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1
Ghaziri, Jimmy, Phillip Fei, Alan Tucholka, Sami Obaid, Olivier Boucher, Isabelle Rouleau, and Dang K. Nguyen. "Resting-State Functional Connectivity Profile of Insular Subregions." Brain Sciences 14, no. 8 (July 25, 2024): 742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14080742.
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The insula is often considered the fifth lobe of the brain and is increasingly recognized as one of the most connected regions in the brain, with widespread connections to cortical and subcortical structures. As a follow-up to our previous tractography work, we investigated the resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) profiles of insular subregions and assessed their concordance with structural connectivity. We used the CONN toolbox to analyze the rsFC of the same 19 insular regions of interest (ROIs) we used in our prior tractography work and regrouped them into six subregions based on their connectivity pattern similarity. Our analysis of 50 healthy participants confirms the known broad connectivity of the insula and shows novel and specific whole-brain and intra-connectivity patterns of insular subregions. By examining such subregions, our findings provide a more detailed pattern of connectivity than prior studies that may prove useful for comparison between patients.
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Gujing, Li, He Hui, Li Xin, Zhang Lirong, Yao Yutong, Ye Guofeng, Lu Jing, et al. "Increased Insular Connectivity and Enhanced Empathic Ability Associated with Dance/Music Training." Neural Plasticity 2019 (May 6, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9693109.
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Dance and music are expressive art forms. Previous behavioural studies have reported that dancers/musicians show a better sensorimotor ability and emotional representation of others. However, the neural mechanism behind this phenomenon is not completely understood. Recently, intensive researches have identified that the insula is highly enrolled in the empathic process. Thus, to expand the knowledge of insular function associated with empathy under the dance/music training background, we mapped the insular network and its associated brain regions in 21 dancers, 20 musicians, and 24 healthy controls using resting-state functional connectivity (FC) analysis. Whole brain voxel-based analysis was performed using seeds from the posterior insula (PI), the ventral anterior insula (vAI), and the dorsal anterior insula (dAI). The training effects of dance and music on insular subnetworks were then evaluated using one-way analysis of variance ANOVA. Increased insular FC with those seeds was found in dancers/musicians, including PI and anterior cingulated cortex (ACC), vAI and middle temporal gyrus (MTG) and middle cingulated cortex (MCC), and dAI and ACC and MTG. In addition, significant associations were found between discrepant insular FC patterns and empathy scores in dancers and musicians. These results indicated that dance/music training might enhance insular subnetwork function, which would facilitate integration of intero/exteroceptive information and result in better affective sensitivity. Those changes might finally facilitate the subjects’ empathic ability.
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Alexeeva, N. T., S. V. Klochkova, D. A. Sokolov, and D. B. Nikityuk. "Contemporary data on the structural and functional organization of the insular lobe of cerebral hemispheres." Journal of Anatomy and Histopathology 13, no. 2 (July 4, 2024): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18499/2225-7357-2024-13-2-79-92.
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The article presents an analysis of contemporary literature data on the structural and functional organization of the insular lobe of cerebral hemispheres. In adults, the insular lobe is located deep in the lateral sulcus under the frontoparietal and temporal opercula and is divided by the central sulcus of insula into two lobes – anterior and posterior. The relief of the sulci and gyri of the insula has individual variability. The insula receives blood supply from the M2 segment of the middle cerebral artery. The description of the cytoarchitectonics of the insular cortex according to different authors has significant differences. It is believed that the insular cortex is a transitional area from the paleocortex to the neocortex. In the domestic literature, two main cytoarchitectonic fields are described – 13, corresponding to the posterior parts of the insula and 14, occupying the anterior central gyrus of the insula, its short gyri, as well as a number of subregions. In foreign literature, seven cytoarchitectonic zones are distinguished: Ia1, Ig3, Id2, Id3, Id4, Id5, Id6. The insular lobe receives afferent projections from the thalamic nuclei and a number of parts of the cerebral cortex responsible for the perception of sensory stimuli. There are connections with the amygdala and some structures of the limbic system, the associative cortex. Efferent projections of the insular cortex diverge both to the structures of the brainstem and to the subcortical formations: the lateral hypothalamus, amygdala, pontine nuclei, bed nuclei of the stria terminalis, the nucleus of the solitary tract and a number of other formations associated with the control of autonomic functions. In functional terms, four sections are distinguished in the insula: sensorimotor, socioemotional, cognitive, chemosensory. The sensorimotor department ensures a number of visceral reactions, which indicates its participation in the regulation of the autonomic functions of the body. It ensures the perception of somatically sensitive impulses from the face and upper limbs. The role of the insula in thermo- and nociception is described. It is known about the participation of the insular cortex in functioning of the auditory analyzer, processing of taste sensations, vestibular signals, and olfaction. It is believed that the anterior-ventral part of the insula plays a key role in the formation of emotions and subjective sensations, as well as in making decisions associated with risk. The anterior-dorsal department is responsible for the integration of sensory stimuli from the external environment with internal data on the state of the body and the emotional state in order to coordinate the work of brain networks and initiate switching between the network of the passive mode of brain operation and the network of operational problem solving.
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Duan, Xujun, Maolin Hu, Xinyue Huang, Chan Su, Xiaofen Zong, Xia Dong, Changchun He, et al. "Effect of Risperidone Monotherapy on Dynamic Functional Connectivity of Insular Subdivisions in Treatment-Naive, First-Episode Schizophrenia." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, no. 3 (September 5, 2019): 650–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbz087.
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Abstract Objective The insula consists of functionally diverse subdivisions, and each division plays different roles in schizophrenia neuropathology. The current study aimed to investigate the abnormal patterns of dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) of insular subdivisions in schizophrenia and the effect of antipsychotics on these connections. Methods Longitudinal study of the dFC of insular subdivisions was conducted in 42 treatment-naive first-episode patients with schizophrenia at baseline and after 8 weeks of risperidone treatment based on resting-state functional magnetic resonance image (fMRI). Results At baseline, patients showed decreased dFC variance (less variable) between the insular subdivisions and the precuneus, supplementary motor area and temporal cortex, as well as increased dFC variance (more variable) between the insular subdivisions and parietal cortex, compared with healthy controls. After treatment, the dFC variance of the abnormal connections were normalized, which was accompanied by a significant improvement in positive symptoms. Conclusions Our findings highlighted the abnormal patterns of fluctuating connectivity of insular subdivision circuits in schizophrenia and suggested that these abnormalities may be modified after antipsychotic treatment.
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Klein, Alexandra S., Nate Dolensek, Caroline Weiand, and Nadine Gogolla. "Fear balance is maintained by bodily feedback to the insular cortex in mice." Science 374, no. 6570 (November 19, 2021): 1010–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abj8817.
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How the body regulates fear Although fear is important for survival, it is maladaptive if it is either too strong, as in anxiety disorders, or too weak, as in exaggerated risk taking. Working in mice, Klein et al . observed that the insular cortex has an unparalleled dual role in either enhancing or weakening the extinction of fear, depending on the internal fear state of the animal (see the Perspective by Christianson). This insula function helps to maintain fear within a homeostatic range and depends on bodily feedback signals: Fear-induced freezing behavior is associated with a slowed heart rate, which in turn dampens fear-evoked activity of the insular cortex. Two opposite signals, prediction of threat by fear-associated cues and negative feedback signals from the body, are thus integrated within the insular cortex. —PRS
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Li, Xuejing, Ling Wang, Qian Chen, Yongsheng Hu, Jubao Du, Xin Chen, Weimin Zheng, Jie Lu, and Nan Chen. "The Reorganization of Insular Subregions in Individuals with Below-Level Neuropathic Pain following Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury." Neural Plasticity 2020 (March 10, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2796571.
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Objective. To investigate the reorganization of insular subregions in individuals suffering from neuropathic pain (NP) after incomplete spinal cord injury (ISCI) and further to disclose the underlying mechanism of NP. Method. The 3D high-resolution T1-weighted structural images and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) of all individuals were obtained using a 3.0 Tesla MRI system. A comparative analysis of structure and function connectivity (FC) with insular subareas as seeds in 10 ISCI individuals with below-level NP (ISCI-P), 11 ISCI individuals without NP (ISCI-N), and 25 healthy controls (HCs) was conducted. Associations between the structural and functional alteration of insula subregions and visual analog scale (VAS) scores were analyzed using the Pearson correlation in SPSS 20. Results. Compared with ISCI-N patients, when the left posterior insula as the seed, ISCI-P showed increased FC in right cerebellum VIIb and cerebellum VIII, Brodmann 37 (BA 37). When the left ventral anterior insula as the seed, ISCI-P indicated enhanced FC in right BA18 compared with ISCI-N patients. These increased FCs positively correlated with VAS scores. Relative to HCs, ISCI-P presented increased FC in the left hippocampus when the left dorsal anterior insula was determined as the seed. There was no statistical difference in the volume of insula subregions among the three groups. Conclusion. Our study indicated that distinctive patterns of FC in each subregion of insula suggest that the insular subareas participate in the NP processing through different FC following ISCI. Further, insula subregions could serve as a therapeutic target for NP following ISCI.
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Long, Ting, Haijun Li, Yongqiang Shu, Kunyao Li, Wei Xie, Yaping Zeng, Ling Huang, Li Zeng, Xiang Liu, and Dechang Peng. "Functional Connectivity Changes in the Insular Subregions of Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea after 6 Months of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Treatment." Neural Plasticity 2023 (February 21, 2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/5598047.
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This study was aimed at investigating the functional connectivity (FC) changes between the insular subregions and whole brain in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) after 6 months of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment and at exploring the relationship between resting-state FC changes and cognitive impairment in OSA patients. Data from 15 patients with OSA before and after 6 months of CPAP treatment were included in this study. The FC between the insular subregions and whole brain was compared between baseline and after 6 months of CPAP treatment in OSA. After 6 months of treatment, OSA patients had increased FC from the right ventral anterior insula to the bilateral superior frontal gyrus and bilateral middle frontal gyrus and increased FC from the left posterior insula to the left middle temporal gyrus and left inferior temporal gyrus. Hyperconnectivity was found from the right posterior insula to the right middle temporal gyrus, bilateral precuneus, and bilateral posterior cingulate cortex, which mainly involved the default mode network. There are changes in functional connectivity patterns between the insular subregions and whole brain in OSA patients after 6 months of CPAP treatment. These changes provide a better understanding of the neuroimaging mechanisms underlying the improvement in cognitive function and emotional impairment in OSA patients and can be used as potential biomarkers for clinical CPAP treatment.
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Kilpatrick, Lisa, Teodora Pribic, Barbara Ciccantelli, Carolina Malagelada, Dan M. Livovsky, Anna Accarino, Deborah Pareto, Fernando Azpiroz, and Emeran A. Mayer. "Sex Differences and Commonalities in the Impact of a Palatable Meal on Thalamic and Insular Connectivity." Nutrients 12, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 1627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12061627.
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The neural mechanisms underlying subjective responses to meal ingestion remain incompletely understood. We previously showed in healthy men an increase in thalamocortical, and a decrease in insular-cortical connectivity in response to a palatable meal. As sex is increasingly recognized as an important biological variable, we aimed to evaluate sex differences and commonalities in the impact of a well-liked meal on thalamic and anterior insular connectivity in healthy individuals. Participants (20 women and 20 age-matched men) underwent resting-state magnetic resonance imaging (rsMRI) before and after ingesting a palatable meal. In general, the insula showed extensive postprandial reductions in connectivity with sensorimotor and prefrontal cortices, while the thalamus showed increases in connectivity with insular, frontal, and occipital cortices, in both women and men. However, reductions in insular connectivity were more prominent in men, and were related to changes in meal-related sensations (satiety and digestive well-being) in men only. In contrast, increases in thalamic connectivity were more prominent in women, and were related to changes in satiety and digestive well-being in women only. These results suggest that brain imaging may provide objective and sex-specific biomarkers of the subjective feelings associated with meal ingestion.
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van Ettinger-Veenstra, Helene, Rebecca Boehme, Bijar Ghafouri, Håkan Olausson, Rikard K. Wicksell, and Björn Gerdle. "Exploration of Functional Connectivity Changes Previously Reported in Fibromyalgia and Their Relation to Psychological Distress and Pain Measures." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 11 (November 5, 2020): 3560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9113560.
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Neural functional connectivity changes in the default mode network (DMN), Central executive network (CEN), and insula have been implicated in fibromyalgia (FM) but stem from a sparse set of small-scale studies with limited power for the investigation of confounding effects. We investigated whether anxiety, depression, pain sensitivity, and pain intensity modulated functional connectivity related to DMN nodes, CEN nodes, and insula. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected from 31 females with FM and 28 age-matched healthy controls. Connectivity was analysed with a region-based connectivity analysis between DMN nodes in ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and posterior cingulate cortex, CEN nodes in the intraparietal sulcus (IPS), and bilateral insula. FM patients displayed significantly higher levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms than controls. The right IPS node of the CEN showed a higher level of connectivity strength with right insula in FM with higher pain intensity compared to controls. More anxiety symptoms in FM correlated with higher levels of connectivity strength between the vmPFC DMN node and right sensorimotor cortex. These findings support the theory of altered insular connectivity in FM and also suggest altered IPS connectivity in FM. Interestingly, no change in insular connectivity with DMN was observed.
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Casanova, José Patricio, Marcelo Aguilar-Rivera, María de los Ángeles Rodríguez, Todd P. Coleman, and Fernando Torrealba. "The activity of discrete sets of neurons in the posterior insula correlates with the behavioral expression and extinction of conditioned fear." Journal of Neurophysiology 120, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 1906–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00318.2018.
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The interoceptive insular cortex is known to be involved in the perception of bodily states and emotions. Increasing evidence points to an additional role for the insula in the storage of fear memories. However, the activity of the insula during fear expression has not been studied. We addressed this issue by recording single units from the posterior insular cortex (pIC) of awake behaving rats expressing conditioned fear during its extinction. We found a set of pIC units showing either significant increase or decrease in activity during high fear expression to the auditory cue (“freezing units”). Firing rate of freezing units showed high correlation with freezing and outlasted the duration of the auditory cue. In turn, a different set of units showed either significant increase or decrease in activity during low fear state (“extinction units”). These findings show that expression of conditioned freezing is accompanied with changes in pIC neural activity and suggest that the pIC is important to regulate the behavioral expression of fear memory. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Here, we show novel single-unit data from the interoceptive insula underlying the behavioral expression of fear. We show that different populations of neurons in the insula codify expression and extinction of conditioned fear. Our data add further support for the insula as an important player in the regulation of emotions.
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Hassanpour, Mahlega S., Lirong Yan, Danny J. J. Wang, Rachel C. Lapidus, Armen C. Arevian, W. Kyle Simmons, Jamie D. Feusner, and Sahib S. Khalsa. "How the heart speaks to the brain: neural activity during cardiorespiratory interoceptive stimulation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1708 (November 19, 2016): 20160017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0017.
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Prominent theories emphasize key roles for the insular cortex in the central representation of interoceptive sensations, but how this brain region responds dynamically to changes in interoceptive state remains incompletely understood. Here, we systematically modulated cardiorespiratory sensations in humans using bolus infusions of isoproterenol, a rapidly acting peripheral beta-adrenergic agonist similar to adrenaline. To identify central neural processes underlying these parametrically modulated interoceptive states, we used pharmacological functional magnetic resonance imaging (phMRI) to simultaneously measure blood-oxygenation-level dependent (BOLD) and arterial spin labelling (ASL) signals in healthy participants. Isoproterenol infusions induced dose-dependent increases in heart rate and cardiorespiratory interoception, with all participants endorsing increased sensations at the highest dose. These reports were accompanied by increased BOLD and ASL activation of the right insular cortex at the highest dose. Different responses across insula subregions were also observed. During anticipation, insula activation increased in more anterior regions. During stimulation, activation increased in the mid-dorsal and posterior insula on the right, but decreased in the same regions on the left. This study demonstrates the feasibility of phMRI for assessing brain activation during adrenergic interoceptive stimulation, and provides further evidence supporting a dynamic role for the insula in representing changes in cardiorespiratory states. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Interoception beyond homeostasis: affect, cognition and mental health’.
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Djerdjaj, Anthony, Nathaniel S. Rieger, Bridget H. Brady, Bridget N. Carey, Alexandra J. Ng, and John P. Christianson. "Social affective behaviors among female rats involve the basolateral amygdala and insular cortex." PLOS ONE 18, no. 10 (October 5, 2023): e0281794. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0281794.
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The ability to detect, appraise, and respond to another’s emotional state is essential to social affective behavior. This is mediated by a network of brain regions responsible for integrating external cues with internal states to orchestrate situationally appropriate behavioral responses. The basolateral amygdala (BLA) and the insular cortex are reciprocally connected regions involved in social cognition and prior work in male rats revealed their contributions to social affective behavior. We investigated the functional role of these regions in female rats in a social affective preference (SAP) test in which experimental rats approach stressed juvenile but avoid stressed adult conspecifics. In separate experiments, the BLA or the insula were inhibited by local infusion of muscimol (100ng/side in 0.5μL saline) or vehicle prior to SAP tests. In both regions, muscimol interfered with preference for the stressed juvenile and naive adult, indicating that these regions are necessary for appropriate social affective behavior. In male rats, SAP behavior requires insular oxytocin but there are noteworthy sex differences in the oxytocin receptor distribution in rats. Oxytocin (500nM) administered to the insula did not alter social behavior but oxytocin infusions to the BLA increased social interaction. In sum, female rats appear to use the same BLA and insula regions for social affective behavior but sex differences exist in contribution of oxytocin in the insula.
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Kakucs, Zsofia, Zsolt Illes, Zsofia Hayden, Timea Berki, and Gergely Orsi. "Osteopontin predicts late-time salience network-related functional connectivity in multiple sclerosis." PLOS ONE 19, no. 8 (August 29, 2024): e0309563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309563.
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Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) has been widely utilized to investigate plasticity mechanisms and functional reorganization in multiple sclerosis (MS). Among many resting state (RS) networks, a significant role is played by the salience network (SN, ventral attention network). Previous reports have demonstrated the involvement of osteopontin (OPN) in the pathogenesis of MS, which acts as a proinflammatory cytokine ultimately leading to neurodegeneration. Concentration of serum OPN was related to MRI findings 10.22±2.84 years later in 44 patients with MS. Local and interhemispheric correlations (LCOR, IHC), ROI-to-ROI and seed-based connectivity analyses were performed using serum OPN levels as independent variable along with age and gender as nuisance variables. We found significant associations between OPN levels and local correlation in right and left clusters encompassing the central opercular- and insular cortices (p-FDR = 0.0018 and p-FDR = 0.0205, respectively). Moreover, a significant association was identified between OPN concentration and interhemispheric correlation between central opercular- and insular cortices (p-FDR = 0.00015). Significant positive associations were found between OPN concentration and functional connectivity (FC) within the SN (FC strength between the anterior insula ventral division and 3 other insular regions, F(2,13) = 7.84, p-FDR = 0.0117). Seed-based connectivity analysis using the seven nodes of the SN resulted in several positive and inverse associations with OPN level. Serum OPN level may predict FC alterations within the SN in 10 years.
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Peters, Henning, Valentin Riedl, Andrei Manoliu, Martin Scherr, Dirk Schwerthöffer, Claus Zimmer, Hans Förstl, Josef Bäuml, Christian Sorg, and Kathrin Koch. "Changes in extra-striatal functional connectivity in patients with schizophrenia in a psychotic episode." British Journal of Psychiatry 210, no. 1 (January 2017): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.151928.
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BackgroundIn patients with schizophrenia in a psychotic episode, intra-striatal intrinsic connectivity is increased in the putamen but not ventral striatum. Furthermore, multimodal changes have been observed in the anterior insula that interact extensively with the putamen.AimsWe hypothesised that during psychosis, putamen extra-striatal functional connectivity is altered with both the anterior insula and areas normally connected with the ventral striatum (i.e. altered functional connectivity distinctiveness of putamen and ventral striatum).MethodWe acquired resting-state functional magnetic resonance images from 21 patients with schizophrenia in a psychotic episode and 42 controls.ResultsPatients had decreased functional connectivity: the putamen with right anterior insula and dorsal prefrontal cortex, the ventral striatum with left anterior insula. Decreased functional connectivity between putamen and right anterior insula was specifically associated with patients' hallucinations. Functional connectivity distinctiveness was impaired only for the putamen.ConclusionsResults indicate aberrant extra-striatal connectivity during psychosis and a relationship between reduced putamen–right anterior insula connectivity and hallucinations. Data suggest that altered intrinsic connectivity links striatal and insular pathophysiology in psychosis.
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Gomes de Oliveira, Willian, Sara Araújo Petrocchi, Marcelo Simonelli, and Walter Luiz de Oliveira Có. "Influência biogeográfica na morfologia de diásporos." Revista Científica Faesa 9, no. 1 (June 30, 2013): 108–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5008/1809.7367.068.
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Island Biogeography focuses on island species considering evolutionary aspects subject to patterns of isolation, rates of immigration and extinction, environmental standards, such as soil, predation rate and colonization. This work aims to compare morphologically diaspores of Guapira pernambucensis (Casar.) Lund., Schinus terebinthifolius Rad. and Canavalia rosea (Sw.) DC., occurring on the island and the mainland of Environmental Protection Area of Setiba, Guarapari, Espírito Santo State. The diaspores were collected, measured and weighed in order to verify possible variations due to their insular isolation It was found that the size of the diaspores of Guapira pernambucensis (Casar.) Lund. and Schinus terebinthifolius Rad. occurring on the island are larger than the continental diaspores. To explain this variation two possibilities were raised, the first is that individuals accompanied the insular evolutionary trend, and second, the variation was caused by ecological reasons in the insular environment. Canavalia rosea (Sw.) DC., on the other hand, presented larger diaspores in the continental environment. To explain this variation two other possibilities were raised, the first is that perhaps the species have not inhabit the island long enough so that insular evolutionary trend would be accompanied; or the soil variation on the insular environment was also caused by ecological reasons.
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Magaš, Damir. "Hrvatski otoci - osnovna geografska i geopolitička obilježja." Geoadria 1, no. 1 (January 11, 2017): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/geoadria.570.
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The paper takes into consideration the basis of the contemporary knowledge of the Croatian islands. The author has presented the essential features of geographical and geopolitical space and the characteristics of evaluating the insular position. The characteristics of traffic system, the relation between the continental state and insular autonomy, cultural and linguistic peculiarities, territorial sea and maritime borders, supply and help policy and environment problems have been pointed out. Special attention has been paid to geopolitical significance of these islands in the Adriatic.
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Faričić, Josip, and Damir Magaš. "Suvremeni socio-geografski problemi malih hrvatskih otoka – primjer otoka Žirja." Geoadria 9, no. 2 (January 11, 2017): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/geoadria.133.
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The processes of deagrarization and depopulation have been present on Croatian islands (particularly on smaller and remoter ones) for several decades and they have disrupted demographic and economic basis of the islands. Scarce and generally old population on the island has mostly abandoned traditional economic activities, as well as different forms of specific way of life, particularly Mediterranean insular culture that was being formed for thousands of years. These socio-geographic changes had also repercussions on transformation of insular landscape.Žirje Island in Šibenik archipelago is a good example of contemporary socio-geographic changes and transformation of the Croatian insular area in general. Negative socio-economic processes on Žirje Island are particularly stressed because its southern part was completely isolated for the purpose of building military infrastructure and stationing the troops of the ex-Yugoslav army. Contemporary initial, but extremely uncontrolled development of tourism has become a serious threat to insular landscape, so the local population has demanded that state and county administration should take immediate steps for protecting the southwestern part of the island (Stupica) and proclaim it protected landscape.
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Perez-Diaz, Oscar, Daylín Góngora, José L. González-Mora, Katya Rubia, Alfonso Barrós-Loscertales, and Sergio Elías Hernández. "Enhanced amygdala–anterior cingulate white matter structural connectivity in Sahaja Yoga Meditators." PLOS ONE 19, no. 3 (March 28, 2024): e0301283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0301283.
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Objective To study the white matter connections between anterior cingulate cortex, anterior insula and amygdala as key regions of the frontal-limbic network that have been related to meditation. Design Twenty experienced practitioners of Sahaja Yoga Meditation and twenty nonmeditators matched on age, gender and education level, were scanned using Diffusion Weighted Imaging, using a 3T scanner, and their white matter connectivity was compared using diffusion tensor imaging analyses. Results There were five white matter fiber paths in which meditators showed a larger number of tracts, two of them connecting the same area in both hemispheres: the left and right amygdalae and the left and right anterior insula; and the other three connecting left anterior cingulate with the right anterior insula, the right amygdala and the left amygdala. On the other hand, non-meditators showed larger number of tracts in two paths connecting the left anterior insula with the left amygdala, and the left anterior insula with the left anterior cingulate. Conclusions The study shows that long-term practice of Sahaja Yoga Meditation is associated with larger white matter tracts strengthening interhemispheric connections between limbic regions and connections between cingulo-amygdalar and cingulo-insular brain regions related to top-down attentional and emotional processes as well as between top-down control functions that could potentially be related to the witness state perceived through the state of mental silence promoted with this meditation. On the other hand, reduced connectivity strength in left anterior insula in the meditation group could be associated to reduced emotional processing affecting top-down processes.
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A. Persoon, Gerard, and Merlijn van Weerd. "Biodiversity and Natural Resource Management in Insular Southeast Asia." Island Studies Journal 1, no. 1 (2006): 81–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.24043/isj.189.
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Indonesia and the Philippines are amongst the world’s mega-biodiversity countries. Their insular nature has certainly contributed to this level of diversity. However, at the same time, there is rapid environmental degradation in terms of forest loss, loss of plant and animal species and overexploitation of wildlife. Insular Southeast Asia, with a population of over 300 million, is more densely populated than any other insular area. Yet, remarkably, this region plays a low-key role in comparative island studies. Both Indonesia and the Philippines have recently moved from centralized forms of government to regional and even local autonomy. This article presents an overview of the present state of biological and cultural diversity of the two archipelagic states. Recent changes in styles of natural resource management are discussed, with a focus on forest resources in the area.
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Vercelli, Ugo, Matteo Diano, Tommaso Costa, Andrea Nani, Sergio Duca, Giuliano Geminiani, Alessandro Vercelli, and Franco Cauda. "Node Detection Using High-Dimensional Fuzzy Parcellation Applied to the Insular Cortex." Neural Plasticity 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1938292.
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Several functional connectivity approaches require the definition of a set of regions of interest (ROIs) that act as network nodes. Different methods have been developed to define these nodes and to derive their functional and effective connections, most of which are rather complex. Here we aim to propose a relatively simple “one-step” border detection and ROI estimation procedure employing the fuzzyc-mean clustering algorithm. To test this procedure and to explore insular connectivity beyond the two/three-region model currently proposed in the literature, we parcellated the insular cortex of 20 healthy right-handed volunteers scanned in a resting state. By employing a high-dimensional functional connectivity-based clustering process, we confirmed the two patterns of connectivity previously described. This method revealed a complex pattern of functional connectivity where the two previously detected insular clusters are subdivided into several other networks, some of which are not commonly associated with the insular cortex, such as the default mode network and parts of the dorsal attentional network. Furthermore, the detection of nodes was reliable, as demonstrated by the confirmative analysis performed on a replication group of subjects.
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Smieskova, R., P. Fusar-Poli, J. Aston, A. Simon, K. Bendfeldt, C. Lenz, R. D. Stieglitz, P. McGuire, A. Riecher-Rössler, and S. J. Borgwardt. "Insular volume abnormalities associated with different transition probabilities to psychosis." Psychological Medicine 42, no. 8 (November 30, 2011): 1613–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291711002716.
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BackgroundAlthough individuals vulnerable to psychosis show brain volumetric abnormalities, structural alterations underlying different probabilities for later transition are unknown. The present study addresses this issue by means of voxel-based morphometry (VBM).MethodWe investigated grey matter volume (GMV) abnormalities by comparing four neuroleptic-free groups: individuals with first episode of psychosis (FEP) and with at-risk mental state (ARMS), with either long-term (ARMS-LT) or short-term ARMS (ARMS-ST), compared to the healthy control (HC) group. Using three-dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we examined 16 FEP, 31 ARMS, clinically followed up for on average 3 months (ARMS-ST, n=18) and 4.5 years (ARMS-LT, n=13), and 19 HC.ResultsThe ARMS-ST group showed less GMV in the right and left insula compared to the ARMS-LT (Cohen's d 1.67) and FEP groups (Cohen's d 1.81) respectively. These GMV differences were correlated positively with global functioning in the whole ARMS group. Insular alterations were associated with negative symptomatology in the whole ARMS group, and also with hallucinations in the ARMS-ST and ARMS-LT subgroups. We found a significant effect of previous antipsychotic medication use on GMV abnormalities in the FEP group.ConclusionsGMV abnormalities in subjects at high clinical risk for psychosis are associated with negative and positive psychotic symptoms, and global functioning. Alterations in the right insula are associated with a higher risk for transition to psychosis, and thus may be related to different transition probabilities.
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Jauniaux, Josiane, Ali Khatibi, Pierre Rainville, and Philip L. Jackson. "A meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies on pain empathy: investigating the role of visual information and observers’ perspective." Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 14, no. 8 (August 2019): 789–813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsz055.
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Abstract Empathy relies on brain systems that support the interaction between an observer’s mental state and cues about the others’ experience. Beyond the core brain areas typically activated in pain empathy studies (insular and anterior cingulate cortices), the diversity of paradigms used may reveal secondary networks that subserve other more specific processes. A coordinate-based meta-analysis of fMRI experiments on pain empathy was conducted to obtain activation likelihood estimates along three factors and seven conditions: visual cues (body parts, facial expressions), visuospatial (first-person, thirdperson), and cognitive (self-, stimuli-, other-oriented tasks) perspectives. The core network was found across cues and perspectives, and common activation was observed in higher-order visual areas. Body-parts distinctly activated areas related with sensorimotor processing (superior and inferior parietal lobules, anterior insula) while facial expression distinctly involved the inferior frontal gyrus. Self- compared to other-perspective produced distinct activations in the left insula while stimulus- versus other-perspective produced distinctive responses in the inferior frontal and parietal lobules, precentral gyrus, and cerebellum. Pain empathy relies on a core network which is modulated by several secondary networks. The involvement of the latter seems to depend on the visual cues available and the observer's mental state that can be influenced by specific instructions.
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Vieira Rodrigues, Inês. "Insular Cowscapes." FOOTPRINT 17, no. 2 (April 3, 2024): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.59490/footprint.17.2.6702.
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The Azores is an archipelago known for its Edenic landscapes, strongly symbolised by cows grazing in vast pasturelands. These ‘natural’ scenarios, however, obfuscate technologies of ecological restoration resulting from cattle exploitation, which seem to be in a clear collision with the perception of the Azorean scenery as ‘a good way of life’. Impelled by the focus of this Footprint issue, I recently visited two farms in São Miguel Island: a medium-size dairy farm and an intensive beef farm. Through this field inquiry, in this article I intend to problematise the fabrication of productive farming landscapes or, rather, the production of cowscapes. The current livestock political vision appears as twofold: a restorative ideal, promoting the ‘return to’ a supposed bucolic state; and the synchronization of livestock activities through the reconfiguration of the terrain, machines, animals and work. The triad efficiency-optimisation-specialisation might be symptomatic of the current path in the archipelago, within which extensive farming translates into an increased farmland footprint. After all, more efficiency requires more pastureland. Ultimately, the contemporary Azorean cowscapes perpetuate the loss of resilience in global food systems, and the island is only the beginning of the evidentiary trail.
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Gehrlach, Daniel A., Nejc Dolensek, Alexandra S. Klein, Ritu Roy Chowdhury, Arthur Matthys, Michaela Junghänel, Thomas N. Gaitanos, et al. "Aversive state processing in the posterior insular cortex." Nature Neuroscience 22, no. 9 (August 27, 2019): 1424–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41593-019-0469-1.
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Borgwardt, Stefan J., Paolo Fusar-Poli, Ernst-Wilhelm Radue, and Anita Riecher-Rössler. "Insular pathology in the at-risk mental state." European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 258, no. 4 (March 8, 2008): 254–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00406-007-0794-3.
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Schmitt, Angelika, Neeraj Upadhyay, Jason Anthony Martin, Sandra Rojas Vega, Heiko Klaus Strüder, and Henning Boecker. "Affective Modulation after High-Intensity Exercise Is Associated with Prolonged Amygdalar-Insular Functional Connectivity Increase." Neural Plasticity 2020 (March 25, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7905387.
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Acute moderate exercise has been shown to induce prolonged changes in functional connectivity (FC) within affect and reward networks. The influence of different exercise intensities on FC has not yet been explored. Twenty-five male athletes underwent 30 min of “low”- (35%<lactate threshold (LT)) and “high”- (20%>LT) intensity exercise bouts on a treadmill. Resting-state fMRI was acquired at 3 Tesla before and after exercise, together with the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS). Data of 22 subjects (3 dropouts) were analyzed using the FSL feat pipeline and a seed-to-network-based analysis with the bilateral amygdala as the seed region for determining associated FC changes in the “emotional brain.” Data were analyzed using a repeated measures ANOVA. Comparisons between pre- and post-exercise were analyzed using a one-sample t-test, and a paired t-test was used for the comparison between “low” and “high” exercise conditions (nonparametric randomization approach, results reported at p<0.05). Both exercise interventions induced significant increases in the PANAS positive affect scale. There was a significant interaction effect of amygdalar FC to the right anterior insula, and this amygdalar-insular FC correlated significantly with the PANAS positive affect scale (r=0.47, p=0.048) in the “high”-intensity exercise condition. Our findings suggest that mood changes after exercise are associated with prolonged alterations in amygdalar-insular FC and occur in an exercise intensity-dependent manner.
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Chen, Yuan, Ying Zhao, Robert Yu-Sheng Tan, Pu-yue Zhang, Tao Long, Yu Shi, and Hua-bin Zheng. "The Influence of Stomach Back-Shu and Front-Mu Points on Insular Functional Connectivity in Functional Dyspepsia Rat Models." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2021 (September 14, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2771094.
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Functional Dyspepsia (FD) is a common functional gastrointestinal disease, which can reduce the quality of life in patients. Prior research has indicated that insula is closely related to FD and that acupuncture can regulate the functional connectivity (FC) of FD. Therefore, we hypothesized that acupuncture on FD was effected through the insular pathway. To test our hypothesis, we performed electroacupuncture (EA) on FD rat models and then examined the FC between insula and other brain regions through resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). Seven-day-old male infant Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into control group, FD model group, and FD acupuncture group, with twelve rats per group (n = 36). Upon establishing successful models, the FD acupuncture group was subjected to EA intervention using Stomach back-shu (BL-21) and front-mu (RN-12) points for ten consecutive days for durations of 20 minutes each day. After intervention, each group was subject to rs-fMRI. The digital image data obtained were analyzed using FC analysis methods. Subsequently, gastric ligation was performed to measure gastric emptying rates. Before EA intervention, the FD model group exhibited decreased functional connections between the insula and a number of brain regions. After EA intervention, FD acupuncture group exhibited increasing FC between insula and regions when compared to the FD model group, such as the primary somatosensory cortex (S1), hippocampal CA3 (CA3), polymorphic layer of dentate gyrus (PoDG), caudate putamen (CPu), and oral pontine reticular nuclei (PnO) P < 0.05 ; decreasing FC was also exhibited between insula and regions such as the bilateral primary and secondary motor cortexes (M1/2), paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVA), and limbic cortex (LC). These findings indicate that the effective treatment of FD using EA may be through regulating the abnormal FC between insula and several brain regions, in particular CA3, PoDG, and PVA.
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Lyubov A., Lyubov A., Yulia N. Klyueva, Victor V. Emelianov, Elena A. Mukhlynina, Irina F. Gette, and Irina G. Danilova. "The relationship between the morphofunctional state of pancreatic insular apparatus and islet fibrosis in old rats under alloxan-induced diabetes and alpha-lipoic acid correction." Journal of Ural Medical Academic Science 19, no. 3 (2022): 210–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22138/2500-0918-2022-19-3-210-221.
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The scientific data on age-related changes in the insular apparatus of the pancreas are contradictory, including age-related insular fibrosis. There are some questions about the relationship between different pathomorphological changes in the insular apparatus and the possibility of their pharmacological correction with antioxidants, for example, alpha-lipoic acid, proved for treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy and polyneuropathy. The aim of this study is to identify the relationship between the morphofunctional state of pancreatic insular apparatus and islet fibrosis in old rats with alloxan-induced diabetes and its correction using alpha-lipoic acid. Materials and methods. The experiment was conducted on 40 white male Wistar rats, which were divided into 4 groups: 1st — young intact animals 6 months old (n=10), 2nd — control group, old intact animals 18 months old (n=10), 3rd — old animals 18 months old with experimental diabetes (n=10), 4th — old animals 18 months old with experimental diabetes mellitus and administration of alpha-lipoic acid (n=10). Diabetes mellitus was designed with 3-times intraperitoneal injections of alloxan solution at a total dose of 170 µg/kg of animal weight. Alpha-lipoic acid was administered intramuscularly at a dose of 4 mg/100g of animal weight for 30 days. A morphological investigation of the pancreas was conducted, followed by immunohistochemical staining for insulin, as well as an assessment of the histotopographic localization of collagen. The obtained data were processed by mathematical statistics. Results. Decrease in the functionality of the pancreatic insular apparatus is due to a decrease in the number of beta-cells and an increase in fibrotic changes in it as a result of physiological aging, which was confirmed by an increase in the level of glucose in the blood plasma and a decrease in insulin expression in the islets. Alloxan diabetes exacerbated these changes. Administration of alpha-lipoic acid to aged animals with experimental diabetes contributed to an increase in the number of islets, their cellularity, the content of islet beta cells and their insulin-producing activity, a decrease in blood glucose levels and the severity of fibrotic changes in the islets. Conclusion. In this study, it was shown for the first time that the administration of alpha-lipoic acid, which has an antioxidant capacity, caused a decrease in islet fibrosis in old animals with diabetes due to an increase in insulinocytes in the islet and a decrease in glucose concentration. Thus, alpha-lipoic acid has not only antidiabetic, but also geroprotective and antifibrogenic effects in old rats with alloxan-induced diabetes.
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Jeong, Hyeonseok, Shinwon Park, Stephen R. Dager, Soo Mee Lim, Suji L. Lee, Haejin Hong, Jiyoung Ma, et al. "Altered functional connectivity in the fear network of firefighters with repeated traumatic stress." British Journal of Psychiatry 214, no. 06 (November 27, 2018): 347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2018.260.
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BackgroundFirefighters are routinely exposed to various traumatic events and often experience a range of trauma-related symptoms. Although these repeated traumatic exposures rarely progress to the development of post-traumatic stress disorder, firefighters are still considered to be a vulnerable population with regard to trauma.AimsTo investigate how the human brain responds to or compensates for the repeated experience of traumatic stress.MethodWe included 98 healthy firefighters with repeated traumatic experiences but without any diagnosis of mental illness and 98 non-firefighter healthy individuals without any history of trauma. Functional connectivity within the fear circuitry, which consists of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, insula, amygdala, hippocampus and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), was examined using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Trauma-related symptoms were evaluated using the Impact of Event Scale – Revised.ResultsThe firefighter group had greater functional connectivity between the insula and several regions of the fear circuitry including the bilateral amygdalae, bilateral hippocampi and vmPFC as compared with healthy individuals. In the firefighter group, stronger insula–amygdala connectivity was associated with greater severity of trauma-related symptoms (β = 0.36, P = 0.005), whereas higher insula–vmPFC connectivity was related to milder symptoms in response to repeated trauma (β = −0.28, P = 0.01).ConclusionsThe current findings suggest an active involvement of insular functional connectivity in response to repeated traumatic stress. Functional connectivity of the insula in relation to the amygdala and vmPFC may be potential pathways that underlie the risk for and resilience to repeated traumatic stress, respectively.Declaration of interestNone.
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Rodríguez-Vidal, Lluviana, Sarael Alcauter, and Fernando A. Barrios. "The functional connectivity of the human claustrum, according to the Human Connectome Project database." PLOS ONE 19, no. 4 (April 18, 2024): e0298349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0298349.
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The claustrum is an irregular and fine sheet of grey matter in the basolateral telencephalon present in almost all mammals. The claustrum has been the object of several studies using animal models and, more recently, in human beings using neuroimaging. One of the most extended cognitive processes attributed to the claustrum is the salience process, which is also related to the insular cortex. In the same way, studies with human subjects and functional magnetic resonance imaging have reported the coactivation of the claustrum/insular cortex in the integration of sensory signals. This coactivation has been reported in the left claustrum/insular cortex or in the right claustrum/insular cortex. The asymmetry has been reported in task studies and literature related to neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease and schizophrenia, relating the severity of delusions with the reduction in left claustral volume. We present a functional connectivity study of the claustrum. Resting-state functional and anatomical MRI data from 100 healthy subjects were analyzed; taken from the Human Connectome Project (HCP, NIH Blueprint: The Human Connectome Project), with 2x2x2 mm3 voxel resolution. We hypothesize that 1) the claustrum is a node involved in different brain networks, 2) the functional connectivity pattern of the claustrum is different from the insular cortex’s pattern, and 3) the asymmetry is present in the claustrum’s functional connectivity. Our findings include at least three brain networks related to the claustrum. We found functional connectivity between the claustrum, frontoparietal network, and the default mode network as a distinctive attribute. The functional connectivity between the right claustrum with the frontoparietal network and the dorsal attention network supports the hypothesis of claustral asymmetry. These findings provide functional evidence, suggesting that the claustrum is coupled with the frontoparietal network serving together to instantiate new task states by flexibly modulating and interacting with other control and processing networks.
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Dai, Han, Li Mei, Mei Minjun, and Sun Xiaofei. "Regional homogeneity of intrinsic brain activity related to the main alexithymia dimensions." General Psychiatry 31, no. 1 (September 2018): e000003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2018-000003.
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BackgroundAlexithymia is a multidimensional personality construct.ObjectiveThis study aims to investigate the neuronal correlates of each alexithymia dimension by examining the regional homogeneity (ReHo) of intrinsic brain activity in a resting situation.MethodsFrom university freshmen, students with alexithymia and non-alexithymia were recruited. Their alexithymic traits were assessed using the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20. The ReHo was examined using a resting-state functional MRI approach.ResultsThis study suggests significant group differences in ReHo in multiple brain regions distributed in the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe and insular cortex. However, only the ReHo in the insula was positively associated with difficulty identifying feelings, a main dimension of alexithymia. The ReHo in the lingual gyrus, precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus was positively associated with difficulty describing feelings in participants with alexithymia. Lastly, the ReHo in the right dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC_R) was negatively related to the externally oriented thinking style of participants with alexithymia.ConclusionIn conclusion, these results suggest that the main dimensions of alexithymia are correlated with specific brain regions’ function, and the role of the insula, lingual gyrus, precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus and DMPFC_R in the neuropathology of alexithymia should be further investigated.
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GRAHAM, NATALIE R., DANIEL S. GRUNER, JUN Y. LIM, and ROSEMARY G. GILLESPIE. "Island ecology and evolution: challenges in the Anthropocene." Environmental Conservation 44, no. 4 (June 27, 2017): 323–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892917000315.
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SUMMARYIslands are widely considered to be model systems for studying fundamental questions in ecology and evolutionary biology. The fundamental state factors that vary among island systems – geologic history, size, isolation and age – form the basis of mature phenomenological and predictive theory. In this review, we first highlight classic lines of inquiry that exemplify the historical and continuing importance of islands. We then show how the conceptual power of islands as ‘natural laboratories’ can be improved through functional classifications of both the biological properties of, and human impact on, insular systems. We highlight how global environmental change has been accentuated on islands, expressly because of their unique insular properties. We review five categories of environmental perturbation: climate change, habitat modification, direct exploitation, invasion and disease. Using an analysis of taxonomic checklists for the arthropod biotas of three well-studied island archipelagos, we show how taxonomists are meeting the challenge of biodiversity assessment before the biodiversity disappears. Our aim is to promote discussion on the tight correlations of the environmental health of insular systems to their continued importance as singular venues for discovery in ecology and evolutionary biology, as well as to their conservation significance as hotspots of endemism.
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Machado, Théa M. M., Mohamed Chakir, and Jean Jacques Lauvergne. "Genetic distances and taxonomic trees between goats of Ceará State (Brazil) and goats of the Mediterranean region (Europe and Africa)." Genetics and Molecular Biology 23, no. 1 (March 2000): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-47572000000100022.
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Goats of an undefined breed (called UDB) from the State of Ceará, northeastern Brazil (N = 447), European Mediterranean goats (N = 3,847) and African Mediterranean goats (N = 325) were compared to establish genetic distances and taxonomic trees. Allelic frequencies in each population for presence or absence of the following traits were used: horns, reduced ears, long hair, wattles, beard, roan color, brown eumelanin and eumelanic standard pigmentation. The genetic distance, applying the method developed by Nei (1972), was: least between goats from different meso-regions of the State of Ceará (0.0008 to 0.0120); small between all UDB of Ceará and French goats of Rove and Haute Roya (0.0236 and 0.0459); greater between all UDB of Ceará and northern Spanish goats (0.1166), and greatest between all UDB of Ceará and northern African goats (Moroccan of Drâa, Rhâali and Zagora), Balkan goats (Sakhar from Bulgaria and Macedonia from Greece) and some insular Mediterranean populations (Corsica, Sicily and Sardinia), which ranged from 0.1237 to 0.2714. Brazilian UDB goats are more closely related to Continental and Western European populations than to North African, Balkan or Insular Mediterranean populations.
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Дмитриева, Vera Dmitrieva, Нефедова, and Yevgenia Nefedova. "Hydroecological role of forest in formation of regime of water resources." Forestry Engineering Journal 5, no. 3 (November 15, 2015): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/14150.
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Intensive economic use of water resources as well as disregard for mechanisms of forma-tion of their composition and properties often leads to negative transformation of water bodies’ state. Reinforcement of forest capacity to protect water is one of the most important ways to conserve natural state of water resources. In considered Voronezh region insular forest distribution determines specific impact to elements of the water cycle and regulation of hydrological regime of water bodies.
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SANBORN, ALLEN F., POLLY K. PHILLIPS, and PHILIP GILLLIS. "The Cicadas of Florida (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea: Cicadidae)." Zootaxa 1916, no. 1 (October 27, 2008): 1–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1916.1.1.
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The cicadas of Florida are determined, a key to the species is provided, synonymies listed, notes on the biology of each species and each species and its biogeography is illustrated. A total of 15 species and 4 subspecies representing 4 genera have been recorded for the state. Most species inhabit large portions of the state although some are limited to specific habitats, i.e. coastal or insular. Seven species are removed from the Florida cicada fauna.
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Wang, C., F. Ji, Z. Hong, J. S. Poh, R. Krishnan, J. Lee, G. Rekhi, et al. "Disrupted salience network functional connectivity and white-matter microstructure in persons at risk for psychosis: findings from the LYRIKS study." Psychological Medicine 46, no. 13 (July 11, 2016): 2771–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291716001410.
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BackgroundSalience network (SN) dysconnectivity has been hypothesized to contribute to schizophrenia. Nevertheless, little is known about the functional and structural dysconnectivity of SN in subjects at risk for psychosis. We hypothesized that SN functional and structural connectivity would be disrupted in subjects with At-Risk Mental State (ARMS) and would be associated with symptom severity and disease progression.MethodWe examined 87 ARMS and 37 healthy participants using both resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging. Group differences in SN functional and structural connectivity were examined using a seed-based approach and tract-based spatial statistics. Subject-level functional connectivity measures and diffusion indices of disrupted regions were correlated with CAARMS scores and compared between ARMS with and without transition to psychosis.ResultsARMS subjects exhibited reduced functional connectivity between the left ventral anterior insula and other SN regions. Reduced fractional anisotropy (FA) and axial diffusivity were also found along white-matter tracts in close proximity to regions of disrupted functional connectivity, including frontal-striatal-thalamic circuits and the cingulum. FA measures extracted from these disrupted white-matter regions correlated with individual symptom severity in the ARMS group. Furthermore, functional connectivity between the bilateral insula and FA at the forceps minor were further reduced in subjects who transitioned to psychosis after 2 years.ConclusionsOur findings support the insular dysconnectivity of the proximal SN hypothesis in the early stages of psychosis. Further developed, the combined structural and functional SN assays may inform the prognosis of persons at-risk for psychosis.
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Winck, Gisele R., Davor Vrcibradic, Felipe Bottona da Silva Telles, Vitor Nelson T. Borges-Júnior, Monique Van Sluys, and Carlos Frederico D. Rocha. "Squamata, Iguania, Anolis punctatus Daudin, 1802 and Tropidurus torquatus (Wied, 1820): distribution extension and new records for Ilha Grande, state of Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil." Check List 7, no. 3 (May 1, 2011): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/7.3.270.
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The knowledge on the insular reptile fauna from Ilha Grande (state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) is mostly restricted to the results of surveys carried out within a limited area, considering the island’s total area of 19,300 ha. Until now, the number of reptile species reported for Ilha Grande amounted to 25 (nine lizards and 16 snakes). Here we present the first records of two lizard species (Anolis punctatus and Tropidurus torquatus) for the island, raising the local reptile list to 27 species. The first one appears to be rare in the area, whereas the second species was found in a portion of the island that has not been previously surveyed for reptiles. Although the presence of T. torquatus in other insular environments may be related to anthropogenic introduction, we believe the population in Ilha Grande to be natural, considering the geological history of the island.
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Maier, Simon, Kathrin Nickel, Evgeniy Perlov, Alina Kukies, Almut Zeeck, Ludger Tebartz van Elst, Dominique Endres, et al. "Insular Cell Integrity Markers Linked to Weight Concern in Anorexia Nervosa—An MR-Spectroscopy Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 5 (April 30, 2020): 1292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9051292.
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Objective: An insular involvement in the pathogenesis of anorexia nervosa (AN) has been suggested in many structural and functional neuroimaging studies. This magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) study is the first to investigate metabolic signals in the anterior insular cortex in patients with AN and recovered individuals (REC). Method: The MR spectra of 32 adult women with AN, 21 REC subjects and 33 healthy controls (HC) were quantified for absolute N-acetylaspartate (NAA), glutamate + glutamine (Glx), total choline, myo-inositol, creatine concentrations (mM/L). After adjusting the metabolite concentrations for age and partial gray/white matter volume, group differences were tested using one-way multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVA). Post-hoc analyses of variance were applied to identify those metabolites that showed significant group effects. Correlations were tested for associations with psychometric measures (eating disorder examination), duration of illness, and body mass index. Results: The MANOVA exhibited a significant group effect. The NAA signal was reduced in the AN group compared to the HC group. The REC and the HC groups did not differ in metabolite concentrations. In the AN group, lower NAA and Glx signals were related to increased weight concern. Discussion: We interpret the decreased NAA availability in the anterior insula as a signal of impaired neuronal integrity or density. The association of weight concern, which is a core feature of AN, with decreased NAA and Glx indicates that disturbances of glutamatergic neurotransmission might be related to core psychopathology in AN. The absence of significant metabolic differences between the REC and HC subjects suggests that metabolic alterations in AN represent a state rather than a trait phenomenon.
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Thovinakere, N., M. Ai, T. Morris, A. Noriega de la Colina, J. Tremblay-Mercier, S. Villeneuve, and M. Geddes. "P.095 Smoking behaviour change is associated with altered functional brain connectivity in older adults." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 49, s1 (June 2022): S33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2022.190.
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Background: Smoking is the leading cause of preventable morbidity worldwide and therefore developing effective smoking cessation strategies is a public health priority. However, what brain networks support maintenance of smoking cessation in the long term remains unexplored. Methods: We analyzed the baseline resting-state fMRI data acquired in 23 smokers (Mage = 61.52 ± 3.7) who were followed longitudinally in a cohort of cognitively normal older adults. Self-reported smoking status and amount were recorded at baseline and repeated after 4 years. We investigated the effect of smoking behaviour change on functional brain connectivity using seed-to-voxel approach. We examined a-priori regions of interest (ROIs) including the reward network (ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vMPFC) and ventral striatum) and the right insula. These ROIs are promising target mechanisms given prior behavioural research linking it to smoking cessation. Results: Our results revealed that reduced smoking was associated with reduced connectivity between ventral striatum and middle frontal gyrus and enhanced connectivity between right insula and middle temporal gyrus (voxel p <0.001, cluster p<0.05 FDR corrected). However, change in smoking did not reveal any significant effects in the vMPFC. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that successful smoking behaviour change is associated with altered reward network and insular functional connectivity in the long term.
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Hidalgo de la Cruz, Milagros, Alessandro d’Ambrosio, Paola Valsasina, Elisabetta Pagani, Bruno Colombo, Mariaemma Rodegher, Andrea Falini, Giancarlo Comi, Massimo Filippi, and Maria Assunta Rocca. "Abnormal functional connectivity of thalamic sub-regions contributes to fatigue in multiple sclerosis." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 24, no. 9 (June 28, 2017): 1183–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458517717807.
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Objective: To investigate sub-regional thalamic resting-state (RS) functional connectivity (FC) abnormalities in multiple sclerosis (MS) and their correlation with fatigue and its subcomponents (physical, cognitive, and psychosocial). Methods: From 122 MS patients and 94 healthy controls, 5 thalamic sub-regions (frontal, motor, postcentral, occipital, temporal) were parcellated based on their cortico-thalamic structural connectivity and used for a seed-based RS FC analysis. Abnormalities of thalamic RS FC in MS patients and their correlation with Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS) were assessed. Results: Compared to controls and non-fatigued MS ( n = 86), fatigued MS patients ( n = 36) showed thalamic RS FC abnormalities with middle frontal gyrus, sensorimotor network, precuneus, insula, and cerebellum, which correlated with global MFIS. Higher thalamic RS FC with precuneus and lower RS FC with posterior cerebellum correlated with cognitive MFIS. Higher thalamic RS FC with sensorimotor network in frontal-, motor-, and temporal thalamic sub-regions correlated with physical and psychosocial MFIS. Reduced thalamic RS FC with right insula in motor-, postcentral-, and occipital thalamic sub-regions correlated with psychosocial fatigue. Conclusion: Regional thalamic RS FC abnormalities with different cortical regions, including the frontal lobe, sensorimotor network, precuneus, insular cortices, and cerebellum contribute to fatigue in MS. Abnormal RS FC of selected thalamo-cortical connections explains different components of fatigue.
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Golaszewski, Stefan M., Bettina Wutzl, Axel F. Unterrainer, Cristina Florea, Kerstin Schwenker, Vanessa N. Frey, Martin Kronbichler, et al. "Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Final Stage of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease." Diagnostics 10, no. 5 (May 15, 2020): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10050309.
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Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) is a rare fatal degenerative disease of the central nervous system. The clinical course is characterized by rapid progression of neurological and neuromuscular symptoms. The late stage with loss of consciousness is not well characterized. We report a 62-year-old male patient with sCJD with the clinical picture of a vegetative state/apallic syndrome, in whom we studied cortical responses using a vibration paradigm. The functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) investigation demonstrated a clear response within the sensorimotor cortex, the cerebellum, the parietal cortex, the insular, and frontal inferior region. The finding of persistent cortical activity on fMRI in a patient with CJD in a state of unconsciousness has implications for the clinical management and for ethical considerations.
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McMahon, Cian. "Irish Free State newspapers and the Abyssinian crisis, 1935–6." Irish Historical Studies 36, no. 143 (May 2009): 368–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002112140000540x.
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Twenty-four years ago, Terence Brown raised very few eyebrows when he portrayed the Irish Free State in the 1930s as an insular society obsessed with self-sufficiency. The theme of insularity has dominated most narratives of the period, with emphasis on the Anglo-Irish Economic War, the Censorship Board and the 1937 Constitution. The de Valera government’s intention in the Economic War, after all, was to create native industries behind high-tariff barriers and to favour agricultural labourers by shifting the tillage/pasture ratio in Ireland in favour of crop production. This protectionist programme was insularity writ large. Likewise, the government’s censorship of domestic and imported literature ‘concelebrated’, according to J. J. Lee, ‘the intellectual poverty of the period’.
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Teh, Kevin, Iain D. Wilkinson, Francesca Heiberg-Gibbons, Mohammed Awadh, Alan Kelsall, Shillo Pallai, Gordon Sloan, Solomon Tesfaye, and Dinesh Selvarajah. "Somatosensory network functional connectivity differentiates clinical pain phenotypes in diabetic neuropathy." Diabetologia 64, no. 6 (March 25, 2021): 1412–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00125-021-05416-4.
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Abstract Aims/hypothesis The aim of this work was to investigate whether different clinical pain phenotypes of diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) are distinguished by functional connectivity at rest. Methods This was an observational, cohort study of 43 individuals with painful DPN, divided into irritable (IR, n = 10) and non-irritable (NIR, n = 33) nociceptor phenotypes using the German Research Network of Neuropathic Pain quantitative sensory testing protocol. In-situ brain MRI included 3D T1-weighted anatomical and 6 min resting-state functional MRI scans. Subgroup differences in resting-state functional connectivity in brain regions involved with somatic (thalamus, primary somatosensory cortex, motor cortex) and non-somatic (insular and anterior cingulate cortices) pain processing were examined. Multidimensional reduction of MRI datasets was performed using a machine-learning approach to classify individuals into each clinical pain phenotype. Results Individuals with the IR nociceptor phenotype had significantly greater thalamic–insular cortex (p false discovery rate [FDR] = 0.03) and reduced thalamus–somatosensory cortex functional connectivity (p-FDR = 0.03). We observed a double dissociation such that self-reported neuropathic pain score was more associated with greater thalamus–insular cortex functional connectivity (r = 0.41; p = 0.01) whereas more severe nerve function deficits were more related to lower thalamus–somatosensory cortex functional connectivity (r = −0.35; p = 0.03). Machine-learning group classification performance to identify individuals with the NIR nociceptor phenotype achieved an accuracy of 0.92 (95% CI 0.08) and sensitivity of 90%. Conclusions/interpretation This study demonstrates differences in functional connectivity in nociceptive processing brain regions between IR and NIR phenotypes in painful DPN. We also establish proof of concept for the utility of multimodal MRI as a biomarker for painful DPN by using a machine-learning approach to classify individuals into sensory phenotypes. Graphical abstract
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Zina, Juliana, Cynthia Peralta de Almeida Prado, Cinthia Aguirre Brasileiro, and Célio Fernando Baptista Haddad. "Anurans of the sandy coastal plains of the Lagamar Paulista, state of São Paulo, Brazil." Biota Neotropica 12, no. 1 (March 2012): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1676-06032012000100020.
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Insular habitats are considered ideal for biogeographic studies, as they represent almost closed habitats with known formation timelines. Although São Paulo state in Brazil has a large number of continental and oceanic islands, few studies have examined the composition of the fauna in each locality. These studies are crucial to determine the community structure and to make biogeographic and phylogenetic inferences. From February 2007 to January 2009, we surveyed the anuran community of sandy coastal plains in four municipalities of the Lagamar Paulista: Cananéia, Ilha Comprida, Iguape and Pariquera-Açu, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. This region is located in the Cananéia-Iguape estuary complex, comprising three continental islands: Ilha de Cananéia, Ilha Comprida, and Ilha do Cardoso, and the continental portions adjacent to these islands in the municipalities of Iguape and Pariquera-Açu. Through the use of pitfall traps and active search, we registered a total of 32 anuran species: 17 in Ilha Comprida, 21 in Ilha de Cananéia, 26 in Ilha do Cardoso, 27 in Iguape, and 23 in Pariquera-Açu. The analysis of the richness indices of the study sites revealed higher values in continental areas. This result is very common in comparative studies between islands and continents. This may be caused by an island effect and may reveal the historical process of island formation in the Lagamar. Our findings provide important information for identifying patterns of amphibian distribution in insular areas of the São Paulo coast, and for examining how events of marine transgression and regression have affected the local amphibian communities.
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Graubart, Jonathan. "Reimagining Zionism and Coexistence after Oslo’s Death." Arendt Studies 3 (2019): 69–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/arendtstudies201810915.
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Zionism needs a fundamental overhaul given both the collapse of the Oslo-initiated peace process and the erosion of liberal values in Israeli society. There is no better guide than Hannah Arendt for such an undertaking. On the one hand, she provided a searing diagnosis of mainstream Zionism’s foundational shortcomings, which persist to the present. One is a creed that assumes an eternal anti-Semitism. Two is a corresponding insular nationalism, which rejects affirmative engagement with the outside. On the other hand, Arendt articulated an affirmative humanist Zionism based on three elements. First, is a Jewish self-determination aimed at cultural enrichment and emancipation. Second, is an outward-oriented Zionism that embraces internationalism. Third, is substantive coexistence with Palestinians based on an innovative alternative to the homogenous nation-state model. This article retrieves and updates Arendt’s humanist Zionism. I emphasize her plea to confront Zionism’s pathologies, break from an insular nationalist mindset, and foster new political channels for attaining genuine reconciliation between Israelis and Palestinians.
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García-Cordero, Indira, Lucas Sedeño, Laura de la Fuente, Andrea Slachevsky, Gonzalo Forno, Francisco Klein, Patricia Lillo, et al. "Feeling, learning from and being aware of inner states: interoceptive dimensions in neurodegeneration and stroke." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1708 (November 19, 2016): 20160006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0006.
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Interoception is a complex process encompassing multiple dimensions, such as accuracy, learning and awareness. Here, we examined whether each of those dimensions relies on specialized neural regions distributed throughout the vast interoceptive network. To this end, we obtained relevant measures of cardiac interoception in healthy subjects and patients offering contrastive lesion models of neurodegeneration and focal brain damage: behavioural variant fronto-temporal dementia (bvFTD), Alzheimer's disease (AD) and fronto-insular stroke. Neural correlates of the three dimensions were examined through structural and functional resting-state imaging, and online measurements of the heart-evoked potential (HEP). The three patient groups presented deficits in interoceptive accuracy, associated with insular damage, connectivity alterations and abnormal HEP modulations. Interoceptive learning was differentially impaired in AD patients, evidencing a key role of memory networks in this skill. Interoceptive awareness results showed that bvFTD and AD patients overestimated their performance; this pattern was related to abnormalities in anterior regions and associated networks sub-serving metacognitive processes, and probably linked to well-established insight deficits in dementia. Our findings indicate how damage to specific hubs in a broad fronto-temporo-insular network differentially compromises interoceptive dimensions, and how such disturbances affect widespread connections beyond those critical hubs. This is the first study in which a multiple lesion model reveals fine-grained alterations of body sensing, offering new theoretical insights into neuroanatomical foundations of interoceptive dimensions. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Interoception beyond homeostasis: affect, cognition and mental health’.
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Sierz, Aleks. "‘Me and My Mates’: the State of English Playwriting, 2003." New Theatre Quarterly 20, no. 1 (January 5, 2004): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x03000356.
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Since his account of the Birmingham Theatre Conference in NTQ51, Aleks Sierz has taken the temperature of British playwriting in articles about ‘Cool Britannia’ (NTQ56) – from which developed his influential book, In Yer Face Theatre: British Drama Today (Faber, 2001) – ‘Still In-Yer-Face? Towards a Critique and a Summation’ (NTQ69), and a report on the Bristol conference (NTQ73). At a time when more new writing is being staged than probably at any period of British theatre history, here he laments the insular social realism which once more characterizes English (as distinct from Irish, Scottish, and American) playwriting, however modishly its characters may now be drawn from the underclass rather than the upper; and he identifies a ‘hunger for ideas’ among British audiences which is ill-satisfied by the dystopian despair of many would-be political dramatists.
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Peters, Riccarda, David J. White, and Andrew Scholey. "Resting state fMRI reveals differential effects of glucose administration on central appetite signalling in young and old adults." Journal of Psychopharmacology 34, no. 3 (January 7, 2020): 304–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881119894540.
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Background: Healthy aging has been associated with reduced appetite and lower energy intake, which can lead to loss of bodyweight, undernutrition and related health problems. The causes for the decline in caloric intake are multifactorial, involving physiological and non-physiological processes. Aims: Here we examined the effect of glucose on brain function in healthy adults as well as age-related, physiological changes in brain responses associated with macronutrient intake. Methods: Using a randomized, double-blind, balanced cross-over design, younger ( n = 16, aged 21–30) and older ( n = 16, aged 55–78) adults received a drink containing glucose and a taste-matched placebo after an overnight fast. Blood glucose and hunger were assessed at baseline and 20 min post-ingestion, after which participants underwent resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Results: Frequency-dependent changes associated with glucose administration in slow-5 (0.01–0.027 Hz) and slow-4 (0.027–0.073 Hz) amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) and fractional ALFF (fALFF) of the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal were investigated within the young healthy adults, and then extended to the older age group. Consistent with previous reports, glucose decreased amplitude in slow-5 fALFF within the left orbitofrontal cortex and insular cortex in the young adults. We observed a significant interaction in slow-5 ALFF and fALFF in the left insula, such that younger participants showed a decrease in BOLD amplitude, whereas older participants showed an increase, after glucose administration. We further observed an interaction in slow-4 ALFF in the occipital region and precuneus, with older participants showing an increase in magnitude of slow-4 ALFF and younger participants showing a decrease in the same measure. Conclusion: These age-related, frequency-dependent changes in the magnitude of the BOLD signal in the insula, a key region related to energy homeostasis following feeding, may point to a change in satiety or homeostatic signalling contributing to behavioural changes in energy intake during senescence.
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INOUCHI, Kunimitsu, Hikari SAKAMOTO, and Tadao KAKINUMA. "Steady-state behavior of coastal and insular groundwaters. Sand tank experiment." Japanese Journal of Limnology (Rikusuigaku Zasshi) 61, no. 1 (2000): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3739/rikusui.61.1.
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Veréb, Dániel, Bálint Kincses, Tamás Spisák, Frederik Schlitt, Nikoletta Szabó, Péter Faragó, Krisztián Kocsis, et al. "Resting-state functional heterogeneity of the right insula contributes to pain sensitivity." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1 (November 25, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-02474-x.
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AbstractPrevious studies have described the structure and function of the insular cortex in terms of spatially continuous gradients. Here we assess how spatial features of insular resting state functional organization correspond to individual pain sensitivity. From a previous multicenter study, we included 107 healthy participants, who underwent resting state functional MRI scans, T1-weighted scans and quantitative sensory testing on the left forearm. Thermal and mechanical pain thresholds were determined. Connectopic mapping, a technique using non-linear representations of functional organization was employed to describe functional connectivity gradients in both insulae. Partial coefficients of determination were calculated between trend surface model parameters summarizing spatial features of gradients, modal and modality-independent pain sensitivity. The dominant connectopy captured the previously reported posteroanterior shift in connectivity profiles. Spatial features of dominant connectopies in the right insula explained significant amounts of variance in thermal (R2 = 0.076; p < 0.001 and R2 = 0.031; p < 0.029) and composite pain sensitivity (R2 = 0.072; p < 0.002). The left insular gradient was not significantly associated with pain thresholds. Our results highlight the functional relevance of gradient-like insular organization in pain processing. Considering individual variations in insular connectopy might contribute to understanding neural mechanisms behind pain and improve objective brain-based characterization of individual pain sensitivity.