Academic literature on the topic 'Instillation Ratio'

Prophylactic intravesical chemotherapy can decrease bladder cancer recurrence rate after nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma. We aimed to compare the effect of different prophylactic intravesical chemotherapy regimens in bladder recurrence-free survival. From 2000 to 2016, a total of 270 patients treated with radical nephroureterectomy at both institutions were enrolled. Patients were divided into 3 groups: multiple-instillation group, single-instillation group, and no-instillation group. Univariable and multivariable analyses with Cox regression methods were performed to calculate hazard ratios for bladder recurrence using clinicopathologic data, including our different instillation strategies. Sixty-three (23.3%) of 270 patients had subsequent intravesical recurrence. Significantly fewer patients in both the instillation groups had a recurrence compared to in the no-instillation group (13.1% vs 25.4% vs 41.5%, P = .001). Furthermore, there was a significant difference between both the instillation groups ( P = .016). In different subsets of patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma, intravesical chemotherapy, either multiple or single instillation, was a protective factor of bladder recurrence in pT2-4 ( P = .002) and high grade ( P < .0001). Importantly, Kaplan-Meier curves of bladder recurrence-free survival rate were increased observably in multiple-instillation group compared to that in single-instillation group ( P = .053 in pT2-4 subgroup; P = .048 in high-grade subgroup, respectively). On multivariable analysis, intravesical chemotherapy ( P < .001), especially multiple instillations (hazard ratio 0.230; 95% confidence interval 0.110-0.479), was identified an independent predictor of bladder recurrence-free survival. In conclusion, prophylactic intravesical chemotherapy effectively prevents bladder recurrence after nephroureterectomy, especially with multiple instillations, in patients with invasive upper tract urothelial carcinoma or at high-grade status.

Background Acid aspiration into one lung causes contralateral lung injury and systemic organ injury; this injury is thought to be mediated by the sequestration of activated neutrophils. Recombinant human soluble complement receptor 1 (sCR1) inhibits both the classical and alternative complement pathways; this study investigated the role of the complement system in unilateral acid lung injury by measuring the effects of administering sCR1 before or immediately after acid instillation. Methods Anesthetized rats (n = 18 in each group) underwent tracheostomy and insertion of a cannula into the anterior segment of the left lung. Then either 0.1 ml 0.1 N hydrochloric acid (HCl group) or 0.1 ml pH 7.4 phosphate buffered-saline (PBS group) was instilled. Fifteen minutes before (pre-sCR1 group) or 15 min after (post-sCR1 group) the acid was instilled, 10 mg/kg sCR1 was administered intravenously. Four hours after the acid instillation, rats were killed. In an additional 4 rats in each group, blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids obtained 1 h after the instillation of either acid or PBS were analyzed for tumor necrosis factor-alpha activity. Results The instillation of acid led to an increased wet-to-dry ratio of 5.2 +/- 0.1 in the acid-instilled lungs compared with their contralateral lungs (4.7 +/- 0.06). These values were greater than the values of 4.6 +/- 0.2 and 4.5 +/- 0.03 in the PBS-instilled lungs and their contralateral lungs, respectively (P &lt; 0.05). The administration of sCR1 before or immediately after the instillation of acid did not attenuate the increase in the wet-to-dry ratio of the acid-instilled lungs. However, the small but consistent increase in the wet-to-dry ratio of the contralateral lungs was attenuated by the sCR1 infusions (P &lt; 0.05). The instillation of acid increased the protein concentration in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from the injured lungs (1,000 +/- 206 micrograms/ml) compared with the protein concentration measured in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from their contralateral lungs (254 +/- 55 micrograms/ml). The administration of sCR1 before or immediately after the instillation of acid did not decrease the protein concentration in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from the acid-instilled lungs. The myeloperoxidase activity was increased in the acid-instilled lung, in their contralateral lung, and in the small intestines of the animals. The infusions of sCR1 before or immediately after the administration of acid led to significant decreases in the myeloperoxidase activities measured in the lungs and the intestines of the treated animals. Plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha activity was only increased (2.7 +/- 1.1 U/ml) in the animals that had received acid instillations. The infusions of sCR1, administered either before or immediately after the acid instillations, significantly decreased the measured tumor necrosis factor-alpha activity in the plasma (0.5 +/- 0.6 and 1.0 +/- 0.7 U/ml, respectively). Conclusions The results suggest that the complement system plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the injury of the contralateral lung and of the small intestine after unilateral instillation of acid to the lung. Further investigation is warranted to determine the clinical utility of antiinflammatory agents in acid-induced lung injury.

Single units of slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors (PSRs) were investigated in anesthetized cats during spontaneous breathing on continuous positive airway pressure (2–5 cmH2O), before and after lung lavage and then after instillation of surfactant to determine the PSR response to surfactant replacement. PSRs were classified as high threshold (HT) and low threshold (LT), and their instantaneous impulse frequency ( fimp) was related to transpulmonary pressure (Ptp) and tidal volume (Vt). Both the total number of impulses and maximal fimp of HT and LT PSRs decreased after lung lavage (55 and 45%, respectively) in the presence of increased Ptp and decreased Vt. While Ptp decreased markedly and Vt remained unchanged after surfactant instillation, all except one PSR responded with increased total number of impulses and maximal fimp (42 and 26%, respectively). Some HT PSRs ceased to discharge after lung lavage but recovered after surfactant instillation. The end-expiratory activity of LT PSRs increased or was regained after surfactant instillation. After instillation of surfactant, respiratory rate increased further with a shorter inspiratory time, resulting in a lower inspiratory-to-expiratory time ratio. Arterial pH decreased (7.31 ± 0.04 vs. 7.22 ± 0.06) and Pco2 increased (5.5 ± 0.7 vs. 7.2 ± 1.3 kPa) after lung lavage, but they were the same after as before instillation of surfactant (pH = 7.21 ± 0.08 and Pco2 = 7.6 ± 1.4 kPa) during spontaneous breathing. In conclusion, surfactant instillation increased lung compliance, which, in turn, increased the activity of both HT and LT PSRs. A further increase in respiratory rate due to a shorter inspiratory time after surfactant instillation suggests that the partially restored PSR activity after surfactant instillation affected the breathing pattern.

Objective. This study aims to evaluate eyedrop self-installation techniques and factors affecting these techniques in glaucoma patients.Methods. Researchers directly observed eyedrop instillation procedures of 66 glaucoma patients. Contact with periocular tissues and instillation onto ocular surface or conjunctival fornices were considered. Correlations of instillation patterns with patient characteristics including age, gender, intraocular pressure, cup-to-disc ratio, visual field loss, and total intake of glaucoma medication and handgrip strength score were searched.Results. The average handgrip strength in the instillation without periocular contact group was66.4 ± 19.7 kg, while the average handgrip strength score was55.9 ± 20.9 kg in the instillation with contact group. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (p=0.039). No statistically significant correlation was found between handgrip strength and the mean number of glaucoma medications, c/d, intraocular pressure (p>0.05). Also there was no significant relation between mean handgrip strength score and the severity of the visual field defect (p=0.191).Conclusion. Patients especially with severe glaucomatous damage should be adequately instructed about the proper techniques for self-instillation of eyedrops and motivated to use a proper technique. Also, it is possible to suggest that patients with a higher handgrip strength, indicating the well-being of general health, may be doing better in properly instilling glaucoma eyedrops.

The method of surfactant instillation into the lungs for treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome is an important attribute of delivery, and it may determine the overall efficacy of treatment. Previous studies primarily focused on the rate at which the bolus is instilled. These findings show that rapid injections lead to a more homogenous distribution, whereas slow infusions drain into the dependent lung with respect to gravity, resulting in a heterogeneous deposition. These results suggest that it is beneficial to form a meniscus, from which a more homogenous dispersal can proceed. The objective of the present study was to develop a functional criterion for meniscus formation during bolus injection. An in vitro experiment was used to examine the clinical setting of surfactant instillation. The physical variables examined were the bolus viscosity (μ) and density (ρ), gravity ( g), injection rate (Q), orientation of the trachea with respect to gravity (θ), tracheal size ( D), surface tension (γ), and catheter size ( d). All quantities were varied, except gravity and catheter size. Experimental results show that a meniscus will form when N St > 0.004Re2/3, where N St is Stokes number and Re is Reynolds number, N St = μQ/ D 4ρ gsinθ, a ratio of viscous effects to gravitational effects, and Re = ρQ D/ d 2μ, a ratio of inertial effects to viscous effects. Rapid injections, high viscosity, and small inclination with respect to gravity promote meniscus formation. These results can be used to refine the guidelines for administration of surfactant replacement therapy.

The influence of peritoneal dialysate exchange on the ventricular function in 11 children on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) therapy was studied before and after instillation dialysate. Systolic blood pressure, pulse rate, and echocardiographical data (shortening fraction and pre-ejection period/left ventricle ejection time-ratio) were obtained before and after instillation. There were no differences present with respect to the measured parameters after the abdomen was filled. It is concluded that in children treated with CAPD the exchange of normal volumes of dialysate has no influence on the function of the left ventricle.

BACKGROUND: Bladder cancer accounts for 5-10% of all cancers in Europe and up to 85% patients presents a noninvasive tumor, whose treatment of choice is the transurethral bladder resection (TURB) paired with adjuvant intravesical chemotherapy or immunotherapy. Despite several clinical trials showed that this treatment is safe and decreases recurrences by 17% to 44% this practice is limited for many reasons. The study objective is to analyze the economical advantages of the single immediate post operative Mitomycin C instillation in Non Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer (NMIBC) low-risk patients.METHODS: A cost-benefit analysis was performed evaluating the economical gain that would raised from a scenario with a single immediate post operative mitomycin C instillation in each low-risk NMIBC patient who underwent to TURB. Net present value and cost-benefit ratio were calculated and sensitivity analyses were performed. Base case analysis was performed considering tumor recurrence rate reduction of 11.7% and a TURB costs of 2,167.0 €, while sensitivity analyses were performed using a recurrence rate reduction of 19.2% and 15.0% and a TURB cost of 2,472.93 €. The discount rate was 2%.RESULTS: The single immediate post operative instillation of mitomycin C resulted to be cost-beneficial with a cost-benefit ratio that goes from 0.48 to 0.79 when compared to TURB alone raising a Net Present Value that goes from 660,284.39 € to 2,650,530.79 €.CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that even assuming conservative parameters for recurrence rates reduction, a single immediate post operative mitomycin C instillation in low risk NMIBC patients would lower not only the recurrence rate but also the caring cost for bladder cancer.

Background Neutrophils play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of acid-induced acute lung injury. Lidocaine inhibits the function of neutrophils. This study aimed to determine whether lidocaine attenuates acute lung injury induced by hydrochloric acid (HCl) instillation. Methods In study 1, rabbits were divided into four groups (n = 7 each). Lung injury was induced by intratracheal HCl (0.1 N, 3 ml/kg) in two groups. The other two groups received saline intratracheally. Lidocaine given intravenously (2 mg/ g bolus + 2 mg x kg(-1) x h(-1) infusion) was started 10 min before intratracheal instillation in one HCl and one saline group, and saline was given intravenously in the other two groups. In study 2, rabbits (four groups of seven animals each) received HCl (0.1 N, 3 ml/kg) intratracheally. Treatment with intravenous lidocaine was started 10 min before, 10 min after, or 30 min after acid instillation, or saline was given intravenously 10 min before instillation. Results In study 1, HCl caused deterioration of the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2), lung leukosequestration, decreased lung compliance, and increased the lung wet-to-dry weight ratio and albumin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-8 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Lidocaine pretreatment attenuated these changes. Hydrochloric acid increased superoxide anion production by neutrophils and caused morphologic lung damage, both of which were lessened by lidocaine. In study 2, lidocaine given 10 min after acid instillation was as effective as pretreatment in PaO2, lung mechanics, and histologic examination. However, PaO2 changes in lidocaine 30 min after injury were similar to those in saline given intravenously. Conclusions Intravenous lidocaine started before and immediately after acid instillation attenuated the acute lung injury, in part by inhibiting the sequestration and activation of neutrophils.

We compared the effects of left caudal lobe (LCL) alveolar hypoxia on regional pulmonary blood flow (PBF) with the effects due to alveolar edema induced by plasma instilled directly into the LCL airways of 16 dogs. Regional measurements were made with positron emission tomography. After hypoxic ventilation of the LCL (n = 11), the LCL-to-right caudal lobe (L/R) PBF ratio fell from 0.94 +/- 0.21 during 100% oxygen ventilation of the LCL to 0.46 +/- 0.21 (P less than 0.05). After instillation of either isooncotic (n = 5) or hypooncotic plasma (n = 3) into the LCL, the L/R PBF ratio was similar to that during LCL hypoxia (0.50 +/- 0.27 and 0.64 +/- 0.10, respectively, P less than 0.05 compared with 100% oxygen ventilation of the LCL before plasma instillation). The changes in regional PBF due to LCL hypoxia and plasma instillation could be completely prevented (n = 8) by the prior administration of a single dose of endotoxin (15 micrograms/kg iv). In contrast to previous work, these results indicate that perfusion redistribution occurs regardless of the oncotic state of alveolar edema. More importantly, any change that does occur in regional PBF can be completely prevented by blocking regional vasoconstriction, indicating that mechanical compression cannot be the major factor determining the regional response of PBF to alveolar flooding.

Pulmonary surfactant replacement has previously been shown to be effective in the human neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. The value of surfactant replacement in models of acute lung injury other than quantitative surfactant deficiency states is, however, uncertain. In this study an acute lung injury model using rats with chronic indwelling arterial catheters, injured with N-nitroso-N-methylurethane (NNNMU), has been developed. The NNNMU injury was found to produce hypoxia, increased mortality, an alveolitis, and alterations in the pulmonary surfactant system. Alterations of surfactant obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage included a reduction in the phospholipid-to-protein ratio, reduced surface activity, and alterations in the relative percentages of the individual phospholipids compared with controls. Treatment of the NNNMU-injured rats with instilled exogenous surfactant (Survanta) improved oxygenation; reduced mortality to control values; and returned the surfactant phospholipid-to-protein ratio, surface activity, and, with the exception of phosphatidylglycerol, the relative percentages of individual surfactant phospholipids to control values.

Tato diplomová práce byla psána při studentské zahraniční stáži, pod záštitou Evropské Unie – program „ERASMUS Student Mobility for Placement“. Stáž byla absolvována mezi prosincem 2010 a květnem 2011 ve společnosti a.d.Tramontana, mající sídlo v Palau de Santa Eulália, Španělsko. Pro kompletní návrh podvozku a odpružení jakéhokoli vozidla je nezbytná znalost mnoha technických disciplín. Tato diplomová práce se zabývá dvěma z nich – odpružení a řízení. Nejprve je rozebrána teorie, na kterou se může navázat v praktické části práce. Velká pozornost byla věnována srozumitelnosti textu a názornosti obrázků, bez zbytečných detailů, avšak bez vynechání důležitého. Tuto práci je tedy možné užít jako prvního kroku před návrhem podvozku. V další části je popsáno, jak byla probraná teorie využita při návrhu řízení u skutečného vozu, přičemž největší pozornost je věnována Ackermannově teorii řízení a geometrii zabraňující samořízení při propružení. V závěrečných částech je pozornost věnována ukázce některých z každodenních činností v malosériové výrobě automobilů – jde o zjištění maximálně možného pohybu kola při propružení a proces výroby příčných trojúhelníkových ramen včetně návrhu jejich připevnění k šasi.