Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Institutional'
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Tandon, Aakriti A. "The Rational Design of Security Institutions: Effects of Institutional Design on Institutional Performance." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/247253.
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Based on the assumption that security institutions are designed rationally, I study the variations in design schemes and their possible effects on institutional performance. Military alliances vary with respect to their membership size, level of security obligations undertaken by the allies, incorporation of non security clauses such as economic agreements, level of institutionalization, specified duration of existence, as well as the conditions under and reasons for which they are formed. This dissertation studies the effects of above mentioned design features on the probability of security alliances expanding their scope by addressing non-security agreements such as free trade agreements and conflict management clauses. I find support for the argument that states include economic agreements within a military alliance as a means to bolster the credibility of an otherwise weak security alliance. Results indicate that allies facing high levels of external threat and low levels of intra alliance cohesion are more likely to include conflict management provisions in the alliance. Finally, I conduct a systematic study of the possible effects of variation in structural design on the durability of an alliance. I find that design features that increase the costs of breaking the alliance increase the duration of an alliance.
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Muller, Anton. "Institutional differentiation. Models and the comprehensive institution." Journal for New Generation Sciences, Vol 2, Issue 2: Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/462.
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Published ArticleThe higher education sector faces challenges in the 21 century that institutions need to respond to. In South Africa current reforms emphasize the reality of a changing environment that one can expect institutions will respond to in different ways. The comprehensive institutions that have been created by current reforms face an interesting challenge to establish an institutional identity that creates a university on the one hand, but maintains the career-orientated focus of the academic programmes of their merging partners. The expectation internationally is that "... there will be much more variety in the landscape in the future" (De Boer et al., 2002: 52). Variations will emerge along certain dimensions such as different clienteles that are served, a focus on different missions, different geographical levels as operating domain, the use of different technologies, and trends to form coalitions/networks/consortia At the organizational level universities will experience stress to maintain the unity of functions that are associated with the university. The unity of research and teaching and the nature of the academic task can come under stress. The pursuit of excellence and the maintenance of some form of diversity can interact in interesting ways as well. In quality assurance the question can be raised as to the adequacy of the application of traditional fairly homogeneous academic standards to diverse institutions that respond to different stakeholder expectations. The article will seek to identify the dimensions along which diversity and institutional differentiation can take place and will look at some of the models that have emerged in distance education internationally, in the community college sector (an oft neglected sector) in the USA, and efforts at extending the traditional university model. Some lines will be drawn to the comprehensive institutions, the new kids on the block in the SA higher education system.
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Najeeb, Khaqan Hassan Economics Australian School of Business UNSW. "Institutions, education inequality and dynamics of institutional reform." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Economics, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43523.
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This dissertation consists of four studies on the role of institutions, education and institutional reform in economic development. Three of the studies examine empirical aspects of the issue and the fourth provides an analysis of policy implications. A key theme of the dissertation is the recognition that institutions, both formal and informal, are important for development. The observation that some developing economies have been unable to substantively improve institutional structures, creates a vital agenda for studying institutional change. The first study empirically investigates the impact of education, both quantitatively and qualitatively, on the informal institution of social capital measured as social trust. Differences in levels of education are considered to find the separate effects of primary, secondary and tertiary education. The relationship between education and social trust levels in countries is found to be positive. The sample is further split into developed and developing countries which also substantiates the main hypothesis. The results can be interpreted as schooling playing a transformative role in the society. The second study develops a framework for studying education inequality and institutional development. A range of economic, political and social measures of institutional quality are used in a cross-country analysis. The study confirms that the cross-country differences in institutional variables are influenced negatively by the education inequality. Several competing hypotheses of institutional improvement are used to test the sensitivity of the results. The sample is further split into OECD and non-OECD countries, with no new results arising from this split. The third study investigates the relationship of education inequality and institutional quality using panel data techniques and an alternative data set of institutional measures, than the one used in the second study. This study initially estimates the relationship using the pooled OLS and fixed effects models. The issue of persistency in institutional variables is then investigated by using a system GMM estimator. The evidence suggests that the impact of reducing education inequality is associated with improvements in institutional quality. The fourth study analyses the implications from the first three studies with reference to the institutional reform agenda. Insight is given for improving the reform process. Areas of context specificity and sequencing of reforms are dealt with, using country examples. The intuition from this essay is that educational equality is a deliberate initiative which needs to be carried out through policy initiatives, although the process adopted would depend on the specific economy. It is suggested that there is a need to change the fundamental focus from emphasis on altering formal rules, to considering the current underlying structures in societies as a constraint, in developing a way forward to improving the reform agenda.
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Paris, Bethany L. "INSTITUTIONAL LENDING MODELS, MISSION DRIFT, AND MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/msppa_etds/9.
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Microfinance is a development tool used to reduce poverty among extremely poor households. Impoverished households can access lines of credit through microfinance institutions (MFIs), in order to create a new business, smooth household consumption, fund medical emergencies, etc. Many authors postulate that MFIs are drifting from a welfarist to an institutionalist approach to lending.
Using MIXMarket data on specific MFIs in 118 countries between 1995 and 2011, the average loan balance of these organizations will be regressed against measure of outreach and sustainability of these institutions by charter type through a series of four, fixed effects models. The main research question is: given that a positive, overall shift in average loan balance indicates an institutionalist shift in mission, how does this impact microfinance institutions and the demographics they target on the intensive and extensive margins? These analyses will test the theory that MFIs with larger average loan balances serve households closer to the subsistence poverty level, a manifestation of mission drift toward the institutionalist philosophy of lending.
The phenomenon of mission drift directly impacts the outcomes of microfinance institutions and the target demographic of the organization. The results of this study indicate that the mission of these organizations is drifting toward the institutionalist philosophy of lending. With this general result, mission drift can be observed within both the internal and external margins of the microfinance industry, which influences the chosen target market, profit generated, and structure of MFIs, as determined by the mission of the organization.
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Pokrovsky, Alexis. "L'entrepreneur institutionnel et la dimension spatiale du travail institutionnel." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS040/document.
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La théorie néo institutionnelle nous renseigne sur les facteurs structurant les organisations et les marchés. Elle offre une grille de lecture adaptée pour tous ceux qui sont soucieux de comprendre et maîtriser les évolutions d’un champ organisationnel, en particulier s’ils sont acteurs de cette évolution. Cette grille de lecture est particulièrement riche d’enseignement pour les entrepreneurs qui cherchent à modifier durablement le domaine dans lequel ils interviennent. Un des axes peu étudié de l’action entrepreneuriale, concerne la dimension spatiale, c’est-à-dire la capacité à arranger la disposition des réalités sociales distinctes. La littérature sur les territoires nous renseigne sur le lien fort qui existe entre espace et institutions. Ce qui nous mène à la question de recherche principale : comment une action forte sur l’espace va modifier les institutions, et transformer l’entrepreneur en entrepreneur institutionnel ? Cette recherche se propose d’étudier plusieurs cas de parcours d’entrepreneurs suivant une stratégie spatiale et de vérifier si leur démarche s’inscrit dans le processus du travail institutionnel. Le premier intérêt de cette recherche sera de définir ce qu’est une « stratégie spatiale » en matière de gestion et, plus précisément, en matière entrepreneuriale, en détaillant son processus, les compétences clés et en fournissant des modèles génériques. Le second intérêt sera d’apporter un éclairage théorique nouveau sur l’entrepreneur institutionnel, « boson de Higgs » de la Théorie Néo InstitutionnelleThe new institutional theory plays an important part to our understanding of the structural elements shaping organizations and markets. It brings an analytical framework for anyone interested in understanding and managing changes in an organizational field, and more specifically for those who want to be actor of that change. This framework is particularly helpful for entrepreneurs wishing to change their field of operation. Spatial activity, namely the capacity to organize social distinct realities, is a dimension of the entrepreneurial activity that has remained quite unexplored. The literature on territories gives us an indication of the strong relationship between space and institution. This brings us to the backbone question of this research: how can deliberate actions on space (or “doing with space” as written by Michel Lussault) change institutions and turn the entrepreneur into an institutional entrepreneur? This research will be based on several case studies about entrepreneurs who follow a spatial strategy, to test whether it fits the definition of institutional work. First, it will define what a “spatial strategy” is in management studies, and in particular for entrepreneurship, by detailing its process and the key competences and by proposing various generic models. Finally, it will shed a new light on the institutional entrepreneur, “Higgs boson” of the New Institutional Theory
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Bruce, Gonzalo R. "Institutional Design and the Internationalization of U.S. Postsecondary Education Institutions." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1247069809.
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Mahdi, Shireen. "Inefficient institutions and institutional change : theory and evidence from Tanzania." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/inefficient-institutions-and-institutional-change-theory-and-evidence-from-tanzania(98e14e0d-a267-48a4-9703-2d3bca3fffa3).html.
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The purpose of this thesis is to theoretically and empirically investigate the effects of institutional inefficiencies on markets and on non-elite groups, and to better understand the factors that prevent efficient institutions from evolving through the process of institutional change. It commences by reviewing the literature relating to institutions and institutional change and presenting a theoretical framework. It then presents three empirical chapters that aim to address the key questions and hypotheses relating to how inefficient institutions affect markets and why inefficient institutions persist. The first two empirical case studies of are of institutionally driven market failures that currently exist in Tanzania’s coffee and maize markets (coffee grading and maize farm gate buying). These chapters demonstrate how these failures contribute to market inefficiency and how they lower the incomes of some of the poorest groups participating in these market chains. The findings demonstrate that there is no automatic welfare maximising process in the functioning or the evolutionary path of institutions because even though these institutions are inefficient, they remain constant and largely unchallenged in the market. In other words, inefficient market institutions do not spontaneously disappear even though they disadvantage large groups. The findings also raise questions about how these inefficient institutions evolved and why they persist. The third case study of Tanzania’s agricultural market liberalisation reforms addresses these questions. It describes shifting alliances and local level resistance and shows how competition between groups around the reform period has changed their respective abilities to influence institutional change over time. Initially, elite power was characterised by the capture of local and village governments by big agricultural cooperatives during the liberalisation reform period. Subsequent to the reforms, private sector traders and processors have become powerful and influential even though they were the market underdogs for many years. This is because they have invested in reducing their influence costs by establishing strong business associations and by building strong relationships with local and village government authorities. It is argued that groups with low influence costs are more powerful and can build the links that are necessary for influencing institutional change more easily. The analysis of Tanzania’s agricultural market reforms also shows that these relative positions of power and influence evolved through a long process of distributional conflict at the micro level. The complexities, contradictions, delays and reversals of Tanzania’s agricultural market liberalisation reforms were largely determined at the most disaggregated level. Massive institutional change was taking place, but its path was steered by a drawn-out process of distributional conflict in rural villages that is still ongoing today. The findings of the coffee and maize chapters are directly linked to this above described process of distributional conflict, relative power and institutional change since the inefficient institutions analysed in the coffee and maize markets emerged as outcomes of the liberalisation reforms. What this thesis shows is that institutional change depends, to a large extent, on the preferences and responses of the most influential interest groups. The historical perspective is also important in that it acts as a clarifying lens for what may otherwise seem to be an opaque set of groups, structures and incentives. This is what this thesis has sought to achieve. By combining quantitative institutional impact investigations with interest group-based political economy and historical analyses, this research has been able to reveal the thread that links current economic outcomes with long-standing group conflict dynamics.
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Moldaschl, Manfred F. "Institutional Reflexivity." Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-200701809.
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How can we understand the innovativeness of firms or organizations in general, and how should we assess it in terms of nontechnological innovation? My paper deals with these two questions. The “ability” of companies to adapt to new circumstances, to create new products, processes and new knowledge, has been conceptualized in many approaches. Some of them simply define a list of “(critical) success factors” or “(key) performance indica-tors”, as tools for ranking and evaluation, without any theoretical reference. Others, like the resource-based or capability-based approach(es), work with theoretical references, but are still very weak in operationalizing of what they call “capability”. My paper gives a critical description of this situation and offers a new proposal to classify and to measure the “inclination” of organizations to innovate in all dimensions. This proposal roots in pragmatistic thinking as represented in the theory of reflexive modernization and in the pragmatist version of organizational learning theory. Empirically, it has been applied merely in case studies yet. A survey project is in preparation.
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Canales, Rodrigo (Rodrigo J. ). "From ideals to institutions : institutional entrepreneurship in Mexican small business finance." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/44810.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2008."June 2008."
Includes bibliographical references.
Through a combination of in-depth research and unique loan-level data, this dissertation explores the mechanisms of intentional institutional change. It argues that current accounts of institutions and institutional change require but do not provide a systematic understanding of the role of individuals in processes of change. It then uses two in-depth case studies to explore the mechanisms through which individuals can initiate institutional change. One case is the activation of the small business credit market in Mexico. The second is the expansion of micro credit in the country. Through these cases, the dissertation proposes that, contrary to conventional thinking, institutional change is not rare because institutional entrepreneurs are scarce. In fact, they are quite prevalent. Rather, what is scarce is the required combination of an opportunity for change, individuals who can recognize this opportunity, have the capabilities and skills to pursue it, and are situated in the right structural position to drive a change process. It further argues that successful institutional entrepreneurs are usually situated in positions of middle management, which provide the right balance between a motivation to experiment, access to sufficient resources, and discretion to diverge from norms. Additionally, institutional entrepreneurs tend to have mixed backgrounds with diverse professional trajectories, which allow them to detect opportunities, cross borders, and learn the different languages required to brokerage experimental efforts.
by Rodrigo Canales.
Ph.D.
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Plummer, Ellen Wright. "Institutional Transformation: An Analysis of Change Initiatives at NSF ADVANCE Institutions." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28204.
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The purpose of this study was to examine how institutional culture promoted or impeded the implementation of round one and two NSF ADVANCE initiatives designed to improve academic climates for women in science and engineering. This study was conducted in two phases. In phase one, 35 participants from 18 institutions were interviewed to answer three research questions. Participants identified a policy, process, or program designed to improve academic cultures for women in science and engineering fields. Participants also identified strategies that promoted the implementation of these efforts, and discussed factors that impeded these efforts. In phase two, site visits were conducted at two institutions to answer a fourth research question. How did institutional culture shape the design and implementation of faculty search processes?
Policies, processes, and programs were implemented by participants at the institutional, departmental, and individual levels and included family friendly and dual career policies at the institutional level, improved departmental faculty search and climate improvement processes, and mentoring programs and training for department heads at the individual level.
Communication and leadership strategies were key to the successful implementation of policies, processes, and programs designed to achieve institutional transformation. Communication strategies involved shaping change messages to reach varied audiences often with the argument that change efforts would improve the climate for everyone not just women faculty members. Administrative and faculty leaders from multiple levels proved important to change efforts.
Institutional culture shaped initiatives to improve faculty search processes. Faculty leaders in both settings used data to persuade faculty members of the need for change. At one site, data that included national availability information was critical to advancing the change agenda. At the other site, social science data that illustrated gender bias was persuasive. Faculty members who were effective as change agents were those who were credible with their peers in that setting.Ph. D.
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Boué, Céline. "Changement institutionnel et pratiques de sécurisation des droits fonciers : le cas d’une commune rurale des Hautes Terres malgaches (Faratsiho)." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NSAM0025/document.
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Depuis plusieurs décennies, un grand nombre de pays du Sud ont suivi un processus de généralisation de politiques de formalisation des droits fonciers via l'intervention publique, fondant leur argumentaire sur des objectifs d'augmentation des investissements productifs et d'établissement de la paix sociale. Madagascar constitue un cas d'étude de l'implémentation d'une politique « soft » d'enregistrement des droits fonciers à travers la certification foncière (2005), envisagée comme une alternative aux procédures de titrage dont les limites ont été empiriquement documentées. Cette thèse s'inscrit dans une perspective d'économie néo-institutionnelle tout en intégrant des sensibilités issues d'autres sciences sociales (socio-économie et anthropologie). Elle traite de l'influence de l'introduction de la procédure de certification sur les pratiques formelles et informelles de sécurisation des droits fonciers. Elle combine des techniques de recueil et de traitements qualitatifs et quantitatifs. Les analyses qualitative et économétrique montrent que la recherche de la sécurisation des droits fonciers est le principal déterminant du recours à la certification. En effet, ce recours est envisagé indépendamment d'éventuelles perspectives de mise sur le marché des terres dans de meilleures conditions, d'accès à un crédit formel, ou encore d'investissements productifs sur la parcelle une fois celle-ci certifiée. Les caractéristiques de la parcelle influent aussi bien sur la décision de certifier que sur le choix des parcelles à certifier au sein d'un patrimoine d'un ménage. La relative faible demande de certificat est davantage expliquée par les dispositifs locaux de sécurisation existants et par l'incomplétude du faisceau de droits des individus sur certaines parcelles, que par les coûts de la procédure de certification. La procédure de certification n'élimine pas les dispositifs locaux existants de sécurisation, très standardisés, et considérés comme légitimes. Les autorités locales (impliquées ou non dans la procédure de certification), et dans certains cas leur interprétation du nouveau cadre légal, jouent un rôle dans le maintien de ces dispositifs locaux de sécurisation après la réforme de 2005. Ces résultats invitent à discuter des orientations futures de la réforme foncière afin de poursuivre l'effort de décentralisation de la gestion foncière et le développement d'outils mieux adaptés aux besoins de sécurisation des ménages rurauxFor several decades, a large number of countries of the South have followed policies of formalization of land rights through public intervention, establishing their argument on objectives of productive investments increase and establishment of social peace. Madagascar constitutes a case study of the implementation of a land rights recording “soft” policy through land certification (2005), envisaged as an alternative to land titles procedures for which the limits were empirically documented. This study is in a perspective of neo-institutional economy while integrating sensibilities from other social sciences (socioeconomics and anthropology). It deals with the influence of the certification introduction on the formal and informal practices of land rights securisation. It combines qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques and analyzes. Qualitative and econometric analyses show that the pursuit of securing land rights is the main determinant for certification process engagement. This engagement is considered independently of the conditions improvement for launching land market, for access to formal credit, or for investment on the land legally secure. The plot characteristics influence as well the decision to certificate as the choice of the plots of land to be certified within land in possession of a household. The relative low demand of certificate is explained more by the local land securisation practices and procedures and by the incompleteness of individuals' bundle of rights on certain plots, than by the costs of the certification procedure. Land certification does not eliminate the existing written local formalisation very standardized and considered justifiable. The local authorities (involved or not in the procedure of certification), and in certain cases their interpretation of the new legal framework, play a role in the preservation of these local land securisation. These results invite us to discuss about the future orientations of the land reform to pursue the effort of land management decentralisation and the development of tools even more adapted to the needs for rural households securisation
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Buckner, Connie S. "Institutional Climate and Institutional Effectiveness at Three Community Colleges." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 1996. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2886.
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The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to explore the impact of employee morale, as manifested in institutional climate data, upon institutional effectiveness; and (2) to determine the extent to which information generated by climate survey data was used in developing and implementing change initiatives at each of the institutions studied. Three institutions were selected for this multiple site case study. Four sources of data from each institution were used to provide a "picture" of institutional climate. These sources of data were (a) the Personal Assessment of the College Environment (PACE) climate survey, (b) institutional self-study reports, (c) reaffirmation team reports, and (d) employee interviews. These four sources of data also provided opportunity for triangulation, a method to ensure internal validity. External validity was established by cross-case analysis and peer review. Indications of institutional climate were consistent across all four data sources. The institution in which climate was perceived as "excellent" was also recognized by the reaffirmation team of its accrediting agency as an "exemplary institution ... Few institutions have such tremendous energy at all levels as (this) College. It holds the promise of being an exemplary institution for the rest of this century and the next" (Reaffirmation Team Summary, 1996, p. 1). In contrast, the reaffirmation team of the institution in which the climate was "dreadful" indicated that "The College is in a difficult position to demonstrate through verifiable means, its attainment of purposes and objective both inside and outside the classroom" (Reaffirmation Team Report, 1995, p. 9). Results of the study indicated disparity in employee morale and thus in institutional climate. Employees of one institution consistently indicated that "the climate is excellent" (Professor, 1996). Employees of the second institution indicated that the "climate is better, but could be improved" (Support Staff, 1996), and employees of the third institution indicated that "people here work under dreadful conditions" (Professional Support Staff, 1996). Additionally, the results indicated that equally as important as conducting climate surveys was the use of the results in effecting change. Employees at all three institutions consistently stated that it was "seeing the results" (Associate Professor, 1996) that actually made the difference. At one institution evidence of change resulting from employee input indicated to them that "there is not a 'we-they' atmosphere here ... that they (employees) are important to the overall mission of the College" (Associate Professor, 1996). In contrast, employees of the second institution stated that "we do not revisit the issues ... ten years is a long time" (Instructor, 1996) and "people are questioning whether we are going backwards toward a more autocratic system" (Associate Dean, 1996). Employees at the third institution stated that "unfortunately the results just sit in a drawer ... if we had followed some of the priorities and actually did some planning and implemented it, I am sure there would have been some positive changes" (Professional Support Staff, 1996). It appeared that the difference in the three institutions studied was that employees of the institution in which the climate was perceived as "excellent" were respected for their intelligence, knowledge, and for their contributions to the success of the institution. Employees of the institution in which the climate was "dreadful" indicated a perception that they were not respected for their contributions to the institution and that there was a lack of trust among administrators and employees.
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Al, Amri R., Alison J. Glaister, and David P. Spicer. "Talent management practice in Oman: The institutional perspective." Edward Elgar, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/17930.
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Ushakova, Yevgeniya. "The effects of the institutional context on a foreign company´s entry strategy when entering an emerging market : A case study: Väderstad-Verken AB." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-119605.
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Background: More foreign companies expand into emerging markets and such markets differ from developed ones. Emerging markets present opportunities and challenges for foreign companies. Challenges include many environmental factors, cultural differences, economic uncertainties and weak institutions. Emerging markets are often characterized by underdeveloped formal institutions which result in the so called institutional voids. Informal institutions act as formal institutions and fill in these institutional voids. Foreign companies need to pay much attention to emerging economies institutions when selecting entry mode since the institutions affect their strategy and profitability. Aim: The purpose of my thesis is to investigate and analyze how aforeign company is affected by a host country’s institutional context when entering an emerging market. The thesis focuses on the emerging market of Russia and a case company. Conclusions: Institutions affect the steps taken in accordance with the Uppsalamodel. It is important to learn more about the institutions of a host country in choosing an entry mode. The weakness in property rights, risk of corruption, political and economic factors combined with networking were the dominant factors in choosing an entrymode. Väderstad suffers from institutional shocks in the Russian market and they affect the willingness to invest further.Bakgrund: Mer företag expanderar till tillväxtmarknader och sådana marknader är annorlunda än utvecklade marknader. Tillväxtmarknader presenterar både möjligheter och utmaningar för företagen. Utmaningarna inkluderar omgivningsfaktorer, kulturella skillnader, ekonomisk osäkerhet och svaga institutioner. Tillväxtmarknader karakteriseras ofta av underutvecklade formella institutioner som kan resultera i institutionella tomrum. Informella institutioner verkar som formella för att fylla tomrummet. Utländska företag måste ge uppmärksamhet till institutionerna i tillväxtmarknader när de väljer etableringsform eftersom institutionerna påverkar både strategi och lönsamhet. Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka och analysera hur ett utländskt företag påverkas av ett värdlands institutionella sammanhang när det etablerar sig på en tillväxtmarknad. Uppsatsen fokuserar på tillväxtmarknaden Ryssland och ett fallföretag. Slutsats: Institutioner påverkade stegen i enlighet med Uppsalamodellen. Det är viktigt att lära sig mer om institutionerna för värdlandet när företaget väljer etableringsstrategi. Svag äganderätt, risk för korruption, politiska och ekonomiska faktorer kombinerat med närverksbyggande var dominanta faktorer i valet av etableringsform. Väderstad påverkas av institutionella chocker i Ryssland och det påverkar viljan att investera mer
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Bindler, Nils, and Monique Sieng Kao. "Coping with Institutional Voids in Cambodia : A Qualitative Case Study on Institutions." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-149060.
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Although emerging economies have received increased attention by both firms and academia in recent decades, there is still more that can be done. Calls have been made by both academic authors and journals to conduct research within institutionally voided environments, a call that was answered by this study. Specifically, this study answers calls related to: examining institutional strategies; examining the relationship between nonmarket and market exchanges. The purpose of this study was to gain a deeper understanding of how the nonmarket-market relationship affects firm strategies and behavior in Cambodia, an especially voided country due to their turbulent recent history. A second layer of the purpose was to compare firms and explore their similarities and differences to understand the isomorphic pressures of Cambodia. A qualitative case study approach to the study was undertaken to achieve the study’s purpose. Thirteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with various managers who have the ability to make strategic decisions in their respective firms. All the interviewees were from the private sector but were scattered throughout different industries and were asked about their experiences and perception of the Cambodian business environment, mainly focusing on the institutional context. The data collected were then structured based on three main themes and corresponding subthemes. This thematic division was the basis for the analysis of the study as well as the conclusion. Based on the analysis of the data, it can be concluded that the nonmarket is indeed superordinate to the market environment in Cambodia. From a macro perspective, the institutional voids affect all firms in Cambodia, and the firms utilize similar variations of four institutional strategies: internalization, substitution, buffering, and bridging. Because the nonmarket environment in Cambodia is so strong, this results in both voids in the market environment and firms becoming more isomorphic. These four strategies were not the only ones identified, other strategies, namely outsourcing and institutional borrowing, were noted as well because of the institutional voids. Theoretically, this study contributes to revising and improving Institutional Theory and reinforcing both Institutional Theory and the Resource-Based View. Social contributions relate to assisting policymakers in Cambodia to understanding their most problematic institutions and developing or improving those institutions. Practical contributions are aimed at practitioners seeking to or doing business in Cambodia, assisting them in understanding the institutional context of Cambodia and knowing how to navigate within its boundaries. This practical contribution can also be considered a social contribution, as more businesses enter Cambodia and as firms grow, the combination of firm entrance and growth creates more jobs and stimulates the economy.
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Nees, Scott. "Pogg'es Institutional Cosmopolitanism." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2010. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/philosophy_theses/69.
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In his landmark work World Poverty and Human Rights, Thomas Pogge offers a novel approach to understanding the nature and extent of the obligations that citizens of wealthy states owe to their less fortunate counterparts in poor states. Pogge argues that the wealthy have weighty obligations to aid the global poor because the wealthy coercively impose institutions on the poor that leave their human rights, particularly their subsistence rights avoidably unfulfilled. Thus, Pogge claims that the wealthy states' obligations to the poor are ultimately generated by their negative duties, that is, their duties to refrain from harming. In this essay, I argue that Pogge cannot successfully appeal to negative duties in way that would appease his critics because his notion of a negative duty is seriously indeterminate, so much so as to compromise his ability to plausibly appeal to it.
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Shvetsova, Olga Ordeshook Peter C. "Electoral institutional design /." Diss., Pasadena, Calif. : California Institute of Technology, 1995. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-10222007-110128.
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Ramasawmy, Brinda. "Intérêt du travail institutionnel dans les dynamiques de filières agricoles : le cas de l'ile Maurice." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NSAM0006/document.
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Ce travail de recherche vise à utiliser la sociologie néo-institutionnelle et ses concepts clés tels que les logiques institutionnelles et le travail institutionnel pour analyser comment les acteurs agissent sur les institutions au niveau d'une filière agricole. Nous avons choisi de vérifier l'applicabilité de notre cadre théorique dans un contexte empirique subissant un changement institutionnel, la filière légumes mauricienne. Pour valider le cadre théorique choisi, nous avons tout d'abord mené un terrain exploratoire. A travers une analyse thématique des enquêtes, nous avons identifié les logiques institutionnelles qui orientent les actions de nos principaux acteurs dans la filière légumes mauricienne, et les types et formes de travail institutionnel entreprit par les acteurs en place et nouveaux de la filière légumes. Cette thèse permet de conclure que l'étude du travail institutionnel dans une dynamique de filière agricole a toute son importance car l'approche sociologique permet aux chercheurs de mieux appréhender le comportement des acteurs de la filière.Mots clés : sociologie néo-institutionnelle, logique institutionnelle, travail institutionnelle, filière agricole, analyse de contenu thématique, analyse qualitative comparéeThis research work aimed at using sociological neo institutionalism and its key concepts, institutional logics, and institutional work to understand the work undertaken by actors in an agricultural value chain. We have chosen the Mauritian vegetable value chain, in the context of an institutional change, as a field of study to apply the theoretical concepts. An exploratory study was carried out to validate the theoretical framework selected. Thematic content analysis allowed us to identify the institutional logics of the vegetable value chain as well as the different types and forms of institutional work undertaken by the incumbent and new actors. This research work allows us to conclude that the use of the concept of institutional work to understand the dynamics of an agricultural value chain is important as the sociological lens enables researchers to better understand actors' behavior in a value chain.Key words: sociological neo institutionalism, institutional logics, and institutional, agricultural value chain, thematic analysis, qualitative comparative analysis
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Chizema, Amon. "Neo-institutional theory and institutional change : executive share options in Germany." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2006. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/9811.
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This study focuses on one element of corporate governance, Executive Stock Options (ESOs) in Germany. The fact that ESOs are purely an Anglo-American innovation, and are now getting adopted in Germany; a country whose corporate governance system is so much different from that of the UKlUSA, makes this study more interesting. Several studies on executive compensation have used agency theory as a theoretical lens. On the contrary, this study employs neo-institutional theory, a theoretical lens that embraces socio-economic factors within the firm's institutional and market environment. In general, early institutional theory was associated with path dependence and inertia. In international corporate governance, it has been used as an explanation for the continued divergence of national systems in certain contexts. However, recent developments in neo-institutional theory, under a combination of the New Institutional Sociology strand and the Old Institutional Economics strand identify the circumstances in which change is likely to occur, and this theory is developed to produce hypotheses in relation to governance changes. The adoption in Germany of the US practice of rewarding executives with stock options is chosen as a governance institution suitable for empirical testing. Results show significant hypothesized associations between firms' ESO adoption and institutional variables such as the presence of US investors, declared shareholder value commitments, dispersed share ownership and large block-holdings. Profits seem to act as an enabling resource for ESO adoption, rather than low profits creating a crisis and a greater willingness to adopt ESO changes. This study adds theoretical development in the study of corporate governance, especially to the debate on governance convergence. Indeed, German corporate governance is far from converging on the American system, and as shown in this study, changes in the German system suggest a 'hybrid' of firm corporate governance. With a lot of institutional changes taking place in transition economies (e.g. China and Eastern Europe), the European Union, and developing countries, this study has great relevance for policy makers and firm-level strategy.
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Sacchini, Bruzual Bernardo A. "Dueling markets : capitalizing on the non-institutional and institutional asset arbitrage." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/97959.
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Thesis: S.M. in Real Estate Development, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Program in Real Estate Development in conjunction with the Center for Real Estate, 2015.Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 71-73).
The rising supply of both domestic and international capital pursuing yield in major U.S. real estate markets is staggering and has resulted in substantial unmet demand for quality, institutional assets. This thesis examines the pricing and yield arbitrage between institutional and sub-institutional grade assets, as defined by valuation parameters, alongside the feasibility of an investment model to capitalize on the aggregation of subinstitutional assets into portfolios attractive to institutional investment. The U.S. market was analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively to determine the viability of the perceived arbitrage, the components comprising both institutional and noninstitutional markets, and where these have been successfully capitalized on with an aggregation investment model. In order to assess the viability and best practices of an aggregation strategy, interviews were conducted with firms invested in or executing this model. A repeat sales index was also created using data provided by Real Capital Analytics which comprised over 68,000 transactions of assets valued above $2.5 million which transacted between 2000 and 2014 across the United States. The interviews, regressions, and corresponding data analysis revealed distinguishable trends underlying institutional and sub-institutional assets within specific markets. These trends suggest that there is inefficiency in the real estate market regarding the pricing of certain sub-institutional assets in older, land-constrained cities making them target locations for an urban aggregation model. The largest disparities between sub-institutional and institutional investments were found in the yield and growth rates of specific assets based on underlying market criteria. By aggregating these two metrics for total return averages for non-institutional and institutional assets, and by analyzing the risk performance of each, we conclude the existence of a different pricing of risk, which generates the potential for arbitrage. Specifically, non-institutional properties exhibited better risk-adjusted returns relative to their larger counterparts for land constrained, older regions and cities, confirming our hypothesis.
by Bernardo A. Sacchini Bruzual.
S.M. in Real Estate Development
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DeJordy, Rich. "Institutional Guardianship: the Role of Agency in Preserving Threatened Institutional Arrangements." Thesis, Boston College, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/1394.
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Thesis advisor: Mary Ann GlynnInstitutional Theory has responded to early criticism that actors are characterized as passive "cultural dopes" primarily through work on Institutional Entrepreneurship, which implicitly links actors' agency to institutional change or creation. In this dissertation, I decouple change from agency, examining how actors work to maintain existing institutional arrangements that have come under threat. Through inductive, qualitative analysis of the creation of the Securities Exchange Commission in 1934, focusing primarily on the legislative history, I ground my analysis in the speech events of the actors involved in stabilizing the securities markets as an institution after the Crash begun in 1929, identifying different forms of Institutional Guardianship aimed at preserving different aspects of the institution. I then generalize across actors to present an abstracted model of Institutional Guardianship
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2010
Submitted to: Boston College. Carroll School of Management
Discipline: Organization Studies
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Bateira, Jorge. "Institutions, markets and economic evolution - conceptual basis for a naturalist institutionalism." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/institutions-markets-and-economic-evolution--conceptual-basis-for-a-naturalist-institutionalism(c794c515-22de-41b7-aa5e-9405e5777741).html.
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We might wonder, after two centuries of economic science and thousands of articles and books written by economists, if something new can still be said about 'markets'. Today, what new contribution could still be given to a so fundamental concept in economics? This thesis builds on the main legacy of Veblen, Polanyi and Hayek's Institutionalism: the distinction between the 'interactional' level of human sociality and the 'structural' level of society that Veblen named 'institutions'. The three authors tentatively formulated an original idea: the two levels of sociocultural reality are interdependent and mutually constitutive. This is a proto-emergentist ontology of institutions that makes the starting point of the thesis. Convergent results of different disciplines are explored in order to develop such ontology. It is argued that sociocultural systems have properties that make them specific, namely the human capacity to interact in multiple scales of time-space using human language. Sociocultural research cannot be guided by conceptual schemes abstracted from other levels of Nature. This is the bedrock of a Naturalist Institutionalism. To understand institutions we need to discuss meanings and culture; we need to enter the semiotic of Peirce, the founder of Pragmatism. The foregoing implies the distinction of three types of inter-dependent processes in sociocultural systems: the cultural ('norms'); the social (networks, organisations); the material reality. This analytical move enables a redefinition of 'institution': a sociocultural system emergent from inter-related organisations, networks, norms and material reality, which structure individuals and organisations and serves a societal function. In this sense, the 'economy' is a macro-institution and markets are sub-systems of the 'economy', meso-institutions. Thus, a market is a self-organizing, complex, and open system endowed with structural levels emergent from persons' interactions-communications participating in the transformation processes of production, distribution, appropriation and consumption, using matter-energy and symbolic tools. Finally, it is argued that the evolutionary process of markets has a specific sociocultural nature that goes by the name of 'history'. Their motion is discussed with recourse to a model that highlights the interactions of markets with science, state and culture to solve problems of uncertainty and coordination in the processes of competition, cooperation and valuation.
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Paul, Bénédique. "Le capital institutionnel dans l'analyse du changement économique et social : application au secteur de la microfinance en Haïti." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON10006.
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Les développements théoriques de l'économie (néo-)institutionnelle ont gagné récemment le débat sur le développement. En même temps, le rôle des institutions est progressivement intégré dans l'analyse des stratégies de développement. Notre recherche dont le champ empirique est le cas de la microfinance en Haïti s'inscrit dans cette optique. Elle part de l'idée que le changement économique et social à la base du développement implique l'articulation d'un ensemble d'actifs matériels et immatériels. Le développement apparaît alors comme étant le processus sinon le résultat de la mobilisation d'un ensemble de capitaux. Aussi, nous avons cherché à montrer que les institutions économiques qui structurent les interactions entre les individus constituent une forme de capital : le capital institutionnel. Appliquée à l'analyse de l'intermédiation microfinancière en Haïti, le capital institutionnel s'est révélé un élément déterminant dans la mise en oeuvre des stratégies de développement. Il apparaît comme un apport des organisations de microfinance. Il agit sur les comportements des bénéficiaires des services microfinanciers et se traduit par des conséquences économiques et sociales mesurables. A la lumière de preuves empiriques, nous sommes parvenus à la conclusion suivante : le capital institutionnel compte, à la fois comme outil analytique et comme actif véhiculé par les acteurs pour guider les comportements dans le sens du changement souhaitéTheories in (New) Institutional Economics won recently the development debate. Meanwhile, the role of institutions is being taken into account progressively in development strategies analysis. Our research in Haitian Microfinance follows the same logic. Its fundamental idea is that development implies economic and social change and this is the result of a pattern of material and immaterial assets. Then, development is viewed as the process or outcome from the interaction of several capitals. In this study, we show that economic institutions structuring relations between economic agents are constitutive of a form of capital: the institutional capital. With an analysis based in the Haitian microfinancial intermediation, we find that institutional capital is a determinant condition for development strategies implementation. In microfinancial intermediation, institutional capital is a production of microfinance organizations. It influences users' behaviors of microfinancial services and generates economic and social outcomes. The main conclusion of our study using empirical evidence is the following: institutional capital matters, either for analytic purpose or as an asset used by economic agents to modify behaviors for change
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Harriel, Holly Elizabeth. "Urban universities and colleges as anchor institutions| An examination of institutional management practices." Thesis, University of Pennsylvania, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3721038.
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In the last twenty years, anchor institutions such as universities and academic medical centers have been addressing societal problems in building a more democratic, just, and equitable society (Taylor, 2013). Anchor institutions are those nonprofit or corporate entities that, by reason of mission, invested capital, or relationships to customers or employees, are geographically tied to a certain location (Porter, 2002; Taylor, 2013).
This study sought to understand what organizational capacity is needed by urban universities in order to undertake large-scale neighborhood revitalization efforts. This study used qualitative research methods to examine the University of Chicago’s Washington Park Incubator project, established in 2011, and Johns Hopkins University’s East Baltimore Development Initiative, established in 2001. Through 22 interviews with executive and senior university officials, leaders of community-based organizations and neighborhood residents, this study sought to answer two research questions: What strategies do anchor institutions use to seed, support and sustain their anchor initiatives? What are the barriers or complexities to forming sustainable agreements and cohesion around partnership collaboration?
This study found that IHE anchors use three critical strategies to sustain their work: the role and actions of a university’s president, the role of the board of trustees, and the use of community boundary spanners as leaders of partnerships. A major barrier to sustainability and a primary challenge to achieving cohesive partnership agreements with partners is historical mistrust. The findings were situated within a university real estate investment model (Austrian & Norton, 2005), an engaged institutions leadership model (Sandmann & Plater, 2009), and a framework for community boundary spanners (Weerts & Sandmann, 2010) to explain how these models impact the sustainability of IHE anchor initiatives.
Conclusions drawn from this study will equip urban college and university executive and senior leaders and operational administrators as well as community leaders with insight into how to sustain anchor institution partnerships.
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Narkawicz, Melanie G. "Marketing Acceptance and Its Relationship to Selected Institutional Characteristics in Higher Education Institutions." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 1994. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2757.
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This study examined the level of acceptance of marketing by colleges and universities in the United States. It was based upon the "Four Stage Model Reflecting the Acceptance of Marketing in Higher Education Institutions" developed by Simmons and Laczniak (1992). The primary purposes of this study were to validate the model and to identify the operational level of marketing acceptance at colleges and universities. Secondary purposes were to determine if the level of acceptance differed according to source of control/affiliation (public v. private), highest level of degree awarded (associate, baccalaureate, master's, doctors), regional location, urban location, and institutional size. Variables were measured through a survey instrument developed by the researcher. A pilot test was conducted for reliability and validity testing of the instrument. It was then sent to a random sample of institutions which was chosen from the population of all nonproprietary colleges and universities in the United States. Responses from 243 institutions were used for data analysis. Major findings include: (1) stage completion was associated with the source of control (public v. private), a greater percentage of private institutions have completed each stage; (2) source of control/affiliation should be controlled for when comparing marketing of institutions; (3) most colleges have completed Stage One (marketing as promotion), with fewer than half completing Stage Two (marketing as market research), and about a quarter completing Stages Three (marketing as enrollment management), and Four (strategic marketing management); (4) there were no differences in stage scores based on the highest level of degree awarded, regional location, urban location, and institutional size when controlling for the source of control/affiliation; (5) the Four Stage Model has some validity, but more research is needed, particularly regarding the latter stages. Several recommendations were made. They primarily focus on the model, sampling and measurement, and future research needed on marketing acceptance.
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Parada, Jairo Jesus Sturgeon James I. "A pragmatic institutional economics approach to economic development and institutions the case of Colombia /." Diss., UMK access, 2006.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Dept. of Economics. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2006."A dissertation in economics and Social Science Consortium." Advisor: James I. Sturgeon. Typescript. Vita. Title from "catalog record" of the print edition Description based on contents viewed Jan. 29, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 244-256). Online version of the print edition.
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Rasch, Kevin H. "An analysis of institutional and non-institutional factors affecting Naval Aviator retention." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1998. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA343640.
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Thesis (M.S. in Management) Naval Postgraduate School, March 1998.Thesis advisor(s): Stephen L. Mehay, Julie Dougherty. "March 1998." Includes bibliographical references (p. 77-78). Also available online.
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Shin, Jae Yong. "Institutional investors and CEO compensation does the composition of institutional ownership matter?" Saarbrücken VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, 2006. http://d-nb.info/989329909/04.
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Ennis, Jeffrey L. (Jeffrey Lake). "The institutional real estate clearinghouse : implications for institutional investment in real estate." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/11393.
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Lemkow, Gabriel. "Institutional definitions of art." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2011. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/35087/.
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Young, Susan L. "Cross-National Differences in Corporate Social Responsibility in the Global Apparel Industry." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1345481244.
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Kodeih, Farah. "Organizational and field-level responses to institutional complexity : The case of french Grandes Ecoles de Commerce." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, Ecole supérieure des sciences économiques et commerciales, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ESEC0002.
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Cette thèse cherche à mieux comprendre la manière dont les organisations font face à des logiques et attentes institutionnelles potentiellement contradictoires. Pour ce faire, la thèse étudie le cas des Grandes Ecoles de Commerce Françaises (GECF), qui font face depuis le milieu des années 1990 à une mondialisation croissante de l’enseignement supérieur en gestion. En raison de cette mondialisation, les GECF doivent gérer deux types de contraintes : d’une part, répondre aux exigences des organismes d’accréditations et des classements internationaux – qui véhiculent les standards du modèle de la business school (recherche, internationalisation, académisation) – et, d’autre part, préserver leur identité originelle et fondatrice, construite sur un modèle national, et qui constitue encore leur source de légitimité locale. Les problématiques générées par la présence de ces deux logiques institutionnelles dans le champ des GECF, nécessite de la part de ces dernières des arbitrages complexes, et une redéfinition de leur identité. En particulier, la thèse cherche à identifier les mécanismes entrepreneuriaux et identitaires à l’oeuvre dans les réponses des GECF aux pressions institutionnelles différentes et parfois contradictoires. Ecrite sous forme d’articles, la thèse s’intéresse aux origines des GECF et à l’émergence d’une logique institutionnelle propre, à la transformation de leurs pratiques et de leurs identités en réponse aux nouveaux standards internationaux et à l’incidence de ce processus sur les logiques institutionnelles présentes dans leur environnementThis dissertation explores how organizations cope with multiple and heterogeneous institutions, a situation recently referred to as ‘institutional complexity’. It is based on the study of French Business Schools, known as French Grandes Ecoles de Commerce (FGEC). Up until the mid 1990s, FGEC operated in a familiar and monolithic national institutional environment. Recent years have seen a rise in global standards for management education; a movement that has been particularly salient in Europe with the proliferation of MBAs, the development of accreditation and public ranking systems and the endorsement of the Bologna agreement in 1999, which aimed at developing a harmonized European higher education system. From that point onwards, FGEC have come under pressure to adapt to the growing internationalization of management education and adopt its dominant standards. While trying to redefine themselves as International Business Schools, FGEC continue to value their historical identity, which still forms the basis of their national legitimacy. This dissertation brings together a wide range of qualitative methods (participative observation, semi-structured interviews and documentary evidence), which are particularly suitable for understanding the social dynamics of institutional processes. The architecture of the dissertation goes from the micro to the macro level of analysis and combines three articles that should be considered together. The first article focuses on the case of one FGEC and explores how it attempted to promote an alternative definition of what an MBA program represents, by simultaneously combining the FGEC and the International Business School institutional logics. The second offers a comparative study of how four FGEC have interpreted and experienced the rising institutional complexity in their field, based on their identities. The third article offers a study of the FGEC population. It explores how and why FGEC emerged, established themselves as a particular form of management education, and developed by infusing practices from a competing logic, while remaining true to their traditional core
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Munoobhai, Sharika. "Alternative execution strategies to overcoming institutional voids and institutional distance in BoP markets." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/45034.
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Emerging markets are a great point of interest to multinational companies seeking to exploit
new opportunities as they realise that catering to the rich domestic markets limits their
opportunities, their potential and competitive advantage. Serving the consumers that are at
the bottom of the economic pyramid (BoP) presents enormous opportunity but it also comes
with its unique set of challenges. These challenges require an alternative business strategy,
as companies entering these markets must develop new offerings designed to meet the
specific requirements of servicing the BoP consumer. This report seeks to explore why
companies operating in South Africa are entering the lower income markets, and will
describe the challenges encountered both internally and externally, when operating in these
markets. Ten interviews at six multinational companies based in South Africa were
conducted to test the research propositions derived from the literature. The results
concluded that companies enter the BoP markets in pursuit of growth. A variety of
secondary factors also emerged. The data revealed that these companies have created
innovative alternative execution strategies to overcome the challenges encountered in this
market. The report offered a descriptive model of why companies enter the BoP market, and
highlights how the challenges presented by the institutional voids and institutional distance
were overcome.Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
lmgibs2015
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
Unrestricted
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Gerbay, Rémy. "The functions of arbitral institutions : theoretical representations and practical realities." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2014. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/8143.
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While thousands of cross-border disputes are resolved each year through institutional arbitration, there appears to be little understanding of the role of arbitral institutions. In particular, very little academic scholarship has been produced on the nature of the functions exercised by arbitral institutions in the proceedings they administer. This thesis seeks to rectify this gap by (1) identifying in the literature conventional assumptions as to the functions of arbitral institutions in the institutional arbitration process; (2) critically assessing such conventional assumptions; and (3) offering a novel and more realistic representation of the functions of arbitral institutions. This thesis is principally based on a systematic study of the activities performed by over 40 international arbitration institutions in their administration of cases. This study also examines court decisions on the nature of the functions exercised by such institutions in some leading civil law and common law jurisdictions. The thesis finds that arbitration institutions are conventionally portrayed in the literature in one of two ways: According to a first representation, arbitral institutions are mere administrators with no decision-making power whatsoever. According to another representation, while institutions are occasionally called upon to exercise some measure of decision-making, measures taken by institutions remain immaterial because of their alleged ‗administrative‘/‗non-jurisdictional‘ nature. In both instances, it is conventionally assumed that, contrary to arbitrators, arbitral institutions should not be concerned by due process when they discharge their duties. This thesis argues that these two conventional representations are difficult to reconcile with the diverse reality of institutional arbitration. While some institutions have a very limited involvement in the arbitrations conducted under their auspices, others participate more actively in their resolution. The thesis therefore concludes that arbitral institutions can be more accurately described as ancillary participants in the adjudicative process which decisions, insofar as they may occasionally be outcome-determinative, should call upon the application of some due process standards.
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Nhundu, Kenneth. "Effectiveness of irrigation water management institutions in Zimbabwe: a new institutional economics theory approach." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1006784.
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Despite considerable advances in technology across the world, some scholars (Bratton, 1987; Namara et al., 2010) have argued that declining agricultural productivity among smallholder farmers in Africa remains a major bottleneck in the development of the continent. Unganai (1993) indicates that about 60% of the southern African region is semi-arid or arid and suffers from periodic droughts. In addition, World Bank (2003) notes that agricultural production is dominated by rain-fed agriculture and irrigation systems are limited. This is compounded by the scarcity and poor management of irrigation water resources. Water scarcity in agriculture has large impacts on the population, especially in rural areas, where more than 60 percent of the population are engaged in agriculture which represents their main source of food and income (FAO, 2008). On the macroeconomic level, agricultural share of the GDP is about 37 percent and 75 percent of the export value is generated from the agricultural sector globally. To this effect, management of agricultural water particularly in rain-fed systems remains imperative for improved farm level yields because the bulk of the food comes from rain-fed agriculture (FAO, 2008; Namara et al., 2010). However, increasing water scarcity and poor accessibility may become a limiting factor not only for agricultural production and the welfare of rural population but also for the entire economy. Improving the management of water resources and an efficient use of water by all sectors, including agricultural production, are therefore important if the welfare and health of the population, particularly in rural areas, are to be maintained and improved (Nyong & Kanaroglou, 1999).
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Gravely-Stack, Kara. "Achieving Inclusive Excellence: The role of Change Agents and Institutional Artifacts in Diversifying Institutions." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10365/24744.
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Gravley-Stack, Kara Elizabeth. "Achieving Inclusive Excellence: The Role of Change Agents and Institutional Artifacts in Diversifying Institutions." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2014. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27506.
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The research presented within this disquisition is focused on the work of institutional leaders to address historical inequalities in education by creating transformational culture change towards learning environments that support Inclusive Excellence. Organized as a three-article disquisition, the first article offers a comprehensive integrative review of educational research related to problems of access, achievement, and campus climate for diverse students. This article concludes with significant recommendations for practice and further research to guide continued efforts to embrace Inclusive Excellence. The second article utilizes the Q-Method research technique to investigate the subjective perspectives and experiences of Chief Diversity Officers (CDOs) who serve as senior-level administrators focused on efforts to create institutional policies and practices that support Inclusive Excellence for students, faculty, and staff in the academy. The article concludes with several recommendations for practice and further research into efforts to support and advance the role of the CDO in postsecondary settings. The third article presents a qualitative content analysis of institutional websites to assess for evidence of Inclusive Excellence presented within the organizational rhetoric and artifacts presented on these websites. The analysis reveals recommendations for further study in this area, as well as recommendations for practice to guide efforts of institutional leaders to better articulate institutional commitment to Inclusive Excellence within the information presented on these websites.
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Wittmer, Dana E. "Toward A Theory of Institutional Representation: The Link Between Political Engagement and Gendered Institutions." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1306805663.
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Buliga-Stoian, Minodora Adriana. "Institutional choices in uncertain times the role of organized groups in shaping political institutions /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2009.
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Lacatus, Corina. "The design of national human rights institutions : global patterns of institutional diffusion and strength." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2016. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3534/.
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“The Design of National Human Rights Institutions: Global Patterns of Diffusion and Strength” explores patterns of institutional design in the case of national human rights institutions (i.e. ombudsman, national human rights commission), seeking to understand why countries establish these bodies and give them certain mandated powers as reflected in their institutional design. The project answers two main questions about the global variation of institutional strength as a function of the design of these institutions: (1) What are the main global patterns of the institutional design of national human rights institutions? and (2) What explains variation in the institutional strength of national human rights institutions across borders? The project makes two main contributions to the scholarship on international organisation and cross-border diffusion: the dataset of institutional design features, which operationalizes and measures six different dimensions of an institutional design index on the basis of report-based and survey data, is the first global dataset of its kind. Institutional strength is the original dependent variable that represents an index of six design features, as a synthesis of main mandated functions: 1) de jure legal independence; 2) nature of the mandate; 3) autonomy from government control; 4) predominant de facto duties; 5) pluralism of representation; and 6) staff and financial resources. Institutional strength is a ranked categorical variable with three values (weak, medium, strong). An additional contribution is the explanatory framework, which derives a number of hypotheses about global and regional determinants of institutional design from four main mechanisms that draw respectively on domestic and international, as well as material and social, factors (socialisation, incentive-setting, cost & benefit calculations and domestic identity). The global analysis has found statistically significant evidence that participation in the United Nations-led peer-review process for national human rights institutions accreditation makes countries more likely to have stronger institutions. This is in line with recent work about the role of UN-led peer review processes and provides support for socialisation and acculturation explanations that are facilitated by a global network. At the regional level, social learning and acculturation across borders takes place in regions with high density of strong such human rights institutions (i.e. Europe and the Americas) and where more ‘early adopting’ countries are located. Countries with strong democratic identities, which established their human rights institutions prior to 1990, are both more likely to have strong institutions themselves and to motivate other governments to follow their lead. The analysis of global trends finds also that incentivesetting plays a role both at the global and the regional levels, as countries that receive higher amounts of Overseas Development Assistance from the United States or states that are subjected to EU membership conditionality are more likely to have stronger human rights institutions. The project follows a nested multi-method research design, which begins with a quantitative analysis of global trends as a backdrop for a qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) focused on Europe, complemented by illustrative country institutional case studies. QCA finds two paths that are sufficient for European countries to establish strong institutions. Thirteen case studies present illustrative evidence of the QCA findings at the country/institution level.
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Marron, John F. "Reusing the institution issues, obstacles and principles to foster community development through institutional reuse /." [Muncie, Ind.] : Ball State University, 2009. http://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/624.
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Sundström, Oskar, and Vili Yrjänä. "Fotbollstränares syn på ledarskap - Att orientera sig i en skog av institutionell komplexitet." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Pedagogiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-122956.
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Sports clubs today are exposed to multiple, sometimes contradictory, forces and expectations. This study is about sports coaches and their problems with and experiences of multiple institutional logics in Swedish sports. The aim of the study was therefore to provide further knowledge about the relationship between sports coaches’ leadership and institutional complexity. The study focused on the context of football in northern Sweden. The research questions that were examined were about institutional pressures, legitimacy, institutional logics, sports clubs’ impact and coaches’ strategies to manage institutional complexity. The data was collected through the means of qualitative interviews with 12 active football coaches. The results showed that the football coaches experience multiple institutional pressures and legitimacy claims. The coaches engage with 4 different coexisting institutional logics depending on the situation. Despite the fact that the institutional complexity is institutionalized in the context, it is sometimes viewed as problematic due to lack of control and support by the sports clubs. This indicated that the coaches are relatively autonomous and free to plan the activities as they wish and pursue the goals they see appropriate. Furthermore, the sports clubs have an important role in helping the coaches manage the institutional complexity and provide guidelines.
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Ahmadsimab, Alireza. "From animosity to affinity : institutional complexity and resource dependence in cross sector partnerships." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, Ecole supérieure des sciences économiques et commerciales, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ESEC0001.
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La présente thèse étudie comment certaines organisations parviennent à accorder des logiques institutionnelles différentes dans le contexte de partenariats intersectoriels. L’étude utilise des données longitudinales sur trois partenariats entre entreprise à but lucratif et entreprise à but non lucratif. Les partenariats étudiés s’attaquent à trois causes différentes : maladie infantile, éducation, et conditions de travail. Les données proviennent de sources multiples, notamment des entretiens approfondis, des sources telles que les archives organisationnelles, les rapports annuels, des rapports officiels sur des projets, et des contenus de médias sociaux. Le premier article décrit comment les logiques contradictoires d’un partenariat entre entreprise et ONG (organisation non gouvernementale) peuvent être réconciliées. Le deuxième article de cette thèse étudie le résultat de la confrontation des logiques institutionnelles des organisations engagées dans ces partenariats, et identifie deux scénarios : l’hybridation et la coexistence. L’article explore en outre la transformation des ONG d’organisations informelles en organisations plus formelles du fait de leur interaction avec les entreprises. Le troisième article analyse du point de vue théorique la combinaison des logiques institutionnelles au niveau de l’échange entre les partenaires. En prenant en compte 1) la tension entre les logiques institutionnelles, et 2) l’interdépendance résultant des échanges entre les organisations considérées, on aboutit à une typologie et des propositions qui prédisent les résultats de la confrontation. Globalement, cette thèse montre que la dynamique de réconciliation dans les situations de complexité institutionnelle peut être mieux comprise en observant comment les partenaires négocient la portée de leurs échanges dans le partenariat, et comment l’obtention des premiers résultats dans le cadre du partenariat influence les phases ultérieures de la collaboration. Les résultats de la recherche enrichissent la littérature sur les collaborations inter-organisationnelles ainsi que celle sur les logiques institutionnelles parce qu’ils soulignent l’importance de la dépendance des ressources dans l’interprétation de la complexité institutionnelleThis dissertation investigates how organizations reconcile different institutional logics in the development of cross sector partnerships. It is based on longitudinal data from three cases of partnership between firms and NPOs. These partnerships addressed three distinct sets of social challenges: childhood disease, education and labor force conditions. The data is collected from multiple sources, including in-depth interviews and archival material such as organizational records, annual reports, formal project reports, and social media content. The first essay explains how reconciliation between competing logics of partners can be achieved in a firm-NPO partnership. It focuses on the mechanisms that enable partnership to exist despite different institutional logics of partners. The second essay of this dissertation explores the outcome of competition between the institutional logics of the organizations involved in these partnerships and it identifies different scenarios, namely hybridization and co-existence, as the result of confrontation between different institutional logics of partners. It further explores the transformation of NPOs from informal entities into a more formally organized entity as a result of their interaction with firms. The third essay of this research theorizes the impact of institutional logics at the level of exchange between partners. Taking into account 1) the tension between institutional logics and 2) the interdependence of organizations resulting from their exchanges, it develops a typology and propositions predicting the outcomes of the confrontation. Overall, the findings of this study suggest that the dynamics of reconciliation in situations of institutional complexity can be better understood by examining how partners negotiate the scope of activities in their partnership, and by exploring how the development of valuable outcomes for both parties during the initial stages of the partnership impacts subsequent stages of the collaboration. The research findings contribute to the literatures on inter-organizational collaboration and institution logics by highlighting the role of resource dependence in understanding institutional complexity
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Auplat, Claire Aimee. "Nanotechnology and institutional change : the co-industrial and institutional emergence of nanotechnology as a demonstrative case of a new form of institutional entrepreneurship." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/5274.
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This study provides a conceptual framework of the combined actions of various groups of stakeholders to account for a new field of institutional emergence: technology-centred institutional emergence. The aim is to gain better understanding of the process of the coinstitutional and industrial emergence of a new technology. Rather than focusing on a particular group of stakeholders, the institutional entrepreneurial ‘heroes’, the chosen perspective is to provide evidence that institutional entrepreneurship is a complex process which results from a multifaceted web of interactions. By focusing on the particular empirical case of the co-industrial and institutional emergence of nanotechnology, it reveals some of the characteristics of this process. The empirical field of nanotechnology is the nexus of a whole range of technical, economic and social activities and is at the core of much debate relating to ethics, regulation, economics and politics. Therefore it constitutes an excellent domain of research to enable the replicability of the findings. The scope of the study is global, with a particular focus on Europe and the United States. In this research, I draw mainly from the theoretical frameworks of new institutionalism and entrepreneurship. New institutionalism claims that institutions operate in an environment consisting of other institutions which influence them and that to survive in such an environment, organisations need to establish legitimacy within the world of institutions. The establishment of legitimacy is at the heart of this research and I show that in the field of nanotechnology ventures, institutional legitimacy arises from close interactions between entrepreneurship and institutional entrepreneurship. Building on this conceptual framework I show that: • The process of nanotechnology institutional emergence is co-evolutionary with that of industrial emergence. • Institutional emergence in nanotechnologies results from a specific web of interactions where increasing awareness of the importance of sustainable development constitutes an overlapping area of the distinct visions of each group of stakeholders and may be seen as the connecting element which keeps otherwise potentially diverging agendas together. My demonstration rests on a model which postulates that nanotechnology institutional emergence results from the combined interactions of mainly five groups of stakeholders: entrepreneurs, commentators, end users, scientists and policy makers.
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Awlad-Thani, Faiza S. S. "University Knowledge Commercialisation through an Institutional Logics Perspective: The case of Oman." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/17394.
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University Knowledge Commercialisation‘ (UKC) has come to be seen as a stimulant for developing economic performance. Regardless of the increasing body of literature in the UKC, it is revealed to be undertheorized, whilst existing theories are the result of inductive theorizing based on successful KC stories within the western context. Moreover, the literature provides modest practical directions and pay insufficient attention to the role of mechanisms, such as power, mimetic isomorphism, and intermediation, in bridging differences in institutional logics between actors. These gaps inspired the study aim, which is to explore the implication of such mechanisms in bridging differences in logics within UKC institutionally emerging context, Oman.
Through a qualitative, multiple case-study approach, data was collected from four contract research projects through semi-structured interviews. The first three interviews served as a pilot study, the results of which were then used to formulate the second stage which was interviews with participants from academia, industry, and government. This approach improves the internal validity of the research, and provides a rich picture of the Omani UKC emerging institutional environment.
The findings suggest that the influences of power, mimetic isomorphism, and intermediation have significantly shaped bridging, though not always positively, in logics in the Omani UKC context. The findings show that adverse influences in this process included: asymmetric power relationships, mimetic isomorphism‘s simplistic view of logics convergence and negligence of institutional fragmentation, and insufficient intermediation activities.
The novelty of introducing the concept of power adds a new theoretical dimension into the UKC and ILP theories. Additionally, the novelty of using case of Oman as an empirical study added new contribution into the field. In addition, this study contributes to a better understanding of the Omani policy actions with regard to shift to an effective UKC approach.
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Brownlow, G. A. "Institutional change and the two Irelands 1945-1990 : an application of North's institutional economics." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.269041.
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Костюченко, Надія Миколаївна, Надежда Николаевна Костюченко, and Nadiia Mykolaivna Kostiuchenko. "The institutional ecology principle and its role for understanding institutional system for sustainable development." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2007. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/8318.
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Park, Ji-Yeong. "Role of institutions in nations that have improved their competitiveness." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/22817.
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This study explored the role of institutions in countries that have improved their competitiveness in a short time period, under the framework of institutional theory. This study investigated how informal and formal institutions have evolved and interacted. The purpose of the study was to build on institutional theory by exploring the role and interaction of institutions in nations that have undergone institutional changes. A literature review was done to provide a foundation for the study. Case studies of Singapore and Finland – countries that have improved their competitiveness in a short time period – were done in this study. A number of documents in the public domain were observed: internet resources, reports, and studies on Singapore and Finland. The study concluded that countries that have improved their competitiveness achieved their goals through their own institutional mix and through interactions among institutions. Active interactions among institutions were based on broad coalition among actors and the directions of interactions in each country differed.Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
unrestricted
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Vin, Pheakdey. "Institutions and Development : Analysis of the Effects of Institutional Environment on Agricultural Performance in Cambodia." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO22004/document.
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L’objectif de cette thèse est de découvrir si l’environnement institutionnel affecte la performance agricole dans le cas du Cambodge et comment le premier influe sur la dernière. Pour répondre à cet objectif, trois hypothèses sont formulées : (1) l’environnement institutionnel joue un rôle important dans la protection des droits de propriété foncière ; (2) les droits de propriété foncière sécurisés augmentent la productivité agricole par la stimulation des incitations d’investissement des agriculteurs ; (3) les droits de propriété foncière sécurisés accroissent la productivité agricole par la facilitation de l’accès au crédit formel. Méthodologiquement, la recherche est basée sur les différentes théories de la Nouvelle Economie Institutionnelle, qui expliquent que les institutions déterminent la structure des incitations des acteurs économiques dans une société. Spécifiquement, les institutions politiques déterminent les institutions économiques, c’est-à-dire les droits de propriété, qui à leur tour affectent la performance économique en général et la performance agricole en particulier. La recherche est également basée sur les données venant de diverses sources, telles que des agences gouvernementales, des instituts de recherche locaux, des organisations non-gouvernementales et des organisations internationales, qui sont susceptibles de servir de base pour des analyses empiriques. En outre, le cas de l’Afrique subsaharienne est également étudié à titre de comparaison. Le résultat de la thèse confirme fortement les deux premières hypothèses, mais peu la dernière. Le résultat indique que l’impact de l’environnement institutionnel sur la productivité agricole via la protection des droits de propriété foncière est lié au contexte particulier parce qu’il devrait être complété par un environnement économique favorable, tel que l’infrastructure physique et la technologie agricole améliorées et les institutions du marché développées. De plus, on apprend que les résultats désirés ne sont pas obtenus si les institutions formelles (c’est-à-dire, l’enregistrement formel des terres) sont imposées via l’approche top-down dans les régions où les institutions informelles existantes sont fortement encastréesThe purpose of this dissertation is to find out if the institutional environment affects agricultural performance in the case of Cambodia and how the former exerts an influence on the latter. To respond to this purpose, three hypotheses are formulated: (1) the institutional environment plays an important role in protecting property rights in land; (2) secure property rights in land increase agricultural productivity through the stimulation of farmers’ investment incentives; (3) secure property rights in land raise agricultural productivity through the facilitation of access to formal credit. Methodologically, the research is based on different theories of New Institutional Economics, which explain that institutions determine the incentive structure of economic actors in society. Specifically, political institutions shape economic institutions, i.e. property rights, which in turn affect economic performance in general and agricultural performance in particular. The research is also based on the data from various sources, such as government agencies, local research institutes, non-governmental organizations, and international organizations, which can serve as a basis for empirical analyses. In addition, the case of Sub-Saharan Africa is also studied for comparison. The result of the dissertation confirms strongly the first two hypotheses but slightly the last one. The result indicates that the impact of institutional environment on agricultural productivity through the protection of property rights in land is context-specific because it should be complemented by a favorable economic environment, such as improved physical infrastructure and agricultural technology and developed market institutions. Furthermore, it is learned that, in developing countries, the desired outcomes will not be obtained if formal institutions (i.e., formal land registration) are imposed through a top-down approach in areas where the existing informal institutions are strongly embedded
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Vella, Karen Juanita. "Assessing institutional progress towards sustainability /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2003. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17865.pdf.
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