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Journal articles on the topic 'Instrumentation for Astronomy'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

McLean, Ian S., Ding-Qiang Su, Thomas Armstrong, Noah Brosch, Martin Cullum, Michel Dennefeld, George Jacoby, et al. "Commission 9: Instrumentation and Techniques: (Instrumentation et Techniques)." Transactions of the International Astronomical Union 24, no. 1 (2000): 316–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0251107x00003266.

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The last triennium, and coincidentally the last few years of the 20th century, has been a most remarkable time for Commission 9, and for astronomy in general. Ground-based astronomy in particular has received an enormous boost due to the arrival of an astonishing array of new telescopes, novel instruments and innovative techniques. For those of us closely involved in developing new observatories, instrumentation or detectors, the last few years have been rather hectic! As an astronomer with a long-time interest in the development of new instruments, what amazes me is the breadth of technology and the visionary scope of all these incredible new achievements. Many of the very large 8-10 meter class telescopes are now coming into full operation – yet, just as this is happening, numerous smaller “survey” telescopes are providing a wealth of new sources. Adaptive optics is being practiced at many sites and diffraction-limited imaging from the ground is now a reality. Several optical-IR interferometers are now working and more are coming along very soon. Detectors continue to get bigger and better, especially for the infrared, and instrumentation is increasingly more sophisticated, complex and efficient. Remote observing, robotic telescopes and global networks of telescopes are common, and international collaborations are larger and stronger than ever before.

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2

Knödlseder, J. "Instrumentation for gamma-ray astronomy." EAS Publications Series 7 (2003): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/eas:2003036.

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3

Webber, J. C., and M. W. Pospieszalski. "Microwave instrumentation for radio astronomy." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 50, no. 3 (March 2002): 986–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/22.989982.

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4

Kurfess, James D. "Perspectives on MeV astronomy instrumentation." New Astronomy Reviews 48, no. 1-4 (February 2004): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.newar.2003.11.026.

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5

Ramsey, Brian D., Robert A. Austin, and Rudolf Decher. "Instrumentation for X-ray astronomy." Space Science Reviews 69, no. 1-2 (July 1994): 139–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00756035.

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6

Ryan, J. M. "Astrophysics challenges of MeV-astronomy instrumentation." New Astronomy Reviews 48, no. 1-4 (February 2004): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.newar.2003.11.052.

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7

Teegarden, B. J. "Space instrumentation for gamma-ray astronomy." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 422, no. 1-3 (February 1999): 551–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(98)01268-6.

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8

Lazareff, B. "Instrumentation for heterodyne mm-wave astronomy." EAS Publications Series 37 (2009): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/eas/0937005.

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9

Sitarek, Julian. "TeV Instrumentation: Current and Future." Galaxies 10, no. 1 (January 27, 2022): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/galaxies10010021.

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During the last 20 years, TeV astronomy has turned from a fledgling field, with only a handful of sources, into a fully-developed astronomy discipline, broadening our knowledge on a variety of types of TeV gamma-ray sources. This progress has been mainly achieved due to the currently operating instruments: imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes, surface arrays and water Cherenkov detectors. Moreover, we are at the brink of a next generation of instruments, with a considerable leap in performance parameters. This review summarizes the current status of the TeV astronomy instrumentation, mainly focusing on the comparison of the different types of instruments and analysis challenges, as well as providing an outlook into the future installations. The capabilities and limitations of different techniques of observations of TeV gamma rays are discussed, as well as synergies to other bands and messengers.

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10

Rosenzweig, Patricia. "Astronomy in Venezuela." Transactions of the International Astronomical Union 24, no. 3 (2001): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0251107x00000766.

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AbstractSince the installation of the Observatorio Cagigal in Caracas, astronomy in Venezuela has developed steadily, and, in the last few decades, has been strong. Both theoretical and observational astronomy now flourish in Venezuela. A research group, Grupo de Astrofísica (GA) at the Universidad de Los Andes (ULA) in Mérida, started with few members but now has increased its numbers and undergone many transformations, promoting the creation of the Grupo de Astrofísica Teórica (GAT), the Grupo de Astronomía, the Centro de Astrofísica Teòrica (CAT), and with other collaborators initiated the creation of a graduate study program (that offers master’s and doctor’s degrees) in the Postgrado de Física Fundamental of ULA. With the financial support of domestic Science Foundations such as CONICIT, CDCHT, Fundacite, and individual and collective grants, many research projects have been started and many others are planned. Venezuelan astronomy has benefitted from the interest of researchers in other countries, who have helped to improve our scientific output and instrumentation. With the important collaboration of national and foreign institutions, astronomy is becoming one of the strongest disciplines of the next decade in Venezuela.

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11

Kepler, S. O. "Astronomy in Brazil." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 6, T27B (May 14, 2010): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921310004795.

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AbstractAstronomy in Brazil grew to around 500 astronomers in the last 30 years and is producing around 200 papers per year in refereed journals. Brazilian astronomers are participating in several international collaborations and the development of instrumentation is on the rise.

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12

Aderin, M. "Space instrumentation: physics and astronomy in harmony?" Journal of Physics: Conference Series 105 (March 1, 2008): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/105/1/012009.

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13

Tofani, G. "Radio astronomy instrumentation in the XXI century." EAS Publications Series 15 (2005): 405–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/eas:2005167.

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14

McLean, Ian S., and Gordon Walker. "Electronic Imaging in Astronomy: Detectors and Instrumentation." Physics Today 51, no. 6 (June 1998): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.882262.

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15

Moran, J. M., L. Padrielli, K. R. Anantharamaiah, K. R. Anantharamaiah, L. B. Baath, E. M. Berkhuijsen, L. Bronfman, et al. "Division X: Radio Astronomy: (Radioastronomie)." Transactions of the International Astronomical Union 24, no. 1 (2000): 347–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0251107x00003308.

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Radio astronomy has seen major advances in both instrumentation and scientific discovery during the last three years. This report is not encyclopedic but is intended to show the breadth of activity in the field. Division X is a technique-based division, and radio telescopes are becoming increasingly more international in character and usage. For these reasons this report devotes considerable attention to advances in instrumentation. More complete information on radio telescopes and scientific advances in the field can be found at the following Web site: http://www.stsci.edu/science/net-resources.html

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16

Yushkov, K. B., S. P. Anikin, S. I. Chizhikov, V. F. Esipov, A. I. Kolesnikov, O. Yu Makarov, V. Ya Molchanov, S. A. Potanin, and A. M. Tatarnikov. "Recent Advances in Acousto-Optic Instrumentation for Astronomy." Acta Physica Polonica A 127, no. 1 (January 2015): 81–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.12693/aphyspola.127.81.

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17

Cawley, M. F., and T. C. Weekes. "Instrumentation for very high energy gamma-ray astronomy." Experimental Astronomy 6, no. 1-2 (1995): 7–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00421124.

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18

Periola, A. A., and O. E. Falowo. "Instrumentation Location Diversity Paradigm for Future Astronomy Observations." Wireless Personal Communications 103, no. 3 (September 14, 2018): 2475–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11277-018-5940-x.

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19

Chapman, Jessica M., Gabriele Giovaninni, Russell Taylor, Christopher Carilli, Richard Hills, Hisashi Hirabayashi, Justin L. Jonas, et al. "DIVISION B COMMISSION 40: RADIO ASTRONOMY." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 11, T29A (August 2015): 171–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921316000739.

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IAU Commission 40 for Radio Astronomy (hereafter C40) brought together scientists and engineers who carry out observational and theoretical research in radio astronomy and who develop and operate the ground and space-based radio astronomy facilities and instrumentation. As of June 2015, the Commission had approximately 1,100 members from 49 countries, corresponding to nearly 10 per cent of the total IAU membership.

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20

Rodríguez, Luis F. "SpS1-Instrumentation for sub-millimeter spectroscopy." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 5, H15 (November 2009): 527–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921310010525.

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The fields of millimeter and sub-millimeter interferometry have been developing for more than 30 years. At millimeter wavelengths the most important interferometers are the Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-Wave Astronomy (CARMA), the Plateau de Bure Interferometer (PdBI), and the Nobeyama Millimeter Array (NMA). At sub-millimeter wavelenghts, the most powerful interferometer is the SubMillimeter Array (SMA, for a detailed description, see Ho et al. 2004).

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21

Reid, John S. "David Gill FRS (1843–1914): The Making of a Royal Astronomer." Journal for the History of Astronomy 49, no. 1 (February 2018): 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021828617751290.

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David Gill was an outstanding astronomer over several decades at the end of the nineteenth and into the early twentieth century. He was famous for his observational accuracy, for his painstaking attention to detail, and for his hands-on knowledge of the fine points of astronomical instrumentation. Astronomy, though, was a second professional career for David Gill. This account maps out the surprising and unusual path of David Gill’s life before he became Her Majesty’s Astronomer at the Cape of Good Hope. It covers aspects of his education, his horological career, his employment by Lord Lindsay to oversee the Dunecht observatory, his personal expedition to Ascension Island and his appointment as Her Majesty’s Astronomer at the age of 34. The account includes local detail and images not found in the main biography of David Gill. It ends with some detail of Gill’s continuing interest in clocks after his appointment.

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22

Zealey, W. J. "Astronomy and Astrophysics: a Targeted Approach." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 9, no. 1 (1991): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1323358000025558.

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AbstractAstronomy and astrophysics subjects at the University of Wollongong are seen as a vehicle for emphasising and clarifying concepts in the physics degree course. They also serve to introduce both undergraduate and postgraduate students to skills in computing and instrumentation not encountered in traditional subjects.

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23

Orchiston, Wayne, Kenneth I. Kellermann, Rodney D. Davies, Suzanne V. Débarbat, Masaki Morimoto, Slava Slysh, Govind Swarup, Hugo van Woerden, Jasper V. Wall, and Richard Wielebinski. "INTER-DIVISION IV-V-IX / WORKING GROUP HISTORIC RADIO ASTRONOMY." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 4, T27A (December 2008): 344–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921308025829.

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The Working Group was formed at the IAU XXV General Assembly in Sydney, 2003, as a joint initiative of Commissions 40 Radio Astronomy and Commission 41 History of Astronomy, in order to assemble a master list of surviving historically-significant radio telescopes and associated instrumentation found worldwide, and document the technical specifications and scientific achievements of these instruments. In addition, it would maintain an on-going bibliography of publications on the history of radio astronomy, and monitor other developments relating to the history of radio astronomy (including the deaths of pioneering radio astronomers).

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24

Yang, A., A. H. Chan, and S. C. Cindy Ng. "The Telescope-in-a-Box — A Collapsible Open-Frame Dobsonian Telescope for Student Astronomy Projects." Physics Educator 03, no. 01 (March 2021): 2150004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2661339521500049.

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The telescope-in-a-box is a small objective ultralight Dobsonian telescope concept that will be accompanied by telescope instrumentation lesson plans. This provides a rich set of opportunities for teaching astronomy, physics and engineering. Our first two prototypes demonstrate that it can be constructed at low cost, while many of the design decisions can lead to lesson plans in telescope instrumentation.

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25

Hickish, Jack, Zuhra Abdurashidova, Zaki Ali, Kaushal D. Buch, Sandeep C. Chaudhari, Hong Chen, Matthew Dexter, et al. "A Decade of Developing Radio-Astronomy Instrumentation using CASPER Open-Source Technology." Journal of Astronomical Instrumentation 05, no. 04 (December 2016): 1641001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2251171716410014.

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The Collaboration for Astronomy Signal Processing and Electronics Research (CASPER) has been working for a decade to reduce the time and cost of designing, building and deploying new digital radio-astronomy instruments. Today, CASPER open-source technology powers over 45 scientific instruments worldwide, and is used by scientists and engineers at dozens of academic institutions. In this paper, we catalog the current offerings of the CASPER collaboration, and instruments past and present built by CASPER users and developers. We describe the ongoing state of software development, as CASPER looks to support a broader range of programming environments and hardware and ensure compatibility with the latest vendor tools.

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26

Cottrell, P. L. "New Zealand Astronomy in the 1990s." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 9, no. 1 (1991): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1323358000024917.

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AbstractThere has been a dramatic increase in astronomical research output in New Zealand over the last decade. This is set to increase with the advent of a number of new pieces of astronomical hardware over the last five years. These include the 1m telescope and associated instrumentation at Mount John and the JANZOS collaboration, with its instrumentation on Black Birch. Black Birch is also the site of the US Naval Observatory’s southern hemisphere astrometric station, where, using a transit circle instrument, they are collecting data which will form part of the International Reference Star Catalogue. As well as these ‘professional’ programs there is also a large network of amateur astronomers, who can provide extremely useful input into certain astronomical programs at the various observatories around the country and the world.A brief overview of the existing New Zealand astronomical scene will be followed by discussion of a number of new initiatives being proposed, which includes an automatic patrol telescope being developed by Carter Observatory, an expansion of the JANZOS collaboration and initial discussion about the possibility of an eastern arm for the Australia Telescope some where in New Zealand. In addition, for programs which require a long timebase of observations, extreme southerly latitudes or longitudinal coverage, New Zealand could provide a unique opportunity.

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27

Meadows, A. J. "Twentieth-Century Amateur Astronomy." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 98 (1988): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s025292110009206x.

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Little distinction was drawn between amateur and professional astronomers for much of the nineteenth century. They mixed in the same scientific societies and often carried out overlapping studies. Towards the end of the century, however, new factors arose - increasing expense of instrumentation, increasing sophistication of theoretical knowledge, etc., which led to a greater degree of differentiation. It was then that societies specifically aimed at amateurs were established. The split has never been complete – professionals have always been members of amateur societies and vice versa - but a gap between amateur and professional opened up and has continued since. Amateurs of the standing of Percival Lowell, who could compete with professionals both in terms of equipment and theoretical knowledge, effectively died out before the mid-twentieth century.

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28

Reid, Edwin Walter, Laura Ortiz-Balbuena, Aliakbar Ghadiri, and Kambiz Moez. "A 324-Element Vivaldi Antenna Array for Radio Astronomy Instrumentation." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 61, no. 1 (January 2012): 241–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2011.2159414.

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29

Caton, Daniel B. "Curriculum for the Training of Astronomers: Comments." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 105 (1990): 36–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100086346.

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In this first international meeting on the teaching of astronomy, we should not only look at many specific techniques and approaches but also examine the overall process. In doing so, several general problems come to light and need to be commented upon:1.Introductory astronomy course lab exercises are often lacking in rigor, compared to labs in other physical sciences. Students are often asked to do simple, qualitative exercises like drawing the moon or constellations – projects that bear more resemblance to 19th-century astronomy than to the work of modern science. Lab programs should be modernized, taking advantage of modern telescopes and ancillary instrumentation.2.A survey taken of U.S. astronomy department chairs, in preparation for an American Astronomical Society roundtable discussion, revealed a wide spectrum of approaches to undergraduate astronomy instruction. The one single obvious result of the survey was the recognition of a need for an international survey, with the results distributed and discussed by the participants. The dispersion of programs may also suggest another need ....3.The astronomy instructional community lacks a central journal for the publication of pedagogical articles. The physicists have the American Journal of Physics and the Physics Teacher for advanced and lower-level articles, respectively. While astronomical articles appear in these from time to time (as well as in other publications), there is no single publication that educators can depend upon to contain important articles. While there is probably too little material available to form a new journal or newsletter, perhaps educational sections could be started in the Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Mercury, or Sky & Telescope.4.Astronomy students (majors) are often told to “get a physics (undergraduate) degree” in preparation for becoming an astronomer, yet strongly desire to take astronomy courses. This dual-program requirement results in either larger course loads (to include the astronomy), or the possibility of losing them to other disciplines. Students can perhaps be kept interested by involving them in astronomy research while they are learning their basic math and physics.

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30

Sood, R. K., J. Panettieri, D. Grey, G. Woods, J. Hoffmann, R. K. Manchanda, R. Staubert, E. Kendziorra, and G. K. Rochester. "Axel: A Balloon-borne X-ray Astronomy Experiment." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 13, no. 2 (May 1996): 156–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1323358000020713.

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AbstractFollowing a successful program to investigate the physics of ultra-high-pressure proportional counters, a counter array has been developed for hard X-ray astronomy. A parallel investigation has evaluated the performance of a large-area phoswich scintillator detector for the same purpose. The two detectors have been integrated in a balloon-borne payload, the Astrophysical X-ray Experimental Laboratory (AXEL). This paper describes the instrumentation aboard the payload.

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31

OByrne, J. W., J. Bland-Hawthorn, R. Haynes, A. Horton, J. Bryant, and J. G. Robertson. "Astrophotonics and IR astronomy." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 5, H15 (November 2009): 538. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921310010604.

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Working in collaboration with industry, the University of Sydney, the Anglo-Australian Observatory and Macquarie University are developing new ‘astrophotonic’ solutions to problems in astronomical instrumentation. A key first step involves overcoming the limitations imposed by multimode (MM) optical fibres that have been used by astronomers for many years to transport or reformat light from the telescope focus to an optical spectrograph. These large-core MM fibres maximise light into an astronomical instrument but at the expense of propagating many unpolarized modes. Until recently, this has deterred the use of more complex in-fibre processing of the light since this is typically limited to single-mode (SM) propagation. A MM to SM converter, known as a ‘photonic lantern’, was first demonstrated by Leon-Saval et al. (2005). If the number of transverse modes equals the number of SM fibres, and if a gradual and adiabatic transition between the MM fiber and the ensemble of SM fibres can be achieved, lossless coupling can take place in either propagation direction. Noordegraaf et al. (2009) demonstrated an efficient 1 x 7 photonic lantern (1 MM input and 7 SM outputs) for the first time.

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32

Weinreb, S., J. Bardin, H. Mani, and G. Jones. "Matched wideband low-noise amplifiers for radio astronomy." Review of Scientific Instruments 80, no. 4 (April 2009): 044702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3103939.

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33

Krasnorylov, I. I. "Struve's research in practical astronomy." Measurement Techniques 37, no. 3 (March 1994): 256–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02614261.

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Coetzer, Glenda, Roelf Botha, and Lorette Jacobs. "Progress with implementing the new research data management system at HartRAO." EPJ Web of Conferences 186 (2018): 12002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818612002.

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The Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory (HartRAO) participates in global radio astronomy and fundamental astronomy (space geodesy) research activities. Data and data products produced by HartRAO’s expanding range of on-site and off-site instrumentation must be archived and stored at HartRAO and made accessible to the scientific community. The data management and storage systems currently being used for managing fundamental astronomy data are not capable of handling the large volumes of data and have become obsolete. This necessitated the design and implementation of a next-generation Geodetic Research Data Management System (GRDMS), which complies with internationally accepted data service standards. We present the top-level conceptual model of the GRDMS and progress to date with developments of various sub-systems, data structuring and organisation within the sub-systems.

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35

UNNIKRISHNAN, C. S. "IndIGO AND LIGO-INDIA: SCOPE AND PLANS FOR GRAVITATIONAL WAVE RESEARCH AND PRECISION METROLOGY IN INDIA." International Journal of Modern Physics D 22, no. 01 (January 2013): 1341010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271813410101.

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Initiatives by the Indian Initiative in Gravitational Wave Observations (IndIGO) Consortium during the past three years have materialized into concrete plans and project opportunities for instrumentation and research based on advanced interferometer detectors. With the LIGO-India opportunity, this initiative has taken a promising path towards significant participation in gravitational wave (GW) astronomy and research and in developing and nurturing precision fabrication and measurement technologies in India. The proposed LIGO-India detector will foster integrated development of frontier GW research in India and will provide opportunity for substantial contributions to global GW research and astronomy. Widespread interest and enthusiasm about these developments in premier research and educational institutions in India leads to the expectation that there will be a grand surge of activity in precision metrology, instrumentation, data handling and computation etc. in the context of LIGO-India. We will discuss the scope of such research in the backdrop of the current status of the IndIGO action plan and the LIGO-India project.

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36

Peterson, F. C. "Instrumentation Reference Book." American Journal of Physics 57, no. 6 (June 1989): 564–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.15981.

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Cao, Zhen. "EAS Arrays at High Altitudes Start the Era of UHE γ-ray Astronomy." Universe 7, no. 9 (September 9, 2021): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe7090339.

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The evolution of extensive air shower detection as a technique for γ-ray astronomical instrumentation for the last three decades is reviewed. The first discoveries of galactic PeVatrons by the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory demonstrate the importance of this technique in ultra-high energy γ-ray astronomy. Utilizing this technique, the origins of high energy cosmic rays may be discovered in the near future.

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Menten, Karl M. "Prospects for High Angular Resolution Instrumentation at Millimeter and Submillimeter Wavelengths." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 205 (2001): 432–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900221700.

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Millimeter- and submillimeter wavelength interferometry is a powerful technique allowing imaging of dust and molecules in a multitude of astronomical environments. With the arrival of the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA), such studies will be possible with unprecedented sensitivity and a spatial resolution similar to the diffraction limit of large optical/infrared telescopes. In this paper, we mention a few aspects of (sub) millimeter astronomy and provide a short summary of ALMA's capabilities.

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Ulbricht, Gerhard, Mario De Lucia, and Eoin Baldwin. "Applications for Microwave Kinetic Induction Detectors in Advanced Instrumentation." Applied Sciences 11, no. 6 (March 17, 2021): 2671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11062671.

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In recent years Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs) have emerged as one of the most promising novel low temperature detector technologies. Their unrivaled scalability makes them very attractive for many modern applications and scientific instruments. In this paper we intend to give an overview of how and where MKIDs are currently being used or are suggested to be used in the future. MKID based projects are ongoing or proposed for observational astronomy, particle physics, material science and THz imaging, and the goal of this review is to provide an easily usable and thorough list of possible starting points for more in-depth literature research on the many areas profiting from kinetic inductance detectors.

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40

Ennico, Kimberly, Eric E. Becklin, Jeanette Le, Naseem Rangwala, William T. Reach, Alan Rhodes, Thomas L. Roellig, et al. "An Overview of the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy Since Full Operation Capability." Journal of Astronomical Instrumentation 07, no. 04 (December 2018): 1840012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2251171718400123.

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The Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA), a joint project between NASA and the German Aerospace Center DLR, provides access to observations of the infrared and sub-millimeter universe. As its development timeline is unique compared to all other NASA astrophysics missions, a milestone called the Full Operation Capability (FOC) was defined to identify the start of science operations. SOFIA reached this in February 2014. With a wide range of imagers, spectrometers and a new polarimeter, SOFIA provides unique scientific results that cannot be obtained with a ground-based facility and any spacecraft expected in the next decade. The airborne platform has continued to mature its mission systems as part of a planned spiral development approach, particularly with upgradable instrumentation that opens up new science directions for the Observatory. A third generation instrument is planned for commissioning in 2019. This paper summarizes the current state of the Observatory with emphasis on the science and instrumentation updates since FOC.

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Li, T. P. "Imaging in Hard X-ray Astronomy." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 214 (2003): 70–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900194173.

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The energy range of hard X-rays is a key waveband to the study of high energy processes in celestial objects, but still remains poorly explored. In contrast to direct imaging methods used in the low energy X-ray and high energy gamma-ray bands, currently imaging in the hard X-ray band is mainly achieved through various modulation techniques. A new inversion technique, the direct demodulation method, has been developed since early 90s. with this technique, wide field and high resolution images can be derived from scanning data of a simple collimated detector. The feasibility of this technique has been confirmed by experiment, balloon-borne observation and analyzing simulated and real astronomical data. Based the development of methodology and instrumentation, a high energy astrophysics mission – Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (HXMT) has been proposed and selected in China for a four-year Phase-A study. The main scientific objectives are a full-sky hard X-ray (20–200 keV) imaging survey and high signal-to-noise ratio timing studies of high energy sources.

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Davidson, J. A., and E. F. Erickson. "SOFIA: Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 140 (1994): 428–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100020170.

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SOFIA will be a 2.5 meter telescope installed in a Boeing 747 aircraft. It will replace NASA’s smaller Kuiper Airborne Observatory (KAO), which for the past 18 years has provided the only routine access to most of the vital infrared spectrum (1 - 1000 µm). The aircraft platform opens a valuable window to the universe by enabling measurements of infrared radiation from celestial sources which the Earth’s atmosphere absorbs at lower altitudes. SOFIA will have 10 times the sensitivity and 3 times the angular resolution of the KAO throughout most of the infrared spectrum.SOFIA will be operated during its 20 year lifetime as an international facility for astronomy. It would fly 160 astronomy missions per year for about 50 science teams, selected by annual peer review. Nearly a third of these teams will furnish the observatory with specialized instrumentation, including array cameras, polarimeters, and several types of spectrometers. The frequent flight opportunities with state-of-the-art instruments guarantee extensive community participation and hands-on training of young scientists.

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Bryson, E. "Instrumentation manuals on-line." Vistas in Astronomy 39 (January 1995): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0083-6656(95)91015-9.

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PETROVA, M. A., and N. A. SHAKHT. "Alexander Nikolaevich Deutsch on the occasion of his 120th anniversary." Astronomical and Astrophysical Transactions, Vol. 32, No. 1, Volume 32, Numéro 1 (September 1, 2020): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17184/eac.4633.

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The year 2019 is the year of the 120th anniversary of Alexander Nikolaevich Deutsch (1899-1986), the Pulkovo astronomer, doctor of physical and mathematical Sciences, Professor, who for many years was the head of the Department of photographic astrometry and stellar astronomy of the Main Astronomical Observatory, Russian Academy of Sciences (GAO RAS), the supervisor and teacher of several generations of Pulkovo astronomers and employees of other observatories. This article presents the scientific and social activities of A.N. Deutsch. Archived data is provided that evidence his participation, along with other Pulkovo employees, in the salvation of the property and scientific Fund of the Pulkovo Observatory during the great Patriotic war, as well as in the work to restore the Observatory. The article is based on the presentation given to and approved by the conference "Astrometry: yesterday, today, tomorrow" (Sternberg Astronomical Institute, Moscow State University, October 14-16, 2019).

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Shmeld, Ivar, Artis Aberfelds, Kārlis Bērziņš, Vladislavs Bezrukovs, Mārcis Bleiders, and Artūrs Orbidans. "First Galactic Maser Observations on Ventspils Radio Telescopes – Instrumentation and Data Reduction." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 13, S336 (September 2017): 445–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921317011346.

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AbstractVentspils International Radio Astronomy Centre (VIRAC) has two fully steerable Cassegrean System 32 and 16 m radio telescopes. After renovation and modernization program the Galactic masers, particularly CH3OH research and monitoring program became one of the most important realized on these telescopes. Both telescopes are equipped with broadband cryogenic receivers covering 4.5-8.8 GHz frequency band. Digital backend consisting from DBBC-2 (Digital Base Band Convertor developed by HAT-LAB, Italy) and FLEXBUFF (data storage system based on commercially available server system) is used for data digitalization and registration. A special program complex for spectral line data reduction and correction was developed and implemented.

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Burton, Michael, D. K. Aitken, D. A. Allen, M. C. B. Ashley, M. G. Burton, R. D. Cannon, B. D. Carter, et al. "The Scientific Potential for Astronomy from the Antarctic Plateau: A Report prepared by the Australian Working Group for Antarctic Astronomy." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 11, no. 2 (August 1994): 127–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1323358000019809.

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Our knowledge of the universe comes from recording the photon and particle fluxes incident on the Earth from space. We thus require sensitive measurement across the entire energy spectrum, using large telescopes with efficient instrumentation located on superb sites. Technological advances and engineering constraints are nearing the point where we are recording as many photons arriving at a site as is possible. Major advances in the future will come from improving the quality of the site. The ultimate site is, of course, beyond the Earth’s atmosphere, such as on the Moon, but economic limitations prevent our exploiting this avenue to the degree that the scientific community desires. Here we describe an alternative, which offers many of the advantages of space for a fraction of the cost: the Antarctic Plateau.

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Korolev, A. M. "An intermediate-frequency amplifier for a radio-astronomy superheterodyne receiver." Instruments and Experimental Techniques 54, no. 1 (January 2011): 81–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s002044121006103x.

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Riles, Keith. "Detecting Massive Black Holes via Attometry: Gravitational Wave Astronomy Begins." Microscopy and Microanalysis 23, S1 (July 2017): 4–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927617000708.

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Narlikar, Jayant V. "Third-World Astronomy Network." Transactions of the International Astronomical Union 24, no. 3 (2001): 324–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0251107x0000105x.

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AbstractSeveral developing countries of the Third World have been actively interested in astronomy, as is evidenced by the membership of the IAU. The enthusiasm of individual astronomers from these countries is, however, not matched by the resources available to them to pursue their interest in astronomy, in teaching as well as research, at an above-threshold level. Major problems requiring solutions are (i) isolation from the mainstream work, which leads to research work which is not quite relevant or realistic, and to teaching based on outdated knowledge; (ii) lack of financial resources, leading to shortage of books and journals in the library, insufficient computing power, out-of-date instruments, as well as inability to participate in essential activities like schools, workshops, and major international conferences and symposia; and (iii) lack of hands-on experience with state-of-the-art instrumentation that often leads to good scientists being turned away from astronomical observations towards abstract theories.Experience of the International Centre for Theoretical Physics at Trieste, Italy and of the inter-university centres in India, like the IUCAA at Pune, has shown that limited resources can be made to go a long way by sharing, networking and intelligent use of communications technology. Based on the above experience, this proposal envisages setting up a Third World Astronomy Network (TWAN) under the auspices of the IAU, within the wider ICSU-umbrella with support from the UNESCO as well as participating nations. The TWAN will operate with a few key institutions as local nodal points of a wide network. The objectives of the proposed TWAN and the role of the Nodal Institutions (NIs) are spelled out in this proposal, along with the budgetary support required.

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Jennrich, O. "LISA technology and instrumentation." Classical and Quantum Gravity 26, no. 15 (July 21, 2009): 153001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/26/15/153001.

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