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Books on the topic 'Instrumental function'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 March 2023

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1

Kim, Kyoo il. Revisiting instrumental variables and the classic control function approach, with implications for parametric and non-parametric regressions. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2011.

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2

Heckman, James J. Using matching, instrumental variables and control functions to estimate economic choice models. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2003.

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3

Ziborov, S. R. Funkt͡s︡ionalʹnye preobrazovateli s diskretnym kompandirovaniem signala. Moskva: Ėnergoatomizdat, 1988.

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4

Volgin, Leonid Ivanovich. Reli͡a︡tornye generatory i formirovateli nelineĭnykh funkt͡s︡iĭ: Uchebnoe posobie dli͡a︡ studentov radiotekhnicheskikh spet͡s︡ialʹnosteĭ. Ulʹi͡a︡novsk: Ulʹi͡a︡novskiĭ gos. tekhn. universitet, 1998.

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5

Volgin, Leonid Ivanovich. Reli͡a︡tornye generatory predikatnykh, argumentnykh i nepreryvnologicheskikh funkt͡s︡iĭ. Tallinn: Akt͡s︡ionernoe ob-vo KLTK, 1992.

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6

Hans, Fischer. Sound-producing instruments in Oceania: Construction and playing technique--distribution and function. [Boroko, Papua New Guinea]: Institute of Papua New Guinea Studies, 1986.

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7

Hans, Fischer. Sound-producing instruments in Oceania: Construction and playing technique--distribution and function. Boroko, Papua New Guinea: Institute of Papua New Guinea Studies, 1986.

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8

Center, Langley Research, ed. Functional categories for future flight deck designs. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1993.

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9

Center, Langley Research, ed. Functional categories for future flight deck designs. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1993.

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10

Classical form: A theory of formal functions for the instrumental music of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.

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11

Caplin, William Earl. Classical form: A theory of formal functions for the instrumental music of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.

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12

Bratko, Aleksandr. Artificial intelligence, legal system and state functions. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1064996.

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The monograph deals with methodological problems of embedding artificial intelligence in the legal system taking into account the laws of society. Describes the properties of the rule of law as a Microsystem in subsystems of law and methods of its fixation in the system of law and logic of legal norms. Is proposed and substantiated the idea of creating specifically for artificial intelligence, separate and distinct, unambiguous normative system, parallel to the principal branches of law is built on the logic of the four-membered structure of legal norms. Briefly discusses some of the theory of law as an instrument of methodology of modelling of the legal system and its semantic codes in order to function properly an artificial intelligence. The ways of application of artificial intelligence in the functioning of the state. For students and teachers and all those interested in issues of artificial intelligence from the point of view of law.

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13

Stevens, Kurt Benedict. Remote measurement of the atmospheric isoplanatic angle and determination of refractive turbulence profiles by direct inversion of the scintillation amplitude covariance function with Tikhonov regularization. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1985.

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14

Instruments, Texas. Power supply circuits data book: Voltage references, voltage regulators, PWM controllers, supervisors, switches, optoisolators, and special functions. [Dallas, Tex.]: Texas Instruments, 1995.

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15

Bowden, Elbert V. Money, banking, and the financial system: Conceptual explanations of the nature and functions of money, of financial institutions, instruments and markets, and of macro-monetary theory and policy. St. Paul: West Pub. Co., 1989.

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16

Halpin, Peter William. The wind band in Mozart's operas: Origins, function, and legacy : a study of Mozart's use of wind and brass instruments in his operas and how this influenced the modern symphony orchestra. Saarbrücken: VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, 2008.

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17

Cégep de la Gaspésie et des Îles, ed. Placement mobilier et immobilier. Mont-Royal, Québec: Modulo, 1998.

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18

Evsin, Maksim, and Valeriy Spesivcev. Financial markets. Workshop. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1013015.

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A workshop on the subject "Financial markets" covers all the course topics provided by the curriculum: the role and function of financial markets in the economy; securities market; market of derivative financial instruments; financial markets; regional financial markets. Contains practical and test tasks of different difficulty options that will allow to generate the required GEF professional competence. Comply with Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation. Designed for undergraduate and graduate students in areas of training and 38.04.01 38.03.01 "Economics", and can also be useful for all the participants of the financial market, which only began to know its basics.

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19

Chikurov, Nikolay, and Nikolay Levizi. Construction of discrete-logical control systems for electroautomatics. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1852441.

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The textbook discusses engineering methods of analysis and synthesis of discrete logic control systems of industrial mechanisms based on the apparatus of logic algebra and cyclograms of the operation of these mechanisms. New methods have been developed that make it possible to synthesize complex control systems on various element bases fairly quickly. Examples of designing control systems for machine-tool electrical automation devices are given. Students master the methodology of programming logic controllers in the instrumental programming environment of the ISaGRAF 6.5 ASP version using the FBD functional block language. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For students of mechanical engineering specialties, researchers, as well as specialists involved in the design of discrete logic control systems for various industrial mechanisms.

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20

Coelho, Victor, and Keith Polk. Instrumentalists and Renaissance Culture, 1420-1600: Players of Function and Fantasy. Cambridge University Press, 2016.

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21

Coelho, Victor, and Keith Polk. Instrumentalists and Renaissance Culture, 1420-1600: Players of Function and Fantasy. Cambridge University Press, 2016.

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22

Coelho, Victor, and Keith Polk. Instrumentalists and Renaissance Culture, 1420-1600: Players of Function and Fantasy. Cambridge University Press, 2019.

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23

Instrumentalists and Renaissance culture, 1420-1600 : players of function and fantasy . Cambridge , 2016.

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24

Vellend, Mark. Are local losses of biodiversity causing degraded ecosystem function? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808978.003.0004.

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This chapter highlights the scale dependence of biodiversity change over time and its consequences for arguments about the instrumental value of biodiversity. While biodiversity is in decline on a global scale, the temporal trends on regional and local scales include cases of biodiversity increase, no change, and decline. Environmental change, anthropogenic or otherwise, causes both local extirpation and colonization of species, and thus turnover in species composition, but not necessarily declines in biodiversity. In some situations, such as plants at the regional scale, human-mediated colonizations have greatly outnumbered extinctions, thus causing a marked increase in species richness. Since the potential influence of biodiversity on ecosystem function and services is mediated to a large degree by local or neighborhood species interactions, these results challenge the generality of the argument that biodiversity loss is putting at risk the ecosystem service benefits people receive from nature.

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25

De Souza, Jonathan. Compositional Instruments. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190271114.003.0006.

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Though Johann Sebastian Bach was an expert multi-instrumentalist, his counterpoint is sometimes thought to be a kind of composition without instrumentation. Yet to be playable, this music must manage instrumental and corporeal constraints, as well as tonal or contrapuntal ones. And to be transcribed, it requires a collection of instruments with shared pitch affordances and a shared notational technology. Bach’s transcriptions thus reveal ways that composers relate to instruments and ways that instruments relate to each other. Further, Bach’s music for unaccompanied violin and his use of the lute harpsichord demonstrate how instruments can become compositional tools, how idioms can function as a creative resource for composers.

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26

Cremona, Marise, and Joanne Scott, eds. EU Law Beyond EU Borders. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198842170.001.0001.

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This book addresses the impact of EU law beyond its own borders, the use of law as a powerful instrument of EU external action, and some of the normative challenges this poses. The phenomenon of EU law operating beyond its borders, which may be termed its ‘global reach’, includes the extraterritorial application of EU law, territorial extension, and the so-called ‘Brussels Effect’ resulting from unilateral legislative and regulatory action. It also includes the impact of the EU’s bilateral relationships, and its engagement with multilateral fora and the negotiation of international legal instruments. The book maps this phenomenon across a range of policy fields, including the environment, the internet and data protection, banking and financial markets, competition policy and migration. It argues that in looking beyond the undoubtedly important instrumental function of law we can start to identify the ways in which law shapes the EU’s external identity and its relations with other legal regimes, both enabling and constraining the EU’s external action.

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27

Smith, Peter Scharff. Prisoners’ Families, Public Opinion, and the State. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810087.003.0008.

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This chapter moves the focus from the offender-state binary to a broader discussion about the relationship between penal policies, prisons, and society. It does so using a partly Durkheimian approach. The sociologist Émile Durkheim saw the function of the institutions of penality less as a form of instrumental rationality and more as a kind of routinized expression of emotion. According to such an approach, thinking of punishment as a calculated instrument for the rational control of conduct would be to miss its essential character, to mistake superficial form for true content since the essence of punishment is irrational, unthinking emotion fixed by a sense of the sacred and its violation. Furthermore, this chapter suggests that interpreting and implementing the rights of prisoners’ children and families provides a perspective on criminal justice systems, which can potentially change the current state-offender dynamic.

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28

Brock, Fred V., and Scott J. Richardson. Meteorological Measurement Systems. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195134513.001.0001.

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This book treats instrumentation used in meteorological surface systems, both on the synoptic scale and the mesoscale, and the instrumentation used in upper air soundings. The text includes material on first- and second-order differential equations as applied to instrument dynamic performance, and required solutions are developed. Sensor physics are emphasized in order to explain how sensors work and to explore the strengths and weaknesses of each design type. The book is organized according to sensor type and function (temperature, humidity, and wind sensors, for example), though several unifying themes are developed for each sensor. Functional diagrams are used to portray sensors as a set of logical functions, and static sensitivity is derived from a sensor's transfer equation, focusing attention on sensor physics and on ways in which particular designs might be improved. Sensor performance specifications are explored, helping to compare various instruments and to tell users what to expect as a reasonable level of performance. Finally, the text examines the critical area of environmental exposure of instruments. In a well-designed, properly installed, and well-maintained meteorological measurement system, exposure problems are usually the largest source of error, making this chapter one of the most useful sections of the book.

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29

Wolf, Richard K. Drumming, Language, and the Voice in South Asia. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038587.003.0001.

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This book explores drumming and other instrumental traditions that are interconnected over vast regions of South and West Asia. The traditions considered here qualify broadly as functional music rather than concert music and include the public instrumental music of weddings, funerals, and religious holidays. The book examines patterns that pervade functional music of South Asia and to some extent North and South Indian classical music and how performed texts are related to their verbal or vocal models. It also considers what it means in particular contexts for musical instruments to be voicelike and carry textual messages. This chapter discusses the broad historical context in which voices and instruments have been co-constructed in the history of the Indian subcontinent and regions west. Many examples from South India are included to help create a picture that transcends the bounds of Muharram Ali's travels.

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30

Zaccheo, Vincenzo, and Zachary Simmons. Quality of life in ALS: What is it and how do we measure it? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757726.003.0002.

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Because of the limited range of treatments available for ALS, care is centred on maximizing quality of life (QoL). There is no universal definition of QoL, and no single instrument of choice with which to measure it. Health-related QoL (HRQOL) refers to physical and mental health status, whereas global QoL incorporates socioeconomic and existential factors outside the medical realm. Instruments for measuring may be generic or disease-specific. With the exception of bulbar function, QoL in patients with ALS is largely independent of physical strength and function, but is related to psychological and existential factors, and possibly to social supports, religiosity, and multidisciplinary clinic care. The ‘response shift’ phenomenon generally results in stable QoL over time in those with ALS. The choice of a QoL instrument depends on the goals of the user, and depends on whether it is being used for individual clinical care, measuring research outcomes, or assessing groups of individuals.

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31

Costley White, Khadijah. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190879310.003.0005.

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I conclude that the press played much more than an instrumental role in relaying the Tea Party brand and that this study highlights the specific ways in which the distinctions between campaigners, political strategists, and news media professionals are becoming increasingly irrelevant. At its core, the Tea Party news story was a narrative that questioned authenticity in a branding environment, a cultural text indicative of a period marked by skepticism, terrorism, anxiety, and doubt about both the virtual and physical worlds (and their interplay). These news narratives provide insight into American culture and expose the function of the press and political news in an era marked by advances in digital technology and media segmentation.

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32

Caplin, William E. Classical Form: A Theory of Formal Functions for the Instrumental Music of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven. Oxford University Press, 1998.

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33

Caplin, William E. Classical Form: A Theory of Formal Functions for the Instrumental Music of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven. Oxford University Press, USA, 2000.

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34

Stamatakis, Emmanuel A., Eleni Orfanidou, and Andrew C. Papanicolaou. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Edited by Andrew C. Papanicolaou. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764228.013.7.

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Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is the most frequently used functional neuroimaging method and the one that accounts for most of the neuroimaging literature. It measures the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal in different parts of the brain during rest and during task-induced activation of functional networks mediating basic and higher functions. A basic understanding of the various instruments and techniques of recording the hemodynamic responses of different brain regions and the manner in which we establish activation and connectivity patterns out of these responses is necessary for an appreciation of the contemporary functional neuroimaging literature. To facilitate such an understanding is the purpose of this chapter.

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35

Harrison, Douglas. Introduction. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036972.003.0001.

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This introductory chapter offers a scholarly glimpse into the world of southern gospel music from both a sacred and secular point of view. Here the author positions himself as both a gospel-music insider and outsider in discussing methods for how this book approaches and understands southern gospel's cultural functions. In addition, this chapter also functions as a primer on southern gospel music. Broadly defined, southern gospel songs fall into four general types. There are songs of celebration, as well as more commonplace toe-tappers and other upbeat feel-good songs; patriotic and political songs; songs of supplication; and songs of surrender. Across all song styles and types, a tension persists between the music's function as an instrument of conversion and as a vehicle of aesthetic satisfaction.

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36

Roy, Goode, Kronke Herbert, and McKendrick Ewan, eds. Part VI Recurrent Issues of Harmonization, 20 The Sphere of Application of a Convention; the Role of the Conflict of Laws; Determining the Connecting Factor; Co-Existence and Conflicts of Instruments. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198735441.003.0021.

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This chapter and the next two examine certain key issues which one may describe as the ‘general doctrines’ of transnational commercial law. In particular, the inter-relationship with rules of conflict of laws (private international law), the different function of the ‘connecting factor’ as well as the impact of the choice of a broader or narrower sphere of application are discussed in the light of past experience and current legislative preferences. Moreover, the ever increasing number of transnational commercial law instruments leads inevitably to issues of the proper design of their co-existence and the solution of conflicts: which are the rules determining which instrument shall prevail over others touching upon the same or neighbouring issues?

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37

Shiffrin, Seana Valentine. Democratic Law. Edited by Hannah Ginsborg. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190084486.001.0001.

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In this book, based on her 2017 Berkeley Tanner Lectures, the author offers an original, deontological account of democracy, law, and their interrelation. Her central thesis is that democracy and democratic law have intrinsically valuable, interconnected communicative functions. Democracy and democratic law together allow us to fulfill our fundamental duties to convey to each another messages of equal respect by fashioning the sorts of public joint commitments to act that a sincere message of equal respect requires. Law and democracy are essential to each other: the aspirations of democracy cannot be realized except through a legal system, and, conversely, law can fulfill its primary function only in a democratic context. After defending these theses, she explores two doctrinal examples to illustrate how a communicative conception of democratic law would yield concrete implications. First, articulating the special democratic character of judicially articulated common law, she resists instrumental, outcome-oriented conceptions of law and defends the essential importance of the common law duty of good faith in contracts. Second, appealing to the need for law to articulate a coherent set of moral commitments, she criticizes the US Supreme Court’s approach to constitutional balancing. In a set of commentaries, Niko Kolodny, Richard R. W. Brooks, and Anna Stilz offer illuminating and sometimes provocative discussion of both the philosophical and legal aspects of Shiffrin’s discussion. The author’s responses expand on themes concerning legal compliance, commitments, communication, dissent, political participation, and the permissible range of state interests.

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38

Frédéric, Mégret. Part III Regimes and Doctrines, Ch.37 Theorizing the Laws of War. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198701958.003.0038.

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This chapter suggests two predominant modes of theorizing about the laws of war—one ‘internal’, the other ‘external’—both providing a useful shorthand for two relatively irreducible types of exercises. Internal theorizing makes sense of the discipline among its practitioners and within bounds that are taken for granted. It is minimal in that its ambition is largely instrumental: providing the practitioners of the laws of war with the background necessary for them to function. External theorizing is less interested in the laws of war as a system than as an object; it is less focused on explaining the operation of the laws of war than understanding what the laws of war mean generally and for international law specifically. It is more explicitly theoretical precisely in that it seeks to highlight some of the ultimate functioning or purpose of the laws of war behind its dominant implicit theories.

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39

d’Aspremont, Jean. Sources in Legal-Formalist Theories. Edited by Samantha Besson and Jean d’Aspremont. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198745365.003.0018.

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This chapter reflects on how sources function as a vehicle of legal forms in international legal thought and practice. It specifically examines the extent to which the sources of international law are instrumental in the formalization of the determination of the contents of international legal rules as well as the formalization of the ascertainment of international legal rules. The chapter starts by distinguishing between two types of formalist theories—namely, content-determination formalism and law-ascertainment formalism—before offering some comparative insights. It then evaluates the extent to which sources contribute to the formalization of content-determination and law ascertainment in international legal thought and practice. In doing so, this chapter demonstrates that the sources of international law turn out to be a very poor vehicle of formalism and that international lawyers should accordingly cease to think of the sources of international law as conducive to the formalization of international legal argumentation.

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40

Uysal, Suzan, and Stephan A. Mayer. Neurological and Functional Outcomes Assessment. Edited by David L. Reich, Stephan Mayer, and Suzan Uysal. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190280253.003.0006.

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The evidence base for neuroprotection in critical care and perioperative medicine rests on outcomes research, a critical component of which is the quantitative assessment of the functional effects of neurological injury. Outcomes assessment is conceptualized hierarchically in terms of global outcome, impairment, disability, handicap, and health-related quality of life. This chapter describes the different classes of outcome measures and the instruments within each class that are most commonly used in clinical neuroprotection research. Desirable characteristics of outcome measures are described, as well as considerations for statistical analysis of ordinal scale data. The authors describe several resources for clinicians and clinical researchers to aid in choosing or evaluating outcome measures for clinical neuroprotection trials.

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41

Fonseca, Raquel, Arie Kapteyn, and Gema Zamarro. Retirement and Cognitive Functioning. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808039.003.0004.

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This chapter surveys recent literature on the effects of retirement on cognitive functioning at older ages around the world. Studies using similar data, definitions of cognition, and instruments to capture causal effects find that being retired leads to a decline of cognition, controlling for different specifications of age functions and other covariates. The size and significance of the estimated effects varied depending on specifications used, such as whether or not models included fixed effects, dynamic specifications, or alternative specifications of instrumental variables. The authors replicated several of these results using the same datasets. Factors that are likely causing the differences across specifications include endogeneity of right-hand side variables, and heterogeneity across gender, occupation, or skill levels. Results were especially sensitive to the inclusion of country fixed effects, to control for unobserved country differences, suggesting the key role of unobserved differences across countries, which both affect retirement ages and cognitive decline.

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42

Melody Harmonization at the Keyboard: Functional Skills for the College Music Student. Kendall Hunt Publishing Company, 2011.

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43

O'Sullivan, Laila K., and Gene J. Cho. Melody Harmonization at the Keyboard: Functional Skills for the College Music Student. Kendall Hunt Publishing Company, 2011.

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44

O, Laila K., Heejung Kang, and Gene J. Cho. Melody Harmonization at the Keyboard: Functional Skills for the College Music Student. Kendall Hunt Publishing Company, 2016.

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45

Kang, Heejung, and Gene J. Cho. Melody Harmonization at the Keyboard: Functional Skills for the College Music Student. Kendall Hunt Publishing Company, 2016.

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46

Cai, Zongwu. Functional Coefficient Models for Economic and Financial Data. Edited by Frédéric Ferraty and Yves Romain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199568444.013.6.

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This article discusses the use of functional coefficient models for economic and financial data analysis. It first provides an overview of recent developments in the nonparametric estimation and testing of functional coefficient models, with particular emphasis on the kernel local polynomial smoothing method, before considering misspecification testing as an important econometric question when fitting a functional (varying) coefficient model or a trending time-varying coefficient model. It then describes two major real-life applications of functional coefficient models in economics and finance: the first deals with the use of functional coefficient instrumental-variable models to investigate the empirical relation between wages and education in a random sample of young Australian female workers from the 1985 wave of the Australian Longitudinal Survey, and the second is concerned with the use of functional coefficient beta models to analyze the common stock price of Microsoft stock (MSFT) during the year 2000 using the daily closing prices.

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47

Guelachvili, G., and K. N. Rao. N2O (NNO) (Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology). Springer, 1998.

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48

Betts, Jonathan. The nineteenth-century English chronometer: a guide to assessing and dating. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199641383.003.0003.

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The purpose of this chapter is to provide an accessible and detailed narrative which will enable collectors, dealers, museum curators and auction house staff to assess and ascribe a date (or dates) to a given instrument. The narrative is chronological and describes, decade by decade, how the technical and aesthetic features of the chronometer movement, box fittings and dial all changed over the course of the century. It also emphasises the importance of recognising that these functional instruments were frequently updated and improved over their many years of service, and that this has to be borne in mind when dating, and that such updates and improvements should be considered as part of the objects valid history and not something to be removed.

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49

Tsai, Ching-Wei, Sanjeev Noel, and Hamid Rabb. Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury, Repair, and Regeneration. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0030.

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Acute kidney injury (AKI), regardless of its aetiology, can elicit persistent or permanent kidney tissue changes that are associated with progression to end-stage renal disease and a greater risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD). In other cases, AKI may result in complete repair and restoration of normal kidney function. The pathophysiological mechanisms of renal injury and repair include vascular, tubular, and inflammatory factors. The initial injury phase is characterized by rarefaction of peritubular vessels and engagement of the immune response via Toll-like receptor binding, activation of macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and T and B lymphocytes. During the recovery phase, cell adhesion molecules as well as cytokines and chemokines may be instrumental by directing the migration, differentiation, and proliferation of renal epithelial cells; recent data also suggest a critical role of M2 macrophage and regulatory T cell in the recovery period. Other processes contributing to renal regeneration include renal stem cells and the expression of growth hormones and trophic factors. Subtle deviations in the normal repair process can lead to maladaptive fibrotic kidney disease. Further elucidation of these mechanisms will help discover new therapeutic interventions aimed at limiting the extent of AKI and halting its progression to CKD or ESRD.

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50

Witte, Bruno De, and Thibault Martinelli. Treaties between EU Member States as Quasi-Instruments of EU Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817468.003.0007.

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This chapter deals with legal instruments that formally speaking are not EU legal acts, but whose function is so intimately linked to the EU legal order that they can be called ‘quasi-instruments of EU law’. These are treaties concluded between all of the EU Member States (complementary agreements) or between only a selected number of them (partial agreements), in close connection with the operation of the European Union. Such international ‘side agreements’ have lately become rather prominent and controversial, particularly in the context of the euro crisis. The chapter discusses the variety of reasons for the adoption of those instruments, as well as the questions of legitimacy and compatibility with EU law which they raise.

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