Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Institutions'
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1
Najeeb, Khaqan Hassan Economics Australian School of Business UNSW. "Institutions, education inequality and dynamics of institutional reform." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Economics, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43523.
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This dissertation consists of four studies on the role of institutions, education and institutional reform in economic development. Three of the studies examine empirical aspects of the issue and the fourth provides an analysis of policy implications. A key theme of the dissertation is the recognition that institutions, both formal and informal, are important for development. The observation that some developing economies have been unable to substantively improve institutional structures, creates a vital agenda for studying institutional change. The first study empirically investigates the impact of education, both quantitatively and qualitatively, on the informal institution of social capital measured as social trust. Differences in levels of education are considered to find the separate effects of primary, secondary and tertiary education. The relationship between education and social trust levels in countries is found to be positive. The sample is further split into developed and developing countries which also substantiates the main hypothesis. The results can be interpreted as schooling playing a transformative role in the society. The second study develops a framework for studying education inequality and institutional development. A range of economic, political and social measures of institutional quality are used in a cross-country analysis. The study confirms that the cross-country differences in institutional variables are influenced negatively by the education inequality. Several competing hypotheses of institutional improvement are used to test the sensitivity of the results. The sample is further split into OECD and non-OECD countries, with no new results arising from this split. The third study investigates the relationship of education inequality and institutional quality using panel data techniques and an alternative data set of institutional measures, than the one used in the second study. This study initially estimates the relationship using the pooled OLS and fixed effects models. The issue of persistency in institutional variables is then investigated by using a system GMM estimator. The evidence suggests that the impact of reducing education inequality is associated with improvements in institutional quality. The fourth study analyses the implications from the first three studies with reference to the institutional reform agenda. Insight is given for improving the reform process. Areas of context specificity and sequencing of reforms are dealt with, using country examples. The intuition from this essay is that educational equality is a deliberate initiative which needs to be carried out through policy initiatives, although the process adopted would depend on the specific economy. It is suggested that there is a need to change the fundamental focus from emphasis on altering formal rules, to considering the current underlying structures in societies as a constraint, in developing a way forward to improving the reform agenda.
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Paris, Bethany L. "INSTITUTIONAL LENDING MODELS, MISSION DRIFT, AND MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/msppa_etds/9.
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Microfinance is a development tool used to reduce poverty among extremely poor households. Impoverished households can access lines of credit through microfinance institutions (MFIs), in order to create a new business, smooth household consumption, fund medical emergencies, etc. Many authors postulate that MFIs are drifting from a welfarist to an institutionalist approach to lending.
Using MIXMarket data on specific MFIs in 118 countries between 1995 and 2011, the average loan balance of these organizations will be regressed against measure of outreach and sustainability of these institutions by charter type through a series of four, fixed effects models. The main research question is: given that a positive, overall shift in average loan balance indicates an institutionalist shift in mission, how does this impact microfinance institutions and the demographics they target on the intensive and extensive margins? These analyses will test the theory that MFIs with larger average loan balances serve households closer to the subsistence poverty level, a manifestation of mission drift toward the institutionalist philosophy of lending.
The phenomenon of mission drift directly impacts the outcomes of microfinance institutions and the target demographic of the organization. The results of this study indicate that the mission of these organizations is drifting toward the institutionalist philosophy of lending. With this general result, mission drift can be observed within both the internal and external margins of the microfinance industry, which influences the chosen target market, profit generated, and structure of MFIs, as determined by the mission of the organization.
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CAPO, FRANCESCA. "When Actors Meet Institutions: Institutional Entrepreneurship, Institutional Logics and Hybrid Organizations." Doctoral thesis, Luiss Guido Carli, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11385/201173.
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This paper proposes a contingency theory of institutional
entrepreneurship. Institutional entrepreneurship has emerged to
explain how agency can be incorporated within institutional theory.
Following existing literature on the “paradox of embedded agency”,
we build on the definition of the conditions that enable actors to
pursue their best interests by creating, modifying or disrupting
existing institutions, namely the position in the organizational field, in
the organizational hierarchy and in the intraorganizational network.
We discuss the existence of different kinds of institutions, each
requiring for individuals a specific amount of resources (ability) and
interest (willingness) for change. We build on the categorization of
institutions related to the actors who make the rule (being that the
state or some other entity) and to the way in which such rule is
enacted and throught which is enforced (centralized or
decentralized), thus identifying public-centralized, private-centralized
and private-decentralized institutions. We propose for each kind of
institution the enabling conditions that, by providing for both the
ability and willingness, make an individual more likely to promote
divergent change.
The process of emergence of social enterprises has been relatively
overlooked by organizational and management literature.
Nonetheless, to address many of the contemporary societal challenges
and promote social change, these organizational forms have recently
been flourishing. We theoretically explore how such process of
creation unfolds, identifying the external challenges these
organizations face and the strategies they need to pursue to enable
their emergence. Through anecdotal evidence, we suggest that this
process may call first for the deinstitutionalization of existing
institutional logics and then for a legitimacy building at three levels
(pragmatic, moral and cognitive). We discuss contributions for
research related to institutional logics, social and institutional
entrepreneurship and liability of newness for a new organizational
form.
Building on extant literature on institutional logics, we investigate the
effect of logic multiplicity on organizational mission performance. In
particular, we theorize that - irrespectively of the nature of the logics
at play - an increase in their sheer number triggers negative effects
for organizational mission performance, in view of the challenges
caused by logics’ jurisdictional overlap and degree of centrality.
However, we also argue that this negative effect applies up to a
certain point, after which positive effects on organizational mission
performance may spur from the possibility to recombine the many
more organizational elements brought by the higher number of logics
at hand, increasing innovation. Also, we see whether the efficiencyenhancing
elements of being a for-profit affect the concave
relationship between logic multiplicity and performance discussed
above. We examine these three points in the context of the US
healthcare industry by looking at over 300 long-term care California
hospitals between 2008-2013. Our results show for hybrid
organizations a concave relationship between the number of logics
they incorporate and their mission performance, pointing first at the
negative and then at the positive effects of logic multiplicity. These
findings contribute to literature on institutional logics, paradox theory
and hybrid organizations.
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Ushakova, Yevgeniya. "The effects of the institutional context on a foreign company´s entry strategy when entering an emerging market : A case study: Väderstad-Verken AB." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-119605.
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Background: More foreign companies expand into emerging markets and such markets differ from developed ones. Emerging markets present opportunities and challenges for foreign companies. Challenges include many environmental factors, cultural differences, economic uncertainties and weak institutions. Emerging markets are often characterized by underdeveloped formal institutions which result in the so called institutional voids. Informal institutions act as formal institutions and fill in these institutional voids. Foreign companies need to pay much attention to emerging economies institutions when selecting entry mode since the institutions affect their strategy and profitability. Aim: The purpose of my thesis is to investigate and analyze how aforeign company is affected by a host country’s institutional context when entering an emerging market. The thesis focuses on the emerging market of Russia and a case company. Conclusions: Institutions affect the steps taken in accordance with the Uppsalamodel. It is important to learn more about the institutions of a host country in choosing an entry mode. The weakness in property rights, risk of corruption, political and economic factors combined with networking were the dominant factors in choosing an entrymode. Väderstad suffers from institutional shocks in the Russian market and they affect the willingness to invest further.Bakgrund: Mer företag expanderar till tillväxtmarknader och sådana marknader är annorlunda än utvecklade marknader. Tillväxtmarknader presenterar både möjligheter och utmaningar för företagen. Utmaningarna inkluderar omgivningsfaktorer, kulturella skillnader, ekonomisk osäkerhet och svaga institutioner. Tillväxtmarknader karakteriseras ofta av underutvecklade formella institutioner som kan resultera i institutionella tomrum. Informella institutioner verkar som formella för att fylla tomrummet. Utländska företag måste ge uppmärksamhet till institutionerna i tillväxtmarknader när de väljer etableringsform eftersom institutionerna påverkar både strategi och lönsamhet. Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka och analysera hur ett utländskt företag påverkas av ett värdlands institutionella sammanhang när det etablerar sig på en tillväxtmarknad. Uppsatsen fokuserar på tillväxtmarknaden Ryssland och ett fallföretag. Slutsats: Institutioner påverkade stegen i enlighet med Uppsalamodellen. Det är viktigt att lära sig mer om institutionerna för värdlandet när företaget väljer etableringsstrategi. Svag äganderätt, risk för korruption, politiska och ekonomiska faktorer kombinerat med närverksbyggande var dominanta faktorer i valet av etableringsform. Väderstad påverkas av institutionella chocker i Ryssland och det påverkar viljan att investera mer
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Kowalke, Jenna K. "Comparing Institutions: The Institution of Critique and the Post-Museum." Available to VCU users at:, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10156/1135.
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Tandon, Aakriti A. "The Rational Design of Security Institutions: Effects of Institutional Design on Institutional Performance." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/247253.
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Based on the assumption that security institutions are designed rationally, I study the variations in design schemes and their possible effects on institutional performance. Military alliances vary with respect to their membership size, level of security obligations undertaken by the allies, incorporation of non security clauses such as economic agreements, level of institutionalization, specified duration of existence, as well as the conditions under and reasons for which they are formed. This dissertation studies the effects of above mentioned design features on the probability of security alliances expanding their scope by addressing non-security agreements such as free trade agreements and conflict management clauses. I find support for the argument that states include economic agreements within a military alliance as a means to bolster the credibility of an otherwise weak security alliance. Results indicate that allies facing high levels of external threat and low levels of intra alliance cohesion are more likely to include conflict management provisions in the alliance. Finally, I conduct a systematic study of the possible effects of variation in structural design on the durability of an alliance. I find that design features that increase the costs of breaking the alliance increase the duration of an alliance.
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Bruce, Gonzalo R. "Institutional Design and the Internationalization of U.S. Postsecondary Education Institutions." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1247069809.
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Mahdi, Shireen. "Inefficient institutions and institutional change : theory and evidence from Tanzania." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/inefficient-institutions-and-institutional-change-theory-and-evidence-from-tanzania(98e14e0d-a267-48a4-9703-2d3bca3fffa3).html.
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The purpose of this thesis is to theoretically and empirically investigate the effects of institutional inefficiencies on markets and on non-elite groups, and to better understand the factors that prevent efficient institutions from evolving through the process of institutional change. It commences by reviewing the literature relating to institutions and institutional change and presenting a theoretical framework. It then presents three empirical chapters that aim to address the key questions and hypotheses relating to how inefficient institutions affect markets and why inefficient institutions persist. The first two empirical case studies of are of institutionally driven market failures that currently exist in Tanzania’s coffee and maize markets (coffee grading and maize farm gate buying). These chapters demonstrate how these failures contribute to market inefficiency and how they lower the incomes of some of the poorest groups participating in these market chains. The findings demonstrate that there is no automatic welfare maximising process in the functioning or the evolutionary path of institutions because even though these institutions are inefficient, they remain constant and largely unchallenged in the market. In other words, inefficient market institutions do not spontaneously disappear even though they disadvantage large groups. The findings also raise questions about how these inefficient institutions evolved and why they persist. The third case study of Tanzania’s agricultural market liberalisation reforms addresses these questions. It describes shifting alliances and local level resistance and shows how competition between groups around the reform period has changed their respective abilities to influence institutional change over time. Initially, elite power was characterised by the capture of local and village governments by big agricultural cooperatives during the liberalisation reform period. Subsequent to the reforms, private sector traders and processors have become powerful and influential even though they were the market underdogs for many years. This is because they have invested in reducing their influence costs by establishing strong business associations and by building strong relationships with local and village government authorities. It is argued that groups with low influence costs are more powerful and can build the links that are necessary for influencing institutional change more easily. The analysis of Tanzania’s agricultural market reforms also shows that these relative positions of power and influence evolved through a long process of distributional conflict at the micro level. The complexities, contradictions, delays and reversals of Tanzania’s agricultural market liberalisation reforms were largely determined at the most disaggregated level. Massive institutional change was taking place, but its path was steered by a drawn-out process of distributional conflict in rural villages that is still ongoing today. The findings of the coffee and maize chapters are directly linked to this above described process of distributional conflict, relative power and institutional change since the inefficient institutions analysed in the coffee and maize markets emerged as outcomes of the liberalisation reforms. What this thesis shows is that institutional change depends, to a large extent, on the preferences and responses of the most influential interest groups. The historical perspective is also important in that it acts as a clarifying lens for what may otherwise seem to be an opaque set of groups, structures and incentives. This is what this thesis has sought to achieve. By combining quantitative institutional impact investigations with interest group-based political economy and historical analyses, this research has been able to reveal the thread that links current economic outcomes with long-standing group conflict dynamics.
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Bogdanovych, Anton. "Virtual Institutions." Electronic version, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2100/536.
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University of Technology, Sydney. Faculty of Information Technology.This thesis establishes Virtual Institutions as a comprehensive software engineering technology for the development of 3D Virtual Worlds that require normative regulation of participants’ interactions (such as the commercially-oriented Virtual Worlds). 3D Virtual Worlds technology currently offers somewhat unregulated environments without means to enforce norms of behavior and interaction rules on their inhabitants. Furthermore, existing methodologies for Virtual Worlds development focus primarily on the design side of the “look-and-feel” of the inhabited space. Consequently, in current 3D Virtual Worlds it is difficult to keep track of the deviant behavior of participants and to guarantee a high level of security and predictable overall behavior of the system. The Virtual Institutions Methodology proposed by this dissertation is focused on designing highly secure heterogeneous Virtual Worlds (with humans and autonomous agents participating in them), where the participants behave autonomously and make their decisions freely within the limits imposed by the set of norms of the institution. It is supported by a multilayer model and representational formalisms, and the corresponding tools that facilitate rapid development of norm-governed Virtual Worlds and offer full control over stability and security issues. An important part of the Virtual Institutions Methodology is concerned with the relationship between humans and autonomous agents. In particular, the ways to achieve human-like behavior by learning such behavior from the humans themselves are investigated. It is explained how formal description of the interaction rules together with full observation of the users’ actions help to improve the human-like believability of autonomous agents in Virtual Institutions. The thesis proposes the concept of implicit training, which enables the process of teaching autonomous agents human characteristics without any explicit training efforts required from the humans, and develops the computational support for this new learning method. The benefits of using Virtual Institutions are illustrated through applying this technology to the domain of E-Commerce. It is demonstrated that providing shoppers with a normative environment that offers immersive experience and supports important real world attributes like social interaction, location awareness, advanced visualization, collaborative shopping and impulsive purchases can improve existing practices in E-Commerce portals.
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Canales, Rodrigo (Rodrigo J. ). "From ideals to institutions : institutional entrepreneurship in Mexican small business finance." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/44810.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2008."June 2008."
Includes bibliographical references.
Through a combination of in-depth research and unique loan-level data, this dissertation explores the mechanisms of intentional institutional change. It argues that current accounts of institutions and institutional change require but do not provide a systematic understanding of the role of individuals in processes of change. It then uses two in-depth case studies to explore the mechanisms through which individuals can initiate institutional change. One case is the activation of the small business credit market in Mexico. The second is the expansion of micro credit in the country. Through these cases, the dissertation proposes that, contrary to conventional thinking, institutional change is not rare because institutional entrepreneurs are scarce. In fact, they are quite prevalent. Rather, what is scarce is the required combination of an opportunity for change, individuals who can recognize this opportunity, have the capabilities and skills to pursue it, and are situated in the right structural position to drive a change process. It further argues that successful institutional entrepreneurs are usually situated in positions of middle management, which provide the right balance between a motivation to experiment, access to sufficient resources, and discretion to diverge from norms. Additionally, institutional entrepreneurs tend to have mixed backgrounds with diverse professional trajectories, which allow them to detect opportunities, cross borders, and learn the different languages required to brokerage experimental efforts.
by Rodrigo Canales.
Ph.D.
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Plummer, Ellen Wright. "Institutional Transformation: An Analysis of Change Initiatives at NSF ADVANCE Institutions." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28204.
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The purpose of this study was to examine how institutional culture promoted or impeded the implementation of round one and two NSF ADVANCE initiatives designed to improve academic climates for women in science and engineering. This study was conducted in two phases. In phase one, 35 participants from 18 institutions were interviewed to answer three research questions. Participants identified a policy, process, or program designed to improve academic cultures for women in science and engineering fields. Participants also identified strategies that promoted the implementation of these efforts, and discussed factors that impeded these efforts. In phase two, site visits were conducted at two institutions to answer a fourth research question. How did institutional culture shape the design and implementation of faculty search processes?
Policies, processes, and programs were implemented by participants at the institutional, departmental, and individual levels and included family friendly and dual career policies at the institutional level, improved departmental faculty search and climate improvement processes, and mentoring programs and training for department heads at the individual level.
Communication and leadership strategies were key to the successful implementation of policies, processes, and programs designed to achieve institutional transformation. Communication strategies involved shaping change messages to reach varied audiences often with the argument that change efforts would improve the climate for everyone not just women faculty members. Administrative and faculty leaders from multiple levels proved important to change efforts.
Institutional culture shaped initiatives to improve faculty search processes. Faculty leaders in both settings used data to persuade faculty members of the need for change. At one site, data that included national availability information was critical to advancing the change agenda. At the other site, social science data that illustrated gender bias was persuasive. Faculty members who were effective as change agents were those who were credible with their peers in that setting.Ph. D.
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BARBATO, GIOVANNI. "INSTITUTIONAL POSITIONING OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS: A CONCEPTUAL AND EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/637064.
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Abstract Chapter 3
Studies on university agency have been largely informed by the debate between the influence of environmental forces and important of managerial rationality, often neglecting the role of an organisational dimension. The paper starts filling this gap by investigating how this meso-level of analysis influences the processes of institutional positioning. The broad concept of organisational dimension has been operationalized through three variables: the organisational structure, identity, and centrality. Four case studies, two Italian and two English universities, have been selected to empirically examine the relationship between these three variables and positioning processes. The findings highlight how specific values of the organizational structure, identity and centrality can positively support institutional efforts like positioning. However, these relationships cannot be considered as deterministic since some potential intervening factors might, at least theoretically, modify their expected directions.Abstract Chapter 1 While institutional positioning has emerged as a central theme in the debate on university organizational actorhood, its determinants have not been consistently addressed. Our extensive literature review highlights two implicit assumptions: either positioning is shaped by environmental forces or it is designed by top management. Addressing the mixed empirical findings found in the literature, this paper argues that the organizational dimension, conceived as a meso-level intervening variable, helps understanding more thoroughly the drivers of positioning and contributes to the outline of a theoretical framework accommodating both environmental and managerial hypotheses. We conceptualize and operationalize the organizational dimension along three components: organizational structure, organizational identities, and organization centrality. Material and non-material resources can be found across these three components influencing university trajectories and positions. The paper contributes to the current debates on the transformation of higher education and, more broadly, to a more in-depth understanding of strategic agency of organizational actors.
Abstract Chapter 2 Diversity in Higher Education system has been a central topic for both scholars and policy-makers for decades. Several studies have investigated how to measure diversity and the nature of its determinants so far; however, contradictory empirical evidence has emerged. This paper contributes to this literature by adopting a methodological approach that starts from the analysis of positioning paths of Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in order to explore diversity of HE systems. A comprehensive quantitative analysis performed across two HE systems over time shows how detecting the positioning of HEIs can provide information that an analysis of diversity at the level of the entire system might hide, in particular (I) if and how compliant and distinctiveness are concurrently displayed (II) in which dimensions positioning shifts are more likely to occur and (III) which groups of HEIs influence more the level of diversity in a HE system.
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Park, Ji-Yeong. "Role of institutions in nations that have improved their competitiveness." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/22817.
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This study explored the role of institutions in countries that have improved their competitiveness in a short time period, under the framework of institutional theory. This study investigated how informal and formal institutions have evolved and interacted. The purpose of the study was to build on institutional theory by exploring the role and interaction of institutions in nations that have undergone institutional changes. A literature review was done to provide a foundation for the study. Case studies of Singapore and Finland – countries that have improved their competitiveness in a short time period – were done in this study. A number of documents in the public domain were observed: internet resources, reports, and studies on Singapore and Finland. The study concluded that countries that have improved their competitiveness achieved their goals through their own institutional mix and through interactions among institutions. Active interactions among institutions were based on broad coalition among actors and the directions of interactions in each country differed.Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
unrestricted
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Pizarro, Bomfim Kelly. "La mission des institutions d'arbitrage." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM1022.
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Appelées à administrer le déroulement de l'arbitrage dans toutes ses phases, depuis la mise en place du tribunal arbitral jusqu'au prononcé de la sentence arbitrale, les institutions d'arbitrage n'interviennent dans la procédure d'arbitrage que pour permettre aux parties d'obtenir un règlement efficace de leur litige. Elles préviennent et règlent les difficultés susceptibles d'y faire obstacle en adoptant toute une série de mesures (comme la désignation, le remplacement ou la récusation de l'arbitre) contenues dans leur règlement d'arbitrage qui facilitent grandement l'exercice de leurs diverses fonctions qui sont : de garantir aux parties que les tribunaux arbitraux puissent être effectivement désignés, d'assurer la police de l'instance arbitrale et de contrôler le projet de sentence arbitrale.De plus en plus contestées devant les tribunaux, les mesures ou initiatives prises par les institutions d'arbitrage font l'objet d'une attention critique de la part de la doctrine. On s'interroge sur la nature et l'étendue de leur mission, sur les pouvoirs des institutions et leurs frontières, sur la qualification de leurs rapports avec les parties, et sur ce qui arrive quand ces frontières sont dépassées ?A ces questions régulièrement posées devant le juge étatique, quand il se trouve saisi de demandes mettant directement et personnellement en cause les institutions permanentes d'arbitrage et la manière dont elles ont exercé ou exercent leurs fonctions, la présente thèse entend apporter des réponses et définir la mission des institutions d'arbitrageCalled to administer the progress of the arbitration in all its phases, since the implementation of the arbitration court until the pronouncement of the arbitration judgment, the institutions of arbitration intervene in the arbitration procedure only to allow the parts to obtain an effective regulation of their dispute. They warn and settle the difficulties susceptible to put it obstacle by adopting a whole series of measures (as the name, the replacement or the challenge of the arbitrator contained in their regulation of arbitration who facilitate largely the exercise of their diverse functions which are: to guarantee in the parts that arbitration courts can be effectively indicated, to assure the police of the arbitration authority and to check the project of arbitration judgmentMore and more disputed before the courts, the measures or the initiatives taken by the institutions of arbitration are the object of a critical attention on behalf of the doctrine. We wonder about the nature and the area of their mission, on the powers of institutions and their borders, on the qualification of their reports with the parts, and on what arrives when these borders are exceeded?In these questions regularly put in front of the state judge, when he is seized with requests putting directly and personally in cause the permanent institutions of arbitration and the way they exercised or exercise their functions, the present thesis intends to bring answers and to define the mission of the institutions of arbitration
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Bateira, Jorge. "Institutions, markets and economic evolution - conceptual basis for a naturalist institutionalism." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/institutions-markets-and-economic-evolution--conceptual-basis-for-a-naturalist-institutionalism(c794c515-22de-41b7-aa5e-9405e5777741).html.
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We might wonder, after two centuries of economic science and thousands of articles and books written by economists, if something new can still be said about 'markets'. Today, what new contribution could still be given to a so fundamental concept in economics? This thesis builds on the main legacy of Veblen, Polanyi and Hayek's Institutionalism: the distinction between the 'interactional' level of human sociality and the 'structural' level of society that Veblen named 'institutions'. The three authors tentatively formulated an original idea: the two levels of sociocultural reality are interdependent and mutually constitutive. This is a proto-emergentist ontology of institutions that makes the starting point of the thesis. Convergent results of different disciplines are explored in order to develop such ontology. It is argued that sociocultural systems have properties that make them specific, namely the human capacity to interact in multiple scales of time-space using human language. Sociocultural research cannot be guided by conceptual schemes abstracted from other levels of Nature. This is the bedrock of a Naturalist Institutionalism. To understand institutions we need to discuss meanings and culture; we need to enter the semiotic of Peirce, the founder of Pragmatism. The foregoing implies the distinction of three types of inter-dependent processes in sociocultural systems: the cultural ('norms'); the social (networks, organisations); the material reality. This analytical move enables a redefinition of 'institution': a sociocultural system emergent from inter-related organisations, networks, norms and material reality, which structure individuals and organisations and serves a societal function. In this sense, the 'economy' is a macro-institution and markets are sub-systems of the 'economy', meso-institutions. Thus, a market is a self-organizing, complex, and open system endowed with structural levels emergent from persons' interactions-communications participating in the transformation processes of production, distribution, appropriation and consumption, using matter-energy and symbolic tools. Finally, it is argued that the evolutionary process of markets has a specific sociocultural nature that goes by the name of 'history'. Their motion is discussed with recourse to a model that highlights the interactions of markets with science, state and culture to solve problems of uncertainty and coordination in the processes of competition, cooperation and valuation.
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HIRANO, Yumeka. "Aid, Institutions, and Growth: Building Institutions Matters for Development Effectiveness." 名古屋大学大学院国際開発研究科, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/18513.
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Bindler, Nils, and Monique Sieng Kao. "Coping with Institutional Voids in Cambodia : A Qualitative Case Study on Institutions." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-149060.
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Although emerging economies have received increased attention by both firms and academia in recent decades, there is still more that can be done. Calls have been made by both academic authors and journals to conduct research within institutionally voided environments, a call that was answered by this study. Specifically, this study answers calls related to: examining institutional strategies; examining the relationship between nonmarket and market exchanges. The purpose of this study was to gain a deeper understanding of how the nonmarket-market relationship affects firm strategies and behavior in Cambodia, an especially voided country due to their turbulent recent history. A second layer of the purpose was to compare firms and explore their similarities and differences to understand the isomorphic pressures of Cambodia. A qualitative case study approach to the study was undertaken to achieve the study’s purpose. Thirteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with various managers who have the ability to make strategic decisions in their respective firms. All the interviewees were from the private sector but were scattered throughout different industries and were asked about their experiences and perception of the Cambodian business environment, mainly focusing on the institutional context. The data collected were then structured based on three main themes and corresponding subthemes. This thematic division was the basis for the analysis of the study as well as the conclusion. Based on the analysis of the data, it can be concluded that the nonmarket is indeed superordinate to the market environment in Cambodia. From a macro perspective, the institutional voids affect all firms in Cambodia, and the firms utilize similar variations of four institutional strategies: internalization, substitution, buffering, and bridging. Because the nonmarket environment in Cambodia is so strong, this results in both voids in the market environment and firms becoming more isomorphic. These four strategies were not the only ones identified, other strategies, namely outsourcing and institutional borrowing, were noted as well because of the institutional voids. Theoretically, this study contributes to revising and improving Institutional Theory and reinforcing both Institutional Theory and the Resource-Based View. Social contributions relate to assisting policymakers in Cambodia to understanding their most problematic institutions and developing or improving those institutions. Practical contributions are aimed at practitioners seeking to or doing business in Cambodia, assisting them in understanding the institutional context of Cambodia and knowing how to navigate within its boundaries. This practical contribution can also be considered a social contribution, as more businesses enter Cambodia and as firms grow, the combination of firm entrance and growth creates more jobs and stimulates the economy.
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Gerbay, Rémy. "The functions of arbitral institutions : theoretical representations and practical realities." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2014. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/8143.
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While thousands of cross-border disputes are resolved each year through institutional arbitration, there appears to be little understanding of the role of arbitral institutions. In particular, very little academic scholarship has been produced on the nature of the functions exercised by arbitral institutions in the proceedings they administer. This thesis seeks to rectify this gap by (1) identifying in the literature conventional assumptions as to the functions of arbitral institutions in the institutional arbitration process; (2) critically assessing such conventional assumptions; and (3) offering a novel and more realistic representation of the functions of arbitral institutions. This thesis is principally based on a systematic study of the activities performed by over 40 international arbitration institutions in their administration of cases. This study also examines court decisions on the nature of the functions exercised by such institutions in some leading civil law and common law jurisdictions. The thesis finds that arbitration institutions are conventionally portrayed in the literature in one of two ways: According to a first representation, arbitral institutions are mere administrators with no decision-making power whatsoever. According to another representation, while institutions are occasionally called upon to exercise some measure of decision-making, measures taken by institutions remain immaterial because of their alleged ‗administrative‘/‗non-jurisdictional‘ nature. In both instances, it is conventionally assumed that, contrary to arbitrators, arbitral institutions should not be concerned by due process when they discharge their duties. This thesis argues that these two conventional representations are difficult to reconcile with the diverse reality of institutional arbitration. While some institutions have a very limited involvement in the arbitrations conducted under their auspices, others participate more actively in their resolution. The thesis therefore concludes that arbitral institutions can be more accurately described as ancillary participants in the adjudicative process which decisions, insofar as they may occasionally be outcome-determinative, should call upon the application of some due process standards.
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Lake, Danielle L. "Institutions and process /." See Full Text at OhioLINK ETD Center (Requires Adobe Acrobat Reader for viewing), 2006. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?toledo1153932677.
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Riewe, Gerhard. "Institutions in cooperation." Diss., Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-162518.
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Saidah, Attoumani. "Institutions et développement." Aix-Marseille 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AIX32002.
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La thèse a pour objectif d'analyser le rôle des institutions au sens large (monnaie, système juridique, politique ) dans le développement économique du tiers monde et dans la transition des pays de l'Est. Il est montré que le rôle des institutions devrait être mieux pris en compte tant sur le plan théorique que sur celui de la mise en œuvre des réformes économiques et politiques dans les pays concernés. Les approches théoriques sur les institutions sont appliquées aux problématiques du développement et de la transition. Il est en outre, montré que les pays en transition et en développement rencontrent des difficultés dans la mise en place des réformes. Il est expliqué que les institutions formelles (règles de droit) peuvent être changées dans un laps de temps assez court. Les institutions informelles (coutumes, culture) changent plus lentement et ne sont pas forcément en adéquation avec les nouvelles normes formelles d'où le manque de résultat escompté et un certain désenchantement observé dans les pays considérés. Le rôle du capital social et de la confiance y est également mis en évidenceIt was increasingly recognised that a country's main ressource is the quality of its political and economic institutions. The poor countries are held back in their development efforts by their failure to adopt and implement appropriate policies and to nourish the appropriate economic institutions. As the formally communist countries, the developing countries have to face enormous institutional challenges. Institutional economics have provided major insights in our understanding of underdeveloppement as an institutional failure. The lack of fundamental rights to property and contract enforcement, the lack of safe places to accumulate savings, the bureaucratic arbitrariness or corruption illustrate the problem of poverty and the importance of improved institutions. The tenacity of vested interests, the problem of collective action and informal institutions in bringing about institutional change are sometimes understated. There is not an engineering solution to the problem of poor institutions. The approach of institutional economics provide a framework for thinking about the challenges of development, which can lead to more realistic solutions and more effective strategies for reform
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Lake, Danielle Lee. "Institutions and Process." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1153932677.
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Ndiaye, Omar. "Institutions et développement." Thesis, Tours, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOUR1004.
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Le développement et la croissance font l’objet de diverses approches. D’une approche purement économique, traditionnellement centrée sur les technologies, la démographie et les marchés, les théories du développement et de la croissance convergent aujourd’hui vers une approche institutionnaliste qui montre que ce sont les institutions qui déterminent les performances des économies nationales. Les courants significatifs de l’économie institutionnelle permettent de mieux cerner le concept d’institutions qui sont les règles formelles et informelles du jeu dans une société selon North. Les institutions ont des liens complexes avec le développement défini comme la croissance économique durable accompagnée d’un changement efficace des institutions. Il importe alors de montrer la validité du concept d’institutions en Afrique et de préciser ces liens dans ses aspects réel, financier, politique et social. L'aspect financier et surtout réel du lien institutions-développement a longtemps retenu l'attention des chercheurs. Mais les défaillances institutionnelles enregistrées ont revalorisé et réactualisé les études centrées sur les questions politiques et sociales en portant une attention particulière sur la dimension pauvreté. C'est pourquoi la soutenabilité politique et sociale des réformes est au cœur du débat sur le développement dominé en Afrique par les plans d'ajustement structurel. Le Sénégal est par conséquent concerné par ce débat. Ce pays connaît des déséquilibres économiques et financiers depuis la fin des années soixante-dix avec l'existence de trappes financières et de trappes à la pauvreté. Malgré les réformes mises en œuvre, le Sénégal est encore aujourd'hui confronté à une grave crise économique, financière et sociale. Cette crise apparaît au travers de l'étude de ses régimes de croissance et de l'analyse méso-économique de sa croissance qui est par ailleurs influencée par des facteurs informels parmi lesquels il y a le rôle des Mourides et celui du capital humain. Tout en veillant à la laïcité de l’État, l'exemple des Mourides mérite d'être suivi puisque cette communauté religieuse impacte positivement le développement du Sénégal. Quant au capital humain, il renvoie à la question de l'émigration ainsi qu'à celle de l'adaptation du système éducatif aux besoins réels de l'économie. L'évaluation instrumentale de la démocratie au Sénégal fait apparaître la nécessité de cette adaptation et permet de mettre en évidence le fait que les droits basiques ne sont pas satisfaits pour la majorité des Sénégalais. D'où la nécessité de poursuivre les réformes que nos recommandations cherchent à rendre plus efficacesThe theory of development and growth, despite many contributions, neglect other items like social factors and institutions. Traditionally they are based on the technologies, the demography and the markets. Today, they are convergent to recognize an approach institutionalized which shows that the institutions are matter and can determine the economic performances of a country. The significant currents of the institutional economy allow to encircle better the concept of institutions which are the formal and informal rules of the game (set,play) in a company (society) according to North’s contribution. Institutions have complex links with the development defined as the longlasting (sustainable) economic growth accompanied with an effective change of quality of life and social welfare. It is then important to show the validity of the concept of institutions in Africa and to specify these links in its real, financial, political and social aspects. The financial aspect and especially reality of the link institutions-development held first our attention. But we enlarged the registered (recorded) with an evaluation of institutional failures. The new dimension shows how power people with informal markets attempts to finance their activities with their own resources or their imagination or creative innovations. By this updated approach, our thesis pays attention to the political and social questions like the dimension poverty. That is why the political and social sustainability of the reforms is at the heart of the debate on the development and not on Structural adjustment programs dominating the path of economic debate in Africa. Senegal is, consequently, concerned by this debate. This country has known economic and financial imbalance since the end of the seventies with the existence of financial and poverty traps. In spite of the implemented reforms, Senegal is confronted even today with a large economic, financial and social crisis. This crisis appears through the study of its diets (regimes) of growth and the meso-economic analysis of its growth which is also influenced by informal factors (mailmen) among which there is a role of Mourides and that of the human resources. While watching the secularism of the State, the example of Mourides deserves to be followed because this monastic community impacts positively on the development of Senegal. As for the human resources, it dismisses the question of emigration as well as that of the adaptation of the educational system to the real needs of the economy
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Vin, Pheakdey. "Institutions and Development : Analysis of the Effects of Institutional Environment on Agricultural Performance in Cambodia." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO22004/document.
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L’objectif de cette thèse est de découvrir si l’environnement institutionnel affecte la performance agricole dans le cas du Cambodge et comment le premier influe sur la dernière. Pour répondre à cet objectif, trois hypothèses sont formulées : (1) l’environnement institutionnel joue un rôle important dans la protection des droits de propriété foncière ; (2) les droits de propriété foncière sécurisés augmentent la productivité agricole par la stimulation des incitations d’investissement des agriculteurs ; (3) les droits de propriété foncière sécurisés accroissent la productivité agricole par la facilitation de l’accès au crédit formel. Méthodologiquement, la recherche est basée sur les différentes théories de la Nouvelle Economie Institutionnelle, qui expliquent que les institutions déterminent la structure des incitations des acteurs économiques dans une société. Spécifiquement, les institutions politiques déterminent les institutions économiques, c’est-à-dire les droits de propriété, qui à leur tour affectent la performance économique en général et la performance agricole en particulier. La recherche est également basée sur les données venant de diverses sources, telles que des agences gouvernementales, des instituts de recherche locaux, des organisations non-gouvernementales et des organisations internationales, qui sont susceptibles de servir de base pour des analyses empiriques. En outre, le cas de l’Afrique subsaharienne est également étudié à titre de comparaison. Le résultat de la thèse confirme fortement les deux premières hypothèses, mais peu la dernière. Le résultat indique que l’impact de l’environnement institutionnel sur la productivité agricole via la protection des droits de propriété foncière est lié au contexte particulier parce qu’il devrait être complété par un environnement économique favorable, tel que l’infrastructure physique et la technologie agricole améliorées et les institutions du marché développées. De plus, on apprend que les résultats désirés ne sont pas obtenus si les institutions formelles (c’est-à-dire, l’enregistrement formel des terres) sont imposées via l’approche top-down dans les régions où les institutions informelles existantes sont fortement encastréesThe purpose of this dissertation is to find out if the institutional environment affects agricultural performance in the case of Cambodia and how the former exerts an influence on the latter. To respond to this purpose, three hypotheses are formulated: (1) the institutional environment plays an important role in protecting property rights in land; (2) secure property rights in land increase agricultural productivity through the stimulation of farmers’ investment incentives; (3) secure property rights in land raise agricultural productivity through the facilitation of access to formal credit. Methodologically, the research is based on different theories of New Institutional Economics, which explain that institutions determine the incentive structure of economic actors in society. Specifically, political institutions shape economic institutions, i.e. property rights, which in turn affect economic performance in general and agricultural performance in particular. The research is also based on the data from various sources, such as government agencies, local research institutes, non-governmental organizations, and international organizations, which can serve as a basis for empirical analyses. In addition, the case of Sub-Saharan Africa is also studied for comparison. The result of the dissertation confirms strongly the first two hypotheses but slightly the last one. The result indicates that the impact of institutional environment on agricultural productivity through the protection of property rights in land is context-specific because it should be complemented by a favorable economic environment, such as improved physical infrastructure and agricultural technology and developed market institutions. Furthermore, it is learned that, in developing countries, the desired outcomes will not be obtained if formal institutions (i.e., formal land registration) are imposed through a top-down approach in areas where the existing informal institutions are strongly embedded
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Buggle, Johannes C. "Essays on culture, institutions and long-term development." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015IEPP0035.
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Cette thèse se compose de quatre essais empiriques qui contribuent à la littérature sur l'économie de la persistance et les origines profondes du développement économique. Le premier chapitre de cette thèse, “Les conséquences à long-terme du travail forcé : étude du servage russe », étudie l’effet négatif du servage au sein de l’Empire Russe sur le développement économique à long terme. Dans le deuxième chapitre de cette thèse, intitulée « La loi et le capital social : les effets du Code Napoléon en Allemagne », je recherche l’impact des institutions juridiques formelles sur l’évolution de la coopération sociale en Allemagne. Le deuxième chapitre s’inscrit dans la littérature sur l’interaction entre la culture et les institutions. Le troisième chapitre, « L’irrigation et les origines du collectivisme », examine si l’utilisation de l’irrigation pour l’agriculture pré-industrielle a permis l’émergence de valeurs culturelles qui favorisent le collectivisme. Dans le quatrième chapitre de cette thèse, intitulé « Le risque climatique, la coopération et la co-évolution de la culture et des institutions » et qui est co-écrit avec Ruben Durante (Département d’économie de Sciences Po), nous examinons examiné le rôle de la variabilité historique du climat sur le développement de la coopération sociale et les institutions politiques inclusives en EuropeThis thesis consists of four empirical essays that contribute to the literature on the economics of persistence and the deep roots of economic development. The first chapter, “Long-Run Consequences of Labor Coercion: Evidence from Russian Serfdom”, investigates the long-term economic consequences of early forced labor institutions in Eastern Europe on the micro-level. The second chapter, “Law and Social Capital: Evidence from the Code Napoleon in Germany”, studies the causal impact of formal legal institutions on social trust within Germany. The third chapter, “Irrigation and the Origins of Collectivism”, examines whether pre-industrial agricultural production that used irrigation for the cultivation of crops led to the emergence of cultural values of collectivism. The fourth chapter, “Climate Risk, Cooperation, and the Co-Evolution of Culture and Institutions”, researches the consequences of historical climatic variability for the development of social cooperation and inclusive political institutions in European regions
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Harriel, Holly Elizabeth. "Urban universities and colleges as anchor institutions| An examination of institutional management practices." Thesis, University of Pennsylvania, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3721038.
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In the last twenty years, anchor institutions such as universities and academic medical centers have been addressing societal problems in building a more democratic, just, and equitable society (Taylor, 2013). Anchor institutions are those nonprofit or corporate entities that, by reason of mission, invested capital, or relationships to customers or employees, are geographically tied to a certain location (Porter, 2002; Taylor, 2013).
This study sought to understand what organizational capacity is needed by urban universities in order to undertake large-scale neighborhood revitalization efforts. This study used qualitative research methods to examine the University of Chicago’s Washington Park Incubator project, established in 2011, and Johns Hopkins University’s East Baltimore Development Initiative, established in 2001. Through 22 interviews with executive and senior university officials, leaders of community-based organizations and neighborhood residents, this study sought to answer two research questions: What strategies do anchor institutions use to seed, support and sustain their anchor initiatives? What are the barriers or complexities to forming sustainable agreements and cohesion around partnership collaboration?
This study found that IHE anchors use three critical strategies to sustain their work: the role and actions of a university’s president, the role of the board of trustees, and the use of community boundary spanners as leaders of partnerships. A major barrier to sustainability and a primary challenge to achieving cohesive partnership agreements with partners is historical mistrust. The findings were situated within a university real estate investment model (Austrian & Norton, 2005), an engaged institutions leadership model (Sandmann & Plater, 2009), and a framework for community boundary spanners (Weerts & Sandmann, 2010) to explain how these models impact the sustainability of IHE anchor initiatives.
Conclusions drawn from this study will equip urban college and university executive and senior leaders and operational administrators as well as community leaders with insight into how to sustain anchor institution partnerships.
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Narkawicz, Melanie G. "Marketing Acceptance and Its Relationship to Selected Institutional Characteristics in Higher Education Institutions." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 1994. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2757.
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This study examined the level of acceptance of marketing by colleges and universities in the United States. It was based upon the "Four Stage Model Reflecting the Acceptance of Marketing in Higher Education Institutions" developed by Simmons and Laczniak (1992). The primary purposes of this study were to validate the model and to identify the operational level of marketing acceptance at colleges and universities. Secondary purposes were to determine if the level of acceptance differed according to source of control/affiliation (public v. private), highest level of degree awarded (associate, baccalaureate, master's, doctors), regional location, urban location, and institutional size. Variables were measured through a survey instrument developed by the researcher. A pilot test was conducted for reliability and validity testing of the instrument. It was then sent to a random sample of institutions which was chosen from the population of all nonproprietary colleges and universities in the United States. Responses from 243 institutions were used for data analysis. Major findings include: (1) stage completion was associated with the source of control (public v. private), a greater percentage of private institutions have completed each stage; (2) source of control/affiliation should be controlled for when comparing marketing of institutions; (3) most colleges have completed Stage One (marketing as promotion), with fewer than half completing Stage Two (marketing as market research), and about a quarter completing Stages Three (marketing as enrollment management), and Four (strategic marketing management); (4) there were no differences in stage scores based on the highest level of degree awarded, regional location, urban location, and institutional size when controlling for the source of control/affiliation; (5) the Four Stage Model has some validity, but more research is needed, particularly regarding the latter stages. Several recommendations were made. They primarily focus on the model, sampling and measurement, and future research needed on marketing acceptance.
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Philip, Michel. "Des rapports entre institution et contrat de travail : essai en analyse économique des institutions." Aix-Marseille 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX32033.
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La thèse soutient que le contrat de travail est une institution dans tous les sens de ce concept. Elle se découpe subséquemment en deux parties : (1) De l'intentionnalité à " l'inintentionnalité " institutionnelle et (2) Du transactionnel au relationnel contractuel. D'une première part, un examen pluridisciplinaire de la littérature sur les institutions permet de répondre à la question : qu'est-ce qu'une institution ? L'intentionnalité contractuelle ne gène aucun courant théorique à l'exception de l'économie autrichienne. En effet, pour cette école, l'institution est par essence un phénomène émergent donc " inintentionnel ". Toutefois, nous remarquerons que ces différences conceptuelles sont plus idéelles que pratiques. La seconde partie développe d'abord le contrat de travail dans les acceptions économiques traditionnelles, puis en tant que processus de découverte. Cette convention s'entend au sens d'organisation juridique des rapports privés que sont appelés à entretenir des individus engagés dans une relation étroite parce que l'employé et l'employeur ne sont pas anonymes et qu'ils se choisissent réciproquement. Le contrat de travail est ainsi " en contexte d'intimité à forte interdépendance économique ". En conclusion, le contrat de travail est un guide composé de deux volets. L'un transactionnel se matérialise par des obligations volontaires et formelles qui peuvent être arbitrées par un tiers. L'autre aspect relationnel est une obligation naturelle flexible qui ne concerne que les parties aux contrats, facilitant l'intégration des informations émergentes et la persistance de la relation (par novation voire résiliation, suivant la valeur intrinsèque que lui accorde les parties). C'est comme cela que l'on glisse du concept de " main invisible " à celui de " poignée de main invisible "The thesis supports that the contract of employment is an institution in every sense of the word. Two parts were developed: (1) Institutional from Intentionality to "Unintentionality" and (2) On Contractual Commitment to Relational Obligation. Firstly, multi-field examinations on institutions' literature define: what is an institution? Contractual intentionality doesn't disturb any theoretical current except Austrian economy. Indeed, for this school, Institution is essentially an emergent phenomenon thus "unintentional". However, we will point out those not practical but conceptual differences. The second part develops initially the contract of employment in typical economic meanings, then as process of discovery. This convention is intended in legal rules for private reports between individuals engaged in a relational relationship (for the reason that the employee and the employer are not anonymous because they were chosen reciprocally). The contract of employment is thus "in intimate term with strong economic interdependence". To conclude, the contract of employment is a guide with two constituents. For one thing a compromise materializes voluntary obligation and formal commitment which can be arbitrated by a third party (e. G. Arbitrator or judge). Secondly a relational aspect is a flexible natural obligation (e. G. Naturali obligatione, mutuum) only between the contracting party, facilitating integration of emergent information and constancy relation (by novation even termination, according with intrinsic value that grants the parts to it)
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McDowell, Sharin. "Institutions matter : essays on the determinants and consequences of socio-political institutions." Thesis, Aston University, 2016. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/28883/.
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This thesis seeks to contribute to the socio-political literature. It comprises of three individual chapters examining the determinants and consequences of different social-political institutional factors. Specifically, the first study combines game theoretical and empirical techniques to examine how bureaucrats favour other agents within their social group and the effects this will have on the level of corruption in the economy. To this end, I develop a simple model of allocation of time between economic activities and leisure (time spent building social network ties), to illustrate the underlying causal mechanism between social network and corruption. It shows that large social networks and low levels of economic activities provides the condition for high levels of corruption. However, the ability of the government to punish corruption through well-established laws and property rights enforcement acts as a deterrent to corruption. he second work also combines game theoretical and empirical techniques. It aims to clarify the relationship between the degree of competition and political influence of firms, paying particular attention to the level of government regulations that exist in the countries in which the firms operates. The interplay between economic and political institutions is vital to any analysis on understanding the workings of political influence. The third study is purely empirical. It examines the role of two types of business network, namely, political connections and business group affiliations on a firm’s performance. Evidence was provided on Chinese firms’ performance during the 2008 financial crisis.
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García, Pérez Icíar. "Sustainability in Microfinance Institutions." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/666062.
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Inspired by the 1999 Program of Action defined by the United Nations, which describes eight pragmatic areas for a Culture of Peace. My proposal will work on the section 'Sustainable economic and social development' evaluating microfinance and the organizations that manage them, as a tool to achieve this objective. Immersed in a global context and under the prism of sustainability, the performance analysis of the organizations activity can not be done only from its economic exercise, but it is necessary to measure its impact under a wider range of criteria (Fernández et al., 2013). The main objective of this thesis will be to contribute to the improvement of research in this sector, presenting a global vision of the behaviour of MFIs in terms of sustainable performance, based on a model that articulates the financial, environmental, social and governance dimensions of integrated form.Inspirado en el Programa de Acción de 1999 definido por Naciones Unidas en el que se describen ocho ámbitos pragmáticos para una Cultura de Paz. Mi propuesta trabajará sobre el apartado ‘Desarrollo económico y social sostenible’ evaluando las microfinanzas y las organizaciones que las gestionan, como herramienta para la consecución de este objetivo. Inmersos en un contexto global y bajo el prisma de la sostenibilidad, el análisis de desempeño de la actividad de las organizaciones no puede realizarse únicamente desde su ejercicio económico, sino que es preciso medir su impacto bajo una mayor amplitud de criterios (Fernández et al., 2013). El principal objetivo de esta tesis será contribuir a la mejora de la investigación de este sector, presentando una visión global del comportamiento de las IMFs en términos de desempeño sostenible, basado en un modelo que articule las dimensiones financiera, ambiental, social y de gobernanza de forma integrada.
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Aysan, Ahmet Faruk. "Inequality, institutions and redistribution." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/2730.
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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2005.Thesis research directed by: Economics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Naper, Linn Renée. "Educational efficiency and institutions." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Economics, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-2252.
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VanLelyveld, Iman Paul Pieter. "Inflation, institutions, and preferences /." Amsterdam : Thela thesis, 2000. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=009219782&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Spinesi, Luca. "Institutions, innovation and growth /." Louvain-la-Neuve : Univ. Catholique de Louvain, 2007. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/560231695.pdf.
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Charron, Marc. "Le sens des institutions." Institut franco-ontarien Université Laurentienne, 1997. https://zone.biblio.laurentian.ca/dspace/handle/10219/216.
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Wong, Shy Kuo. "Valuation of financial institutions." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.403782.
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Lam, Kwok Ying. "Institutions and economic development." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1331/.
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This thesis composes of four empirical studies with an attempt to assess the role of institutions as key determinant of cross-country development. We have unbundled the different facets of institutions, including the security of property rights, democracy, regulation and stability of monetary policy. In Chapter 2, we investigate the direct impact of institutions on economic growth using dynamic panel data estimations. Employing this estimator aims at alleviating the technical problems embedded in the existing literature. Our results suggest that the security of property rights and stability of monetary policy have direct impact on economic growth, whereas democracy and regulation are not directly growth-enhancing. In Chapter 3, we further explore the role of democracy and regulation in the development process. We empirically test whether economic reform is more likely to take place in democratic economies. The answer seems affirmative. More specifically, our empirical results show that democracy causes reforms in redistributive policies, trade liberalisation and credit market deregulation. In the next Chapter, we consider the institutional barriers as compared to natural barrier and at-the-board barriers as determinants of bilateral FDI. The augmented gravity model provides empirical evidences to support that geography, regional integration and domestic regulatory environment of the destination economies all have significant impacts on FDI inflows. In particular, credit market regulation is amongst the most important, which echoes the view that financial development is essential to economic development. In the final empirical work, we hypothesise that institutions matter to cross-country economic performances as economies with better institutions are technically more efficient. We estimate a global stochastic production frontier, where countries lie below the frontier are less efficient. Our empirical results suggest that countries with better security of property rights and fewer regulations allocate their production inputs more efficiently. The effects of democratic regime and stability of monetary policy are also positive to improve inefficiency, if a threshold level of human capital is reached. Other possible factors like openness and human capital, in turn, seem not to play direct role. Our research provides empirical basis to understand how particular aspects of institutions could affect development outcomes.
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Kim, Kyungmin, and Robert M. 1948 Townsend. "Essays on financial institutions." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/98687.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Economics, 2015.Chapter 2 co-authored with Robert Townsend. Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
In the first chapter, I study how banks lend or borrow liquidity in the interbank market and what I can learn about the macro-economy from the interbank market. From a unique database of interbank loan transactions in Mexico, I observe that interest rates vary across different lender-borrower pairs. I find that this variation is driven by the variation across different banks in their cost from handling an excess or a deficit of liquidity. Using my model, I characterize the shape of the interest rate curve as a function of loan size. Moreover, I find that the increased disadvantage that small banks experienced in the interbank market during the 2008 financial crisis can largely be explained by a shift in the liquidity cost. In the second chapter, joint with Robert Townsend, we study how banks choose their level of cash holdings, taking into account potential payment demands and the short-term interest rate. We develop the notion of a rationing equilibrium in the money market, where a unique equilibrium exists for any given short-term rate. We characterize how changes in the short-term interest rate translate into changes in the banks' lending activities, thus affecting the economy. In addition, we discuss how banks with different characteristics may respond differently to such changes. In the third chapter, I study a recent change in the typical form of housing rental contracts in Korea. Traditionally, houses were mostly rented in exchange for a zero-interest loan from the renter to the owner of the house. However, during recent years, such a traditional form of rental agreement has been losing popularity and partially replaced by contracts based on monthly payments to the owner. Using a model of the interaction between the renter and the borrower, I explain how various financial market trends can potentially cause the observed change in the housing rental market.
by Kyungmin Kim.
Chapter 1. A Chapter 2. Chapter 3. price-differentiation model of the interbank market and Its empirical application -- Money demand for payments by banks and the money market rate -- Analysis of a transformation in housing rental contracts in Korea.
Ph. D.
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Abd, El-Maksoud Sarah. "Performance of microfinance institutions." Thesis, Cardiff Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10369/8363.
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Microfinance is regarded as a financial development tool used in fighting poverty by providing the poor with financial services such as microloans, savings, insurance and money transfers thereby gradually lifting them out of poverty. Improving the performance of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) makes them more capable of better serving more poor people, contributing to the development and enhancement of their economies and improving the welfare of the poor. It is therefore of great importance to study the performance of MFIs from different aspects in order to understand how they operate, what causes their success/failure, and try to find ways to enhance MFI performance to get the most possible benefit out of them. This thesis consists of three interconnected studies, each of which addresses the performance of MFIs from a different aspect. The first study examines the effect of the external environment on MFI performance worldwide in order to identify the context that is best suitable for MFI success, with a special emphasis on the MENA region. The second study investigates the causal relationship between microfinance and formal banking sector development in order to help improve the performance of MFIs with the possible help of the banking sector. The third study tests whether a trade-off exists between the two most pursued goals by MFIs: profitability and outreach in order to help MFIs find a way to achieve both goals simultaneously. A balanced panel dataset of 124 MFIs from 45 countries worldwide for the period 2004-2011 is used in conducting the three studies by applying multiple linear regression models and PVAR model using GMM. Results reveal that the external environment surrounding an MFI significantly influences MFI performance which helps in explaining the uneven performance of MFIs worldwide. It is also concluded that MFIs in the MENA region are the most profitable on average compared to MFIs in other regions which is mainly driven by GDP per capita, whereas South Asian MFIs tend to outperform MFIs in the MENA region when it comes to outreach. Additionally, it is concluded that MFI sustainability and banking sector development do not Granger cause each other, but MFI outreach tends to Granger cause formal banking sector development. Finally, no evidence of trade-off between MFI profitability and outreach is found except when the effect of profitability on outreach is disaggregated by MFI type.
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Tafur, Puente Rosa María. "On educational institutions evaluation." En Blanco y Negro, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117106.
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This article aims to provide a view on the importance of institutional evaluations in educational programs that strive for continuous improvement. Furthermore, the article analyzes the concept of evaluation, explores some quality management models, and suggests the measures required for the design and implementation of an institutional evaluation process within the organization or one of its areas.El artículo plantea la importancia de la evaluación institucional como parte inherente de la gestión de todo centro o programa educativo orientado al mejoramiento continuo. Además, analiza el concepto de evaluación, presenta algunos modelos de gestión de la calidad, y desarrolla las dimensiones necesarias para el diseño y ejecución de un proceso de evaluación institucional. Por último, indica algunas dificultades que podrían limitar la aplicación de la evaluación en la institución educativa.
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Mahmud, Hassan. "Oil, institutions and growth." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2008. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/844468/.
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This research study presents a review of the vast literature on the term 'resource curse', focusing particularly on the question whether natural resource abundance is really bad for economic growth and development. The study observes that, while the existing literature provides considerable evidence that natural resource abundance is associated with negative development outcomes, the evidence is by no means conclusive nor robust, after controlling for the empirical errors associated with the estimation methodologies adopted in such analysis. The research investigates the consistency and robustness of the different estimation methodologies hitherto used to explain the slow and volatile growth performance of developing oil-rich countries. Firstly, the research empirically establishes whether oil, as a natural resource endowment, is a significant determinant of economic growth and by extension, whether the negative correlation between natural resource abundance and long-term economic growth is necessarily significant, after controlling for model endogeneity and country- specific heterogeneity errors. Secondly, the study investigates whether 'oil boom' accounts for the decline in manufacturing output and economic growth in developing oil rich countries as the 'Dutch Disease Hypothesis' suggests. Thirdly, the research establishes a strong correlation between the quality of institutions and the current growth performance of developing oil economies. In this research, rather than ask the usual question - why natural resource wealth promotes poor growth performance. We answer the question - what fundamental factors enable some resource abundant countries to utilize their natural resource advantages to promote steady growth and development, while others could not. The thesis suggests that institutions are important to unravelling the resource curse dilemma, and until fundamental institutional re-engineering of the economies of developing oil-rich countries is embarked upon, the gains from a resource boom cannot be transformed into a sub- optimal development outcome. This necessary institutional revival will require a radical departure from the historically inherited 'extractive' colonial institutions - which currently characterize developing oil exporting countries.
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Benhamouche, Zoubir. "Inégalités, institutions et développement." Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003EVRY0020.
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Cette thèse étudie le liens entre le régime politique et le développement des pays pauvres. Elle montre dans un premier temps l'importance de la distribution des richesses dans le processus d'industrialisation des économies égalitaires ayant plus de chance d'adopter des technologies industrielles. Puis elle s'intéresse à l'impact du régime politique sur l'industrialisation. Elle montre que le choix du régime politique peut être lié aux anticipations du développement; les économies égalitaires ont plus de chance de se démocratiser. Enfin elle s'intéresse à l'interaction entre réformes politiques et réformes économiques; elle montre que les réformes économiques réussies doivent s'accompagner d'une démocratisation des institutions politiques. En particulier elle contribue au débat big bang ou gradualisme.
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Garrier, Claude. "Forêt et institutions ivoiriennes." Paris 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA010262.
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L'histoire de l'exploitation de la forêt ivoirienne est envisagée dans ses imbrications avec celle des institutions de Cote d'Ivoire, des traités de protectorat au milieu de 1994. La période coloniale militaire et administrative est caracterisée par une double ambiguïté : tandis qu'elle s'empare de la plus grande partie des terres, l'administration cherche à connaitre et à laisser vivre les coutumes, privilégié, dans le décret forestier de juin 1912, les paysans qui appliquent ses directives en matière de mise en valeur et de reboisement des terres; une jurisprudence ébauche, après 1932, le droit, pour les communautés villageoises, malgré l'absence de personnalité juridique, de défendre leurs droits fonciers; les décrets pris en application de loi-cadre Gaston Deferre de 1956 proposent un modèle juridique permettant aux populations de gérer leur espace. De leur côté, les autochtones, peut-être parce qu'ils se croient titulaires d'un droit plus solide que celui qui résulterait de la procédure d'immatriculation, se refusent le plus souvent à l'engager; en même temps, ils se prétendent victimes de la spoliation coloniale. L'indépendance, qui aurait du constituer une rupture epistémologique, conserve les dispositions antérieures tout en éliminant toute référence à la coutume. Deux motifs fondent cette attitude : la nécessité d'unifier un pays qui recèle soixante tribus; le transfert au niveau national des prérogatives autrefois dévolues aux chefs coutumiers. La fragilité du régime, la préférence d'Houphouet-Boigny pour la négociation, conduisent à utiliser la terre et donc la forêt comme monnaie d'échange. Dans le même temps, la course à la croissance fondée sur un financement par l'agriculture, incite à une course à la terre dans laquelle "mise en valeur" du sol ne peut signifier que déforestation. Un renouveau semble s'amorcer à partir de 1991 : une institution d'abord informelle puis structurée par des arrêtés et une communication en conseil des ministres, la commission paysans-forêts, restitue quelque prise aux populations sur la gestion de cette partie du terroir forestier inclus dans les forêts du domaine permanent de l'étatThe history of the exploitation of Ivory Coast forest is considered in accordance with it overlaping with the history of the national institutions, fr the protectorat treaties to the middle of the year 1994. The military and administrative colonial period is characterized by a double ambiguity : whyle it takes hold of the main part of the fiel ds, the administration tries to know the customs and let them alive it privileges, in the decree of june 1912, the peasants who apply its decisions on fields and forests development; a jurisprudence roughes, from the year 1932, the village community right, in spite of their missing legal entity, to defend their land rights; the decrees which apply Gaston Deferre's outline law (1956), contain a lagal shape which makes easier the space management by the populations, on the other hand, the autochthones, possibly because they belive to own a right stronger than resulting of a registration, often refuse to use it; besides, they pretend being the victims of the colonial robbery. The independance, which would be an epistemological breaking, keeps the ancient rules and rubes out every custom reference. Two reasons found this attitude : it's necessary to build one country with sixty tribes; the prerogatives, which are previously owne d by the traditional tribes chiefs, are transfered to the national level. The state fragility, houphouet-boigny's preference for negociation leades to use lands and forests as an exchange currency. Besides, the race to the fields and land-development means first deforestation. A new age seemes to raise from 1991 : an institution, at once unformal, then organized by departemental orders and an approval of the board of ministers, gives the population back some posibilities of managing this part of their forested ground included in the state standing property
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Yoo, Dongwoo. "Institutions and Economic Growth." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1306863145.
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Lippmann, Quentin. "Gender, Institutions and Politics." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEH002.
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Cette thèse vise à étudier le lien entre institutions, genre et politique. Elle cherche à répondre à trois questions: les institutions peuvent-elles défaire les normes de genre ? Les institutions seraient-elles plus égalitaires si elles étaient dirigées par des femmes ? Pourquoi les femmes sont-elles absentes des positions de pouvoir ? Le premier chapitre de cette thèse vise à étudier le rôle des institutions dans la création des normes de genre. La norme étudiée est celle selon laquelle une femme doit gagner moins que son mari. En utilisant, la division de l'Allemagne comme une expérience naturelle, nous montrons que les institutions égalitaires est-allemandes ont défait le genre. Après la réunification, une femme est-allemande peut gagner plus que son mari sans augmenter son nombre d'heures de travail domestique, risquer de divorcer ou de se retirer du marché du travail. A l'opposé, en Allemagne de l'Ouest, ces comportements sont toujours observables.Le deuxième chapitre étudie si les institutions seraient plus égalitaires avec des femmes à leur tête. En particulier, nous cherchons à déterminer si les femmes politiciennes ont les mêmes priorités que leurs collègues masculins. Le contexte étudié est celui du Parlement Français durant la période 2001-2017. En combinant des méthodes d'analyse de texte avec des variations exogènes dans le sexe des politiciens, ce chapitre montre que, relativement à leurs collègues masculins, les femmes politiciennes à l'Assemblée Nationale défendent plus les intérêts des femmes dans la population. Le thème où les différences sexuées d'activité parlementaire sont les plus marquées est précisément celui de l'égalité femmes-hommes, suivi des thématiques liées à l'enfance et à la santé. Les hommes sont plus actifs sur les thématiques militaires. Nous montrons que ces différences proviennent de l'intérêt individuel des législateurs. Enfin, nous répliquons ces résultats au Sénat en exploitant l'introduction d'une réforme qui a imposé la parité.Le troisième chapitre s'intéresse aux raisons derrière la sous-représentation des femmes dans les positions de pouvoir. Il cherche à déterminer si dans un contexte où les politiciens sont majoritairement des hommes, la "prime aux sortants" lors d'élections réduit le nombre de femmes élues. Le contexte étudié est celui des municipalités de moins de 1000 habitants en France. Nous montrons que contrairement à ce qu'on peut s'attendre, lorsque les politiciens ne sont pas éligibles à leur réélection, la part de femmes élus n'augmente pas. C'est parce qu'il est plus difficile pour une femme de remplacer une femme que de remplacer un hommeThis thesis studies the link between institutions, gender and politics. Three questions are studied: can institutions undo gender norms? Would institutions be more gender-egalitarian if they were headed by women? Why are women absent from positions of power?The first chapter of this thesis tests whether institutions can undo gender. In particular, we study the consequences of institutions on the perpetuation of gender norms. We study the norm according to which a woman should earn less than her husband. Using the German division as a natural experiment, we show that East German institutions have undone gender. East German women can earn more than their husband without increasing their number of housework hours, put their marriage at risk, or withdraw from the labor market. By contrast, the norm of higher male income and its consequences are still prevalent in the West.The second chapter studies whether institutions would be more gender-egalitarian if more women were heading them. In particular, I test whether female politicians have the same priorities than their male counterparts. The context studied is the French Parliament from 2001 to 2017. Using text analysis and quasi-experimental variations to randomize legislators' gender, this chapter shows that women are twice more likely to initiate women-related amendments in the Lower House. Women's issues constitute the key topic on which women are more active, followed by health and childhood issues whereas men are more active on military issues. I provide supporting evidence that these results are driven by the individual interest of legislators. Finally, I replicate these results in the Upper House by exploiting the introduction of a gender quota.The third chapter studies the reasons behind the underrepresentation of women in positions of power. I investigate whether the persistence of incumbents hinders female access to political positions when incumbents are predominantly men. I exploit regression discontinuity from close electoral races in French municipalities to randomize the eligibility of incumbent mayors for reelection. Despite a context increasingly favorable to the election of women, I find that the persistence of incumbents does not block female access to the position of mayor. I investigate the mechanisms and show that it is more difficult for a woman to replace a female incumbent than a male one
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Haddock, Billy Dean. "Institutions and Drug Markets." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2005. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4777/.
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This thesis examines how drug policy and enforcement affect drug manufacturers. The approach taken is a comparative institutional analysis of cannabis and methamphetamine production. I focus on the effects of prohibition, privacy, and clandestine markets on producer behavior for these two drugs and the unintended consequences that result. I demonstrate that cannabis and methamphetamine producers both face substantial transaction costs and that producers alter their behavior to manage these transaction costs. I conclude that cannabis producers can adopt indoor, small-scale operations to hide their activity, which are capable of yielding continuous, high-potency crops. Methamphetamine producers also adopt small-scale, decentralized strategies, but commodity control increases their exposure and leads to greater overall transaction costs during the manufacturing process.
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Garrier, Claude. "Forêt et institutions ivoiriennes /." Paris ; Budapest ; Kinshasa [etc.] : l'Harmattan, 2007. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40979006q.
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MILASI, SANTO. "Economic theory and institutions." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/207958.
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Goyal, Yugank <1983>. "Institutions in Informal Markets." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7695/1/Goyal_Yugank_Tesi.pdf.
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The central questions that motivate this work, concern with understanding how do informal markets function outside the formal contract and property rights framework, and in doing so, what kinds of institutions do these markets develop. I attempt to answer these questions through case studies of three markets in India, namely, footwear cluster in Agra, coal-mines mafia in Dhanbad, and sex work (prostitution) in New Delhi. Locating the study of informal markets and institutions in broad literature of law and development, the thesis advances policy suggestions that would be useful in a general context of developing countries and their unregulated markets.
More than 90% of Indian workforce is informal, thus making it a very important economic impulse to be examined. Through primary fieldwork, I collect data in three Indian markets, and understand the micro-institutional framework that guides the functional order of transactions that lie ‘outside the law.’ In general, my findings reveal that every informal market is hinged on an intermediary, who in absorbing the otherwise high transaction costs at a price, affords stability to the market. For relevant policy interventions therefore, it is crucial that the intermediating institutions are examined carefully.
At a general level, the thesis narrates the importance of understanding local institutions in presence of global blueprints of law reforms. If law is an effective tool for development, then it has to adequately appreciate the heterogeneous institutions located within the market frameworks.
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Al, Amri R., Alison J. Glaister, and David P. Spicer. "Talent management practice in Oman: The institutional perspective." Edward Elgar, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/17930.
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