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1
Dietrich, Jaakko I., Mikko A. Inkala, and Vesa J. Männistö. "Bridge Inspection Quality Management." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1933, no. 1 (January 2005): 2–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105193300101.
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Reliable data on the condition of bridge networks are critical for successful bridge management. However, little attention has been paid to the quality of the data gathered in bridge inspections. This paper reviews the most important areas of bridge inspection that cause variation in bridge condition data and presents possible misjudgments made as a result of poor inspection data quality. The main elements of the inspection quality management system adopted in the Finnish Road Administration are presented, and the development of the quality of inspection data in 2002 and 2003 is briefly summarized. The evidence shows that the quality of inspection data has improved considerably but that the current quality level is not yet sufficient. The quality control system could be improved by increasing inspector interaction during control inspections, using an independent consultant in inspection quality measurements and inspector training, increasing the number of quality measurements, and introducing quality targets.
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Ludwig, Michael J., and Chris Conrardy. "Portable Weld Inspection Management System." Journal of Ship Production 23, no. 03 (August 1, 2007): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsp.2007.23.3.147.
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Manual visual inspection is by far the most widely used weld inspection method. A given weld may be visually examined multiple times as parts are joined and made into assemblies. Because visual inspection is somewhat subjective, and prone to error (a typical inspector only identifies about 85% of the visible defects); welds that pass one inspection may fail subsequent inspections, resulting in multiple inspection and repair cycles. This paper discusses a project that tested the benefits and limitations of a semiautomated weld inspection system. The goal of this semiautomated inspection approach is to provide quantitative, nonsubjective quality measurements of welded structures in order to: eliminate redundant inspections, reduce unnecessary multiple repair cycles, avoid repair of welds that meet minimum size requirements, and enable recording of weld size so that overwelding can be identified and reduced. The technology would also allow tracking of weld quality and statistical analysis of welding process capability to support lean/six-sigma continuous improvement initiatives. A prototype system was assembled and field tested by inspecting actual ship structures. The equipment evaluated has potential, but needs both hardware and software modifications before it can be used as a tool on a regular basis in a shipbuilding environment. As is, it will be useful as an audit tool to gauge the health of the visual inspection process and to further document the inherent variability of the visual inspection process. Recommendations were made for improvements to refine the prototype tool prior to broader deployment.
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Ibanez, Maria R., and Michael W. Toffel. "How Scheduling Can Bias Quality Assessment: Evidence from Food-Safety Inspections." Management Science 66, no. 6 (June 2020): 2396–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2019.3318.
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Accuracy and consistency are critical for inspections to be an effective, fair, and useful tool for assessing risks, quality, and suppliers—and for making decisions based on those assessments. We examine how inspector schedules could introduce bias that erodes inspection quality by altering inspector stringency. Our analysis of thousands of food-safety inspections reveals that inspectors are affected by the inspection outcomes at their prior-inspected establishment (outcome effects), citing more violations after they inspect establishments that exhibited worse compliance levels or trends. Moreover, consistent with negativity bias, the effect is stronger after observing compliance deterioration than improvement. Inspection results are also affected by when the inspection occurs within an inspector’s day (daily schedule effects): Inspectors cite fewer violations after spending more time conducting inspections throughout the day and when inspections risk prolonging their typical workday. Overall, our findings suggest that currently unreported violations would be cited if the outcome effects—which increase scrutiny—were triggered more often and if the daily schedule effects—which erode scrutiny—were reduced. For example, our estimates indicate that if outcome effects were doubled and daily schedule effects were fully mitigated, 11% more violations would be detected, enabling remedial actions that could substantially reduce foodborne illnesses and hospitalizations. Understanding and addressing these inspection biases can help managers and policymakers improve not only food safety but also process quality, environmental practices, occupational safety, and working conditions. This paper was accepted by Serguei Netessine, operations management.
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Zarembski, Allan M., Nii Attoh-Okine, and Truxton J. Boyce. "Risk-based scheduling methodology for audit inspections of curves on high-speed mainline tracks." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 232, no. 6 (November 9, 2017): 1650–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409717740748.
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Agencies with safety oversight responsibilities of railroad tracks often perform walking audit inspections of tracks (also referred to as quality audits) to complement and oversee the regular inspections performed by the railway operator or maintenance manager. Traditionally, these audit inspections are scheduled based on the qualitative evaluation of the rail line by the inspectors, together with the available schedule of the inspector(s). This paper presents an approach to replace the current qualitative decision-making process for determining when and where to conduct audit inspections with a quantitative decision-making process. This quantitative process first establishes an acceptable level of risk in a given territory, and then taking into account the defect history and real-time track conditions, it schedules audit inspections based on those conditions. This risk-based scheduling methodology of audit inspections can be used by the safety oversight agencies and inspectors to monitor and “spot” check track conditions and provide oversight over the normal inspection process. The audit inspection’s frequency algorithm, presented in this paper, establishes the acceptable level of risk based on six years of Federal Railway Administration safety audit inspections data of the Amtrak North East Corridor. This methodology takes into account the track conditions in terms of the curve defect rate and optimizes the scheduling of audit inspections of mainline curves based on this defect condition. The risk-based curve audit inspections interval methodology outputs the required maximum curve audit inspections interval (time until next audit inspection or reinspection) while maintaining an accepted level of risk in the presence of real-time curve defect rates.
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Rahman, N. N. S. Abdul, N. M. Saad, A. R. Abdullah, M. R. M. Hassan, M. S. S. M. Basir, and N. S. M. Noor. "Automated Real-Time Vision Quality Inspection Monitoring System." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 11, no. 2 (August 1, 2018): 775. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v11.i2.pp775-783.
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The requirement of product quality inspection in industries for product standardized leads to a development of the quality inspection system. The problem is related to a manual inspection that is done by a human as an inspector. This paper presents an automated real-time vision quality inspection monitoring system as a problem solver to a manual inspection that is tedious and time-consuming task as well as reducing cost especially in small and medium enterprise industries (SME). For the proposed system, soft drink is used as the test product for quality inspection. The system uses computer-network to inspect two quality inspections which are color concentration and water level. The analysis includes pre-processing, color concentration using the histogram and quadratic distance and level inspection using coordinate vertical and horizontal reference levels. The similarities of both experimental and simulation results are obtained for both parameters which are 100% accuracy using 205 samples.
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Tao, Jiagui, Qingmiao Chen, Jinxia Xu, Heng Zhao, and Siqi Song. "Utilization of Both Machine Vision and Robotics Technologies in Assisting Quality Inspection and Testing." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (March 16, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7547801.
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Inspecting the smoothness and durability of the exterior and interior surfaces of manufactured products such as large passenger aircraft requires utilizing manufacturing precision instruments. Manual techniques are mainly adopted in inspections, which are, however, much costly and have low efficiency. Moreover, manual operation is more prone to missing and false inspections. To cope with these issues, effective precision instruments have been needed to devise intelligent inspections for impalpable damages as necessary tools. When many inspection tasks are investigated, very few public datasets are available to recognize the intelligent inspection of precision instruments. On the other hand, precision instruments can be applied to a wide variety of damages. YOLO V3 was proposed based on acquiring and processing the image appearances, which deal with the surface inspection of the precision instrument in this study. The image dataset of the impalpable damage was initially established. More specifically, the YOLO V3 detection network is leveraged to roughly calculate the location of the damage appearances and identify the damage type. Afterward, the designed level set algorithm was employed to obtain more accurate damage locations in the image block utilizing the characteristics of different types of damages. Finally, a quantitative analysis was performed employing the refined detection results. A deep architecture that can intelligently conduct damage detection was proposed. Besides, the proposed method exhibited a strong tolerance for unknown types of damages and excellent flexibility and adaptability. Extensive experimental results demonstrated that the proposed method can alleviate the shortcomings of the traditional inspection methods. Thus, it provided technical guidance for the applications of the intelligent orbital inspection of the robots. The proposed method with a more precise and noninvasive inspection technique remarkably accelerates the inspection time of impalpable damages on surfaces.
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Krishnan, Jagan, Jayanthi Krishnan, and Hakjoon Song. "PCAOB International Inspections and Audit Quality." Accounting Review 92, no. 5 (November 1, 2016): 143–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr-51642.
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ABSTRACT We investigate the impact of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board's (PCAOB) first-time inspections of foreign accounting firms by examining abnormal accruals around the inspection year, and the value relevance of accounting numbers around the inspection report date, for their U.S. cross-listed clients. We document lower abnormal accruals in the post-inspection period, and greater value relevance of accounting numbers in the post-report period for clients of the inspected auditors, compared with non-cross-listed clients or clients of non-inspected auditors within the inspected countries. Comparisons of the PCAOB's joint inspections with PCAOB stand-alone inspections indicate that while both experience lower post-inspection abnormal accruals, the former benefit more than the latter. The value relevance measure, in contrast, shows greater increases for the PCAOB stand-alone inspections than for joint inspections. Comparing the inspection effects for auditors with and without deficiency reports, we find no systematic differences for accruals or for value relevance.
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Rowe, Jeffrey B. "Quality Control Procedures for Underwater Inspections." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1933, no. 1 (January 2005): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105193300102.
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For more than 20 years, the FHWA has required that underwater inspection of bridges be performed at least every 5 years. Over that period, departments of transportation and other bridge owners have either developed in-house underwater inspection teams or hired outside consultants to perform this work. Ensuring that the inspections are conducted properly and accurately is critical. To this end, several policies and procedures can be implemented as quality control measures in an underwater inspection program. Selecting a properly trained inspection team, ensuring proper preparation before diving operations, conducting independent inspections, and looking at deterioration trends are several ways to ensure quality in underwater inspections.
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Beal, Stacy G., Jesse L. Kresak, and Anthony T. Yachnis. "Pathology Residents Comprise Inspection Team for a CAP Self-Inspection." Academic Pathology 4 (January 1, 2017): 237428951769923. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2374289517699230.
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We report our experience at the University of Florida in which residents and fellows served as the inspection team for a College of American Pathologists (CAP) self-inspection. We aimed to determine whether the CAP self-inspection could serve as a learning opportunity for pathology residents and fellows. To prepare for the inspection, we provided a series of 4 lunchtime seminars covering numerous laboratory management topics relating to inspections and laboratory quality. Preparation for the inspection began approximately 4 months prior to the date of the inspection. The intent was to simulate a CAP peer inspection, with the exception that the date was announced. The associate residency program director served as the team leader. All residents and fellows completed inspector training provided by CAP, and the team leader completed the team leader training. A 20 question pre- and posttest was administered; additionally, an anonymous survey was given after the inspection. The residents’ and fellows’ posttest scores were an average of 15% higher than on the pretest ( P < .01). The surveys as well as subjective comments were overwhelmingly positive. In conclusion, the resident’s and fellow’s experience as an inspector during a CAP self-inspection was a useful tool to learn accreditation and laboratory management.
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Meng, Jian Jun, Fen Liu, Hong Qiang Sang, and Jin Tian Yun. "Automatic Programming System for Machining Center On-Line Inspection." Advanced Materials Research 139-141 (October 2010): 1233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.139-141.1233.
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Currently, manual inspection and off-line inspection play an important role in the inspection methods of machining process, which severely restricts the development of inspecting automation. In the paper, automatic programming system for machining center on-line inspection was developed by secondary development kit object ARX of AutoCAD. Inspecting datum was obtained, inspecting process planning was laid up and inspecting program was made automatically. The inspection can be applied to automatic workpiece setting up, on-line inspection of workpiece, data processing, quality analysis and compensation of machined workpiece errors, which led to increase precision, production efficiency and quality and reduced the rate of rejection and tool damage.
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Castro-Avila, Ana, Karen Bloor, and Carl Thompson. "The effect of external inspections on safety in acute hospitals in the National Health Service in England: A controlled interrupted time-series analysis." Journal of Health Services Research & Policy 24, no. 3 (April 12, 2019): 182–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1355819619837288.
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Objectives To evaluate the effect of Care Quality Commission external inspections of acute trusts on adverse event rates in the English National Health Service. Methods Interrupted time-series analysis including all acute NHS trusts in England ( n = 155) using two control groups (new versus historical inspection regime and trusts not inspected). Multilevel random-coefficient modelling of (1) rates of falls with harm and (2) pressure ulcers, from April 2012 to June 2016, was undertaken using the new, resource-intensive regime of Care Quality Commission inspections as an intervention. Data used in the model included dates and type of inspection, patient safety indicators, demographic characteristics and financial risk of hospitals. Results In one year, Care Quality Commission inspected 66 acute trusts (42% of all English trusts) using their new regime and 46 (30%) using their previous one. Prior to inspections being announced, rates of falls with harm and pressure ulcers were improving in both intervention and control hospitals. The announcement of an inspection did not affect either indicator. After inspections, rates of falls with harm improved more slowly, and pressure ulcer rates no longer improved for trusts inspected using both regimes. Conclusions Neither form of external inspection was associated with positive, clinically significant effects on adverse event rates. Any improvement happening before the announced Care Quality Commission inspections slowed after the inspection.
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Maaroufi, Ghofrane, Anis Chelbi, Nidhal Rezg, and Ait-Kadi Daoud. "A nearly optimal inspection policy for a two-component series system." Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering 21, no. 2 (May 11, 2015): 171–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jqme-11-2013-0074.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to determine a nearly optimal inspection sequence for a series system consisting of two components subject to gradual deterioration and whose failures are not self-announcing and can be detected only through inspection. Design/methodology/approach – The problem is tackled in the context of condition-based maintenance (CBM) with a maintenance model in the class of the control-limit policies for which the maintenance decision is made following inspection by comparison of the deterioration level to critical thresholds. A mathematical model is developed to express the total expected cost per time unit as a function of the inspection instants. Findings – For any given series system composed of two components with known critical deterioration threshold levels, and for any given set of costs related to inspection, inactivity due to failure, and preventive and corrective replacements of each component, a nearly optimal inspection sequence of the system is derived such as the total expected cost is reduced. Research limitations/implications – Due to the complexity of the cost model with the inspection instants (×1, ×2, ×3, …) being the decision variables, it has not been possible to derive the optimal solution. A quasi-optimal sequence of inspection times is derived along with the corresponding total average cost per time unit. Practical implications – In many practical situations in which CBM is implemented, a tradeoff between inspection costs and inactivity and replacement costs has to be balanced when determining the intervals between successive inspections at which the degradation level of the components should be assessed and compared to predetermined critical threshold levels. Inspecting too often would increase inspection costs but in the same time it would also increase the probability to avoid a failure and end up with a preventive replacement, whereas not inspecting often enough would increase the probability to end up with a failure increasing replacement and inactivity costs. Originality/value – While the inspection problem has been largely treated for single component systems, inspection policies become much more complex when considering multi-component systems. A two-component series system is considered in this paper.
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Mendoza, Jorge, Jacopo Paglia, Jo Eidsvik, and Jochen Köhler. "Value of information of in situ inspections of mooring lines." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part O: Journal of Risk and Reliability 235, no. 4 (January 17, 2021): 556–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748006x20987404.
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Mooring systems that are used to secure position keeping of floating offshore oil and gas facilities are subject to deterioration processes, such as pitting corrosion and fatigue crack growth. Past investigations show that pitting corrosion has a significant effect on reducing the fatigue resistance of mooring chain links. In situ inspections are essential to monitor the development of the corrosion condition of the components of mooring systems and ensure sufficient structural safety. Unfortunately, offshore inspection campaigns require large financial commitments. As a consequence, inspecting all structural components is unfeasible. This article proposes to use value of information analysis to rank identified inspection alternatives. A Bayesian Network is proposed to model the statistical dependence of the corrosion deterioration among chain links at different locations of the mooring system. This is used to efficiently update the estimation of the corrosion condition of the complete mooring system given evidence from local observations and to reassess the structural reliability of the system. A case study is presented to illustrate the application of the framework.
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DE VREEDE, GERT-JAN, PUSHPA G. KONERI, DOUGLAS L. DEAN, ANN L. FRUHLING, and PETER WOLCOTT. "A COLLABORATIVE SOFTWARE CODE INSPECTION: THE DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF A REPEATABLE COLLABORATION PROCESS IN THE FIELD." International Journal of Cooperative Information Systems 15, no. 02 (June 2006): 205–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218843006001347.
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The use of software products in today's world has increased dramatically making quality an important aspect of software development. There is a continuous need to develop processes to control and increase software quality. Software code inspection is one way to pursue this goal. This paper presents a collaborative code inspection process that was designed during an action research study using Collaboration Engineering principles and techniques. Our inspection process was implemented as a sequence of thinkLets, chunks of facilitation skill, that were subsequently field tested in a traditional paper-based and Group Support System (GSS)-based environment. Four inspections were performed on four different pieces of software code in two different organizations. Results show that regardless of the implementation, the process was found to be successful in uncovering many major, minor, and false-positive defects in inspected pieces of code. Overall observations and feedback suggest that the collaborative inspection process was considered to be productive and satisfactory. GSS inspections were more effective, especially in terms of major defects. GSS inspections were also found to be more efficient. Finally, the GSS inspections outperformed the paper inspections from a practical perspective: logging and managing defects in a GSS was far superior.
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Moles, Michael, Noël Dubé, Simon Labbé, and Ed Ginzel. "Review of Ultrasonic Phased Arrays for Pressure Vessel and Pipeline Weld Inspections." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 127, no. 3 (March 29, 2005): 351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1991881.
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Major improvements in weld inspection are obtained using Phased Array technology with capability for beam steering, electronic scanning, focusing, and sweeping the ultrasonic beams. Electronic scanning is much faster than raster scanning, and can optimize angles and focusing to maximize defect detection. Pressure vessel (PV) inspections typically use “top, side, end” or “top, side, TOFD” views, though other imaging is possible. Special inspections can be performed, e.g., for specific defects, or increased coverage. Defects can be sized by pulse-echo as per code, by time-of-flight Diffraction or by back diffraction. New PV inspection codes, particularly ASME Code Case 2235, permit the use of advanced ultrasonic inspection techniques. Pipeline girth weld inspections use a unique inspection approach called “zone discrimination,” and have their own series of codes. While similar equipment is used in pipeline as in PV inspections, the pipeline philosophy is to tailor the inspection to the weld profile and predicted lack of fusion defects. Pipeline displays are specifically designed for near real-time data analysis. Both ASME CC 2235 and the pipeline codes permit the use of Fitness-For-Purpose, which reduces construction costs. Overall, phased array systems meet or exceed all PV and pipeline codes.
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Takahashi, Y., C. Kuhara, and H. Chikatsu. "IMAGE BLUR DETECTION METHOD BASED ON GRADIENT INFORMATION IN DIRECTIONAL STATISTICS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B2-2020 (August 12, 2020): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b2-2020-91-2020.
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Abstract. Images are visually inspected for defects that affect downstream operations and qualitatively evaluated immediately after they are acquired. Therefore, there is concern that an increase in the number of images taken affects the quality and process of inspections. Among the defects qualitatively detected in visual inspections, blurring is a serious one, despite its low rate of appearance. However, the blurry images detected in the visual inspections can only be solved by the take another photograph. For this reason, it is not acceptable for any blurry images to be missed in the visual inspections. Therefore, quantitative evaluations are an issue when inspecting photographed images. In the present study, its characteristics in aerial photography were investigated and it was established that motion blur occurs in aerial photography. The motion blur is a condition in which the subject appears to have drifted. We focused on the gradient direction of the image, which is considered to be concentrated in a certain direction. The concept of directional statistics was used to statistically process the gradient direction. The evaluation values calculated from the gradient direction statistics tended to increase with the amount of blurring in the aerial photographs. An experiment was conducted to investigate whether images with blurring could be detected in a large number of aerial photographs. As a result, we were able to successfully detect blurred images that had been overlooked during the visual inspection as well as the images that had been previously detected during the visual inspection.
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Nagy, Albert L. "PCAOB Quality Control Inspection Reports and Auditor Reputation." AUDITING: A Journal of Practice & Theory 33, no. 3 (March 1, 2014): 87–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/ajpt-50752.
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SUMMARY: In 2002, the peer review auditor program was replaced with independent inspections of audit firms by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB). The PCAOB inspections differ from the peer reviews in several key areas including the independence level of the reviewers, the nature and timing of the reviews, and the content and timing of the findings' disclosures. This study focuses on the informational value of the quality control criticisms disclosure included in Part II of the PCAOB inspection reports. After each inspection, the PCAOB issues inspection reports that include a public portion (Part I) of identified audit deficiencies, and most include a nonpublic portion (Part II) of identified quality control weaknesses. Part II of the report only becomes public if the firm fails to satisfactorily remediate the quality control deficiencies in a 12-month period. This study examines the change in audit firms' market share following the public disclosure of Part II of the inspection report. The results find that audit firms lose a significant amount of market share following the public disclosure of quality control criticisms, and suggest that such a disclosure provides a credible signal of auditor quality to audit clients.
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Sotiralis, Panagiotis, Konstantinos Louzis, and Nikolaos P. Ventikos. "The role of ship inspections in maritime accidents: An analysis of risk using the bow-tie approach." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part O: Journal of Risk and Reliability 233, no. 1 (June 18, 2018): 58–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748006x18776078.
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Ships are subject to inspections from different maritime stakeholders, such as port states, classification societies, shipowners, managers and operators. Each one implements their own inspection content depending on their role in the construction and operation phase of the vessel life cycle. Because few studies have investigated the influence of ship inspections on accidents, it is uncertain to which extent the current inspection regimes are contributing to reducing accidents. In addition, maritime risk analysis has, so far, not considered thoroughly the role of the inspection process in accident development. As a result, an improved understanding of the influence inspection methods would facilitate the implementation of effective measures for reducing accident probabilities or consequences. The approach used in this article involves identifying the underlying causes and the resulting consequences of accidents that may be associated with inspection issues and combining this knowledge in bow-tie representations. The developed bow-tie diagrams provide useful insights into the role of insufficient inspection practices in the development of maritime accidents and the severity of the resulting consequences. Furthermore, the developed diagrams may be used for investigating the risk from inspection issues by producing generic accident scenarios with every possible combination of the different parameters that describe all the possible pathways, from causes to consequences. Although this is a qualitative approach, it provides valuable insights into safety concerns that result from inspection practices and may also be used as a basis for further quantitative risk analysis.
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Angelo, Bragatto, Gnoni Grazia, and Vallerotonda Rosaria. "Optimized Planning and Scheduling of Pressure Equipment Inspections at Comah Establishments." Journal of Konbin 6, no. 3 (January 1, 2008): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10040-008-0062-2.
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Optimized Planning and Scheduling of Pressure Equipment Inspections at Comah Establishments.In a process establishment, where the legislation on the control of major accidents hazard (COMAH) is enforced, the operator's duties include the implementation of a Safety Management System, which addresses all the procedures significant for safety. A critical issue of the SMS is the planning and the scheduling of mechanical integrity inspections on pressure equipment. This is due to high number of components — including pipes, unfired and fired vessels, pumps and valves, — which could require different technical and organization procedures for testing or inspection. Usually, mechanical integrity inspections may request higher resource use than other safety related activities. The paper presents a model for inspection planning and scheduling, in order to integrate safety issues with other technical and economical issues.
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Mongan, Ceara, and Will Thomas. "Understanding good leadership in the context of English care home inspection reports." Leadership in Health Services 34, no. 2 (May 28, 2021): 167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lhs-11-2020-0098.
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Purpose As part of their inspection of care homes in England, the statutory inspector (the Care Quality Commission [CQC]) makes a judgement on the quality of the home’s leadership. Their view is critical as it is intended to inform consumer choice and because the statutory nature of inspection means these views hold considerable authority. The purpose of this paper is to look at the content of a selection of reports and seek to determine what the CQC understands by the concept of “good leadership”. Design/methodology/approach A purposive sample of recent CQC inspection reports was selected and subjected to a qualitative content analysis. Inspections are structured around five main questions. The resulting themes describe areas of focus within the section of reports that feature the question “Are they well-led?”. Findings Inspection reports were found to focus on four main themes: safety and quality of care; day-to-day management of staff; governance and training in the home; and integration and partnership working. In the discussion section, the authors reflect on these themes and suggest that the CQC’s view of leadership is rather limited. In particular, while an emphasis is placed within the literature and policy on the importance of leadership in delivering change and quality improvement, little attention is paid to this within the leadership section of inspection reports. Research limitations/implications The authors’ research is based on a small-scale sample of inspection reports; nevertheless, it suggests a number of avenues for further research into the way in which leadership and management capabilities are developed and monitored in the sector. Originality/value The analysis in this report offers a view of how the inspection regime implements its own guidance and how it assesses leadership. The reports, as public-facing documents, are artefacts of the inspection regime and critical not just as evidence of the practice of inspection but as influence on care home operations and the choices of care home residents and their families.
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Cowley, Sue. "Adjusting to a new focus on ‘quality of education’." Early Years Educator 21, no. 3 (July 2, 2019): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/eyed.2019.21.3.14.
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Saha, Swapan, Colin Greville, and Trevor Mullins. "Optimisation of Construction Process Inspection Rates using a Learning Approach." Construction Economics and Building 1, no. 2 (November 14, 2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ajceb.v1i2.2871.
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In the construction industry, the determination of the number of inspections/tests to be performed for a repetitive task is an important issue. The quality of a completed task depends on a number of factors including the cost of inspection, the cost of failure, the average proportion defective (error rate) and the inspection rate. To achieve a higher quality level, 100% inspection can be performed, however, this is unlikely to be cost effective. To determine the optimum inspection rate, this paper suggests a probabilistic approach incorporating the acceptance-sampling plan and minimum cost method. The limitation of various sampling plans including the attribute proportional sampling plan and the double sampling plan are outlined. An example is presented in this paper to demonstrate the calculation of the optimum number of inspections/tests per lot.
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Mahmood, Ahsan, and Hikmat Ullah Khan. "Identification of critical factors for assessing the quality of restaurants using data mining approaches." Electronic Library 37, no. 6 (December 9, 2019): 952–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/el-12-2018-0241.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to apply state-of-the-art machine learning techniques for assessing the quality of the restaurants using restaurant inspection data. The machine learning techniques are applied to solve the real-world problems in all sphere of life. Health and food departments pay regular visits to restaurants for inspection and mark the condition of the restaurant on the basis of the inspection. These inspections consider many factors that determine the condition of the restaurants and make it possible for the authorities to classify the restaurants. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, standard machine learning techniques, support vector machines, naïve Bayes and random forest classifiers are applied to classify the critical level of the restaurants on the basis of features identified during the inspection. The importance of different factors of inspection is determined by using feature selection through the help of the minimum-redundancy-maximum-relevance and linear vector quantization feature importance methods. Findings The experiments are accomplished on the real-world New York City restaurant inspection data set that contains diverse inspection features. The results show that the nonlinear support vector machine achieves better accuracy than other techniques. Moreover, this research study investigates the importance of different factors of restaurant inspection and finds that inspection score and grade are significant features. The performance of the classifiers is measured by using the standard performance evaluation measures of accuracy, sensitivity and specificity. Originality/value This research uses a real-world data set of restaurant inspection that has, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, never been used previously by researchers. The findings are helpful in identifying the best restaurants and help finding the factors that are considered important in restaurant inspection. The results are also important in identifying possible biases in restaurant inspections by the authorities.
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Garic, G. "Cumulative Detection Probability as a Basis for Pressure Vessel Inspection Intervals." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 117, no. 4 (November 1, 1995): 399–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2842143.
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This work discusses use of the cumulative flaw detection probability as the basis for establishing pressure vessel inspection intervals. The method is based on the accumulated probability of detecting a flaw over several inspections. It explicitly incorporates a user decision as to the acceptable level of failure risk. A four-step approach is outlined including fracture mechanics flaw growth calculations with probabilistic treatment of detection probability. It is concluded that (a) inspection intervals based on the cumulative probability of detection provide significant advantages over traditional cycle-based methods, (b) pressure vessel recertification inspections should rely on high percentage inspections conducted on a relatively infrequent basis.
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Robertson, Jesse C., Chad M. Stefaniak, and Richard W. Houston. "Do PCAOB Inspection Reports Influence Corporate Executives' Perceptions of Audit Quality and the Likelihood of Switching Auditors?" Accounting and the Public Interest 14, no. 1 (December 1, 2014): 48–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/apin-51121.
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ABSTRACT The PCAOB conducts inspections of public company auditors to improve audit quality and build investors' confidence in the quality of financial reporting (PCAOB 2010f). While there is some evidence that the inspection reports could be improving actual audit quality (e.g., Gramling et al. 2011; Carcello et al. 2011), their impact on perceptions of audit quality remains largely unexplored. We investigate the effects of inspection reports, which consistently disseminate negative information in the form of audit deficiencies (and in some cases, quality control criticisms) on perceived audit quality and potential auditor switching. We report the results of an experiment in which 90 corporate executives considered one of three response patterns that firms typically offer across multiple inspection reports: consistently provide concessions, consistently provide denials, or provide mixed responses that consist of both concessions and denials. We find that PCAOB inspection reports generally decrease perceived audit quality, regardless of response pattern, which, in turn, is generally associated with an increased likelihood that executives will consider switching auditors. We offer implications for audit policy and research, including the possibility that, while PCAOB inspections could be improving actual audit quality, the reports could be imposing costs by reducing perceived audit quality and, in turn, increasing the likelihood of auditor changes. Data Availability: Contact the first author.
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Chun, Pang-jo, Ji Dang, Shunsuke Hamasaki, Ryosuke Yajima, Toshihiro Kameda, Hideki Wada, Tatsuro Yamane, Shota Izumi, and Keiji Nagatani. "Utilization of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, Artificial Intelligence, and Remote Measurement Technology for Bridge Inspections." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 32, no. 6 (December 20, 2020): 1244–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2020.p1244.
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In recent years, aging of bridges has become a growing concern, and the danger of bridge collapse is increasing. To appropriately maintain bridges, it is necessary to perform inspections to accurately understand their current state. Until now, bridge inspections have involved a visual inspection in which inspection personnel come close to the bridges to perform inspection and hammering tests to investigate abnormal noises by hammering the bridges with an inspection hammer. Meanwhile, as there are a large number of bridges (for example, 730,000 bridges in Japan), and many of these are constructed at elevated spots; the issue is that the visual inspections are laborious and require huge cost. Another issue is the wide disparity in the quality of visual inspections due to the experience, knowledge, and competence of inspectors. Accordingly, the authors are trying to resolve or ameliorate these issues using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology, artificial intelligence (AI) technology, and telecommunications technology. This is discussed first in this paper. Next, the authors discuss the future prospects of bridge inspection using robot technology such as a 3-D model of bridges. The goal of this paper is to show the areas in which deployment of the UAV, robots, telecommunications, and AI is beneficial and the requirements of these technologies.
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Tsai, Meng-Han, Hao-Yung Chan, and Liang-Yuan Liu. "Conversation-Based School Building Inspection Support System." Applied Sciences 10, no. 11 (May 28, 2020): 3739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10113739.
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A conversation-based system is proposed for supporting assessors in performing existing school building inspections. School building safety is a pressing issue; however, some difficulties in the overall process require solutions or improvements, including the complexity of building inspection tasks, the restrictions posed by the paperwork process, and the ineffectiveness of the management of existing school building inspections. In this study, we developed a conversation-based building inspection support system to reduce such problems, with the proposed system notifying and guiding assessors to complete building inspections, combined with a dashboard for managers to consume reports to determine whether further assessments or retrofits are required. The process of school building inspections was digitalized, with a chatbot implemented that features notifications either according to a routine inspection schedule or postseismic events, a conversation-based interface for guiding nonprofessional assessors, the integration of intuitive activation of inspections after receiving notifications, the use of multimedia to show damage directly without the possibility of mistakes, and data visualization for supporting managerial decision-making to enhance the quality and accuracy of budget allocation.
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Wahyudi, Agung, Iman Satyarno, Latif Budi Suparma, and Agus Taufik Mulyono. "QUALITY ASSURANCE DAN QUALITY CONTROL PEMERIKSAAN JEMBATAN DENGAN APLIKASI INVI-J." Jurnal Transportasi 21, no. 2 (August 23, 2021): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.26593/jtrans.v21i2.5156.81-92.
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Abstract
Bridge inspection aims to determine the condition of the bridge, so that the bridge manager can determine the appropriate action. Bridge inspection using the INVI-J application makes it easy to implement and store data, but requires a quality assurance and quality control. In this study, data from questionnaires and interviews were used to complete the quality assurance and quality control of bridge inspections with the INVI-J application in the regions of Central Java and the Special Region of Yogyakarta. The results of the evaluation of the audit report data showed 95% for completeness of the data, 33% for the suitability of the documentation, and 78% for the suitability of the examination results. Evaluation of the field inspection gives a conformity value of 47% at level 1 and 40% at level 2. Evaluation of the inspection report data provides a higher level of conformity than the evaluation of independent inspection data.
Keywords: bridge inspection; INVI-J application; quality assurance; quality control.
Abstrak
Pemeriksaan jembatan bertujuan untuk mengetahui kondisi jembatan, sehingga pengelola jembatan dapat menentukan tindakan yang tepat. Pemeriksaan jembatan menggunakan aplikasi INVI-J memudahkan pelaksanaan dan penyimpanan data, tetapi memerlukan suatu Quality assurance dan quality control. Pada studi ini, data hasil kuesioner dan wawancara digunakan untuk melengkapi quality assurance dan quality control pemeriksaan jembatan dengan aplikasi INVI-J di wilayah-wilayah Jawa Tengah dan Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Hasil evaluasi terhadap data laporan pemeriksaan menunjukkan capaian 95% untuk kelengkapan data, 33% untuk kesesuaian dokumentasi, dan 78% untuk kesesuaian hasil pemeriksaan. Evaluasi terhadap pemeriksaan lapangan memberikan nilai kesesuaian 47 % pada level 1 dan 40% pada level 2. Evaluasi terhadap data inspection report memberikan tingkat kesesuaian yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan evaluasi terhadap data independent inspection.
Kata-kata kunci: pemeriksaan jembatan; aplikasi INVI-J; quality assurance; quality control.
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SADA Head Office. "SADA communique to members - Licence and quality control tests for dental diagnostic X-ray imaging systems." South African Dental Journal 75, no. 10 (November 1, 2020): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2519-0105/2020/v75no10a10515.
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Members have been receiving notification from Inspection Bodies about their X-ray equipment being due for inspection.
On enquiry, it has been discovered that, in some instances, this notice was based on erroneous data that Inspection bodies may have received from the Radiation Control, who had not correctly updated their records, due to "a lack of manpower".
SADA strongly advises members who receive this notification to check their documentation before booking said inspections and, if the notification is incorrect, to request their usual inspection body to correct their records.
SADA has serious concerns about the current legal framework and enforcement of the Act governing X-ray equipment. It questions the Code of Practice and more particularly, the legal standing of inspection bodies, licensing delays and the entire legislative framework. To this end, SADA has made an extensive written submission to the Minister of Health raising our concerns. In the meantime, as the legislative framework applies to practitioner, in its flawed framework, we provide members useful information for the benefit of members around the whole issue of licensing and testing of X-ray equipment so that members are properly informed when receiving notices of inspections or having to licence their new or used X-ray equipment.
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SHEU, SHEY-HUEI, YAN-CHUN CHEN, and LI-HSIU TENG. "OPTIMAL PERIODIC REPLACEMENT POLICY WITH CHECKING TIME." International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 12, no. 01 (February 2005): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539305001689.
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This investigation considers a generalized inspection policy for a deteriorating production system with general random minimal repair costs. The inspection times for the inspection strategy are assumed to be non-negligible. Additionally, uncertainty probabilities associated with inspections are introduced. Using a dynamic programming formulation, the optimal inspection time for maximizing profit per unit time for a given overhaul/replacement time is determined. Next, the procedure is extended to determine the optimal periodic overhaul/replacement time, as well as the optimal number of inspections and their schedule.
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Khachatryan, A., G. Kanetsyan, A. Amirjanyan, P. Kohut, V. Grigoryan, and A. Gevorgyan. "Application of Risk-Informed Approaches in Significance Determination of Armenian NPP Inspection Findings." Nuclear and Radiation Safety, no. 1(93) (March 29, 2022): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32918/nrs.2022.1(93).03.
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Risk-informed decision-making approaches in the field of regulatory inspections performed at the NPPs aim at supporting the regulatory body in better organization of inspections. The paper describes the Armenian national experience of inspection activities by focusing on the process of significance assessment of inspection findings and demonstrates its applicability on practical examples. To demonstrate the applicability of the proposed process, various hypothetic inspection findings are defined for further assessment. Approaches are proposed for the significance determination of single and multiple findings. Several cases of single hypothetic findings and their combinations are considered. The paper summarizes the results for the considered cases, which reveal the applicability of the process by demonstrating the significance of hypothetic findings and the cumulative effects of multiple simultaneous hypothetic findings on plant safety.
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KIM, MOON SUNG, KANGJIN LEE, KAUNGLIN CHAO, ALAN LEFCOURT, BYUNG-KWAN CHO, and WON JUN. "ONLINE MULTITASKING LINE-SCAN IMAGING TECHNIQUES FOR SIMULTANEOUS SAFETY AND QUALITY EVALUATION OF APPLES." Modern Physics Letters B 22, no. 11 (May 10, 2008): 947–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984908015656.
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We developed a push-broom, line-scan imaging system capable of simultaneous measurements of reflectance and fluorescence. The system allows multitasking inspections for quality and safety attributes of apples due to its dynamic capabilities in simultaneously capturing fluorescence and reflectance, and selectivity in multispectral bands. A multitasking image-based inspection system for online applications has been suggested in that a single imaging device that could perform a multitude of both safety and quality inspection needs. The presented multitask inspection approach in online applications may provide an economically viable means for a number of food processing industries being able to adapt to operate and meet the dynamic and specific inspection and sorting needs.
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Newman, Stephen. "Language-Games and Quality Improvement in Healthcare in England." Open Medicine Journal 4, no. 1 (September 30, 2017): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874220301704010073.
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Background: Quality in healthcare is high on the political agenda in England. This paper examines the model of inspection used by the Care Quality Commission to inspect healthcare provison in England. Methods: The paper comprises a critical review of the literature to examine the model of judgement used by the Care Quality Commission in their inspection framework. Results: It is argued that the model of judgement used makes various assumptions which throw into doubt the notion that such inspections provide an objective picture of quality in healthcare. However, the contrary view, that such inspections are highly subjective, is rejected in favour of developing a perspective informed by the later philosophy of Wittgenstein; one which recognises the importance of social agreement and understanding in developing meaning. Conclusion: This perspective highlights the importance of the different social groups that work in healthcare, and those who are treated in the healthcare system, for developing shared understandings and meanings of terms such as ‘quality’.
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Lozev, M. G., R. W. Smith, and B. B. Grimmett. "Evaluation of Methods for Detecting and Monitoring of Corrosion Damage in Risers." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 127, no. 3 (April 15, 2005): 244–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1991877.
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Offshore pipeline failure statistics have been collected for more than 30 years now and illustrate that the riser predominantly fails as a result of corrosion. The consistent wetting and drying in the splash zone combined with defects in the coatings are the usual contributors to the problem. Risers are inspected at some determined frequency and can be done by internal and external methods. Inspecting by either means brings into account caveats and limitations from the technology used as well as human factors. For example, external inspections can be inefficient and inaccurate with some tools missing defects in areas of coating disbondment. In addition, internal inspections sometimes create false positives and can miss defects. These inaccuracies in the technologies or the techniques used may miss defects that eventually lead to failure. On the other hand, using corrosion mapping and fitness-for-service (FFS) assessment from the data collected, along with the inherent conservatism of this data from limited measurement accuracy, may result in the premature replacement of risers. A literature search is being conducted to review existing riser inspection methods and identify candidate nondestructive methods for riser inspection. These methods should be capable of detecting and monitoring general corrosion, localized corrosion pitting, and stress-corrosion cracking (sulfide or hydrogen induced) as external or internal corrosion damage. Thus far, this search has found that assessing the remaining service life of aging risers is largely dependent on the accuracy of analyzing corrosion damage to the riser surface in the atmospheric, splash (tidal), submerged, and buried environmental zones. The accuracy of each technology was analyzed. The capabilities and limitations of each method/technique used for riser inspection are summarized. The investigation is focused on long- and short-range ultrasonic techniques used for initial screening and corrosion mapping. These techniques can be deployed to detect a significant reduction in wall thickness using guided and torsional waves or to map accurately a corrosion damage using single/multiple transducers and phased-array probes in manual or automated mode. A pulsed eddy-current technique that uses a stepped or pulsed input signal for the detection of corrosion areas under insulation (CUI) is also being evaluated. This allows the detection of wall-thinning areas in the riser without removing the outside coatings. In addition, it is found that filmless, real-time, and digital radiography can be used to find internal and external corrosion defects in an insulated splash zone while the riser remains in service. A survey of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) manufacturing companies, NDE inspection companies, and operating companies was completed to collect information about current instrumentation and inspection/operators’ experience for riser inspection. Examples of advanced riser inspection instrumentation and field results are included. The ability of the candidate technologies to be adapted to riser variations, the stage of standardization, and costs are also discussed.
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Teitsma, Albert, Stephen Takach, Julie Maupin, Jennifer Fox, Paul Shuttleworth, and Paul Seger. "Small Diameter Remote Field Eddy Current Inspection for Unpiggable Pipelines." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 127, no. 3 (February 22, 2005): 269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1991878.
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In-line inspection tools cannot inspect most of the natural gas transmission pipelines and distribution mains due to restrictions in the pipelines that will not allow a tool equipped with current inspection technologies to pass. Remote field eddy current (RFEC) inspection is an excellent candidate for inspecting a pipeline with multiple diameters, valve and bore restrictions and tight or miter bends. The results of this paper show that the RFEC technique can inspect pipeline materials, and that all of the components needed for RFEC inspection can be made much smaller that the pipe diameter. RFEC inspection is commercially available for inspecting small diameter piping without restrictions, several hundred feet at a time. The prototype design described in this paper shows this technology will work in a free-swimming tool that can inspect miles of pipeline at time and bypass restrictions.
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Abbott, Lawrence J., and William L. Buslepp. "The Impact of the PCAOB Triennial Inspection Process on Inspection Year and Non-Inspection Year Audits." AUDITING: A Journal of Practice & Theory 40, no. 2 (January 20, 2021): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/ajpt-18-150.
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SUMMARY The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) inspects auditors with fewer than 100 publicly held clients, once every three years (i.e., triennial inspection). In doing so, the PCAOB may inspect any audit engagement within the three-year window, including audits completed only months earlier (“inspection year” audits) and audits with at least a one-year, if not two-year lag (“non-inspection year” audits). We theorize the triennial inspection process affects audit quality levels, whereby auditors impose higher (lower) audit quality during inspection years (non-inspection years). We find clients of triennially inspected auditors have significantly lower levels of accruals during inspection years. Further, this change can be attributed to additional audit effort expended during inspection years. Finally, we find some evidence this is a learned behavior developed after the initial round of inspections. Our evidence suggests auditors opportunistically increase (decrease) audit quality during inspection (non-inspection) years in response to the triennial inspection process. Data Availability: All data are from publicly available sources. JEL Classifications: M42.
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Busingye, John. "The Efficacy of School Inspection and the Quality Teaching-Learning of Students in Lower Secondary Schools in Uganda." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 7, no. 3 (April 4, 2020): 303–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.73.7931.
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The study evaluated the efficacy of school Inspection upon quality teaching/learning in lower secondary Schools. The study targeted a population of 280 participants selected from twenty (20) schools with a sample size of 203 participants that was investigated. Questionnaires were the main data collection tool used. The study findings show that the geographical location of some schools, lack of enough finances to carry out inspection, bad weather conditions, heavy work load of duties by district inspector of schools and education officers. The study concluded that district education officers and inspector of schools were vital in the teaching learning processes. The study commends that there is need for excellent working relationship between the inspection team and classroom teachers through formal meetings to high light on the progress and challenges related to teaching/learning outcomes. The study further commends government to increase the budget allocated to lower secondary school inspection so as to inspire the inspection activities to be carried out as planned in the education sector.
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Hovlid, Einar, Geir Sverre Braut, Einar Hannisdal, Kieran Walshe, Oddbjørn Bukve, Signe Flottorp, Per Stensland, and Jan C. Frich. "Mediators of change in healthcare organisations subject to external assessment: a systematic review with narrative synthesis." BMJ Open 10, no. 8 (August 2020): e038850. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038850.
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ObjectivesExternal inspections are widely used to improve the quality of care. The effects of inspections remain unclear and little is known about how they may work. We conducted a narrative synthesis of research literature to identify mediators of change in healthcare organisations subject to external inspections.MethodsWe performed a literature search (1980–January 2020) to identify empirical studies addressing change in healthcare organisations subject to external inspection. Guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research, we performed a narrative synthesis to identify mediators of change.ResultsWe included 95 studies. Accreditation was the most frequent type of inspection (n=68), followed by statutory inspections (n=19), and external peer review (n=9). Our findings suggest that the regulatory context in which the inspections take place affect how they are acted on by those being inspected. The way inspections are conducted seem to be critical for how the inspection findings are perceived and followed up. Inspections can engage and involve staff, facilitate leader engagement, improve communication and enable the creation of new networks for reflection on clinical practice. Inspections can contribute to creating an awareness of the inspected organisation’s current practice and performance gaps, and a commitment to change. Moreover, they can contribute to facilitating the planning and implementation of change, as well as self-evaluation and the use of data to evaluate performance.ConclusionsExternal inspections can affect different mediators of organisational change. The way and to what extent they do depend on a range of factors related to the outer setting, the way inspections are conducted and how they are perceived and acted on by the inspected organisation. To improve the quality of care, the organisational change processes need to involve and impact the way care is delivered to the patients.
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Halliwell, Amanda. "Changes to the Care Quality Commission's evolving inspection regime under COVID-19." Nursing and Residential Care 22, no. 11 (November 2, 2020): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/nrec.2020.22.11.8.
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Care Quality Commission inspections have rightly been reined back to enable providers to focus on the enormity of the COVID-19 task in hand. What has changed and when can you expect your next inspection? Amanda Halliwell explains
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Knapp, Sabine, and Christiaan Heij. "Improved Strategies for the Maritime Industry to Target Vessels for Inspection and to Select Inspection Priority Areas." Safety 6, no. 2 (March 31, 2020): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/safety6020018.
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Inspection authorities such as the Port State Control Memoranda of Understanding use different policies and targeting methods to select vessels for inspections and rely primarily on past inspection outcomes. One of the main goals of inspections is to improve the safety quality of vessels and to reduce the probability of future incidents. This study shows there is room for improvement in targeting vessels for inspections and in determining vessel-specific inspection priority areas (e.g., bridge management versus machinery related items). For the year 2018, sixty percent of vessels that experienced very serious or serious (VSS) incidents were not selected for inspection up to three months prior to the incident and forty percent of the vessels that were inspected still had incidents of which only four percent were detained. Furthermore, one can observe a very low correlation (−0.04) between the probabilities of detention and incidents (VSS) for the year 2018. The proposed approach treats detention and incident types as separate risk dimensions and evaluates seven targeting methods against random selection of vessels using empirical data for 2018. The analysis is based on three comprehensive data sets that cover the world fleet and shows potential gains (reduction of false negative events) of 14–27 percent compared to random selection. This can be further improved by adding eight inspection priority risk areas that help inspectors to focus inspections by providing insight in the individual risk profile of vessels. Policy makers can further customize the approach by classifying the risk of vessels into categories and by selecting inspection targets and benchmark samples. A small application example is provided to demonstrate feasibility of the proposed approach for policy makers and inspection authorities.
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Xie, W. J., L. Zhang, and H. P. Chen. "RESEARCH ON QUALITY IMPROVEMENT OF GLOBELAND30 UPDATE DATA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B3-2020 (August 22, 2020): 1397–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b3-2020-1397-2020.
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Abstract. GlobeLand30 update data is one of the important products of the Construction Maintenance and Update of Geographic Information Resources Project (hereinafter referred to as the Update Project). It provides important basic information for national geographical conditions monitoring, eco-environmental assessment and global geographic information integrated services. Different from the land cover classification data in National Geoinformation Surveying and Monitoring Project, GlobeLand30 update data is a completely new type of scientific research outcomes with new setup of resolution, its data format and data structure are newly set according to the requirements of the Update Project. Therefore, current inspecting methods are of limitations and incompatibility and cannot be firmly reasonable for inspecting the accuracy of GlobeLand30 update data. Combining with the practice of quality control for the Update Project, this paper proposes a set of methods and processes for the quality inspection of the GlobeLand30 update data. It also summarizes the key points of its inspection and analyses the common errors found in the actual inspection practice of the Update Project from 2017 to 2018. It can provide a certain technical reference for the quality control and quality improvement of GlobeLand30 update data in the Update Project.
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Washer, Glenn A., Mohammad M. Hammed, Paul Jensen, and Robert J. Connor. "Quality of Element-Level Bridge Inspection Data." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 2 (February 2020): 252–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120907382.
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Bridge inspection results provide input for several important functions such as maintenance, repair, and rehabilitation, bridge load capacity ratings, truck load routing/permitting, and future safety/condition predictions. As a result, the quality and reliability of inspection data are important for bridge management and to ensure the safety and serviceability of bridges. Element-level data collection has been required nationwide for bridges on the National Highway System since 2014, and therefore is relatively new to some bridge owners. The objective of the research reported here was to assess the quality of element-level bridge inspection data by comparing bridge inspection results between different bridge inspectors assessing the same bridges. This paper reports results from two research studies completed to collect data on the quality (i.e., variability) of element-level inspection data. Results of field trials indicated that there was significant variability in the data for bridge elements reported in the study. Based on these data, the element-level inspection results were widely dispersed—the smallest coefficient of variation calculated from the current studies was 18%, but typical values were found to be greater than 50% in most cases, and often greater than 100%. These data provide examples from a series of field trials that illustrate the need for improving the quality of element-level inspections to ensure the reliability of the data provided.
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Bendris, Bianca, and Julián Cayero Becerra. "Design and Experimental Evaluation of an Aerial Solution for Visual Inspection of Tunnel-like Infrastructures." Remote Sensing 14, no. 1 (January 2, 2022): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14010195.
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Current railway tunnel inspections rely on expert operators performing a visual examination of the entire infrastructure and manually annotating encountered defects. Automatizing the inspection and maintenance task of such critical and aging infrastructures has the potential to decrease the associated costs and risks. Contributing to this aim, the present work describes an aerial robotic solution designed to perform autonomous inspections of tunnel-like infrastructures. The proposed robotic system is equipped with visual and thermal sensors and uses an inspection-driven path planning algorithm to generate a path that maximizes the quality of the gathered data in terms of photogrammetry goals while optimizing the surface coverage and the total trajectory length. The performance of the planning algorithm is demonstrated in simulation against state-of-the-art methods and a wall-following inspection trajectory. Results of a real inspection test conducted in a railway tunnel are also presented, validating the whole system operation.
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Stefaniak, Chad M., Richard W. Houston, and Duane M. Brandon. "Investigating Inspection Risk: An Analysis of PCAOB Inspections and Internal Quality Reviews." AUDITING: A Journal of Practice & Theory 36, no. 1 (July 1, 2016): 151–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/ajpt-51518.
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SUMMARY We report the results of an experiment that examines how the salience of post-audit reviews (PARs; i.e., U.S. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board [PCAOB] inspections and public accounting firms' internal quality reviews [IQRs]) affects auditors' perceptions of inspection risk (i.e., the risk that an auditor or audit firm will suffer harm as a result of a PAR), as well as audit effort and fees. Using large-firm, high-level auditors as participants, we find that PAR salience (i.e., anticipation of a PAR) yields higher perceived overall engagement risk assessments, even after controlling for traditional audit risk factors, consistent with auditors viewing inspection risk as incremental to these risk factors. Further, we find that auditors respond to PAR salience by increasing both audit effort and fees—with higher perceived engagement risk and greater audit effort for PCAOB inspections than IQRs. Finally, we observe that increases in audit fees are fully explained by effort.
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Griffiths, Alex, and Meghan P. Leaver. "Wisdom of patients: predicting the quality of care using aggregated patient feedback." BMJ Quality & Safety 27, no. 2 (September 28, 2017): 110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2017-006847.
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BackgroundThe Care Quality Commission (CQC) is responsible for ensuring the quality of healthcare in England. To that end, CQC has developed statistical surveillance tools that periodically aggregate large numbers of quantitative performance measures to identify risks to the quality of care and prioritise its limited inspection resource. These tools have, however, failed to successfully identify poor-quality providers. Facing continued budget cuts, CQC is now further reliant on an ‘intelligence-driven’, risk-based approach to prioritising inspections and a new effective tool is required.ObjectiveTo determine whether the near real-time, automated collection and aggregation of multiple sources of patient feedback can provide a collective judgement that effectively identifies risks to the quality of care, and hence can be used to help prioritise inspections.MethodsOur Patient Voice Tracking System combines patient feedback from NHS Choices, Patient Opinion, Facebook and Twitter to form a near real-time collective judgement score for acute hospitals and trusts on any given date. The predictive ability of the collective judgement score is evaluated through a logistic regression analysis of the relationship between the collective judgement score on the start date of 456 hospital and trust-level inspections, and the subsequent inspection outcomes.ResultsAggregating patient feedback increases the volume and diversity of patient-centred insights into the quality of care. There is a positive association between the resulting collective judgement score and subsequent inspection outcomes (OR for being rated ‘Inadequate’ compared with ‘Requires improvement’ 0.35 (95% CI 0.16 to 0.76), Requires improvement/Good OR 0.23 (95% CI 0.12 to 0.44), and Good/Outstanding OR 0.13 (95% CI 0.02 to 0.84), with p<0.05 for all).ConclusionsThe collective judgement score can successfully identify a high-risk group of organisations for inspection, is available in near real time and is available at a more granular level than the majority of existing data sets. The collective judgement score could therefore be used to help prioritise inspections.
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HOUDEK, FRANK, THILO SCHWINN, and DIETMAR ERNST. "DEFECT DETECTION FOR EXECUTABLE SPECIFICATIONS — AN EXPERIMENT." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 12, no. 06 (December 2002): 637–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194002001128.
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The deployment of executable specifications has increased significantly in the last few years. Just as with any other specification documents, these specifications must be examined to ensure the necessary degree of quality. A common and successful technique used for examining traditional specifications is inspection. Now the question has arisen whether inspections on executable specification are the best choice, or if other techniques which use the execution capabilities of the models perform better. In this paper, we empirically compare several defect detection techniques for executable specifications. In particular, we examine inspections, testing, and ad-hoc simulation. Here, we use the specification languages Statemate and Matlab/Simulink. Also, we take a closer look at the inspection process itself and try to quantify the benefits of an inspection meeting for executable specifications.
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Jarosiński, Wojciech, Paweł Dziedziak, and Adam Sowiński. "Periodic technical inspection system in Italy." AUTOBUSY – Technika, Eksploatacja, Systemy Transportowe 19, no. 6 (June 30, 2018): 490–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/atest.2018.119.
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Paper present organization of the system of Periodic Technical Inspection in Italy. Supervision is an important element of the system. It is based on direct statistic analysis of data of results and deficiencies from running online IT system. The periodic technical inspection system is coherent and enforces good quality of inspections and its elements could provide an inspiration to improve Polish PTI system.
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Jaraiedi, Majid, Richard S. Segall, and Venkatramani Rajamohan. "Multi-class decision procedures for the inspection operation." Journal of Applied Mathematics and Decision Sciences 2, no. 2 (January 1, 1998): 159–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1173912698000091.
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Increasing the amount of inspection activities and inspecting a large fraction of the items are two approaches that are used to improve products' quality. In this paper, as in a precedent article by Jaraiedi, et al.[5], 100% inspection in combination with multiple-criteria decision (MCD) response is considered. Three different inspection procedures for the multi-stage inspection are presented. Performance of these three procedures are derived and the Average Outgoing Quality (AOQ), Average False Rejected (AFR), and Overall Average Fraction Inspected (SAFI) for all procedures are compared. Two examples are discussed in depth to illustrate numerical comparisons of these procedures.
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Mykityshyn, Amy L., and Deborah A. Mitta. "A Systems Approach to the Collection of Aviation Safety Data." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 42, no. 18 (October 1998): 1322–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129804201810.
Full textAbstract:
Researchers at Georgia Tech have developed a hierarchical model of two main types of aviation safety inspections typically conducted by Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Aviation Safety Inspectors (ASIs). This model, developed through function and task analyses and focus group discussions, will improve the quality of safety inspection data. The model will provide additional structure in the documentation of inspection results; in addition to collecting more specific data concerning an inspection, the use of a hierarchy will allow reconstruction of the inspection scenario during subsequent analyses. These enhancements to collected data will support trend analyses of specific problem areas that may impact aviation safety.
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Ye, Wei Jun, and Yi Min Shao. "Engine Assembly Quality Defect Inspection Based on EMD-Envelope Spectra." Key Engineering Materials 569-570 (July 2013): 962–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.569-570.962.
Full textAbstract:
As the complicate structure and unstable working condition, the vibration signal of engines always be non-stationary and drown in strong noise, especially for the case of slight quality defection. Such case directly results in difficulties for inspection and diagnosis of engine incipient defection. A new inspecting method based on empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and envelope spectrum is proposed in this paper. In the new method, the intrinsic mode functions (IMF) of de-noised angular vibration signals are firstly obtained; then the envelope spectrums of IMFs are obtained through envelope analysis, lastly the discrepancy of the envelope spectrums between normal and abnormal case is extracted to be the feature indicator for the engine quality inspection. This method is validated experimentally. The results show that the proposed method has an excellent performance in the quality inspecting in the presence of abnormal clearance between crankshaft and connecting rod of the engine.