Journal articles on the topic 'Institute for Studies in Industrial Development (New Delhi, India)'

This article is based on a comprehensive report on the National Conference on Sustainability, Business, and Society organized by Jaipuria Institute of Management, Indore in collaboration with MDRF, New Delhi on 30 September 2023. The conference was organized to explore the philosophical and practical underpinnings of sustainability, beginning with Carlowitz's advocacy of forest resource conservation. Nine distinguished speakers and sixty delegates from India, Nepal and Bahrain, participated in the conference. Delegates at the conference looked at the socio-economic implications of the industrial pursuits of the 20th century and the evolution of sustainability as a focal point of global conversations, role and responsibility of business, society and nation in the 21st century, especially in light of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and the evolving global consciousness amidst industrial pursuits, climate change, and the rise of the sustainability lexicon during the proceedings of the inaugural and technical sessions of the conference. Key insights from the conference are likely to foster further dialogue and collaboration among academicians, policymakers, administrators, researchers, students, and the public in mitigating the contemporary sustainability challenges through appropriate interventions.

The aim of this paper is to compare the two fresh and in-progress experiments in participatory budget on local level in two state capitals: New Delhi in India and Warsaw in Poland. As of now, the recently chosen AAP government has introduced participatory budget as an experiment in 2015 in 11 legislative assembly constituencies of Delhi. In Poland, however, such exercises have been introduced in a number of cities in all of their administrative areas and therefore the exercise straddles the Polish political divides. Therefore, I would like analyse how can the Warsaw participatory budget experience be relevant and inspiring for the ongoing Delhi participatory budget exercise.This paper was originally presented and the ‘Economics and Politics of Local Governments: The Indian Experience’ conference, Institute of Development Studies, Kolkata, December 28-29, 2015.

K. R. Shyam Sunder (Ed.), Contemporary Reforms of Labour Market and Industrial Relations Systems in India: Ease of Doing Business versus Labour Rights: In Honour of Prof. Lalit Deshpande (New Delhi: Academic Foundation, 2018), 380 pp. US$79.95, ISBN 9789332704527 (Hardback).

Commission 41 has been involved in one colloquium and one symposium since the last report:IAU Colloquium 91 on “The History of Oriental Astronomy” was held in New Delhi, November 13-16, 1985, preceding the XlXth General Assembly. Members of the scientific organizing committee were S.M.R. Ansari, E.S. Kennedy, D. King, R. Mercier, O. Pedersen, D. Pingree, G. Saliba, Xi Ze-Zong and K. Yabuuti. The colloquium was co-sponsored by the International Union for the History and Philosophy of Science, and by a number of organizations in India: the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, the Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi, the Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Bangalore, the Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi, the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bombay, and the University Grants Commission, New Delhi. The local organizing committee, chaired by G. Swarup, made possible a number of local excursions, including a conducted tour of the great stone open air observatory, built in the city by the enlightened Maharadjah Jai Singh in the 18th century. The colloquium brought 84 participants from 19 countries. 46 papers were presented of which 10 were invited, covering aspects of astronomy in the far east and middle east since the earliest civilizations. Papers from Colloquium 91 have now been published in book form: History of Oriental Astronomy, G. Swarup, A.K. Bag, and K.S. Shukla, editors, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 1987. Contributions are divided into three broad categories: ancient astronomy and its characteristics, ancient elements and planetary models, and medieval astronomy. Within these are papers on the characteristics and achievements of early astronomy in the eastern half of the world, including inter-regional development and mutual influences, ancient data relating to eclipses, supernovae and comets, medieval astronomical developments, instruments and early observatories, and the interplay between observational and theoretical astronomy. A short introductory paper by the revered historian E.S. Kennedy opens the book, as it set the stage for the colloquium in New Delhi: “We find (astronomy) originating a few centuries before the Christian era in two disparate cultures, Mesopotamia and the Hellenistic world. From the Mediterranean it passed to India, there to flourish. Thence the centroid of activity moved westward, residing in the lands of Islam during medieval times, more recently in Europe. Now astronomical research is carried out throughout the entire world.”

AbstractTrauma is a major public health problem across the world with significant morbidity and mortality. Broadly, it is a disease of middle-aged population and is assuming the status of an epidemic in the 21st century. Road traffic injuries are most common followed by railway injuries, industrial, farming, and domestic injuries, and many others in low- and middle-income countries. Severe traumatic brain injuries are the major proportion with concern for long-term cognitive impairment and high spinal cord injuries due to complete dependence. There is no comprehensive trauma care system covering all geography in India at present. The Government of India (GOI), in 2006, established Jai Prakash Narayan Apex Trauma Center, which is run by All India Institute of Medical Sciences at New Delhi as an apex center to provide quality care, training, research, and registry development. It acts as a role model center for the establishment of new centers and helps in upgradation of existing hospitals to provide quality care trauma services. To curb this epidemic of trauma, GOI envisioned National Trauma Care program during the 11th and 12th Five-Year Plans to strengthen the emergency facilities in government hospitals. Many new centers are coming up with various levels of trauma care across the country. Here we discuss the establishment, resources, initial challenges, trauma burden, and a year of report card of the Uttar Pradesh’s first Level I Apex Trauma Center of Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, established with a vision of providing state of the art Level I trauma care to the injured victims.

The International Seminar on Islamic Economics and the Economy ofIndian Muslims was held July 21-24, 1989 in the Convention Center of HamdardUniversity, New Delhi, India, under the auspices of the Institute ofObjective Studies (IOS). The Seminar was the first of its kind in India. Therewere 10 sessions, with over 60 participants, on various aspects of IslamicEconomics as well as on the economy of Indian Muslims. In addition therewere inaugural and plenary sessions, and a public lecture. All the sessionswere well-attended. Conference delegates and participants came from all overIndia, as well as Egypt and the U.S. A number of scholars from other countriescould not attend the Conference because of the denial of visa for attendingthe Conference by the Indian Embassies in their respective countries.The Conference convened on Friday, July 21, 1989 at 1190 A.M. withthe inaugural session chaired by Dr. S. Z. Qasim, Vice-Chancellor of JamiaMillia Islamia, New Delhi. After the welcome speech by Mr. A. R. Agwan,Director of the IOS, Dr. Manzoor Alam, Chairman of the IOS, introducedthe 10s and its activities. The inaugural address was delivered by Dr. A.R. Kidwai, Chancellor, Aligarh Muslim University (AMU). Following that,the keynote address was given by Dr. F. R. Faridi of AMU, who was alsothe convenor of this seminar.Among the foreign delegates were Dr. Shawki Ismail Shehata of FaisalIslamic Bank of Egypt, Prof. Syed Iqbal Mahdi (who is the Secretary ofthe AMSS Economics Discipline Group),and Dr. A. Q. J. Shaikh from theU.S.A., and Dr. M. Ayub Munir from Pakistan.The Conference organizers had carefully selected the topics which weretimely and relevant both in terms of Islamic economics and the economyof Indian Muslims. Each session had 4 to 5 papers. The following were someof the topics:1. Employment Situation of Indian Muslims: An Appraisal ofits Nature and Magnitude2. Islamic Banking: Theory and Practice3. An Islamic Approach to Economic Development ...

Abstract Background Introduction-Telenutrition with digital health platforms is the future step towards improving patient care in patients with inflammatory bowel disease(IBD). Additionally, it offers an advantage of conducting multicenter longitudinal dietary intervention studies. Aim-To develop and validate a digital health platform for patients with IBD to provide nutrition care and record longitudinal diet data on a large-scale basis. Methods Methods-The development of the digital health platform was done from October, 2019 -June, 2021 by gastroenterologists and dieticians. For validation, patients with IBD at All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi recorded, 7 days diet in the App. 24-hours diet recall for, 3 days at random during the same week was also done. Energy, protein, carbohydrate, fat, fiber, cereals, fruits, vegetables, grain, legumes, milk products were compared between two methods. Results Results-An Android and iOS-based digital health platform, ‘IBDNutriCare’ was developed in English and, 7 Indian languages. This user-friendly interface can be downloaded by the patients free of cost from Google store and App store. This platform provides a recording of diet variables based on, 600 Indian food recipes, patient parameters like subjective global assessment, medications, and clinical activity scores. It also provides a graphical representation of nutrient analysis, with web applications generating comprehensive reports to enable large-scale data analysis. Forty-nine patients with IBD were enrolled in a validation study comparing ‘IBDNutricare’ based analysis with dietary recall method. The mean intake of all food groups and macronutrients was comparable between the two methods. There was a significant interclass correlation [excellent for macronutrients and all food groups except vegetables (moderate, 0.79] and Bland-Altman plot analysis showed good agreement between the two methods. Conclusion Conclusion- This study developed and validated a digital health platform for telenutrition in patients with IBD. This app helps in real-time tracking of dietary details and recording the data on a large scale.

Abstract Background Thiopurines are widely used to maintain remission in both ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s Disease (CD). Reported effectiveness and tolerability rates have been variable across studies. Moreover, there are only sparse data in the Asian population regarding the long-term efficacy and safety of azathioprine (AZT). Methods Records of 5351 patients followed up at IBD clinic, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi from 2004–2020 were evaluated retrospectively. Azathioprine efficacy was defined as no requirement of surgery, hospitalizations, anti TNFs agents, and minimum steroid (≤1 course in 2 years) requirement on follow-up. Safety was evaluated in terms of long-term adverse events and the development of malignancy. Results Of 5351 patients with IBD, 1093 who received AZT for > 3 months (UC=788 [proctitis-1.9%, left-sided colitis-44.9%, pancolitis-53.1%], CD=305 [inflammatory-42.6%, stricturing-46.9%, fistulizing-10.5%]) were included (60.8%-males; mean age at disease onset-31.69±12.34 years) (Table1). Follow-up and treatment duration on AZT were 7(4–12) years and 39.41±40.27 months respectively. Mean initiation and maintenance dose of AZT was 1.09±0.45 mg/kg and 94.82±21.29, respectively. One,3,5, and 10 years relapse free survival was 85%,79%,76%, and 64%; 87%, 82%, 79% and 72%; and 78%, 72%, 68% and 61% in overall cohort, UC and CD patients, respectively (Log-rank P=0.001 between UC and CD). Three hundred fifty-nine [UC:249(31.6%); CD:110(36.07%); P=0.158] patients developed adverse events (AE), commonest was myelosuppression (23.42%) followed by gastrointestinal intolerance (2.97%), flu like illness (1.7%), and arthralgia/myalgia (1.37%) (Table 2). Myelosuppression was the commonest cause of AZT withdrawal. No patient (including 254 patients on AZT for ≥5 years) developed lymphoma or non-melanoma skin cancer. Adverse events free course in entire cohort, and in UC and CD are shown in fig.1 and 2 respectively. Conclusion Long-term Azathioprine monotherapy in patients with IBD is safe with minimal risk of lymphoma and non-melanoma skin cancer.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Aim 1: To determine the true incidence of trauma-related acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in India. We propose to perform a prospective observational study to determine the incidence of ARDS in India. Aim 2: To perform a preliminary assessment of risk factors for ARDS in the Indian trauma population. We will leverage these findings against the global ARDS data to provide a foundation for further interventional studies. Aim 3: To evaluate the current management strategies and patient outcomes from ARDS in trauma subjects admitted to the Jai Prakash Narayan Apex Trauma Center (JPNATC). These findings will identify areas in need of practice-based performance improvement in ARDS therapies in India. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This application proposes an observational study of trauma patients with ARDS, a population that continues to have substantial in-hospital mortality. The approximate number of ICU-admitted trauma cases for the study period is 1700. Specific data elements to be collected include patient demographics, comorbidities, mechanism of injury, Injury Severity Score, risk factors for ARDS, sequential organ failure and assessment scores, vital signs, laboratory values, and evidence-based treatments received, including mechanical ventilation and adjunctive therapies. Outcome data will include discharge location, ICU and hospital length of stay and all-cause mortality. Selection of Subjects: We will include all patients admitted to the JPNATC Trauma and Neurosurgical ICUs intubated and mechanically ventilated and meeting the definition of Berlin definition of ARDS8. We will collect data for a total of 12 months. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Due to gaps in reporting, the incidence, mortality, and practice-based management algorithms applied in trauma patients suffering from ARDS in India is unknown. We hypothesize that the overall incidence of trauma-related ARDS is higher, and the fraction of patients managed with evidence-based therapies is lower than global reported averages. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Although the true incidence of ARDS in trauma subjects in India is currently unknown, we suspect that it is much higher than reported. Such data are important in identification of resource allocation including ICU bed and mechanical ventilator availability, particularly in a resource-limited environment. This proposal will aid in the development of research infrastructure at JPNATC, contribute to capacity building, and the establishment of a Clinical Research unit at the Apex Institute. Finally, a provision to develop a consortium and trauma quality improvement program among the existing trauma centers in New Delhi to disseminate important research findings and guidance to the rest of India is a future benefit of the study.

<div>As an ardent cancer researcher, Dr. Smita Asthana has a vision to create wider awareness on cancer and its prevention, and aims to work on translational research to benefit the general public through the implementation of evidence-based research. “I have been associated with the National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research (NICPR) and Institute of Cytology and Preventive Oncology (ICPO) since November 2004 and have progressed over a period of time from being a staff scientist to the current role of a senior scientist,” says Dr. Asthana, who is presently with NICPR’s Biostatistics and Epidemiology division.</div><p> </p><p>“I have been working in various positions that deal with the design, execution, and evaluation of medical projects. Recently, we have concluded two major cervical cancer screening projects and conducted a screening of 10,000 women in rural areas,” she tells AMOR. One project, funded by the Indian Council of Medical Research, was carried out 100 km west of New Delhi in the rural town of Dadri “as part of an operational research to see the implementation of VIA (visual inspection with acetic acid) and VILI (visual inspection with Lugol's iodine) screenings with the help of existing healthcare infrastructure,” she explains.</p><p> </p><p>As a leading researcher in cervical cancer screening, she completed an Indo-US collaborative project on the clinical performance of a human papillomavirus (HPV) test, used as a strategy for screening cervical cancer in rural communities, with funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation via the international non-profit global health organization PATH. “The primary objective of the project was to observe the performance of careHPV, a new diagnostic kit, in a rural setup,” she says.</p><p> </p><p>CareHPV is a highly sensitive DNA test, which detects 14 different types of the human papillomavirus that cause cervical cancer, providing results more rapidly than other DNA tests and is designed especially for use in clinics that lack reliable clean water or electricity. It is an incredibly cost-effective option for low-resource countries seeking to develop national cervical cancer screening and treatment programs according to PATH.</p><p> </p><p>“Both projects were completed successfully and brought out research conclusions in the form of national and international publications,” Dr. Asthana says. In addition to the projects, she had also developed health education materials to create cervical cancer awareness among the women of rural Indian community, while providing training to auxiliary nurses and midwives for cervical cancer screening.</p><p> </p><p>Dr. Asthana graduated with a degree in Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery from King George Medical College (KGMC), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India, before pursuing her Doctor of Medicine (MD) in Community Medicine from Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Memorial (GSVM) Medical College, Kanpur, India. Throughout her career, she has published over 40 articles in national and international journals. As a result of her hard work and dedication toward the medical field, she has been awarded first prizes for oral presentation in international conferences such as Indian Cancer Congress (ICC 2014) and Asia Oceania Research Organisation on Genital Infections and Neoplasia (AOGIN 2012).</p><p> </p><p>She is an active member of various scientific associations and societies such as the Indian Association for Cancer Research (IACR), Indian Society for Medical Statistics (ISMS), Indian Association of Preventive and Social Medicine (IAPSM), and International Epidemiological Association (IEA). In her effort to provide impactful messages via research publications, she is currently working on remodeling the cancer registry data, which includes a diversified field for incidence of childhood cancer, breast and cervical cancer, trends of major cancer, cancer burden in Northeast of India, among other things.</p><p> </p><p>According to Dr. Asthana, her vision is the utilization of voluminous cancer registry data to produce comprehensive reports in the form of research communication to give a clearer picture of different cancer burden in various Indian registries. “I have also proposed a project for establishing cancer registry at NICPR, which was approved by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) in principle, but we are currently still waiting for funding,” says the medical scientist.</p><p> </p><p>Focusing on the area of cancer epidemiology and research methodology, Dr. Asthana has faced many challenges commonly encountered by any researcher with a vision to improve medical research. “Gradually, with time and experience, I have overcome these limitations and I now conduct research methodology workshops to help clinicians have a better orientation toward research,” she says. Dr. Asthana is the coordinator of research methodology workshops, which is a series of training courses that started in 2007. Training courses/workshops are being conducted on a regular basis — two to three times a year at ICPO — and on an invitation basis, she has held workshops at other institutions such as her previous visit to Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS in Malaysia to train 30 PhD students.</p><p> </p><p>“The main aim or idea is to educate scientists/researchers and medical faculties about the basics of research methodology, which consist of descriptive statistics, statistical analysis, and clinical trial sampling, as well as research protocol development and scientific reporting/writing,” she elaborates. “The curriculum was formed and executed in such a way that new scientists gain an overall knowledge on how a research project should be planned, executed, and the results communicated,” she adds. The courses, according to her, are targeted for medical faculty members, medical post-graduate students, undergraduate students, and PhD students with a basic science background from various medical institutions.</p><p> </p><p>As a researcher with almost 14 years of experience in medical research, her passion for research does not end there. Dr. Asthana has also ventured into various other new areas that are currently lacking presence in India and other low- and middle-income countries. One such area is palliative care, where she has undergone specialized training in palliative care from the Indian Association of Palliative Care. Additionally, Dr. Asthana is working on a global systematic review project that studies smokeless tobacco attributable risk for oral cancer. She further adds, “As an officer in the district technical support team and in collaboration with World Health Organization, I have devoted quite some time in serving the rural community for leprosy monitoring.”</p><p> </p><p>When asked for her opinion about the future of cancer research, Dr. Asthana believes that targeted therapy is the future of cancer therapy, as it kills only cancer cells and not normal cells, which leads to lesser side effects. “However, the major concern is the cost of it,” she says, “and it doesn’t appear to be affordable in the near future.” Hence, “developing countries like India should focus on the prevention of cancer through the modification of risk factors and adopting healthy lifestyles,” she concludes.</p>

ABSTRACT Previous studies mostly measured sharia financial inclusion using an index consisting of three dimensions: accessibility, availability, and usage. This research develops it by adding a digitalization dimension so that there are 4 dimensions in measuring sharia financial inclusion in Indonesia using an index. The first objective of this study is to visually illustrate the results of calculating the sharia financial inclusion index (in map form) in 33 provinces in Indonesia, using GeoDa software. Second, analyze the impact of sharia financial inclusion variables (the 4 form dimensions) that are calculated, on economic fundamental variables (growth, unemployment, poverty, and inequality) through a quantitative approach based on panel data analysis methods (FEM and REM). The secondary data used comes from the Financial Services Authority (OJK) and the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), in the 2015-2020 period. The results of this study indicate that sharia financial inclusion in Indonesia needs to be increased more evenly, so that it is not stagnant and centered in Java or provinces with a communal Muslim base (viewed from the results of index calculations) because the values ​​are unequal between provinces. Meanwhile, the results of panel data analysis techniques show that variables reflecting the 4 dimensions of sharia financial inclusion have an impact on fundamental economic variables. Keywords: Sharia Financial Inclusion, Index, GeoDa, Panel data ABSTRAK Kajian sebelumnya banyak mengukur inklusi keuangan syariah dengan menggunakan indeks yang terdiri dari tiga dimensi: aksessibilitas, availabilitas, dan penggunaan. Penelitian ini mengembangkannya dengan menambah dimensi digitalisasi, sehingga terdapat 4 dimensi dalam mengukur inklusi keuangan syariah di Indonesia menggunakan indeks. Tujuan pertama penelitian ini menggambarkan visual hasil perhitungan indeks inklusi keuangan syariah (dalam bentuk peta) di 33 provinsi yang ada di Indonesia, dengan software GeoDa. Kedua, menganalisis pengaruh variabel inklusi keuangan syariah (4 dimensi pembentuknya) yang dihitung, terhadap variabel fundamental ekonomi (pertumbuhan, tingkat pengangguran, kemiskinan, dan ketimpangan) melalui pendekatan kuantitatif berbasis metode analisis data panel (FEM dan REM). Data yang digunakan bersumber dari Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK) dan Badan Pusat Statistika (BPS), dalam periode 2015-2020. Hasil penelitian ini, menunjukkan bahwa bahwa inklusi keuangan syariah di Indonesia perlu ditingkatkan lebih merata, agar tidak stagnan terpusat di Java atau provinsi dengan basis muslim komunal, jika dilihat dari hasil perhitungan indeks yang nilainya timpang antar porvinsi. 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Journal of Financial Economic Policy, 10(3), 369-385. doi:10.1108/JFEP-11-2016-0073 Simatupang, M., Sinaga, B. M., Hartoyo, S. & Haryanto (2020). Impact of financial inclusion, government expenditures in education and health sectors on human development in Indonesia. Journal of Economic Development, Environment and People, 9(2), 5-17. doi:10.26458/jedep.v9i2.643 Singh, K., & Kondan, A. S. (2011). Financial inclusion, development and its determinants: An empirical evidence of indian states. The Asian Economic Review: Journal of the Indian Institute of Economics, 53(1), 115-134. Siswa, I., & Agustin, G. (2020). Analisis pengaruh inklusi keuangan terhadap indeks pembangunan manusia di Indonesia tahun 2015. Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi dan Bisnis, 17(2), 121-130. doi:10.31849/jieb.v17i2.4091 Umar, A. I. (2017). Index of syariah financial inclusion in Indonesia. BMEB: Buletin of Monetary Economics and Banking, 20(1), 99-126. doi:10.21098/bemp.v20i1.726

The conference on Sustainable Energy, Environment, and Green Technologies (ICSEEGT 2022) is the second international conference organized at Poornima College of Engineering, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. This event was organized in a hybrid mode. This conference aims to bring researchers from academia, government agencies, research laboratories, and the corporate sector to present their research on sustainable and renewable energy, the environment, transportation engineering and green technologies. Since green growth is pursuing economic development in an environmentally sustainable manner, therefore green growth must play a vital role in the development goal of improving living standards, accessing modern energy services, and using energy more efficiently. For this aim, the conference ICSEEGT 2022 provided an excellent platform to promote research in the subject area and exchange new ideas in these fields among academicians, engineers, scientists, and practitioners across the world. The conference began with its inaugural session (in hybrid mode), seeking the blessings of Goddess Saraswati. The session witnessed addresses of dignified persons, Professor S.A Sherif, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, USA, Professor L.M. Das, Former Professor, Centre for Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India and Dr. L. N. Thakural, Senior Scientist, Surface Water Division, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, India. The inaugural session was followed by a keynote session of Professor P. Muthukumar, Professor, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India, on the Energy Efficient and Environment Friendly Porous Radiant Burners for Cooking and Industrial Applications. Later, four parallel technical sessions were organized on the first day, where authors and participants participated and presented their papers. Overall, 186 research papers were received for ICSEEGT 2022 from different organizations worldwide, out of which our expert team of reviewers accepted 102 papers. The research papers in this conference were invited considering these three tracks: sustainable/renewable energy, environment and transportation, green technologies, and urban development. The presenters and attendees participated with full enthusiasm in all the technical sessions. Out of 83 registered papers, 43 papers were presented in the technical sessions on the first day. The first Technical Session in offline mode was chaired by Dr. Narayan Lal Jain and Dr. Pran Nath Dadhich, and moderated by Mr. Rahul Sharma of Poornima College of Engineering, Jaipur, India. The second Technical Session was chaired by Dr Salifu Tahiru Azeko, Tamale Technical University, Tamale, Ghana: Mr. Sanjay Kumawat, Poornima College of Engineering, was the moderator for this session. Dr. Tanuj Chopra from Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, India chaired the third Technical Session. The second and third session moderator were Mr. Divya Vishnoi and Mr. Sanjay Kumawat, Poornima College of Engineering respectively. Dr. Puneet Kumar Jain, National Institute of Technology, Raurkela, and Dr. Ram Niwash Mahia, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, India chaired the fourth Technical Session and moderated Dr. Monika Vardia from Poornima College of Engineering. The day ended with a keynote session on Recent Advances Materials on Energy Storage Technology and Sustainability by Dr. M V Reddy, Senior Professional Researcher, Nouveau Monde Graphite (New graphite world) (NMG), Quebec, Montreal, Canada. List of ORGANIZING COMMITTEES are available in this Pdf.

‘I Dream of a Digital India where cyber security becomes an integral part of National Security’—Narendra Modi Fulling this dream one as to realise the fact ‘Cyber Security is not easy. But it comes down to three basic principles—PROTECT, DETECT AND RESPOND as early as possible’—Advent from AIIMS Case The All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), a top public medical research facility and hospital with headquarters in New Delhi, India, announced a sophisticated cyber-incident on its servers on 23 November 2022. Several patient care services were rendered unavailable as a result of the incident, including registration, admission, billing and discharge. Several news sources claim that this cyber event, which affected the e-services of the AIIMS (New Delhi) starting at 7:00 a.m. on 23 November 2022, was of the ransomware variety. The testing runs of the e-hospital server were successful, and the majority of the lost data had been recovered during the previous few days, according to AIIMS authorities’ confirmation on 6 December 2022. The case provides background on the healthcare industry and a brief analysis of the incident, along with the measures taken to prevent such attacks in the future.

Abstracts of Management Research provide references to articles based on Indian data and environment. Seventyfive prominent journals, published in India and abroad are scanned for the purpose. A list of these journals is available on request. Empirical studies, experiences, ideas and theories having a bearing on management in India and abstracted for this service, sponsored by the Indian Council of Social Science Recearch, New Delhi. Vikalpa would very much appreciate if the authors send a reprint of their articles in management and related disciplines to the Vikalpa office. Their inclusion will help render the referencing service complete. The areas of management covered in the abstracts are: Financial Management, Management Accounting, and Control; Marketing; Organization and Administration; Personnel Management and Industrial Relations; Production Management, Computers, and Operations Research; General Management: Environment, Policy and Planning; and Policy, Planning and Development.

Abstracts of Management Research provide references to articles based on Indian data and environment. Seventyfive prominent journals, published in India and abroad are scanned for the purpose. A list of these journals is available on request. Empirical studies, experiences, ideas and theories having a bearing on management in India and abstracted for this service, sponsored by the Indian Council of Social Science Recearch, New Delhi. Vikalpa would very much appreciate if the authors send a reprint of their articles in management and related disciplines to the Vikalpa office. Their inclusion will help render the referencing service complete. The areas of management covered in the abstracts are: Financial Management, Management Accounting, and Control; Marketing; Organization and Administration; Personnel Management and Industrial Relations; Production Management, Computers, and Operations Research; General Management: Environment, Policy and Planning; and Policy, Planning and Development.

Abstracts of Management Research provide references to articles based on Indian data and environment. Seventy five prominent journals, published in India and abroad are scanned for the purpose. A list of these journals is available on request. Empirical studies, experiences, ideas and theories having a bearing on management in India are abstracted for this service, sponsored by the Indian Council of Social Science Research, New Delhi. Vikalpa would very much appreciate if the authors send a reprint of their articles in manage- ment and related disciplines to the Vikalpa office. Their inclusion will help render the referencing service complete. The areas of management covered in the abstracts are: Financial Management, Management Accounting, and Control; Marketing; Organization and Administration; Personnel Management and Industrial Relations; Production Management, Computers, and Operations Research; General Management Environment, Policy and Planning; and Policy, Planning, and Development.

Abstracts of Management Research provide reference to articles based onindian data and environment. Over 100 prominent journals published in India and abroad are scanned for the purpose. A list of these journals is available on request. Empirical studies, experiences, ideas, and themjes having a bearing on management in India. are abstracted for this service, sponsored by the Indian Council of Social Science Research, New Delhi. Vikalpa would very much appreciate if the authors send a reprint of their articles in management and related disciplines to the Vikalpa office. The areas of management covered in the abstracts are: Finance, Accounting, and Banking; Marketing and Advertising; Organizational Behaviour; Human Resources Management, Personnel Administration, and Industrial Relations; Production/ Operations Management; Quantitative Methods; Computers and Information Systems; General Management: Policy, Technology, and Management in Government; Economic Growth, Planning, and International Trade;. Agriculture, Natural Resources Management, and Rural Development.

Abstracts of management literature provide reference facilities to teachers, researchers, and practitioners in the field of management. Materials based on either empirical studies and experiences of people involved in the process of management or concepts and theories which have a bearing on management in India have been abstracted here. This service, sponsored by the Indian Council of Social Science Research, New Delhi, covers articles from nearly 100 journals, the articles are based on Indian data and environment, written by Indian or foreign authors, and published in India and abroad. Vikalpa would very much appreciate if the authors send a reprint of their articles in management and related disciplines to their office. Their inclusion will help render the referencing service complete. The areas of management covered in the abstracts are: Financial Management, Management Accounting, and ContrQl; Marketing; Organization and Administration; Personnel Management and. Industrial Relations; Production Management, Computers, and Operations Research; General Management: Environment, Policy, and Planning; and Policy, Planning, and Development.

Abstracts of Management Research provide reference to articles based on Indian data and environment. Over 100 prominent journals published in India and abroad are scanned for the purpose. A list of these journals is available on request. Empirical studies, experiences, ideas, and theories having a bearing on management in India are abstracted for this service, sponsored by the Indian Council of Social Science Research, New Delhi. Vikalpa would very much appreciate if authors send a reprint of their articles in management and related disciplines to the Vikalpa office. Their inclusion will help render the referencing service complete. The areas of management covered in the abstracts are: Finance, Accounting, and Banking; Marketing and Advertising; Organizational Behaviour; Human Resources Management, Personnel Administration, and Industrial Relations; Production/ Operations Management, Quantitative Methods; Computers and Information Systems; General Management: Policy, Technology, and Management in Government; Economic Growth, Planning, and International Trade; Agriculture, Natural Resources Management, and Rural Development.

Abstracts of Management Research provide reference to articles based on Indian data and environment. Over 100 prominent journals published in India and abroad are scanned for the purpose. A list of these journals is available on request. Empirical studies, experiences, ideas, and theories having a bearing on management in India are abstracted for this service, sponsored by the Indian Council of Social Science Research, New Delhi. Vikalpa would very much appreciate if the al!thors send a reprint of their articles in management and related disciplines to the Vikalpa office. Their inclusion will help render the referencing service complete. The areas of management covered in the abstracts are: Finance, Accounting, and Banking; Marketing and Advertising; Organizational Behaviour; Human Resources Management, Personnel Administration, and Industrial Relations; Production/Operations Management, Quantitative Methods; Computers and Information Systems; General Management: Policy, Technology, and Management in Government; Economic Growth, Planning, and International Trade; Agriculture, Natural Resources Management, and Rural Development.

Abstracts of Management Research provide reference to articles based on Indian data and environment. Over 100 prominent journals published in India and abroad are scanned for the purpose. A list of these journals is available on request. Empirical studies, experiences, ideas, and theories having a bearing on management in India are abstracted for this service, sponsored by the Indian Council of Social Science Research, New Delhi. Vikalpa would very much appreciate if the authors send a reprint of their articles in management and related disciplines to the Vikalpa office. Their inclusion will help render the referencing service complete. The areas of management covered in the abstracts are: Finance, Accounting and Banking; Marketing and Advertising; Organizational Behaviour; Human Resources Management, Personnel Administration and Industrial Relations; Production/Operations Management, Quantitative Methods; Computers, and Information Systems; General Management; Policy, Technology and Management in Government; Economic Growth, Planning, and International Trade; Agriculture, Natural Resources Management, and Rural Development.

Abstracts of Management Research provide reference to articles based on Indian data and environment. Over 100 prominent journals published in India and abroad are scanned for the purpose. A list of these journals is available on request. Empirical studies, experiences, ideas, and theories having a bearing on management in India are abstracted for this service, sponsored by the Indian Council of Social Science Research, New Delhi. Vikalpa would very much appreciate if the authors send a reprint of their articles in management and related disciplines to the Vikalpa office. Their inclusion will help render the referencing service complete. The areas of management covered in the abstracts are: Finance, Accounting and Banking; Marketing and Advertising; Organizational Behaviour; Human Resources Management, Personnel Administration, and Industrial Relations; Production/Operations Management, Quantitative Methods; Computers and Information Systems; General Management: Policy, Technology, and Management in Government; Economic Growth, Planning, and International Trade; Agriculture, Natural Resources Management, and Rural Development.

Abstracts of Management Research provide reference to articles based on Indian data and environment. Over 100 prominent journals published in India and abroad are scanned for the purpose. A list of these journals is available on request. Empirical studies, experiences, ideas, and theories having a bearing on management in India are abstracted for this service, sponsored by the Indian Council of Social Science Research, New Delhi. Vikalpa would very much appreciate if the authors send a reprint of their articles in management and related disciplines to the Vikalpa office. Their inclusion will help render the referencing service complete. The areas of management covered in the abstracts are: Finance, Accounting and Banking; Marketing and Advertising; Organizational Behaviour; Human Resources Management, Personnel Administration and Industrial Relations; Production/Operations Management, Quantitative Methods; Computers and Information Systems; General Management: Policy, Technology and Management in Government; Economic Growth, Planning and International Trade; Agriculture, Natural Resources Management and Rural Development.

Abstracts of Management Research provide reference to articles based on Indian data and environment. Over 100 prominent journals published in India and abroad are scanned for the purpose. A list of these journals is available on request. Empirical studies, experiences, ideas, and theories having a bearing on management in India are abstracted for this service; sponsored by the Indian Council of Social Science Research, New Delhi. Vikalpa would very much appreciate if the authors send a reprint of their articles in management and related disciplines to the Vikalpa office. Their inclusion will help render the referencing service complete. The areas of management covered in the abstracts are: Finance, Accounting and Banking; Marketing and Advertising; Organizational Behaviour; Human Resources Management, Personnel Administration and Industrial Relations; Production/Operations Management, Quantitative Methods; Computers and Information Systems; General Management: Policy, Technology and Management in Government; Economic Growth, Planning and International Trade; Agriculture, Natural Resources Management and Rural Development.

Abstracts of Management Research provide reference to articles based on Indian data and environment. Over 100 prominent journals published in India and abroad are scanned for the purpose. A list of these journals is available on request. Empirical studies, experiences, ideas, and theories having a bearing on management in India are abstracted for this service, sponsored by the Indian Council of Social Science Research, New Delhi. Vikalpa would very much appreciate if the authors send a reprint of their articles in management and related disciplines to the Vikalpa office. Their inclusion will help render the referencing service complete. The areas of management covered in the abstracts are: Finance, Accounting and Banking; Marketing and Advertising; Organizational Behaviour; Human Resources Management, Personnel Administration and Industrial Relations; PrOduction/Operations Management, Quantitative MethOds; Computers and Information Systems; General Management: Policy, Technology and Management in Government; Economic Growth, Planning and International Trade; Agriculture, Natural Resources Management and Rural Development.

Abstracts of Management Research provide reference to articles based on Indian data and environment. Over 100 prominent journals published in India and abroad are scanned for the purpose. A list of these journals is available on request. Empirical studies, experiences, ideas, and theories having a bearing on management in India are abstracted for this service, sponsored by the Indian Council of Social Science Research, New Delhi. Vikalpa would very much appreciate if the authors send a reprint of their articles in management and related disciplines to the Vikalpa office. Their inclusion will help render the referencing service complete. The areas of management covered in the abstracts are: Finance, Accounting and Banking; Marketing and Advertising; Organizational Behaviour; Human Resources Management, Personnel Administration and Industrial Relations; PrOduction/Operations Management, Quantitative MethOds; Computers and Information Systems; General Management: Policy, Technology and Management in Government; Economic Growth, Planning and International Trade; Agriculture, Natural Resources Management and Rural Development.

Abstracts of Management Research provide reference to articles based on Indian data and environment. Over 100 prominent journals published in India and abroad are scanned for the purpose. A list of these journals is available on request. Empirical studies, experiences, ideas, and theories having a bearing on management in India are abstracted for this service, sponsored by the Indian Council of Social Science Research, New Delhi. Vikalpa would very much appreciate if the authors send a reprint of their articles in management and related disciplines to the Vikalpa office. Their inclusion will help render the referencing service complete. The areas of management covered in the abstracts are: Finance, Accounting and Banking; Marketing and Advertising; Organizational Behaviour; Human Resources Management, Personnel Administration and Industrial Relations; Production⁄Operations Management,Quantitative Methods; Computers and Information Systems; General Management: Policy, Technology and Management in Government; Economic Growth, Planning and International Trade; Agriculture, Natural Resources Management and Rural Development.

Abstracts of Management Research provide reference to articles based on Indian data and environment. Over 100 prominent journals published in India and abroad are scanned for the purpose. A list of these journals is available on request. Empirical studies, experiences, ideas, and theories having a bearing on management in India are abstracted for this service, sponsored by the Indian Council of Social Science Research, New Delhi. Vikalpa would very much appreciate if the authors send a reprint of their articles in management and related disciplines to the Vikalpa office. Their inclusion will help render the referencing service complete. The areas of management covered in the abstracts are: Finance, Accounting and Banking; Marketing and Advertising; Organizational Behaviour; Human Resources Management, Personnel Administration and Industrial Relations; Production⁄ Operations Management,Quantitative Methods; Computers and Information Systems; General Management: Policy, Technology and Management in Government; Economic Growth, Planning and International Trade; Agriculture, Natural Resources Management and Rural Development.

Abstracts of Management Research provide reference to articles based on Indian data and environment. Over 100 prominent journals published in India and abroad arc scanned for the purpose. A list of these journals is available on request. Empirical studies, experiences, ideas,and theories having a bearing on management in India are abstracted for this service, sponsored by the Indian Council of Social Science Research, New Delhi. Vikalpa would very much appreciate if the authors send a reprint of their articles in management and related disciplines to the Vikalpa office. Their inclusion will help render the referencing service complete. The areas of management covered in the abstracts are: Finance, Accounting and Banking; Marketing and Advertising; Organizational Behaviour; Human Resource Management, Personnel Administration and Industrial Relations; Production/Operations Managemcnt,Quantitative Methods; Computers and Information Systems; General Management: Policy, Technology and Management in Government; Economic Growth, Planning and International Trade; Agriculture, Natural Resources Management and Rural Development.

AbstractThe R & D developments in several aspects of catalysis area require cleaner and clean up technologies. Catalysts are used for energy conversion and to convert environmentally hazardous materials into harmless compounds. This presentation reviews the work currently under exploration at IICT that illustrates the perspective of photocatalyst technologies for solving energy and environmental issues for providing sustainable development. Studies on development of photocatalytic materials for degradation of phenolic wastes, common industrial effluent, H-acid, Calmagite (an azodye), Isopruturon (herbicide) and for E-coli disinfection are highlighted. Materials like Natrotantite, Ce-modified zeolites, Ag2O/TiO2, CuO/TiO2 and C,N-doped TiO2 are designed and evaluated for photocatalytic splitting of water for generation of hydrogen energy. Furthermore, potential applications of photo catalysts in the chemical synthesis of N-containing heterocyclic compounds like pyrazines and piperazines which are useful intermediates in the synthesis of various drugs, perfumes, herbicides and dyes are new interesting aspects in the presentation. Thus the present review describes the emerging trends in using photocatalysts for energy and environmental applications.

Cannabis is one of the commonly abused psychoactive recreational drugs, the popularity of which has exponentially increased in the recent times due to the notion that it has minimal side effects [1-3]. But of late, many studies have showed that chronic use of cannabis has cerebrovascular as well as cardio vascular complications [4,5]. As per the report of National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre (NDDTC) of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, 2.83% of Indians aged 10–75 years (or 31 million people) were current users of cannabis products [6]. A 22-year-old, apparently healthy male student, staying alone in a rented apartment with history of chronic cannabis use was found in an unconscious state with multiple packets of cannabis (Ganja/ Marijuana). During the PME, about 250-300 grams of intraventricular hematoma was present in the lateral ventricles of the brain. Diffuse haemorrhage was present over bilateral cerebellar hemispheres. No antemortem injuries were present on the body

Abstracts of Management Research provide reference to articles based on Indian data and environment. Over 100 prominent journals published in India_and abroad are scanned for the purpose. A list of these journals is available on request. Empirical studies, experiences, ideas, and theories having a bearing on management in India are abstracted for this service, sponsored by the Indian Council of Social Science Research, New Delhi. Vikalpa would very much appreciate if the authors send a reprint of their articles in management and related disciplines to the Vikalpa office.Their inclusion will help render the referencing service complete. The areas of management covered in the abstracts are: Finance, Accounting, and Banking; Marketing and Advertising; Organizational Behaviour; Human Resources Management, Personnel Administration, and Industrial Relations; Production I Operations Management, Quantitative Methods; Computers and Information Systems; General Management: Policy, Technology, and Management in Government; Economic Growth, Planning, and International Trade; Agriculture, Natural Resources Management, and Rural Development.

Abstract Background The aim of this study is to evaluate the occurrence of paradoxical reactions (PRs), cytokine levels and outcome in HIV-negative lymphnode tuberculosis (TB) patients. Methods This is a prospective observational study conducted at the All-India Institute of Medical Sciences in New Delhi, India from July 2019 to June 2021. 144 subjects with confirmed or probable lymph node TB, excluding MDR TB, were recruited. Baseline characteristics, clinical presentation, imaging, laboratory parameters, and TB diagnostic modalities were gathered. Patients were followed up to evaluate the occurrence of PRs, and cytokines IL2, IL6, IL18, and TNF alpha were analyzed using the sandwich ELISA principle at baseline and after PR development. Workflow of the study. Results Total 144 subjects with confirmed tuberculosis were recruited. PRs developed in 5.5% of patients, with fever (58.74%) and weight loss (44.06%) being the predominant systemic symptoms. The median time for PR development was 37 days, with pain and swelling being the most common presentation (62.5%). Among the baseline cytokines, IL6 was the most elevated (20.83%), with IL2, IL18, and TNF alpha being elevated in 8.3%, 0.69%, and 1.38% of the subjects, respectively. On multivariate analysis, baseline elevation of interleukin 2 was statistically significant and predicted PRs. IL2 and IL6 were significantly elevated during the occurrence of PRs, while IL18 and TNF alpha were not. Most patients (75%) improved on NSAIDs, with a median symptom resolution duration of 30 days. Comparison of patient parameters at baseline and after the development of paradoxical reactions. Comparison of cytokine levels at baseline and after paradoxical reactions. Paradoxical reaction features, tuberculosis diagnostic modalities and treatment modalities of paradoxical reaction. Conclusion Our study found that baseline elevation of IL-2 and worsening adenopathy and weight loss during treatment are potential predictors for paradoxical reaction in lymph-node tuberculosis. However, it is important to validate these findings through larger prospective studies. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) has included targets towards ending the Background: tuberculosis epidemic by 2030. The strategies towards ending TB includes different milestones and targets for reduction in incidence of tuberculosis as well as deaths. The present study is a retrospective, cross-sectional study which provides an insight into the data captured at OPD by the Hospital Management Information System (HIS) of the Institute. The present st Methods: udy includes the data on patients attending OPD during 1st January 2022 to 31st December 2022 at a tertiary care hospital situated in New Delhi. The relevant information on patient prole is obtained from the Hospital Management Information System (HIS), developed and implemented by the Institute for capturing, storing, processing and disseminating information across various departments in the Institute. There have been 60,265 new registrations and 1,21,920 revisits made at OPD during the year. The present study provides an overview of the clinical and socio-demographic prole of these n = 1,82,185 patients (total sample size included in the study) visiting the hospital for care and treatment of respiratory illness, primarily, for Tuberculosis. Several descriptive and analytical data analysis techniques are used to assess the prole of patients. Results: The average age of the patients is 35 and median is 32. The age distribution is unimodal and the mode is calculated as 22, i.e. the maximum number of patients are of age 22, even younger than the overall average of the patients. However, patients from Geriatric age-group (more than 60) also visits in OPD. The total number of geriatric patients visited at OPD during 2022 is 32,505 (accounting for 18% of the total visits during the year). It may also be noted that the elderly patients have increased number of follow-up visits at OPD for better care at the hospital for tuberculosis and other respiratory health issues. The maximum number of geriatric patients (i.e. 13.4%) come from states outside Delhi, in comparison to Area (11%) and Non-area (12%) locations. Most of the OPD patients are from adult age group i.e. 15-59. T Conclusion: he study encompasses through the socio-demographic prole of all the symptomatic patients visiting OPD and a glimpse of clinical prole after nal diagnosis of the patients. The study focuses on the efcient use of Hospital Management Information System (HIS) of the Institute at OPD and does not include other modules of the HIS viz inpatient department (IPD), thoracic surgery and other special clinic modules, which are under development. Though the overall percentage of symptomatic male patients (55%) are more than the female symptomatic patients (45%), the age-group 15-24 shows higher attendance of female patients than their male counterparts, in all locations. Among the patients diagnosed with tuberculosis, 62% are suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis and 38% are suffering from extra-pulmonary tuberculosis i.e. the TB disease occurring in other places than lungs. In patients diagnosed with extra-pulmonary tuberculosis, Tubercular Pleural Effusion and Lymph Node Tuberculosis are the most occurred conditions

Introduction: A major obstetric complication, that leads to severe maternal and foetal morbidity is Pre-eclampsia (PE). Studies evaluating the autonomic nervous activity in pregnant women with PE shows conflicting results. Previous studies are inadequate for the identification of the most useful tools to detect and monitor autonomic dysfunction prior to PE. The cold pressor test is a simple and validated test, in which the afferent sensory pathways are stimulated by the cold stimulus, resulting in an increase in Blood Pressure (BP). Aim: To evaluate the response to cold pressor test and Heart Rate Variability (HRV) to detect increased vascular reactivity and sympathetic activity prior to the clinical manifestation of PE in pregnant women. Materials and Methods: A longitudinal study was conducted in in the Department of Physiology at Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences, HAHC Hospital, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India. The duration of the study was 11 months, from December 2018 to November 2019. Subjects were 50 pregnant women, between age 18-40 years and of 12-14 weeks of gestation. Cold pressor test and HRV were parameters measured for the assessment of the autonomic functions during 12 and 21 weeks of gestational period. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.0 was used for analysis of the quantitative data. Paired t-test was done for comparison of all values. Results: The mean age of the study participants was 29±2.7 years. There was no hyper-reaction to cold pressor test at 12 weeks of gestation, nor the subjects showed any signs of PE. At 14 weeks of gestation, 2 (4%) showed hyper-reaction to cold pressor test. At 21 weeks of gestation, 3 (6%) subjects showed hyper-reactions to cold pressor test and out of them, 2 developed PE. Root Mean Square Standard Deviation (RMSSD) and difference between adjacent Standard Deviation of N-N intervals (SDNN) of HRV analysis were significantly higher in the first trimester as compared to 21 weeks of pregnancy. Conclusion: Response to cold pressor test showed increased vascular reactivity, as a sign before the development of PE. HRV analysis could not detect any significant features of increased sympathetic activity prior to the clinical manifestation of PE in pregnant women.

Hypothermia is a life-threatening condition where the temperature of the body drops below 35°C and is a key source of concern in Intensive Care Units (ICUs). Early identification can help to nudge clinical management to initiate early interventions. Despite its importance, very few studies have focused on the early prediction of hypothermia. In this study, we aim to monitor and predict Hypothermia (30 min-4 h) ahead of its onset using machine learning (ML) models developed on physiological vitals and to prospectively validate the best performing model in the pediatric ICU. We developed and evaluated ML algorithms for the early prediction of hypothermia in a pediatric ICU. Sepsis advanced forecasting engine ICU Database (SafeICU) data resource is an in-house ICU source of data built in the Pediatric ICU at the All-India Institute of Medical Science (AIIMS), New Delhi. Each time-stamp at 1-min resolution was labeled for the presence of hypothermia to construct a retrospective cohort of pediatric patients in the SafeICU data resource. The training set consisted of windows of the length of 4.2 h with a lead time of 30 min-4 h from the onset of hypothermia. A set of 3,835 hand-engineered time-series features were calculated to capture physiological features from the time series. Features selection using the Boruta algorithm was performed to select the most important predictors of hypothermia. A battery of models such as gradient boosting machine, random forest, AdaBoost, and support vector machine (SVM) was evaluated utilizing five-fold test sets. The best-performing model was prospectively validated. A total of 148 patients with 193 ICU stays were eligible for the model development cohort. Of 3,939 features, 726 were statistically significant in the Boruta analysis for the prediction of Hypothermia. The gradient boosting model performed best with an Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (AUROC) of 85% (SD = 1.6) and a precision of 59.2% (SD = 8.8) for a 30-min lead time before the onset of Hypothermia onset. As expected, the model showed a decline in model performance at higher lead times, such as AUROC of 77.2% (SD = 2.3) and precision of 41.34% (SD = 4.8) for 4 h ahead of Hypothermia onset. Our GBM(gradient boosting machine) model produced equal and superior results for the prospective validation, where an AUROC of 79.8% and a precision of 53% for a 30-min lead time before the onset of Hypothermia whereas an AUROC of 69.6% and a precision of 38.52% for a (30 min-4 h) lead time prospective validation of Hypothermia. Therefore, this work establishes a pipeline termed ThermoGnose for predicting hypothermia, a major complication in pediatric ICUs.

Currently, e-government is one of the important tools to improve the efficiency of state management and the quality of public services. E-government applications contribute to meeting the requirements of modern governance, such as publicity, transparency, accountability, timeliness of public administration and citizen participation. Therefore, e-government is being developed and applied by various countries in the world including Vietnam. Keywords: E-government, Digital Government, Open Government, Governance, State Governance. References: [1] ADB (2005), Governance: Sound Development Management Governance, tại https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/institutional-document/32027/govpolicy.pdf, truy cập ngày 18/12/2018.[2] Sabri Boubaker, Duc Khuong Nguyen (editors), Corporate Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility: Emerging Markets Focus, World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd, 2014, tr. 377. Dẫn theo Nguyễn Văn Quân, Nguồn gốc và sự phát triển của quản trị tốt, trong cuốn “Quản trị tốt: Lý luận và thực tiễn”, Vũ Công Giao, Nguyễn Hoàng Anh, Đặng Minh Tuấn, Nguyễn Minh Tuấn (đồng chủ biên), NXB Chính trị Quốc gia, 2017.[3] Michiel Backus., “e-Governance and Developing Countries: Introduction and examples”, Research Report ; No. 3, April, 2001, Xem: https://bibalex.org/baifa/Attachment/Documents/119334.pdf, truy cập ngày 18/12/2018.[4] S. Bhatnagar, “e-government: from vision to implementation: a practical guide with case studies” New Delhi ; Thousand Oaks, Calif. : Sage Publications, 2004.[5] Vũ Công Giao, Nguyễn Hoàng Anh, Đặng Minh Tuấn, Nguyễn Minh Tuấn (đồng chủ biên) “Quản trị tốt: Lý luận và thực tiễn”, NXB Chính trị Quốc gia, 2017.[6] World Bank (2006), Making PRSP Inclusive, tại http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DISABILITY/Resources/280658-1172608138489/MakingPRSPInclusive.pdf, truy cập ngày 18/12/2018.[7] Global Agenda Council on the Future of Government - World Economic Forum (2011), The Future of Government Lessons Learned From Around The World, Xem: http://www3.weforum.org/docs/EU11/WEF_EU11_FutureofGovernment_Report.pdf –[8] Hanna, Nagy., Transforming Government and Building the Information Society: Challenges and Opportunities for the Developing World, Nagy Hanna & Peter T. Knight editors, Springer, NY, 2010.[9] Heeks, R., “iGovernment : Understanding e-Governance for Development”, Working Paper Series : Paper No. 11, Institute for Development Policy and Management, Xem: http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/NISPAcee/UNPAN015484.pdf, truy cập ngày 18/12/2018.[10] Richard Heeks, “Most e-Government-for-Development Projects Fail How Can Risks be Reduced, 2003, Xem: http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/cafrad/unpan011226.pdf, truy cập ngày 18/12/2018.[11] J. Guida, and M. Crow “e-government and e-governance”, in Unwin, T. (ed.), ICT4D: International and Communication Technology for Development, Cambridge University Press 2009. Xem: https://www.itu.int/ITU-D/cyb/app/docs/e-gov_for_dev_countries-report.pdf, truy cập ngày 18/12/2018.[12] Bob Jessop, The State Past, Present, Future, Polity, 2016, tr.166-169, tại http://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/acd/re/k- rsc/hss/book/pdf/vol07_08.pdf[13] S. Joseph. Jr. Nye and D. John (2000), Governance in a globalizing world, Brookings Institution Press.[14] Joseph Stiglitz, “Globalization And The Economic Role Of The State In The New Millennium”, Journal Of Industrial and Corporate Change, 2003.[15] Báo Lao động, Xây dựng chính phủ điện tử, rào cản nào?, xem: https://laodong.vn/thoi-su/xay-dung-chinh-phu-dien-tu-rao-can-nao-631923.ldo, truy cập ngày 18/12/2018.[16] Phạm Tiến Luật, Những thách thức trong xây dựng chính phủ điện tử ở Việt Nam, Tạp chí Quản lý nhà nước, số 264 (1/2018).[17] D. Nute, “Net eases Government Purchasing Process”, The American City & County Journal, 117 (1), 2002; K.A. O’Connell, “Computerizing Government: The Next Generation”, The American City & County Journal, 118 (8), 2003.[18] OECD (2004), Principles of Corporate Governance, tại: http://www.oecd.org/corporate/ca/corporategovernanceprinciples/31557724.pdf, truy cập ngày 18/12/2018.[19] United Nation (2002), World Public sector report Globalization and the State, tại: https://publicadministration.un.org/publications/content/PDFs/E-Library%20Archives/World%20Public%20Sector%20Report%20series/World%20Public%20Sector%20Report.2001.pdf , truy cập ngày 11/11/2018.[20] United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, What is Good Governance?, tại: https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/good-governance.pdf ., truy cập ngày 18/12/2018.[21] UNDP (1997), Governance & Sustainable Human Development. A UNDP Policy Document. New York United Nations Development Programme, 1997.[22] Jim Macnamara, The Quadrivium of Online Public Consultation: Policy, Culture, Resources, Technology, Dẫn theo Nguyễn Đức Lam, Quản trị tốt: những chuẩn mực chung, tài liệu đã dẫn. Vũ Công Giao, Nguyễn Hoàng Anh, Đặng Minh Tuấn, Nguyễn Minh Tuấn (đồng chủ biên) “Quản trị tốt: Lý luận và thực tiễn”, NXB Chính trị Quốc gia, 2017.[23] United Nations : Department of economic and Social Affairs, Division for Public Administration and Development Management, “The Global e-Government Survey 2008”, xem: https://publicadministration.un.org/egovkb/portals/egovkb/Documents/un/2008-Survey/unpan028607.pdf, truy cập ngày 18/12/2018.

Michael Watts of Purdue University reviews “Better Living through Economics” edited by John J. Siegfried. The EconLit Abstract of the reviewed work begins, “Twelve papers and fourteen comments explore the fundamental contributions of economic research to important public policy decisions over the past half century. Papers discuss the evolution of emissions trading; better living through improved price indexes; economics and the Earned Income Tax Credit;….” Arthur J. Robson of Simon Fraser University reviews “The Bounds of Reason: Game Theory and the Unification of the Behavioral Sciences” by Herbert Gintis. The EconLit Abstract of the reviewed work begins, “Explores how key concepts from the behavioral sciences can complement game theory in providing insights into human behavior. Discusses decision theory and human behavior; game theory--basic concepts; game theory and human behavior; rationalizability and common knowledge of rationality; extensive for….” Robert A. Margo of Boston University and NBER reviews “Top Incomes: A Global Perspective” edited by A. B. Atkinson and T. Piketty. The EconLit Abstract of the reviewed work begins, “Thirteen papers examine top incomes in ten OECD countries and focus on the contrast between continental Europe and English-speaking countries. Papers discuss top Indian incomes, 1922-2000; income inequality and progressive income taxation in China and India, 1986-2015; the evolution of income concentration….” Charles Wyplosz of The Graduate Institute, Geneva reviews “Europe and the Euro” edited by Alberto Alesina and Francesco Giavazzi. The EconLit Abstract of the reviewed work begins, “Eleven papers with comments, drawn from an NBER conference on “Europe and the Euro” held in October 2008, examine a number of issues related to the euro, including the effects of the euro on reform of goods and labor markets; its influence on business cycles and trade among members; and whether the ….” Anne Krueger of Johns Hopkins University reviews “Misadventures of the Most Favored Nations: Clashing Egos, Inflated Ambitions, and the Great Shambles of the World Trade System” by Paul Blustein. The EconLit Abstract of the reviewed work begins, “Explores whether the global trading system, specifically the World Trade Organization (WTO), is at risk of joining the financial system in crisis, and chronicles the major events in the system over the last decade. Discusses the 2001 WTO meeting in Doha, Qatar; the story of the global trading system….” Chong Xiang of Purdue University and NBER reviews “International Trade with Equilibrium Unemployment” by Carl Davidson and Steven J. Matusz. The EconLit Abstract of the reviewed work begins, “Considers how to create economic models that accurately reflect the real-world connections between international trade and labor markets using equilibrium unemployment modeling. Discusses the structure of simple general equilibrium models with frictional unemployment; trade and search-generated unemployment….” Raymond Robertson of Macalester College reviews “Unequal Partners: The United States and Mexico” by Sidney Weintraub. The EconLit Abstract of the reviewed work begins, “Examines the repercussions of the dependent-dominant relationship between Mexico and the United States. Discusses Mexico's political economy; trade--from closure to opening; foreign direct investment and finance--from resistance to welcome; narcotics--effects of profits from U.S. consumption; energy….” Jules H. van Binsbergen of Northwestern University, Stanford University, and NBER reviews “Anticipating Correlations: A New Paradigm for Risk Management” by Robert Engle. The EconLit Abstract of the reviewed work begins, “Presents a collection of new methods for estimating and forecasting correlations for large systems of assets. Discusses correlation economics; correlations in theory; models for correlation; dynamic conditional correlation; dynamic conditional correlation performance; the MacGyver method; generalize….” Andreas Bergh of Lund University and Research Institute for Industrial Economics reviews “Nordics in Global Crisis: Vulnerability and Resilience” by Thorvaldur Gylfason, Bengt Holmström, Sixten Korkman, Hans Tson Söderström, and Vesa Vihriälä. The EconLit Abstract of the reviewed work begins, “Presents a report on the global financial and economic crisis from the point of view of small open economies, focusing on the Nordic countries. Discusses putting the crisis into perspective; the crisis and the global policy response; the panic of 2007-08--a modern bank run; looking back at volatility….” Teresa A. Sullivan of University of Virginia reviews “Saving Alma Mater: A Rescue Plan for America's Public Universities” by James C. Garland. The EconLit Abstract of the reviewed work begins, “Examines how to reform the economic model of public higher education, drawing upon the example of Miami University of Ohio. Discusses where the money comes from; market forces in higher education; why public universities cannot restrain costs; the university prime directive; whether the faculty are ….” Martin Hall of University of Salford reviews “Financing Higher Education Worldwide: Who Pays? Who Should Pay?” by D. Bruce Johnstone and Pamela N. Marcucci.. The EconLit Abstract of the reviewed work begins, “Explores the financing of higher education from an international comparative perspective, focusing on the strategy of cost-sharing. Discusses diverging trajectories of higher education's costs and public revenues worldwide; financial austerity and solutions on the cost side; the perspective and policy….” Lee Branstetter of Carnegie Mellon University reviews “Offshoring in the Global Economy: Microeconomic Structure and Macroeconomic Implications” by Robert C. Feenstra. The EconLit Abstract of the reviewed work begins, “Presents lectures given by Robert C. Feenstra at the Stockholm School of Economics in September 2008, focusing on the role of trade versus technological change in explaining wage movements and their effect on workers. Lectures discuss microeconomic structure in the context of the Heckscher-Ohlin structure….” James E. Rauch of University of California, San Diego reviews “Emergent Economies, Divergent Paths: Economic Organization and International Trade in South Korea and Taiwan” by Robert C. Feenstra and Gary G. Hamilton. The EconLit Abstract of the reviewed work begins, “Studies the business groups in South Korea and Taiwan and what their different paths of development say about economic organization. Discusses the problem of economic organization; interpreting business groups in South Korea and Taiwan; a model of business groups--the interaction of authority and market….” Michael Bikard of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and NBER reviews “The Invention of Enterprise: Entrepreneurship from Ancient Mesopotamia to Modern Times” edited by David S. Landes, Joel Mokyr, and William J. Baumol. The EconLit Abstract of the reviewed work begins, “Eighteen papers examine the history of entrepreneurship throughout the world since antiquity. Papers discuss global enterprise and industrial performance--an overview; entrepreneurs--from the Near Eastern takeoff to the Roman collapse; Neo-Babylonian entrepreneurs; the scale of entrepreneurship in Middle….” Per Skedinger of Research Institute of Industrial Economics reviews “Reforming the Welfare State: Recovery and Beyond in Sweden” edited by Richard B. Freeman, Birgitta Swedenborg, and Robert Topel. The EconLit Abstract of the reviewed work begins, “Nine papers examine Sweden's recovery from crisis and the role that the country's welfare state institutions and policy reforms played in that recovery. Papers discuss searching for optimal inequality-incentives; policies affecting work patterns and labor income for women; wage determination and employment….”

This paper seeks to explore environmental, social and governance issues arising from investment in special economic zones (SEZs) in the mainland Southeast Asian region through a mixture of thick analytical description and multiple case study approach. All the states studied here have embraced the SEZ approach as it offers rapid economic development without any implications for the political settlement, which is considered beneficial by current administrations. Particular emphasis is placed on environmental, social and governance issues in the region covered and some complex issues that have emerged. It is shown that the situation is complex and continually evolving and that there are limited constraints on the actions of corporations. Consequently, there is an opportunity for investors to set precedents and protocols on a progressive basis. Keywords Economic development; environmental, social and governance issues; mainland Southeast Asia; special economic zones References [1] Anderson, Benedict, “Murder and Progress in Modern Siam,” New Left Review. 181 (1990) 33-48.[2] Ando, “About Ando”. www.ando-kyo.co.jp/english/about/history.html/, 2016.[3] Apisitniran, Lamonphet, “Latest SEZ Land Proposal Fizzles out,” Bangkok Post, Business B2, June 19th, 2015.[4] Aung, Noe Noe, “Workers Strike over Wage Demands”, Myanmar Times. http:// www.mmtimes.com/national-news/yangon/7150-thousands-of-workers-protest-in-hlaing-tharyar.html/, November 12th, 2017. [5] Baissac, Claude, “Brief History of SEZs and Overview of Policy Debates,” in Thomas Farole, ed., Special Economic Zones in Africa: Company Performance and Learning from Global Experience (Washington, DC: World Bank. http://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/2341/638440PUB0Exto00Box0361527B0PUBLIC0.pdf/, 2011. 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Hiroyuki Kishino, Ambassador of Japan to the Lao PDR, at the Inauguration Ceremony of the New Ando Factory in Pakse. http://www.la.emb-japan.go.jp/content_japan_laos_relations/ambassador_speech/Ando.html/, 2013 (Champasak Province on 03 December, 2013”). [12] M. Eisenbruch, “Mass Fainting in Garment Factories in Cambodia”, Transcultural Psychiatry. 54 (2017) 155-78.[13] Gopalakrishnan, Raju, “China-Vietnam Dispute: “More than 20 Killed” in Anti-China Riots,” Independent. http:// www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-vietnam-dispute-more-than-20-killed-in-anti-china-riots-9375887.html/, 2014 (May 15th, 2014). [14] Guardian Staff, Agencies, “Aung San Suu Kyi Denies Ethnic Cleansing of Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar,” The Guardian. http:// www.theguardia.com/world/2017/apr/05/myanmar-aung-san-suu-kyi-ethnic-cleansing/, 2017 (April 5th, 2017). 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[19] Jacobsen, Trudy, Lost Goddesses: The Denial of Female Power in Cambodian History (Copenhagen: NIAS Press, 2008).[20] Kongkirati, Prajak, “Murder without Progress in Siam: From Hired Gunmen to Men in Uniform,” Kyoto University Center for Southeast Asia Studies. http://kyotoreview.org/issue-21/murder-without-progress-siam/, 2017. [21] Ku, Samuel, “China’s Expanding Influence in Laos,” East Asia Forum. http:// www.eastasiforum.org/2016/02/26/chinas-expanding-influence-in-laos/, 2016 (February 26th, 2016).[22] Kurlantzick, Joshua, “Cambodia Draws Closer to Outright Authoritarianism,” Council on Foreign Relations. http://www.cfr.org/blog/cambodia-draws-closer-outright-authoritarianism/, 2017 (October 10th, 2017). 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Bell and Sons, 1967), 1967.[28] McGrath, Cam, “Sihanoukville Zone Prospers on China Links,” The Phnom Penh Post. https:// www.phnompenhpost.com/business/sihanoukville-zone-prospers-china-links/, 2017 (June 12th, 2017). [29] Mills, Mary Beth, “From Nimble Fingers to Raised Fists: Women and Labor Activism in Globalizing Thailand,” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society. 31 (2005) 117-44.[30] Minami, Ryoshin and Xinxin Ma, “The Lewis Turning Point of Chinese Economy: Comparison with Japanese Economy,” China Economic Journal. 3 (2010) 163-79.[31] Mingaladon Industrial Park, “Internal Infrastructure”. https://www.mingaladon.com/infrastructure-services.htm/, 2017a. [32] Mingaladon Industrial Park (2017b), “Investment Incentives,” http:// www.mingaladon.com/investment-incentives.htm.[33] Myanmar Industries, “Main Activities”. https:// myanmarindustries.org/index.php/main-activities-2/, 2017b. 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[39] Pinyochatchinda, Supaporn and John Walsh, “Pollution Management and Industrial Estates: Perceptions of Residents in the Vicinity of Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate,” Information Management and Business Review. 6 (2014) 42-8.http://bua.rmutr.ac.th/wpcontent/uploads/2016/09/WY-13-56.pdf. [40] Poupon, Roland, The Thai Food Complex: From the Rice Fields to Industrial and Organic Foods (Bangkok: White Lotus Press, 2013), 2013.[41] QTSP, “Who We Are”, available at: https://web.archive.org/web/20110501200030/http://www.quangtrungsoft.com.vn:80/index.php/en/about-qtsc/who-we-are?start=3/, 2011. [42] Rentsbuy, “Govt Approves New SEZ in Champasak”. https:// www.rentsbuy.com/project/economic-zone/pakxe-japan-sme-specific-economic-zone.html/, 2015 (August 10th, 2015).[43] Reporters without Borders, “2017 World Press Freedom Index”. https://rsf.org/en/ranking/, 2017.[44] Scott, C. James, Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1985. 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Photo by Ishan @seefromthesky on Unsplash ABSTRACT A strike to highlight the plight facing contract doctors which has been proposed has received mixed reactions from those within the profession and the public. This unprecedented nationwide proposal has the potential to cause real-world effects, posing an ethical dilemma. Although strikes are common, especially in high-income countries, these industrial actions by doctors in Malaysia are almost unheard of. Reviewing available evidence from various perspectives is therefore imperative to update the profession and the complexity of invoking this important human right. INTRODUCTION Contract doctors in Malaysia held a strike on July 26, 2021. COVID-19 cases are increasing in Malaysia. In June, daily cases ranged between 4,000 to 8,000 despite various public health measures. The R naught, which indicates the infectiousness of COVID-19, remains unchanged. During the pandemic, health care workers (HCWs) have been widely celebrated, resulting in a renewed appreciation of the risks that they face.[1] The pandemic has exposed flawed governance in the public healthcare system, particularly surrounding the employment of contract doctors. Contract doctors in Malaysia are doctors who have completed their medical training, as well as two years of internship, and have subsequently been appointed as medical officers for another two years. Contract doctors are not permanently appointed, and the system did not allow extensions after the two years nor does it offer any opportunity to specialize.[2] Last week, Parliament did decide to offer a two-year extension but that did not hold off the impending strike.[3] In 2016, the Ministry of Health introduced a contract system to place medical graduates in internship positions at government healthcare facilities across the country rather than placing them in permanent posts in the Public Service Department. Social media chronicles the issues that doctors in Malaysia faced. However, tensions culminated when and contract doctors called for a strike which ended up taking place in late July 2021. BACKGROUND Over the past decade, HCW strikes have arisen mostly over wages, work hours, and administrative and financial factors.[4] In 2012, the British Medical Association organized a single “day of action” by boycotting non-urgent care as a response to government pension reforms.[5] In Ireland, doctors went on strike for a day in 2013 to protest the austerity measures implemented by the EU in response to the global economic crisis. It involved a dispute over long working hours (100 hours per week) which violated EU employment laws and more importantly put patients’ lives at risk.[6] The strike resulted in the cancellation of 15,000 hospital appointments, but emergencies services were continued. Other major strikes have been organized in the UK to negotiate better pay for HCWs in general and junior doctors’ contracts specifically.[7] During the COVID-19 pandemic, various strikes have also been organized in Hong Kong, the US, and Bolivia due to various pitfalls in managing the pandemic.[8] A recent strike in August 2020 by South Korean junior doctors and medical students was organized to protest a proposed medical reform plan which did not address wage stagnation and unfair labor practices.[9] These demands are somewhat similar to the proposed strike by contract doctors in Malaysia. As each national health system operates within a different setting, these strikes should be examined in detail to understand the degree of self-interest involved versus concerns for patient’s welfare. l. The Malaysia Strike An anonymous group planned the current strike in Malaysia. The group used social media, garnering the attention of various key stakeholders including doctors, patients, government, and medical councils.[10] The organizers of the strike referred to their planned actions as a hartal. (Although historically a hartal involved a total shutdown of workplaces, offices, shops, and other establishments as a form of civil disobedience, the Malaysian contract doctors pledged no disturbance to healthcare working hours or services and intend a walk-out that is symbolic and reflective of a strike.)[11] The call to action mainly involved showing support for the contract doctors with pictures and placards. The doctors also planned the walk-out.[12] Despite earlier employment, contract medical doctors face many inequalities as opposed to their permanent colleagues. These include differences in basic salary, provisions of leave, and government loans despite doing the same job. The system disadvantages contract doctors offering little to no job security and limited career progression. Furthermore, reports in 2020 showed that close to 4,000 doctors’ contracts were expected to expire by May 2022, leaving their futures uncertain.[13] Some will likely be offered an additional two years as the government faces pressure from the workers. Between December 2016 and May 2021, a total of 23,077 contract doctors were reportedly appointed as medical officers, with only 789 receiving permanent positions.[14] It has been suggested that they are appointed into permanent positions based on merit but the criteria for the appointments remain unclear. Those who fail to acquire a permanent position inevitably seek employment elsewhere. During the COVID-19 pandemic, there have been numerous calls for the government to absorb contract doctors into the public service as permanent staff with normal benefits. This is important considering a Malaysian study that revealed that during the pandemic over 50 percent of medical personnel feel burned out while on duty.[15] This effort might be side-lined as the government prioritizes curbing the pandemic. As these issues remain neglected, the call for a strike should be viewed as a cry for help to reignite the discussions about these issues. ll. Right to strike The right to strike is recognized as a fundamental human right by the UN and the EU.[16] Most European countries also protect the right to strike in their national constitutions.[17] In the US, the Taft-Hartley Act in 1947 prohibited healthcare workers of non-profit hospitals to form unions and engage in collective bargaining. But this exclusion was repealed in 1947 and replaced with the requirement of a 10-day advanced written notice prior to any strike action.[18] Similarly, Malaysia also recognizes the right to dispute over labor matters, either on an individual or collective basis. The Industrial Relations Act (IRA) of 1967[19] describes a strike as: “the cessation of work by a body of workers acting in combination, or a concerted refusal or a refusal under a common understanding of a number of workers to continue to work or to accept employment, and includes any act or omission by a body of workers acting in combination or under a common understanding, which is intended to or does result in any limitation, restriction, reduction or cessation of or dilatoriness in the performance or execution of the whole or any part of the duties connected with their employment” According to the same act, only members of a registered trade union may legally participate in a strike with prior registration from the Director-General of Trade Unions.[20] Under Section 43 of the IRA, any strike by essential services (including healthcare) requires prior notice of 42 days to their employer.[21] Upon receiving the notice, the employer is responsible for reporting the particulars to the Director-General of Industrial Relations to allow a “cooling-off” period and appropriate action. Employees are also protected from termination if permitted by the Director-General and strike is legalized. The Malaysian contract healthcare workers’ strike was announced and transparent. Unfortunately, even after legalization, there is fear that the government may charge those participating in the legalized strike.[22] The police have announced they will pursue participants in the strike.[23] Even the Ministry of Health has issued a warning stating that those participating in the strike may face disciplinary actions from the ministry. However, applying these laws while ignoring the underlying issues may not bode well for the COVID-19 healthcare crisis. lll. Effects of a Strike on Health Care There is often an assumption that doctors’ strikes would unavoidably cause significant harm to patients. However, a systematic review examining several strikes involving physicians reported that patient mortality remained the same or fell during the industrial action.[24] A study after the 2012 British Medical Association strike has even shown that there were fewer in-hospital deaths on the day, both among elective and emergency populations, although neither difference was significant.[25] Similarly, a recent study in Kenya showed declines in facility-based mortality during strike months.[26] Other studies have shown no obvious changes in overall mortality during strikes by HCWs.[27] There is only one report of increased mortality associated with a strike in South Africa[28] in which all the doctors in the Limpopo province stopped providing any treatment to their patients for 20 consecutive days. During this time, only one hospital continued providing services to a population of 5.5 million people. Even though their data is incomplete, authors from this study found that the number of emergency room visits decreased during the strike, but the risks of mortality in the hospital for these patients increased by 67 percent.[29] However, the study compared the strike period to a randomly selected 20-day period in May rather than comparing an average of data taken from similar dates over previous years. This could greatly influence variations between expected annual hospital mortality possibly due to extremes in weather that may exacerbate pre-existing conditions such as heart failure during warmer months or selecting months with a higher incidence of viral illness such as influenza. Importantly, all strikes ensured that emergency services were continued, at least to the degree that is generally offered on weekends. Furthermore, many doctors still provide usual services to patients despite a proclaimed strike. For example, during the 2012 BMA strike, less than one-tenth of doctors were estimated to be participating in the strike.[30] Emergency care may even improve during strikes, especially those involving junior doctors who are replaced by more senior doctors.[31] The cancellation of elective surgeries may also increase the number of doctors available to treat emergency patients. Furthermore, the cancellation of elective surgery is likely to be responsible for transient decreases in mortality. Doctors also may get more rest during strike periods. Although doctor strikes do not seem to increase patient mortality, they can disrupt delivery of healthcare.[32] Disruptions in delivery of service from prolonged strikes can result in decline of in-patient admissions and outpatient service utilization, as suggested during strikes in the UK in 2016.[33] When emergency services were affected during the last strike in April, regular service was also significantly affected. Additionally, people might need to seek alternative sources of care from the private sector and face increased costs of care. HCWs themselves may feel guilty and demotivated because of the strikes. The public health system may also lose trust as a result of service disruption caused by high recurrence of strikes. During the COVID-19 pandemic, as the healthcare system remains stretched, the potential adverse effects resulting from doctor strikes remain uncertain and potentially disruptive. In the UK, it is an offence to “willfully and maliciously…endanger human life or cause serious bodily injury.”[34] Likewise, the General Medical Council (GMC) also requires doctors to ensure that patients are not harmed or put at risk by industrial action. In the US, the American Medical Association code of ethics prohibits strikes by physicians as a bargaining tactic, while allowing some other forms of collective bargaining.[35] However, the American College of Physicians prohibits all forms of work stoppages, even when undertaken for necessary changes to the healthcare system. Similarly, the Delhi Medical Council in India issued a statement that “under no circumstances doctors should resort to strike as the same puts patient care in serious jeopardy.”[36] On the other hand, the positions taken by the Malaysian Medical Council (MMC) and Malaysian Medical Association (MMA) on doctors’ strikes are less clear when compared to their Western counterparts. The MMC, in their recently updated Code of Professional Conduct 2019, states that “the public reputation of the medical profession requires that every member should observe proper standards of personal behavior, not only in his professional activities but at all times.” Strikes may lead to imprisonment and disciplinary actions by MMC for those involved. Similarly, the MMA Code of Medical Ethics published in 2002 states that doctors must “make sure that your personal beliefs do not prejudice your patients' care.”[37] The MMA which is traditionally meant to represent the voices of doctors in Malaysia, may hold a more moderate position on strikes. Although HCW strikes are not explicitly mentioned in either professional body’s code of conduct and ethics, the consensus is that doctors should not do anything that will harm patients and they must maintain the proper standard of behaviors. These statements seem too general and do not represent the complexity of why and how a strike could take place. Therefore, it has been suggested that doctors and medical organizations should develop a new consensus on issues pertaining to medical professional’s social contract with society while considering the need to uphold the integrity of the profession. Experts in law, ethics, and medicine have long debated whether and when HCW strikes can be justified. If a strike is not expected to result in patient harm it is perhaps acceptable.[38] Although these debates have centered on the potential risks that strikes carry for patients, these actions also pose risks for HCWs as they may damage morale and reputation.[39] Most fundamentally, strikes raise questions about what healthcare workers owe society and what society owes them. For strikes to be morally permissible and ethical, it is suggested that they must fulfil these three criteria:[40] a. Strikes should be proportionate, e., they ‘should not inflict disproportionate harm on patients’, and hospitals should as a minimum ‘continue to provide at least such critical services as emergency care.’ b. Strikes should have a reasonable hope of success, at least not totally futile however tough the political rhetoric is. c. Strikes should be treated as a last resort: ‘all less disruptive alternatives to a strike action must have been tried and failed’, including where appropriate ‘advocacy, dissent and even disobedience’. The current strike does not fulfil the criteria mentioned. As Malaysia is still burdened with a high number of COVID-19 cases, a considerable absence of doctors from work will disrupt health services across the country. Second, since the strike organizer is not unionized, it would be difficult to negotiate better terms of contract and career paths. Third, there are ongoing talks with MMA representing the fraternity and the current government, but the time is running out for the government to establish a proper long-term solution for these contract doctors. One may argue that since the doctors’ contracts will end in a few months with no proper pathways for specialization, now is the time to strike. However, the HCW right to strike should be invoked only legally and appropriately after all other options have failed. CONCLUSION The strike in Malaysia has begun since the drafting of this paper. Doctors involved assure that there will not be any risk to patients, arguing that the strike is “symbolic”.[41] Although an organized strike remains a legal form of industrial action, a strike by HCWs in Malaysia poses various unprecedented challenges and ethical dilemmas, especially during the pandemic. The anonymous and uncoordinated strike without support from the appropriate labor unions may only spark futile discussions without affirmative actions. It should not have taken a pandemic or a strike to force the government to confront the issues at hand. It is imperative that active measures be taken to urgently address the underlying issues relating to contract physicians. As COVID-19 continues to affect thousands of people, a prompt reassessment is warranted regarding the treatment of HCWs, and the value placed on health care. [1] Ministry of Health (MOH) Malaysia, “Current situation of COVID-19 in Malaysia.” http://covid-19.moh.gov.my/terkini (accessed Jul. 01, 2021). [2] “Future of 4,000 young doctors who are contract medical officers uncertain,” New Straits Times - November 26, 2020. https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2020/11/644563/future-4000-young-doctors-who-are-contract-medical-officers-uncertain [3] “Malaysia doctors strike, parliament meets as COVID strain shows,” Al Jazeera, July 26, 2021. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/7/26/malaysia-doctors-strike-parliament-meets-as-covid-strains-grow [4] R. Essex and S. M. Weldon, “Health Care Worker Strikes and the Covid Pandemic,” N. Engl. J. Med., vol. 384, no. 24, p. e93, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2103327; G. Russo et al., “Health workers’ strikes in low-income countries: the available evidence,” Bull. World Health Organ., vol. 97, no. 7, pp. 460-467H, Jul. 2019, doi: 10.2471/BLT.18.225755. [5] M. Ruiz, A. Bottle, and P. Aylin, “A retrospective study of the impact of the doctors’ strike in England on 21 June 2012,” J. R. Soc. Med., vol. 106, no. 9, pp. 362–369, 2013, doi: 10.1177/0141076813490685. [6] E. Quinn, “Irish Doctors Strike to Protest Work Hours Amid Austerity,” The Wall Street Journal, 2013. https://www.wsj.com/articles/no-headline-available-1381217911?tesla=y (accessed Jun. 29, 2021). [7] “NHS workers back strike action in pay row by 2-to-1 margin,” The Guardian, 2014. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2014/sep/18/nhs-workers-strike-pay-unison-england (accessed Jun. 29, 2021); M. Limb, “Thousands of junior doctors march against new contract,” BMJ, p. h5572, Oct. 2015, doi: 10.1136/bmj.h5572. [8] J. Parry, “China coronavirus: Hong Kong health staff strike to demand border closure as city records first death,” BMJ, vol. 368, no. February, p. m454, Feb. 2020, doi: 10.1136/bmj.m454; “MultiCare healthcare workers strike, urging need for more PPEs, staff support,” Q13 FOX, 2020. https://www.q13fox.com/news/health-care-workers-strike-urging-need-for-ppes-risks-on-patient-safety (accessed Jun. 29, 2021); “Bolivia healthcare workers launch strike in COVID-hit region,” Al Jazeera, 2021. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/2/9/bolivia-healthcare-workers-strike-covid-hit-region (accessed Jun. 29, 2021). [9] K. Arin, “Why are Korean doctors striking?” The Korea Herald, 2020. http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20200811000941 (accessed Jun. 29, 2021). [10] “Hartal Doktor Kontrak,” Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/hartaldoktorkontrak. [11] “Hartal,” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/hartal (accessed Jun. 29, 2021). [12] “Hartal Doktor Kontrak,” Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/hartaldoktorkontrak. [13] R. Anand, “Underpaid and overworked, Malaysia’s contract doctors’ revolt amid Covid-19 surge,” The Straits Times, 2021. [14] Anand. [15] N. S. Roslan, M. S. B. Yusoff, A. R. Asrenee, and K. Morgan, “Burnout prevalence and its associated factors among Malaysian healthcare workers during covid-19 pandemic: An embedded mixed-method study,” Healthc., vol. 9, no. 1, 2021, doi: 10.3390/healthcare9010090. [16] Maina Kiai, “Report by the Special Rapporteur on the Right to Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and Association,” 2016. [Online]. Available: http://freeassembly.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/A.71.385_E.pdf. [17] ETUI contributors, Strike rules in the EU27 and beyond. The European Trade Union Institute. ETUI, 2007. [18] National Labor Relations Board, National Labor Relations Act. 1935, pp. 151–169. [19] Ministry of Human Resources, Industrial Relations Act 1967 (Act 177), no. October. 2015, pp. 1–76. [20] Article 10 of the Federal Constitution states that all citizens have the right to form associations including registered trade or labor unions. A secret ballot with two-third majority will suffice to call for a strike required for submission to the DGTU within 7 days as stated in Section 25(A) of the Trade Union Act 1959. [21] Ministry of Human Resources Malaysia, Guidelines on Strikes, Pickets and Lockouts in Malaysia. Putrajaya, 2011. [22] Ordinance Emergency which was declared in Malaysia since 12 January 2021. Under the Ordinance Emergency, the king or authorized personnel may, as deemed necessary, demand any resources. [23] “Malaysia doctors strike, parliament meets as COVID strain shows,” Al Jazeera, July 26, 2021. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/7/26/malaysia-doctors-strike-parliament-meets-as-covid-strains-grow [24] S. A. Cunningham, K. Mitchell, K. M. Venkat Narayan, and S. Yusuf, “Doctors’ strikes and mortality: A review,” Soc. Sci. Med., vol. 67, no. 11, pp. 1784–1788, Dec. 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.09.044. [25] M. Ruiz, A. Bottle, and P. Aylin, “A retrospective study of the impact of the doctors’ strike in England on 21 June 2012,” J. R. Soc. Med., vol. 106, no. 9, pp. 362–369, 2013, doi: 10.1177/0141076813490685. [26] G. K. Kaguthi, V. Nduba, and M. B. Adam, “The impact of the nurses’, doctors’ and clinical officer strikes on mortality in four health facilities in Kenya,” BMC Health Serv. Res., vol. 20, no. 1, p. 469, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1186/s12913-020-05337-9. [27] G. Ong’ayo et al., “Effect of strikes by health workers on mortality between 2010 and 2016 in Kilifi, Kenya: a population-based cohort analysis,” Lancet Glob. Heal., vol. 7, no. 7, pp. e961–e967, Jul. 2019, doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X (19)30188-3. [28] M. M. Z. U. Bhuiyan and A. Machowski, “Impact of 20-day strike in Polokwane Hospital (18 August - 6 September 2010),” South African Med. J., vol. 102, no. 9, p. 755, Aug. 2012, doi: 10.7196/SAMJ.6045. [29] M. M. Z. U. Bhuiyan and A. Machowski, “Impact of 20-day strike in Polokwane Hospital (18 August - 6 September 2010),” South African Med. J., vol. 102, no. 9, p. 755, Aug. 2012, doi: 10.7196/SAMJ.6045. [30] M. Ruiz, A. Bottle, and P. Aylin, “A retrospective study of the impact of the doctors’ strike in England on 21 June 2012,” J. R. Soc. Med., vol. 106, no. 9, pp. 362–369, 2013, doi: 10.1177/0141076813490685. [31] D. Metcalfe, R. Chowdhury, and A. Salim, “What are the consequences when doctors strike?” BMJ, vol. 351, no. November, pp. 1–4, 2015, doi: 10.1136/bmj.h6231. [32] D. Waithaka et al., “Prolonged health worker strikes in Kenya- perspectives and experiences of frontline health managers and local communities in Kilifi County,” Int. J. Equity Health, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 1–15, 2020, doi: 10.1186/s12939-020-1131-y. [33] The study has shown that there were 9.1% reduction in admissions and around 6% fewer emergency cases and outpatient appointments than expected. An additional 52% increase in expected outpatient appointments cancelations were made by hospitals during that period. D. Furnivall, A. Bottle, and P. Aylin, “Retrospective analysis of the national impact of industrial action by English junior doctors in 2016,” BMJ Open, vol. 8, no. 1, p. e019319, Jan. 2018, doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019319. [34] D. Metcalfe, R. Chowdhury, and A. Salim, “What are the consequences when doctors strike?” BMJ, vol. 351, no. November, pp. 1–4, 2015, doi: 10.1136/bmj.h6231. [35] R. Essex and S. M. Weldon, “Health Care Worker Strikes and the Covid Pandemic,” N. Engl. J. Med., vol. 384, no. 24, p. e93, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2103327. [36] M. Selemogo, “Criteria for a just strike action by medical doctors,” Indian J. Med. Ethics, vol. 346, no. 21, pp. 1609–1615, Jan. 2014, doi: 10.20529/IJME.2014.010. [37] Malaysian Medical Association, “Malaysian Medical Association Official Website.” https://mma.org.my (accessed Jun. 29, 2021). [38] M. Toynbee, A. A. J. Al-Diwani, J. Clacey, and M. R. Broome, “Should junior doctors strike?” J. Med. Ethics, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 167–170, Mar. 2016, doi: 10.1136/medethics-2015-103310. [39] R. Essex and S. M. Weldon, “Health Care Worker Strikes and the Covid Pandemic,” N. Engl. J. Med., vol. 384, no. 24, p. e93, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2103327. [40] M. Selemogo, “Criteria for a just strike action by medical doctors,” Indian J. Med. Ethics, vol. 346, no. 21, pp. 1609–1615, Jan. 2014, doi: 10.20529/IJME.2014.010; A. J. Roberts, “A framework for assessing the ethics of doctors’ strikes,” J. Med. Ethics, vol. 42, no. 11, pp. 698–700, Nov. 2016, doi: 10.1136/medethics-2016-103395. [41] “Malaysia doctors strike, parliament meets as COVID strain shows,” Al Jazeera, July 26, 2021. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/7/26/malaysia-doctors-strike-parliament-meets-as-covid-strains-grow