Academic literature on the topic 'Instrumentalisation du procès'

Le discernement est traditionnellement rattaché à l’étude de l’élément moral de l’infraction.Sous l’empire du Code pénal de 1810, des fondements de droit naturel sont à l’oeuvre, si bien que le discernement fut défini par emprunt au droit canon comme une aptitude à distinguer le bien du mal. Mais cette acception ne révèle pas la teneur originelle du critère du libre-arbitre :il correspondait à la connaissance de la loi divine dont le droit séculier n’était que le reflet.L’analyse du droit positif laïcisé invite à découvrir l’existence d’une présomption de connaissance de la loi toujours aussi impérative que dans les systèmes de pénalité antiques.Le discernement peut alors être défini comme une conscience réflexive : la connaissance des droits et devoirs reconnus à chaque personne, au sein de statuts juridiques que la prolifération des normes contribue à préciser. Aussi, la culpabilité n’est pas une connaissance de l’illicéité d’un résultat ; elle procède de l’ignorance des prescriptions légales chez celui qui est présumé en connaître l’existence. En procédure pénale, cette présomption devient protectrice des droits du mis en cause. Aucun acte coercitif ne peut être exercé à son encontre s’il n’a été avisé du statut dont il relève. Cette information assure ainsi la finalité rétributive de la peine chez celui qui n’ignore pas les raisons de sa condamnation. En tout état de cause, la soumission des individus au droit pénal est le seul objectif poursuivi en la matière, ce qui nécessite parfois la présence de victimes au procès pénal, à la seule fin de préserver leur foi en son impérativité
Discernment is traditionally attached to the study of the « moral element » of the offense. Under the influence of the Penal Code of 1810, the foundations of natural law are at work, so that the discernment was defined by canon law as the ability to distinguish good from evil. But this understanding does not reveal the content of the original criterion of free will: it used to correspond to the knowledge of the divine law which secular law was only the reflection. The analysis of positive law secularized invites you to discover the existence of a presumption of knowledge of the law as imperative as it was in the systems of ancient penalty. Discernment can then be defined as a reflexive consciousness: the awareness of rights and obligations identified to each person within legal statutes that the proliferation of standards helps to clarify. Also, guilt is not a knowledge of the wrongfulness of an outcome; it proceeds fromignorance of the legal requirements in the person who is presumed to know of its existence. In criminal proceedings, this presumption becomes protective of the rights of the suspect. No coercive act can be exercised against him if he has not been notified of the status to which he belongs. This information ensures the retributive purpose of punishment, for the one who can’t ignore the reasons for his conviction. In any event, the submission of individuals to the established rules is the only objective of the criminal law, which might imply that it accepts the presence of victims in criminal proceedings, for the sole purpose of preserving their faith in his imperativity

Migration law and policy are clearly committed to the state (and its citizens) at the expense of the migrant. Receiving societies regard the migrant as a threat to the order and unity of national identity but the migrant is, in fact, also constitutive of that order and unity. This reveals a paradoxical relationship of the migrant to law. Questions of identity and alterity occupy a pivotal place in investigations related to the treatment of the migrant subject. Identity is a construct which is indeterminate and relational. This construct of the migrant brings to the fore the dependence of the migration system on the image of the migrant as repressed and marginalized. Within the international legal system, definitional discourses regarding forced/voluntary migration also have serious identity and policy related implications. The exclusion of migrants who does not fit within the narrow “boxes” of international migration law occurs precisely because international law cannot develop its ideal self-image without a caste of international refusés. Like the nation-state, international migration law achieves parts of its legitimacy through exclusion. International migration law also provide an escape mechanism which the state can access in order to advance its political goals. Both domestically and internationally, migrants are subjected by the legal discourse on migration to a form of violence which suppresses their humanity. Migrants are commandeered to help constitute the identity of international law and national societies. This de-ethicalizes the relationship with the migrant by negating the migrant’s autonomous nature. It therefore becomes necessary to introduce the ethics of alterity in law and to move the migrant back into the centre of the migration discourse. A significant way to do this is to be aware of the violence which is perpetrated upon the migrant and to work towards the elaboration of a less state-centred system open to constant reconsideration.
Le droit et les politiques migratoires servent de manière délibérée l’intérêt de l’État (et de ses citoyens) au dépend de celui des migrants. Les sociétés d’accueil considèrent que le migrant est une menace à l’ordre et à l’unité de l’identité nationale mais le migrant est en en fait nécessaire pour la constitution d’une identité nationale ordonnée et unitaire. Ceci démontre la relation ambiguë entre le droit et le migrant. Les questions d’identité et d’altérité occupent une place centrale dans toute réflexion portant sur le traitement juridique du migrant. L’identité est un construit vague et relationnel et le système migratoire repose sur une image du migrant réprimé et marginalisé. Au sein du système juridique international, les discours portant sur la définition de la migration forcée/volontaire ont aussi des implications identitaires et politiques. En effet, l’exclusion du migrant qui ne correspond pas aux critères étroits du droit international des migrations est possible précisément parce que le droit international ne peut maintenir une image idéale sans une caste mondiale de refusés. Au même titre que l’État nation, le droit international des migrations construit donc, du moins partiellement, sa propre identité à travers des mécanismes d’exclusion. Le droit international des migrations constitue aussi une échappatoire utile pour faire avancer les visés politiques de l’État. Ainsi, à tous les niveaux, national et international, le migrant est assujetti à une forme de violence qui nie son humanité. Puisque le migrant existe aux yeux de l’État uniquement pour renforcer l’identité de celui-ci et du droit international, la relation entre le droit et le migrant s’en trouve vidée de son contenu éthique, notamment en refusant d’accorder au migrant toute autonomie. Il s’avère alors nécessaire d’introduire l’éthique de l’altérité dans le droit et de ramener le migr

Si le terme de stratégie n’est que peu accolé au domaine juridique, les stratégies visant à utiliser le droit à son avantage ont toujours existé. Afin de mettre en lumière ce phénomène, ce travail de thèse s’est penché plus spécifiquement sur les stratégies qui s’initient autour d’un point d’ancrage qui est le procès : les stratégies contentieuses. Le postulat de départ était celui de l’importance primordiale de la connaissance des règles et du cadre pour naviguer efficacement vers une issue favorable. Les règles sont ici entendues dans un sens large qui comprend les règles juridiques des États membres et de l’Union, la jurisprudence de leurs cours de justice, mais aussi tout le contexte économique, politique, sociale et culturelle entourant les parties et leur litige.La pratique contentieuse stratégique dans l’espace européen méritait alors de revenir en détails sur les différents acteurs intervenant au cours de la stratégie (parties, juges nationaux, juges européens) mais aussi sur l’histoire et l’évolution de l’Union européenne et de son droit.Cette recherche de connaissance des règles, nous a également amené à revenir sur le cadre conceptuel et les réalisations concrètes s’agissant de la compétence juridictionnelle dans l’Union européenne, pour mettre en lumière un système complexe gravitant autour du règlement Bruxelles 1bis et d’une Cour de justice de l’Union, actrice et promotrice de l’intégration européenne. Cependant, l’élaboration de stratégies ne s’arrête pas à la compréhension des règles, mais exige leur anticipation et leur adaptation à des réalités changeantes. Le choix du tribunal devient alors une manœuvre stratégique, guidée à la fois par des critères objectifs et subjectifs.Examiner l’histoire européenne ainsi que le parcours des acteurs de la stratégie offre une opportunité pour saisir leurs modes de fonctionnement et pour anticiper leurs actions dans le contexte d'une Europe multiculturelle, constituée d’États membres souverains. Il s’agira de prédire les évolutions juridiques, les revirements jurisprudentiels, les positionnements favorables, ou encore les actions qui sont de nature à rencontrer les objectifs économiques ou politiques de l’Union, tout en gardant en tête que les juges peuvent toujours être à l’origine de biais dans le processus de jugement. Il s’agira également de connaître l’histoire de l’adversaire afin d’estimer ses forces et ses faiblesses pour ajuster la stratégie en conséquence.Il n’existe pas de voie unique dans la réussite d’une stratégie contentieuse : le succès d’une stratégie est largement tributaire de la perception qu’en a le justiciable, de ses objectifs et attentes. Le choix de la juridiction peut alors se faire en fonction des garanties procédurales offertes, de la prévisibilité de la décision, ou encore de l’application de règles spécifiques attachées au for.La stratégie contentieuse peut aussi consister à se détacher de ce schéma pour rechercher une résolution alternative par des modes amiables ou l’arbitrage.Alors que l’approche stratégique peut être tentée de s’affranchir des contraintes éthiques ou morales par l’utilisation de manœuvres dévoyant l’objectif des textes, il est essentiel de rappeler que la possibilité d’une stratégie à la fois profitable et vertueuse existe. A défaut, les juges nationaux et européens joueront leur rôle en tant que garde-fous de l’intégrité du système
While the term "strategy" is rarely associated with the legal field, strategies aimed at leveraging the law to one's advantage have always existed. To shed light on this phenomenon, this thesis focuses specifically on litigation strategies that revolve around a trial as a central point.The starting assumption was the paramount importance of understanding the rules and the framework to effectively navigate towards an advantageous outcome. Rules here are broadly defined to include the legal rules of the member states and the Union, the case law of their courts, and the entire economic, political, social, and cultural context surrounding the parties and their dispute.Strategic litigation practice in the European area then warranted a detailed review of the various actors involved in the strategy (parties, national judges, European judges), as well as the history and evolution of the European Union and its law.This quest for knowledge of the rules also led us to revisit the conceptual framework and concrete achievements concerning jurisdiction in the European Union, highlighting a complex system revolving around the Brussels 1bis Regulation and a Court of Justice of the Union, both an actor and promoter of European integration.However, the development of strategies does not stop at understanding the rules but requires their anticipation and adaptation to changing realities. The choice of court then becomes a strategic maneuver, guided by both objective and subjective criteria.Reviewing European history as well as the trajectory of the strategic actors provides an opportunity to grasp their operating modes and to anticipate their actions within the context of a multicultural Europe, composed of sovereign member states. It will be about predicting legal developments, jurisprudential reversals, advantageous positions, or even actions that are likely to meet the economic or political objectives of the Union, while keeping in mind that judges can always introduce bias into the judgment process. It will also involve understanding the adversary's history in order to estimate their strengths and weaknesses to adjust the strategy accordingly.However, there is no single path to the success of a litigation strategy: the success of a strategy largely depends on the perception of the litigant, their objectives and expectations. The choice of jurisdiction can then be made based on the procedural guarantees offered, the predictability of the decision, or the application of specific rules attached to the forum.The litigation strategy can also involve breaking away from this scheme to seek an alternative resolution through amicable methods or arbitration.While the strategic approach may be tempted to free itself from ethical or moral constraints by using maneuvers that pervert the purpose of the texts, it is essential to remember that a strategy can be both profitable and virtuous. Failing this, national and European judges will play their role as safeguards of the system's integrity

This chapter challenges the assumption that conformity with international law and norms during a mediation processes contributes to the legitimacy of the process and the durability of the outcome by probing the contingency and complexity of the roles international law plays in peace negotiations. It does so with reference to the highly legalised peace negotiations between the FARC and the Colombian government during 2012-2016, particularly in relation to the negotiations on the legal entrenchment of the agreement and the transitional justice sub-agreement. The chapter argues that, despite certain advantages of the existence of a normative framework in peace mediation, the contested nature of the project of international law itself, especially as it relates to transitional justice and the reform of domestic politico-legal orders, and its malleability to strategic instrumentalisation need to be taken into account when mediation policy and practices are determined.

This introductory chapter provides an overview of religion and belief literacy. Religion and belief literacy is both socialised and learnt. While treated in schools as a discrete and marginalised subject for children, at the same time, it overlaps with citizenship and sex education, and is colonised in communities with anxious policy instrumentalisations about migration and extremism. Thus, it will be experienced primarily in those ways rather than engaged with more openly as an ordinary part of billions of identities and lived experiences around the world. This book shows that learning about religion and belief is a lifelong process, to be engaged in by publics in schools, universities, professional training, workplaces, and communities, where everyone is a learner. Crucially, learning happens in different combinations, in different orders, with different modes, for different purposes, and at different paces for each individual. This reflects the importance of connecting the chain of learning across all the spaces through which people pass in everyday life so that the fullest range of thinking and contestations about religion and belief landscapes are more or less consistently revealed in their complexity and by recognising the boundaries and competitions between ideas.

This article has the target sharing the current research of master degree circumscribed into the Program of Post-graduation in Museology from Federal University of Bahia (PPGMuseum/UFBA) oriented by Ph.d Ana Helena da S. Duarte. In our research we make inquiries into the action of cultural mediation proposed and done by the Museu de Arte de Sao Paolo – MASP during the COVID-19 pandemic. In such a way specially, though, on the Instagram Social Media this Museum interchanged and instigated your audience to learn, to interact and to produce with art objects from your collection. Therefore, through the educational strategies we consider Triangular Approach and Online Educational Museum foundation of your path. As mentioned previously the way to introduce the reader, in our research we investigated the online educational actions did it by the Museu de Arte de Sao Paolo MASP, at the moment of COVID-19 pandemic. The investigation pursues and explores the educational strategies elaborated, designed and done by the MASP and your team for your audience in the virtual place, i.e, the online mode. While theories reference, our base, it is three fundamental axis: Educational Theory of Paulo Freire(Educator and Brazilian Philosopher), and the influence into the Brazilian Educational Museum, Triangular Approach used firstly by Ana Mae Barbosa (educator, pioneer in art-education because of her systematization of the Triangular Approach) and the Greimassian’s Semiotic Theory (Research line of Semiotic study the relation among plans of text circumscribed in relationship through the languages, created by Algirdas Julien Greimas, this theory made possible the investigation of the texts). Combined, brings to light the analysis of the production of the sense from the MASP’s audience. Through of the discourses and texts produced by the Museum Educational team, mediated for Cultural Mediation in a constant dialogue with the concept of Online Educational Museum (OEM) proposed by the Researcher Frieda Marti (Ph.D from the Program of Post-Graduation Education College in the University of the State of Rio de Janeiro - PROPED/UERJ). In this logic, the methodological procedure of the research is based on theory approach and bibliography (theoretical instrumentalisation of concepts for the research) and the analytics investigation in a study case (the analysis of discourses of Online Cultural Mediation from MASP during the pandemic). Our highlight, our general objective, is set a relation between educational actions and the methodologic strategies in Online Cultural Mediation developed by MASP, mediated by analysis of the production made for the audience in this process, assumed the action in the virtual as a contribution for the Brazilian Educational Museum, in context of the pandemic and social isolation – from March 2020 to August 2021. For this purpose, our research problem is to think of the Educational Museum in the pandemic. Indeed our path is in the direction to enrich the Educational Museum, therefore one of the main objectives is reflecting and creating a healthy environment to debate the Educational Museum in the context of pandemic and social isolation in Brazil.