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Journal articles on the topic 'Instanton liquid'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Shuryak, E. V. "The “instanton liquid”." Zeitschrift für Physik C Particles and Fields 38, no. 1-2 (March 1988): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01574532.

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2

Shuryak, E. V. "Instantons in QCD (I) Properties of the “instanton liquid”." Nuclear Physics B 319, no. 3 (June 1989): 521–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0550-3213(89)90618-4.

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3

Musakhanov, Mirzayusuf. "Gluons, Heavy and Light Quarks in the QCD Vacuum." EPJ Web of Conferences 182 (2018): 02092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818202092.

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We are discussing the properties of the QCD vacuum which might be important especially for the understanding of hadrons with small quark core size ~ 0:3 fm: We assume that at these distances the QCD vacuum can be described by the Instanton Liquid Model (ILM). At larger distances, where confinement is important, ILM should be extended to Dyons Liquid Model (DLM). The ILM has only two free parameters, average instanton size ρ ≈ 0:3 fm and average inter-instanton distance R ≈ 1 fm, and can successfully describe the key features of light hadron physics. One of the important conceptual results was prediction of the momentum dependent dynamical quark mass M ~ (packing f raction)1/2 ρ-1 ≈ 360 MeV, later confirmed numerically by evaluations in the lattice. The estimates show that gluon-instanton interaction strength is also big and is controlled by the value of dynamical gluon mass Mg ≈ M. Heavy quarks interact with instantons much weaker. The heavy quark-instanton interaction strength is given by ΔmQ ~ packing fraction ρ-1 ≈ 70 MeV: Nevertheless, the direct instanton contribution to the colorless heavy-heavy quarks potential is sizable and must be taken into account. At small distances, where one-gluon exchange contribution to this potential is dominated, we have to take into account dynamical gluon mass Mg. Also, instantons are generating light-heavy quarks interactions and allow to describe the nonperturbative effects in heavy-light quarks systems.
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4

Musakhanov, M. M., and N. R. Rakhimov. "Heavy quarkonium potential at nonzero temperature in the instanton liquid model." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 49 (January 2019): 1960003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194519600036.

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Within the framework of the instanton Liquid Model (ILM) we evaluate the heavy quark [Formula: see text] potential at finite temperature. The potential in the ILM has two components: direct instantons contribution and the ILM modified one-gluon exchange contribution. The dynamical ”electric” mass [Formula: see text], which was generated by rescattering of the gluons from the ILM instantons, was taken into account.
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5

Elias, V., Fang Shi, and T. G. Steele. "Finite energy sum rules and instantons in the instanton liquid model." Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics 24, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 267–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0954-3899/24/1/028.

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6

FACCIOLI, PIETRO. "INSTANTON-INDUCED CORRELATIONS IN HADRONS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, no. 19 (July 30, 2005): 4615–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x05028284.

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QCD instantons generate non-perturbative spin- and flavor- dependent correlations between light quarks. We report on the results of a series of studies on the contribution of instantons to the electro-weak structure of light hadrons. We show that the Instanton Liquid Model can reproduce the available data on proton and pion form factors at large momentum transfer, and explain the delay of the onset of the perturbative regime in some exclusive reactions. We provide unambiguous evidence that instantons lead to the formation of a deeply bound scalar, color anti-triplet diquark, with a mass of about 450 MeV. The strong attraction in the [Formula: see text], scalar diquark channel leads to a quantitative description of non-leptonic decays of hyperons and provides a microscopic dynamical explanation of the Δ I = 1/2 rule.
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7

Zinovjev, G. M., S. V. Molodtsov, and A. M. Snigirev. "Phonon-like excitations of instanton liquid." Physics of Atomic Nuclei 63, no. 5 (May 2000): 903–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.855722.

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8

Zinovjev, G. M., S. V. Molodtsov, and A. M. Snigirev. "Quark interaction with an instanton liquid." Physics of Atomic Nuclei 65, no. 5 (May 2002): 929–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1481488.

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9

Alkofer, R., M. A. Nowak, J. J. M. Verbaarschot, and I. Zahed. "Pseudoscalars in the instanton liquid model." Physics Letters B 233, no. 1-2 (December 1989): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(89)90643-6.

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10

Athenodorou, Andreas, Philippe Boucaud, Feliciano de Soto, José Rodríguez-Quintero, and Savvas Zafeiropoulos. "Instanton dominance over αs at low momenta from lattice QCD simulations at Nf = 0, Nf = 2 + 1 and Nf = 2 + 1 + 1." EPJ Web of Conferences 175 (2018): 12011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817512011.

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We report on an instanton-based analysis of the gluon Green functions in the Landau gauge for low momenta; in particular we use lattice results for αs in the symmetric momentum subtraction scheme (MOM) for large-volume lattice simulations. We have exploited quenched gauge field configurations, Nf = 0, with both Wilson and tree-level Symanzik improved actions, and unquenched ones with Nf = 2 + 1 and Nf = 2 + 1 + 1 dynamical flavors (domain wall and twisted-mass fermions, respectively). We show that the dominance of instanton correlations on the low-momenta gluon Green functions can be applied to the determination of phenomenological parameters of the instanton liquid and, eventually, to a determination of the lattice spacing. We furthermore apply the Gradient Flow to remove short-distance fluctuations. The Gradient Flow gets rid of the QCD scale, ΛQCD, and reveals that the instanton prediction extents to large momenta. For those gauge field configurations free of quantum fluctuations, the direct study of topological charge density shows the appearance of large-scale lumps that can be identified as instantons, giving access to a direct study of the instanton density and size distribution that is compatible with those extracted from the analysis of the Green functions.
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11

Molodtsov, S. V., A. M. Snigirev, and G. M. Zinovjev. "Quark induced excitations of the instanton liquid." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 106-107 (March 2002): 281–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5632(01)01689-9.

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12

Shuryak, E., and T. Schäfer. "THE QCD VACUUM AS AN INSTANTON LIQUID." Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 47, no. 1 (December 1997): 359–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nucl.47.1.359.

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13

MOLODTSOV, S. V., and G. M. ZINOVJEV. "ROLE OF QUARK INTERACTIONS WITH INSTANTON LIQUID IN COLOUR SUPERCONDUCTIVITY PHASE." Modern Physics Letters A 18, no. 12 (April 20, 2003): 817–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732303009903.

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The interaction of light quarks and instanton liquid is analyzed at finite density of quark/baryon matter and in the phase of nonzero values of diquark (colour) condensate. It is shown that instanton liquid perturbation produced by such an interaction results in an essential increase of the critical value of quark chemical potential μc which provokes the perceptible increase of quark matter density around the expected onset of the colour superconductivity phase.
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14

Brower, R. C., D. Chen, J. W. Negele, and E. Shuryak. "Heavy quark potential in the instanton liquid model." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 73, no. 1-3 (March 1999): 512–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5632(99)85121-4.

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15

Molodtsov, S. V., and G. M. Zinovjev. "Towards self-consistent definition of instanton liquid parameters." Journal of High Energy Physics 2008, no. 12 (December 30, 2008): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1126-6708/2008/12/112.

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16

Schäfer, T., and E. V. Shuryak. "Hadronic correlation functions in the interacting instanton liquid." Physical Review D 54, no. 1 (July 1, 1996): 1099–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.54.1099.

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17

Brown, G. E., C.-H. Lee, M. Rho, and E. Shuryak. "The instanton molecule liquid and sticky molasses aboveTc." Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics 30, no. 8 (July 20, 2004): S1275—S1278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0954-3899/30/8/107.

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18

Shuryak, E. V. "Toward the quantitative theory of the instanton liquid (I)." Nuclear Physics B 302, no. 4 (June 1988): 559–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0550-3213(88)90188-5.

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19

Shuryak, E. V. "Toward the quantitative theory of the instanton liquid (II)." Nuclear Physics B 302, no. 4 (June 1988): 574–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0550-3213(88)90189-7.

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20

Shuryak, E. V. "Toward the quantitative theory of the instanton liquid (III)." Nuclear Physics B 302, no. 4 (June 1988): 599–620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0550-3213(88)90190-3.

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21

Shuryak, E. V. "Toward the quantitative theory of the instanton liquid IV." Nuclear Physics B 302, no. 4 (June 1988): 621–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0550-3213(88)90191-5.

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22

Zinovjev, G. M., and S. V. Molodtsov. "Screening of a color field in an instanton liquid." Physics of Atomic Nuclei 70, no. 6 (June 2007): 1136–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s106377880706018x.

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23

Zinovjev, G. M., and S. V. Molodtsov. "Instanton liquid at a finite density of quark matter." Physics of Atomic Nuclei 66, no. 5 (May 2003): 968–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1577919.

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24

Zinovjev, G. M., and S. V. Molodtsov. "Diquark condensate and quark interaction with an instanton liquid." Physics of Atomic Nuclei 66, no. 7 (July 2003): 1349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1592590.

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25

Shuryak, E. V., and J. J. M. Verbaarschot. "Chiral symmetry breaking and correlations in the instanton liquid." Nuclear Physics B 341, no. 1 (September 1990): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0550-3213(90)90260-k.

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26

Schäfer, T., and E. V. Shuryak. "Interacting instanton liquid in QCD at zero and finite temperatures." Physical Review D 53, no. 11 (June 1, 1996): 6522–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.53.6522.

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27

Rapp, Ralf. "Chiral symmetry restoration in the instanton liquid at finite density." Nuclear Physics A 642, no. 1-2 (November 1998): c71—c77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0375-9474(98)00501-6.

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28

Zinov’ev, G. M., and S. V. Molodtsov. "Instanton liquid at finite temperature and chemical potential of quarks." Physics of Particles and Nuclei Letters 4, no. 1 (February 2007): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1547477107010037.

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29

Ilgenfritz, E. M., and E. V. Shuryak. "Chiral symmetry restoration at finite temperature in the instanton liquid." Nuclear Physics B 319, no. 3 (June 1989): 511–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0550-3213(89)90617-2.

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30

Fosco, C. D., and L. E. Oxman. "Massless fermions and the instanton dipole liquid in compact QED3." Annals of Physics 321, no. 8 (August 2006): 1843–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aop.2006.01.001.

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31

Zinov’ev, G. M., and S. V. Molodtsov. "One method for the self-consistent determination of instanton liquid parameters." Physics of Particles and Nuclei Letters 6, no. 5 (September 2009): 376–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1547477109050057.

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32

Dorokhov, A. E. "Hadronic corrections to muon anomalous magnetic moment within the instanton liquid model." Nuclear Physics A 790, no. 1-4 (June 2007): 481c—484c. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2007.03.135.

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33

García-García, Antonio M., and James C. Osborn. "Chiral phase transition and Anderson localization in the instanton liquid model for QCD." Nuclear Physics A 770, no. 3-4 (May 2006): 141–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2006.02.011.

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34

DOROKHOV, A. E., and N. I. KOCHELEV. "QUARK SEA STRUCTURE FUNCTIONS WITHIN NON-PERTURBATIVE APPROACH AND HEAVY QUARK PRODUCTION." Modern Physics Letters A 06, no. 21 (July 10, 1991): 1923–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732391002074.

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Within the model of QCD vacuum as an instanton liquid the parametrization of the sea quark structure functions in the proton is obtained. A new mechanism of heavy quark production is suggested. It is shown that the J/Ψ suppression as well as ϕ enchancement observed experimentally in AA-collisions can be explained within the non-perturbative mechanism.
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35

Verbaarschot, Jacobus. "Spectrum of the Dirac operator in a QCD instanton liquid: two versus three colors." Nuclear Physics B 427, no. 3 (October 1994): 534–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0550-3213(94)90638-6.

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36

Xiaoan, Zhou. "Crystalline-instanton-liquid model of QCD vacuum and its implication on chiral and deconfinement transitions." Physical Review D 41, no. 12 (June 15, 1990): 3861–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.41.3861.

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37

Wen, Shuiguo, Zhenyu Zhang, and Jueping Liu. "The finite-width Laplace sum rules for the 0++scalar glueball in the instanton liquid model." Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics 38, no. 1 (December 3, 2010): 015005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0954-3899/38/1/015005.

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38

MALININ, SERGEY, and THOMAS NATTERMANN. "TRANSPORT IN LUTTINGER LIQUIDS WITH STRONG IMPURITIES." International Journal of Modern Physics B 21, no. 23n24 (September 30, 2007): 4164–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979207045359.

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The tunnel current of a Luttinger liquid with a finite density of strong impurities is calculated using an instanton approach. For very low temperatures T or electric fields E the (nonlinear) conductivity is of variable range hopping (VRH) type as for weak pinning. For higher temperatures or fields the conductivity shows power law behavior corresponding to a crossover from multi- to single-impurity tunneling. For even higher T and not too strong pinning there is a second crossover to weak pinning. The determination of the position of the various crossover lines both for strong and weak pinning allows the construction of the global regime diagram.
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39

Wantz, Olivier, and E. P. S. Shellard. "The topological susceptibility from grand canonical simulations in the interacting instanton liquid model: Chiral phase transition and axion mass." Nuclear Physics B 829, no. 1-2 (April 2010): 110–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2009.12.005.

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40

Wantz, Olivier. "The topological susceptibility from grand canonical simulations in the interacting instanton liquid model: Zero temperature calibrations and numerical framework." Nuclear Physics B 829, no. 1-2 (April 2010): 48–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2009.12.007.

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41

Wantz, Olivier. "The topological susceptibility from grand canonical simulations in the interacting instanton liquid model: Strongly associating fluids and biased Monte Carlo." Nuclear Physics B 829, no. 1-2 (April 2010): 91–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2009.12.006.

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42

Nam, Seung-il. "Thermal conductivity of the quark matter for the SU(2) light-flavor sector." Modern Physics Letters A 30, no. 10 (March 25, 2015): 1550054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732315500546.

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We investigate the thermal conductivity (κ) of the quark matter at finite quark chemical potential (μ) and temperature (T), employing the Green–Kubo formula, for the SU(2) light-flavor sector with the finite current-quark mass m = 5 MeV . As a theoretical framework, we construct an effective thermodynamic potential from the (μ, T)-modified liquid-instanton model (mLIM). Note that all the relevant model parameters are designated as functions of T, using the trivial-holonomy caloron solution. By solving the self-consistent equation of mLIM, we acquire the constituent-quark mass M0 as a function of T and μ, satisfying the universal-class patterns of the chiral phase transition. From the numerical results for κ, we observe that there emerges a peak at μ≈200 MeV for the low-T region, i.e. T≲100 MeV . As T increase over T≈100 MeV , the curve for κ is almost saturated as a function of T in the order of ~ 10-1 GeV 2, and grows with respect to μ smoothly. At the normal nuclear-matter density ρ0 = 0.17 fm -3, κ shows its maximum 6.22 GeV 2 at T≈10 MeV , then decreases exponentially down to κ≈0.2 GeV 2. We also compute the ratio of κ and the entropy density, i.e. κ/s as a function of (μ, T) which is a monotonically decreasing function for a wide range of T, then approaches a lower bound at very high T: κ/s min ≳0.3 GeV -1 in the vicinity of μ = 0.
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43

Irwan, Wawan. "Development of High Betacarotene Instant Cream of Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) Soup for the Elderly." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa040_035.

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Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to develop instant cream of pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) soup high in b-carotene for the elderly. Methods The design was a completely randomized factorial design with two replications and three formulas. There were two factors tested including the type of processing (fresh vs instant) and the proportion of pumpkin and carrot (1:2 vs 1:1 vs 2:1). The formulas were evaluated by semi-trained panellists for the hedonic test, while by the elderly for the acceptance tests. The routine proximate analysis was then conducted. In addition, the potassium and b-carotene contents were also determined by inductively couple plasma–optical emission spectrophotometer (ICP-OES) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. Results The selected formula was soup processed instantly with proportion of pumpkin and carrot of 2:1. The elderly preferred instant soup to the fresh. The selected formula contained 491.69 kcal/100 g, water (3.87%), ash (2.22%), protein (9.82%), fat (23.21%) and carbohydrate (60.88%). In addition, the potassium and b-carotene content of selected formula were 501.35 mg/100 g and 3380 μg/g, respectively. In addition, the selected formula met 100% of RDA per serving size. Conclusions The elderly preferred instant cream of pumpkin soup to the fresh with pumpkin and carrot ratio of 2:1. The instant cream of pumpkin soup is a nutritious food high in b-carotene. Funding Sources Centre For Development and Empowerment teacher and education personnel, Ministry Education and Culture, Republic of Indonesia.
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44

Schonenberger, P., J. Ducruet, A. Pernet, F. Marsan, B. Bach, P. Passeraub, D. Zufferey, and O. Vorlet. "Automatization of membrane contactors and applications for the management of dissolved gases in wines." BIO Web of Conferences 15 (2019): 02037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20191502037.

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Over the last decade, several distinct research groups tested possible uses of membrane contactors for the wine industry, notably for the management of dissolved gases in wines, adjustment of the CO2 concentration while reducing the O2 concentration at the same time. Other experiments were done with partial alcohol reduction and addition of N2 to wines. The contactor's heart is its Liqui-Cel™ membrane where the two separate circuits meet. The membrane's hydrophobic characteristics allows a liquid to get in contact with a gas, without dispersing into it. The directions that these gases take through the membrane depend on their partial pressure differences within the two circuits. However, other factors need to be considered to determine exact exchange rates for each target gas. The present article describes the new membrane contactor prototype that was co-developed by the University of applied Sciences and Arts, Viticulture and Enology at Changins, Switzerland, and the School of Engineering and Architecture at Fribourg, Switzerland. The prototype was designed for small scale operations. Flow rates, temperatures and internal pressures can be instantly measured and graphically visualized. Also, O2 concentrations are measured inside the liquid. CO2 concentrations in the liquid can be measured with a device that is connected to the liquid circuit through a bypass after the membranes.
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45

Drozin, A. D., and E. Yu Kurkina. "Application of equilibrium phase diagrams for calculation of segregation kinetics during two-component melt cooling." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 63, no. 2 (April 29, 2020): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2020-2-129-134.

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According to the equilibrium state diagrams, when the melt is cooled to a certain temperature below liquidus, compositions of liquid and solid phases are uniquely determined by corresponding curves in the diagram. However, it does not happen in reality. For equilibrium (which the diagram describes), it is necessary that the melt is maintained indefinitely at each temperature, or thermal conductivity of liquid and solid phases, and the diffusion coefficients of their components, are infinitely large. We made an attempt to find out how these processes occur in reality. In this work, we consider the growth of individual crystal during cooling of a two-component melt. Mathematical model is constructed based on the following. 1. The melt area with volume corresponding to one grain, the periphery of which is cooled according to a certain law, is considered. 2. At the initial instant of time, a crystal nucleus of a certain minimum size is in the liquid. 3. At the surface of crystal, compositions of liquid and solid phases correspond to equilibrium state diagram at a given temperature on its surface. 4. Changes in temperature and composition in liquid and solid phases occur according to the laws of heat conduction and diffusion, respectively. As the melt gets cold and the crystal grows, the liquid phase is enriched in one component and depleted in another, the solid phase – on the contrary. Since the diffusion coefficients of the components in the solid phase are small, the composition of the crystal does not have time to completely equalize its cross section. The model proposed in the work allows us to study this phenomenon, to calculate for each cooling mode how the composition of the crystal will vary over its cross section. The calculations have shown that the temperature equalization occurs almost instantly, and composition of the liquid phase equalizes much slower. Equalization of the solid phase composition does not occur in the foreseeable time. The results of the work will help to improve technology of generation of alloys with an optimal structure.
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46

Inada, S., and W. J. Yang. "Effects of Heating Surface Materials on a Liquid–Solid Contact State in a Sessile Drop-Boiling System." Journal of Heat Transfer 115, no. 1 (February 1, 1993): 222–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2910652.

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Three experimental investigations are performed on the liquid–solid contact state at the instant when a liquid comes in contact with a heating surface in the transition-boiling regime between the maximum evaporation rate point and the spheroidal state: (1) measuring the piezoelectric potential by means of a quartz oscillator being placed on the heating surface, (2) monitoring the boiling sound generated at the instant of liquid–solid contact using a condenser microphone, and (3) observation of drop behavior, by means of high-speed photography. The information obtained from these three investigations is synthesized to quantify the liquid–solid contact state. The study has disclosed the roles of thermal properties and heating surface temperatures on the endurance time of the instantaneous liquid–solid contact state and the relationship between the critical bubble radius and the measured vapor–liquid interfacial pressure difference.
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47

Uma, B. "Effect of Wind Stress on the Dynamics and Stability of Nonisothermal Power-Law Film down an Inclined Plane." ISRN Mathematical Physics 2012 (January 26, 2012): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/732675.

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Dynamics and stability of a nonisothermal power-law liquid film down an inclined plane is considered in the presence of interfacial shear. Linear stability characteristics of the power-law liquid film using normal mode approach reveal that isothermal and evaporating films are unstable for any value of power-law index while there exists a critical value of power-law index for the case of condensate film above which condensate film ow system is always stable. This critical value of power-law index increases with the increase in shear stress at the interface. Weakly nonlinear stability analysis using method of multiple scales divulges the existence of zones due to supercritical stability and subcritical instability. The nonlinear evolution equation is solved numerically in a periodic domain. The results reveal that (1) for an isothermal dilatant (pseudoplastic) liquids, the maximum wave amplitude is always smaller (larger) than that for a Newtonian liquid and the amplitude of permanent wave increases with the increase in interfacial shear; (2) condensation of pseudoplastic film happens for the earlier instant of time when the phase change parameter increases and the effect of interfacial shear makes the film more corrugated; (3) dilatant (pseudoplastic) evaporating liquid film attains rupture faster (slower) than that of Newtonian liquid film, and the interfacial shear does not influence the time at which rupture occurs.
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48

Tatekura, Y., M. Watanabe, K. Kobayashi, and T. Sanada. "Pressure generated at the instant of impact between a liquid droplet and solid surface." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 12 (December 2018): 181101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.181101.

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The prime objective of this study is to answer the question: How large is the pressure developed at the instant of a spherical liquid droplet impact on a solid surface? Engel first proposed that the maximum pressure rise generated by a spherical liquid droplet impact on a solid surface is different from the one-dimensional water-hammer pressure by a spherical shape factor (Engel 1955 J. Res. Natl Bur. Stand. 55 (5), 281–298). Many researchers have since proposed various factors to accurately predict the maximum pressure rise. We numerically found that the maximum pressure rise can be predicted by the combination of water-hammer theory and the shock relation; then, we analytically extended Engel’s elastic impact model, by realizing that the progression speed of the contact between the gas–liquid interface and the solid surface is much faster than the compression wavefront propagation speed at the instant of the impact. We successfully correct Engel’s theory so that it can accurately provide the maximum pressure rise at the instant of impact between a spherical liquid droplet and solid surface, that is, no shape factor appears in the theory.
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49

Mohan, Banoth, and V. Ashok Kumar. "CFD analysis for counter flow in concentric tube heat exchangers." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.20 (April 18, 2018): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.20.14772.

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A device may be a device worked for the sensible heat exchange beginning with one liquid then onto the attendant, paying very little reference to whether or not the liquids square measure isolates by a powerful divider in order that they ne'er mix, or the liquids square measure particularly in touch. reliably get some data concerning in device progression is creating to form productive, traditionalist and stinting heat exchangers, where for the duration of the planet. Strengthening the function for this alteration wants associate degree association. In most up-to-date 5 years coaxial tube heat exchangers use unnatural convection to cut down the temperature of a operating liquid whereas raising the temperature of the cooling medium. The motivation driving this paper is to utilize ANSYS FLUENT12.1 programming and hand counts to interrupt down the temperature drops as a neighborhood of each straight speed and delta temperature and the way each modification with the opposite. every gleam money dealer show was worked in steps and examined in transit till the purpose that the instant that each parallel stream and counter stream heat money dealer models were created. The outcomes were thought of between every model and among parallel and counter stream with fouled funneling. Turbulent stream was conjointly impecunious down amidst the distinction within the shine exchangers to choose its impact on heat exchange. whereas clearly the fouled heat money dealer had a lower execution and during this manner cooled the operating liquid less, the execution of the counter heat money dealer out of the blue of the parallel heat money dealer.
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50

Hao, G., Zu Rong Qiu, Guo Xiong Zhang, and A. P. Zhang. "A Study on the Multi-Wavelength Drop Analysis Technology." Key Engineering Materials 295-296 (October 2005): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.295-296.215.

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Abstract:
An instrumental method for measuring the properties of liquids has been developed. The instrument, called the fiber-capacitive drop analyzer (FCDA), is based on a specially designed drop sensor by means of the fiber drop analyzing technology and the capacitive drop analyzing technology, and produces a volume-based fiber drop trace (VFDT), which shows the relation between the light intensity passing through the liquid drop and the instant drop volume. Preliminary experiments have been carried out and these prove that VFDT externalizes the overall properties of tested liquids and is suitable for fine discrimination among different kinds of liquids. In this paper, a multi-wavelength drop analysis (MWDA) method is described. In this case, the light source of the FCDA is developed from a single wavelength to a multi-wavelength. A special filter is employed to sort out the signals from the mixed multi-wavelength signals and it becomes possible to get two or three VFDT with different light wavelength at the same time. As one knows, a material will absorb the light on certain wavelengths. It means that, for a mixed liquid, one can get different VFDTs by MWDA at the same time. By this way, the resolution capability of a FCDA is enhanced very much due to more information including in those VFDTs. A special signal process circuit, the key technology of the MWDA, is described in this paper. The test results show that the new circuit had satisfied the MWDA method well and will be very useful to an instrument of the FCDA with MWDA.
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