail joints deterioration." Engineering Failure Analysis 91 (September 2018): 201–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2018.04.042.

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22

Dhanasekar, M., and W. Bayissa. "Performance of square and inclined insulated rail joints based on field strain measurements." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 226, no. 2 (August 15, 2011): 140–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409711415898.

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Insulated rail joints (IRJs) possess lower bending stiffness across the gap containing insulating endpost and hence are subjected to wheel impact. IRJs are either square cut or inclined cut to the longitudinal axis of the rails in a vertical plane. It is generally claimed that the inclined cut IRJs outperform the square cut IRJs; however, there is a paucity of literature with regard to the relative structural merits of these two designs. This article presents comparative studies of the structural response of these two IRJs to the passage of wheels based on continuously acquired field data from joints strain-gauged closer to the source of impact. Strain signatures are presented in time, frequency, and wavelet domains and the peak vertical and shear strains are systematically employed to examine the relative structural merits of the two IRJs subjected to similar real-life loading. It is shown that the inclined IRJs resist the wheel load with higher peak shear strains and lower peak vertical strains than that of the square IRJs.

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23

Peltier, Daniel C., and Christopher P. L. Barkan. "Characterizing and Inspecting for Progressive Epoxy Debonding in Bonded Insulated Rail Joints." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2117, no. 1 (January 2009): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2117-11.

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24

Oregui, M., M. Molodova, A. Núñez, R. Dollevoet, and Z. Li. "Experimental Investigation Into the Condition of Insulated Rail Joints by Impact Excitation." Experimental Mechanics 55, no. 9 (July 8, 2015): 1597–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11340-015-0048-7.

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25

Xiao, Hong, Guangpeng Liu, Dongwei Yan, Yue Zhao, Jiaqi Wang, and Haoyu Wang. "Field test and numerical analysis of Insulated rail joints in heavy-haul railway." Construction and Building Materials 298 (September 2021): 123905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123905.

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26

Zong, Nannan, and Manicka Dhanasekar. "Sleeper embedded insulated rail joints for minimising the number of modes of failure." Engineering Failure Analysis 76 (June 2017): 27–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2017.02.001.

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27

Mandal, Nirmal Kumar, Maksym Spiryagin, Qing Wu, Zefeng Wen, and Sebastian Stichel. "FEA of mechanical behaviour of insulated rail joints due to vertical cyclic wheel loadings." Engineering Failure Analysis 133 (March 2022): 105966. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2021.105966.

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28

Mandal, Nirmal Kumar. "Ratchetting of railhead material of insulated rail joints (IRJs) with reference to endpost thickness." Engineering Failure Analysis 45 (October 2014): 347–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2014.07.003.

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29

Nemeth, A., and S. Fischer. "FIELD TESTS OF GLUED INSULATED RAIL JOINTS WITH USAGE OF SPECIAL PLASTIC AND STEEL FISHPLATES." Science and Transport Progress. Bulletin of Dnipropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport, no. 2(80) (May 2, 2019): 60–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15802/stp2019/165874.

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30

Nicoli, E., D. A. Dillard, J. G. Dillard, J. Campbell, D. D. Davis, and M. Akhtar. "Using standard adhesion tests to characterize performance of material system options for insulated rail joints." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 225, no. 5 (August 19, 2011): 509–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041301710392481.

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31

Mandal, Nirmal K. "Finite element analysis of the mechanical behaviour of insulated rail joints due to impact loadings." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 230, no. 3 (December 7, 2014): 759–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409714561708.

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32

Loidolt, Markus, and Stefan Marschnig. "Evaluating Short-Wave Effects in Railway Track Using the Rail Surface Signal." Applied Sciences 12, no. 5 (February 28, 2022): 2529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12052529.

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Condition assessment and maintenance planning of railway infrastructure is a prerequisite for safe and reliable train operation. As the loads are constantly increasing, condition assessment of the track must also be further developed. Existing methods can describe the condition of the track well in many cases, but they will reach their limits with faster deterioration processes and shorter time windows for inspection and maintenance, both associated with higher loads. This development can only be countered with an increased understanding of the system and the associated better planning of component specific measures. Among others, short-wave effects of the track need to be considered. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the possibility of describing short-wave effects with an already existing data source. Insulated rail joints, welding joints, switch components, but also rail corrugation of different wavelengths and squat can be detected, evaluated and monitored by a measuring system based on optical distance meters. These assets and wear phenomena form essential parts of track asset management, but still are not described sufficiently by established methods. Although the so-called rail surface measurement system has been installed on the main Austrian measuring car for years, its full potential could not be exploited due to insufficient positioning accuracy. The method presented in this paper intends to change that. This allows for a holistic assessment of track condition when planning maintenance activities.

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33

Askarinejad, Hossein, Manicka Dhanasekar, and Colin Cole. "Assessing the effects of track input on the response of insulated rail joints using field experiments." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 227, no. 2 (September 13, 2012): 176–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409712458496.

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34

Mandal, Nirmal Kumar, Maksym Spiryagin, Mats Berg, and Sebastian Stichel. "On the railhead material damage of insulated rail joints: Is it by ratchetting or alternating plasticity?" International Journal of Fatigue 128 (November 2019): 105197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2019.105197.

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35

Mandal, Nirmal Kumar. "Plastic ratchetting of railhead material in the vicinity of insulated rail joints with wheel and thermal loads." Wear 330-331 (May 2015): 540–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2015.01.003.

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36

Kabo, E., J. C. O. Nielsen, and A. Ekberg. "Prediction of dynamic train–track interaction and subsequent material deterioration in the presence of insulated rail joints." Vehicle System Dynamics 44, sup1 (January 2006): 718–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00423110600885715.

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Németh, Attila, and Szabolcs Fischer. "Investigation of glued insulated rail joints with special fiber-glass reinforced synthetic fishplates using in continuously welded tracks." Pollack Periodica 13, no. 2 (August 2018): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/606.2018.13.2.8.

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Mandal, Nirmal Kumar. "FEA to assess plastic deformation of railhead material damage of insulated rail joints with fibreglass and nylon endposts." Wear 366-367 (November 2016): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2016.06.010.

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Nemeth, A., and S. Fischer. "LABORATORY TEST RESULTS OF GLUED INSULATED RAIL JOINTS ASSEMBLED WITH TRADITIONAL STEEL AND FIBRE-GLASS REINFORCED RESIN-BONDED FISHPLATES." Science and Transport Progress. Bulletin of Dnipropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport, no. 3(81) (June 27, 2019): 65–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15802/stp2019/171781.

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Mandal, Nirmal Kumar, Roger Lewis, and Zefeng Wen. "Quantification of sub-surface railhead material damage due to composite endpost materials of insulated rail joints for cyclic wheel loadings." Engineering Failure Analysis 113 (July 2020): 104562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2020.104562.

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Cheng, Ye, Zhigang Liu, and Ke Huang. "Transient Analysis of Electric Arc Burning at Insulated Rail Joints in High-Speed Railway Stations Based on State-Space Modeling." IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification 3, no. 3 (September 2017): 750–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tte.2017.2713100.

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Yang, Zhen, Pan Zhang, and Li Wang. "Wheel-rail impact at an insulated rail joint in an embedded rail system." Engineering Structures 246 (November 2021): 113026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.113026.

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Askarinejad, H., M. Dhanasekar, P. Boyd, and R. Taylor. "Field Measurement of Wheel-Rail Impact Force at Insulated Rail Joint." Experimental Techniques 39, no. 5 (October 15, 2012): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1567.2012.00867.x.

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Yang, Zhen, Anthonie Boogaard, Zilong Wei, Jinzhao Liu, Rolf Dollevoet, and Zili Li. "Numerical study of wheel-rail impact contact solutions at an insulated rail joint." International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 138-139 (April 2018): 310–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2018.02.025.

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Chen, Yung-Chuan, and Li-Wen Chen. "Effects of insulated rail joint on the wheel/rail contact stresses under the condition of partial slip." Wear 260, no. 11-12 (June 2006): 1267–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2005.08.005.

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Yang, Zhen, Anthonie Boogaard, Rong Chen, Rolf Dollevoet, and Zili Li. "Numerical and experimental study of wheel-rail impact vibration and noise generated at an insulated rail joint." International Journal of Impact Engineering 113 (March 2018): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2017.11.008.

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Mamada, Shogo, Masanori Hansaka, and Daigo Sato. "117 Performance Evaluation of the Noise Insulator for Rail Joint." Proceedings of the Symposium on Environmental Engineering 2012.22 (2012): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeenv.2012.22.69.

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Mayers, Adam. "The effect of heavy haul train speed on insulated rail joint bar strains." Australian Journal of Structural Engineering 18, no. 3 (July 3, 2017): 148–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13287982.2017.1363977.

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Mamada, Shogo, Masanori Hansaka, Daigo Sato, Kiyoshi Sato, and Humiaki Kishino. "119 Evaluation of the Practicality of Noise Insulator for Rail Joint." Proceedings of the Symposium on Environmental Engineering 2010.20 (2010): 66–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeenv.2010.20.66.

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Elsayed, Hossam, Mohamed Lotfy, Haytham Youssef, and Hany Sobhy. "Assessment of degradation of railroad rails: finite element analysis of insulated joints and unsupported sleepers." Journal of Mechanics of Materials and Structures 14, no. 3 (October 8, 2019): 429–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2140/jomms.2019.14.429.

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