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1
Patouma, Lewa, Elias Nchiwan Nukenine, Ibrahima Adamou, and Champlain Djieto-Lordon. "Caractérisation de l’entomofaune de la tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) en champ dans la localité de Meskine, région de l’Extrême-nord, Cameroun." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 14, no. 6 (October 6, 2020): 2069–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i6.11.
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La localité de Meskine à Maroua, longtemps considérée comme une zone céréalière de l’Extrême-nord du Cameroun, est devenue, de nos jours, une région de production de tomate par excellence. Les producteurs de cette culture font face à plusieurs contraintes parmi lesquelles les activités des insectes ravageurs. Dans le but de contribuer à l’amélioration de la production de cette culture, la présente étude a permis d’établir une liste des insectes ravageurs et utiles pullulant dans les champs de tomate. Les insectes, collectés par aspiration et par fauchage, ont été identifiés dans les laboratoires de Zoologie appliquée des universités de Ngaoundéré et Yaoundé I au Cameroun. L’inventaire a montré que les insectes inféodés à la culture de la tomate dans la localité de Meskine à Maroua sont représentés par huit (8) ordres, vingt-une (21) familles et vingt-deux (22) genres. Ces insectes. Bien que la majorité de ces insectes soit des ravageurs, on note la présence de quelques prédateurs et pollinisateurs. La détermination de l’entomofaune de la culture de tomate dans cette localité est un outil qui peut ainsi servir à la conception de stratégies de lutte contre les ravageurs.
Mots clés: Lycopersicon esculentum, insectes ravageurs, insectes prédateurs, Maroua.
English Title: Entomofauna associated to the tomato crops (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) in the locality of Meskine, Far North region, Cameroon
Meskine in the Far North region, Cameroon has long been considered as cereal zone production. This locality has become today a region of tomato production per excellence. Farmers in this locality are faced to many constrains among which activities of insect pests. In order to improve the production of this crop, the present study allows us to establish a list of potential insect pests and benefit insects of tomato crops. Insects collected using aspirator and sweep net were identified in the laboratories of applied Zoology at the Universities of Ngaoundéré and Yaoundé I, Cameroon. The results of our study showed that, insects associated to tomatoes in the locality of Meskine were from eight (8) orders, twenty-one (21) families and twenty-two (22) genera. Although the majority of these insects were represented by potential insect pests, some predators and pollinators were recorded. The establishment of the lists of harmful and benefits insects associated to the tomato crop in this locality can therefore be used to design strategies for the management of insect pests.Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum, insect pests, predator insects, Maroua
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Mwengi, Aiko Ikonso, Bienvenu Kambashi Mutiaka, Jean de Dieu Minengu Mayulu, Sylvain Shomba Kinyamba, Jérôme Bindelle, Rudy Caparros Megido, Lucille Gretry, Olivier Luminet, and Apollinaire Biloso Moyene. "Représentations sociales de la consommation d’insectes en République Démocratique du Congo : est-ce une habitude alimentaire ou le résultat de contraintes économiques ?" Revue Africaine d’Environnement et d’Agriculture 7, no. 2 (July 24, 2024): 67–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rafea.v7i2.8.
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Description de l’étude. La consommation d’insectes en République démocratique du Congo (RDC) semble être culturelle et ne varierait que selon l'emplacement, la population d'insectes et le groupe ethnique. Elle ferait partie intégrante de l’identité culturelle des Congolais.Objectif. L’étude vise à analyser les représentations sociales de la consommation d’insectes en RDC afin de comprendre les déterminants.Méthodes. Les données ont été collectées auprès de 308 ménages moyennant un questionnaire commun et un guide d’entretien pour le focus group, de juillet 2018 à mars 2019.Résultats. Les résultats de l’étude ont montré que les personnes enquêtées ont des perceptions positives sur les insectes. Ainsi, 95,1 % des répondants considèrent les insectes comme un aliment potentiel et une excellente source de protéines et de lipides. Par ailleurs, une partie de personnes interviewées ont des perceptions négatives sur les insectes telles que vecteurs des maladies, ravageurs de cultures etc. Diverses raisons justifient l’intérêt accordé à la consommation des insectes par la majorité des répondants : le goût (78,9 %), la valeur nutritive (76,6 %), les habitudes alimentaires (43,8 %), la disponibilité sur les marchés 26,4 %. L'analyse du test d’indépendance de la consommation d’insectes et quelques caractéristiques sociodémographiques indique que l’état matrimonial, le genre du chef de ménage, le prix sur les marchés, les habitudes alimentaires, la disponibilité des insectes sur les marchés et la valeur nutritive des insectes sont des facteurs influençant la consommation d'insectes par la population de la partie ouest de la RDC.Conclusion. La consommation d'insectes est influencée par les pratiques culturelles de la population enquêtée. Cependant, la saisonnalité de la production naturelle des insectes, la hausse des prix pendant les périodes de rareté et leur collette dans la nature, selon la densité aléatoire des plantes hôtes, représentent les principales contraintes liées aux variations de consommation des insectes. Compte tenu de l'importance économique, écologique et nutritionnelle des insectes comestibles, il convient de recourir à courte terme aux pratiques durables de récolte des insectes afin de préserver leur l'environnement, particulièrement les plantes hôtes. Il s’agit à long terme en parallèle d’envisager leur domestication. Description of the subject. Insect consumption in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) appears to be cultural and would vary only by location, insect population, and ethnic group. It would be an integral part of the cultural identity of the Congolese.Objectives. This study aims to analyze the social representations of insect consumption in the DRC in order to understand the determinants.Methods. Data was collected from 308 households using a common questionnaire and an interview guide for the July 2018 and March 2019 focus groups.Results. The results of the study showed that the people surveyed have positive perceptions about insects. Thus, 95.1% of respondents consider insects as a potential food and an excellent source of proteins and lipids. Furthermore, some of the people interviewed have negative perceptions of insects as vectors of diseases, crop pests, etc. Various reasons justify the interest given to the consumption of insects by the majority of respondents: taste (78.9 %), nutritional value (76.6 %), eating habits (43.8 %), availability on the markets 26.4 %. The analysis of the test of independence of insect consumption and some socio-demographic characteristics indicates that marital status, gender of the head of household, market price, food habits, availability of insects in markets and the nutritional value of insects are factors influencing the consumption of insects by the population of the western part of the DRC.Conclusion The consumption of insects is influenced by the cultural practices of the surveyed population. However, the seasonal nature of the natural production of insects, the rise in prices during periods of scarcity and their collect in nature, according to the random density of host plants, represent the main constraints linked to variations in insect consumption. Given the economic, ecological and nutritional importance of edible insects, it is advisable to resort in the short term to sustainable insect harvesting practices in order to preserve their environment, particularly the host plants. In the long term, it is also a question of considering their domestication.
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Blaise Pando, Joseph, Denis Djonwangwé, Olivier Balti Moudelsia, Fernand-Nestor Tchuenguem Fohouo, and Joseph Lebel Tamesse. "Diversité des insectes floricoles de Abelmoschus esculentus (Malvaceae) et leur impact sur les rendements fruitier et grainier à Maroua-Cameroun." Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences 43:1 (January 31, 2020): 7350–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.35759/janmplsci.v43-1.2.
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Pour déterminer la richesse spécifique, la fréquence relative, les produits alimentaires recherchés, les insectes pollinisateurs et l’impact de ces insectes sur les rendements, deux traitements ont été formés à partir du marquage de 240 boutons floraux en 2015 et 2017 chacun selon la présence ou l’absence de protection contre les insectes. Les observations ont été faites sur les fleurs de Abelmoschus esculentus en libre pollinisation du 11 au 22 septembre 2015 et du 7 au 19 septembre 2017 à Wourndé et Palar respectivement. La diversité spécifique des insectes floricoles de gombo était de 17 et 20 espèces respectivement à Wourndé et à Palar. L’indice de Jacard (J = 0,15) révèle une similarité entre les deux sites, preuve que les conditions environnementales sont similaires dans les deux habitats. Les insectes butinaient les fleurs du gombo de 8 h à 13 h, avec le pic de l’activité de l’ensemble de visites de ceux-ci situé entre 10 h et 11 h. Les insectes développaient un comportement très élaboré lors de la récolte du nectar et/ou du pollen et la consommation du pétale. On peut regrouper ces insectes en pollinisateur majeur (Lipotriches collaris), pollinisateurs mineurs [Sphecodes albilabris, Camponotus flavomarginatus, le Vespidae (1 sp.), Lasioglossum albilabris, Seladonia sp., Lasioglossum albipes, Lipotriches pulchriventris et le Formicidae (1 sp.)] et pollinisateurs occasionnels. La comparaison des rendements des fleurs non protégées à celui des fleurs protégées des insectes ont montré que les insectes ont un impact positif sur ce rendement. L’influence de ces insectes est estimée à 9,57%, 7,18% et 4,34% pour le taux de fructification, le nombre de graines/capsule et le pourcentage de graines normales respectivement. Afin d’améliorer le rendement de A. esculentus, il est conseillé de préserver les insectes floricoles non nuisibles dans les champs de gombo en évitant les traitements aux pesticides pendant la période de floraison lorsqu’ils ne se justifient pas. ABSTRACT To determine the species richness, the relative frequency, desired food products, the pollinating insects and impact of these insects on the yields, two treatments were formed from the marking of 240 flower buds in 2015 and 2017, differentiated according to the presence or absence of protection against insect’s activities. Observations were made on free-pollinated Abelmoschus esculentus flowers from 11 to 22 September 2015 and from 7 to 19 September 2017 in Wourndé and Palar respectively. The specific diversity of the flowering insects of okra was 17 and 20 species respectively in Wourndé and Palar. The Jacard index (J = 0.15) reveals a similarity between the two sites, proof that the environmental conditions are similar in both habitats. The insects foraged the flowers of the okra from 8h to 13h, with the peak of the activity of the set of visits of them located between 10 h and 11 h. The insects developed a much elaborated behaviour during the harvest of the nectar and / or the pollen and the consumption of petal. These insects can be grouped into major pollinators (Lipotriches collaris), minor pollinators [Sphecodes albilabris, Camponotus flavomarginatus, Vespidae (1 sp.), Lasioglossum albilabris, Seladonia sp., Lasioglossum albipes, Lipotriches pulchriventris and Formicidae (1 sp.)).] and occasional pollinators. By comparing the yield of unprotected flowers to that of insect-protected flowers, it appeared that insects have a positive impact on this yield. The influence of these insects is estimated at 9.57 %, 7.18 % and 4.34 % for the fruiting rate, the number of seeds / capsule and the percentage of normal seeds respectively. To improve the yield of A. esculentus, it is advisable to preserve the flower-dwelling insects in okra fields by avoiding pesticide treatments during the flowering period when they are not justified.
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Dolanchapa Sikdar and Rosalin Nath, Avisikta Ghosh Dastidar, Swagatalakshmi Chakraborty. "Entomophagy: A Future Feed Security System." International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology 6, no. 12 (December 15, 2020): 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.46501/ijmtst061256.
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From the point of view of the current environmental situation which leads to non-availability of agricultural land, water resource, emission of greenhouse gases ultimately causing global warming, Entomophagy i.e. practice of eating edible insects comes as a rescue to the future feed security system. Edible insects, considered as an inexhaustible natural resource have larger food value with high content of fat, protein, crude fiber, vitamins and minerals making it nutritionally comparable with other protein sources. Some edible insects also have increased levels of omega-6 & 3 fatty acids. Studies have calculated that livestock rearing leads to about 18% greenhouse gas emission whereas barring a few insects like cockroaches, termites which produce small amount of CH4, others have practically no such harmful environmental impact. Socio- economic picture of edible insect trade comes clearly from South-East Asia with its well-established farms and trade routes. The market value for insects often exceeds from that of its other protein counterparts, as a result of which, insect farming can prove to be a rich source of income for farmers. Insect rearing requires very little technical knowledge and principal investment, so it can be taken on by anyone. In future, as prices of conventional protein rises, insects may well prove to be a cheaper source. Here in this review paper, Insect’s contribution to food security, solution to the problem of protein shortages, recent growth in demand for edible insects, consumer awareness and acceptance of insects as food has been discussed.
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Indriati, G., Susilawati, M. Puspitasari, F. Soesanthy, and C. Tresniawati. "Insect diversity on toxic candlenut (Reutealis trisperma) plantation in Bajawa, East Nusa Tenggara." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 974, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/974/1/012131.
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Abstract Toxic candlenut (Reutealis trisperma) is an important plantation commodity that serves as barrier to prevent erosion, as main material for bio-pesticides and as renewable source of biofuel production. It has been studied that toxic candlenut development in post-mining field can restore soil structure while also influencing environment surrounding, including insects. The study examined insect diversity in the R. trisperma plantation aged ±7 years in Bajawa field, East Nusa Tenggara from July 2018 until February 2019. Insect were collected by installed malaise traps, yellow traps, and pitfall traps in 5 different plots A, B, C, D, and E for 24 hours. Collected insects were then identified in the laboratory using identification book. The results showed there were 13 orders of insects were collected by traps. The diversity index (H’) of insect in the area were 4.053; 3.305; 3.521; 2.973 and 2.611 while the Evenness index (E) of insect were 0.872; 0.836; 0.780; 0.665 and 0.614 respectively. Insect diversity in the Bajawa plantation was high and the dominan individual was Hymenopteran and Dipteran. Several insects were in R. trisperma plant, as herbivores, predators, parasitoids, and pollinators. Further research is needed to determine each family of insect’s role in the R. trisperma plantation.
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Ain, Nurul. "THEOREMS IN QURAN ABOUT THE CREATION OF INSECTS AND ITS DIVERSITY IN TAMAN UNDAAN SURABAYA." Journal Intellectual Sufism Research (JISR) 1, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.52032/jisr.v1i2.27.
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In the Al-quran there are many verses that explain the animals that exist in this universe, one of which is about Insect. The research on Insect diversity around the Surabaya Undaan Park aims to describe the diversity of Insects and compare the number of members of each order in the Insect class around the Surabaya Undaan Park and look for their relevance to the Qur'anic proposition about the creation of Insects. The method used in this research assignment was observation, which was to go directly to the field to catch Insects in 5 plots in the vicinity of Surabaya Undakan Park with 4 repetitions in each plot, then collect data to be identified. Based on the results of observations, collection and identification, it can be found that there are various Insects in the area. This was evidenced by the discovery of various orders from Insectas, among others: Order Lepidoptera, Order Odonata, Order Hymenoptera, Order Diptera, and Order Orthoptera. Comparison of the number of species from each order is different. The most dominant number of species is in the order of Lepidoptera which was then followed by the order Hymenoptera.
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Barashkova, A. I., and A. D. Reshetnikov. "Entomological killing jar for collectible insects’ long-term preservation." Russian Journal of Parasitology 14, no. 4 (December 21, 2020): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/1998-8435-2020-14-4-34-37.
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The purpose of the research is development of a method for long-term preservation of collectible insects in cotton mattresses and entomological boxes against pests.Materials and methods. The work was carried out in 2004–2019. The patent search was carried out in accordance with the task and search rules. There are enough literary sources and titles of protection found on the problem under study. Experimental studies have been carried out to develop a method that ensures long-term preservation of collection insects in cotton mattresses and entomological boxes against pests.Results and discussion. An entomological killing jar has been developed to ensure long-term preservation of collectible insects. The result is achieved by the fact that insects death occurs slower in the killing jar than in the killing jar with ether or chloroform, which allows the organophosphate insecticide with a long residual effect to fumigate through the respiratory trachea into the insect's body and dissolve in the fat body, hemolymph and muscles. Collection insect's body becomes completely poisonous to pests. It ensures long-term preservation, repellency and insecticidal properties of the insect’s entomological museum.
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Csanády, Alexander, Jozef Oboňa, Lenka Zapletalová, Ľubomír Panigaj, Dana Dojčaková, and Boris Záleta. "Hymenopteran color preference using multiple colours of pan traps in Slovakia." Acta Musei Silesiae, Scientiae Naturales 70, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cszma-2021-0002.
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Abstract The study presents results of colour preference of insects (Insecta), mainly from the order Hymenoptera (families Apidae, Formicidae). The research was carried out in the vicinity of the Beniakovce village (near the Košice city) over the years 2010–2012. Trapping by coloured water traps was conducted at ten sites with 50 Moerick′s water traps coloured with five different colours (white, yellow, blue, purple, and red). On the study area there were 12 357 individuals captured, belonging to 17 higher taxa (class, order, suborder) or genus morpho group of families Apidae and Formicidae. The highest abundance was found in Diptera followed by Hymenoptera, Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. Obtained results were in accordance with literature data, which showed that yellow colour was the most preferred by insects. Our results confirmed high degree of diversity of insect’s fauna in the study area. Our study suggested that a modified Moerick′s water traps may be a valuable tool in studies on insect diversity, distribution, seasonal abundance, and foraging behaviour as well.
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Dash, S. S., S. K. Nayak, and A. Dhal. "Biodiversity and Succession of Insects of Blackgram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) During rabi in the Western Undulating Zone of Odisha." Environment and Ecology 41, no. 4D (December 2023): 3033–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.60151/envec/vvlg2803.
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The field experiment was conducted to study about insect biodiversity and their succession in blackgram crop at the crop research farm, College of Agriculture, OUAT, Bhawanipatna during rabi 21. Twenty seven insects belong to seven orders and twenty two families were recorded during different growth stages of crop in an overlapping manner. Beside the insects twelve numbers of predators, three numbers of parasitoids and two pollinators were also noticed. The highest diversity index and evenness of insects were recorded at 42 SMW (0.902 and 1.000) followed by 50 SMW (0.833 and 0.710) respectively. The diversity of insects was almost uniform because of the evenness of the species. The insect order homoptera and the insect white fly came under superdominant class of dominance during all the growth stages of crop, whereas coleoptera and hemiptera were categorized under sub-dominant class at vegetative stage and flowering to podding stage of crop growth respectively. The insect orders hemiptera, coleoptera, diptera and hymenoptera and the insects i.e., galerucid beetle, jassid, stem fly, aphids and thrips came under recedent class of dominance. The relative abundance and dominant status of insect’s revealed that the maximum numbers of insects were belongs to orders homoptera (75.22%) followed by hemiptera (7.92%), coleoptera (6.30%), diptera (4.62%), hymenoptera (4.05%), orthoptera (0.89%), lepidoptera (0.86%) and odonata (0.09%).Chrysomelid beetles were noticed first during the early vegetative stage of crop followed by stem fly, white fly, leaf webber and semiloopers at the vegetative stage, tobacco caterpillar from late vegetative to pod filling stage, thrips in flowering stage, pod borers, pod bugs, aphids, pentatomid bugs and bihar hairy caterpillar from flowering to crop maturity stage and the pod fly and pod wasp from pod filling to pod maturity stage of the crop. Jassids, grasshoppers and predators like spiders, coccinellids beetles and parasitoids were appeared from mid vegetative stage and continued till fag end of the crop. The peak activities of insects were recorded from flowering to pod maturity stage of the crop.
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Carpentier, Joachim, Linda Abenaim, Hugo Luttenschlager, Kenza Dessauvages, Yangyang Liu, Prince Samoah, Frédéric Francis, and Rudy Caparros Megido. "Microorganism Contribution to Mass-Reared Edible Insects: Opportunities and Challenges." Insects 15, no. 8 (August 13, 2024): 611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects15080611.
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The interest in edible insects’ mass rearing has grown considerably in recent years, thereby highlighting the challenges of domesticating new animal species. Insects are being considered for use in the management of organic by-products from the agro-industry, synthetic by-products from the plastics industry including particular detoxification processes. The processes depend on the insect’s digestive system which is based on two components: an enzymatic intrinsic cargo to the insect species and another extrinsic cargo provided by the microbial community colonizing—associated with the insect host. Advances have been made in the identification of the origin of the digestive functions observed in the midgut. It is now evident that the community of microorganisms can adapt, improve, and extend the insect’s ability to digest and detoxify its food. Nevertheless, edible insect species such as Hermetia illucens and Tenebrio molitor are surprisingly autonomous, and no obligatory symbiosis with a microorganism has yet been uncovered for digestion. Conversely, the intestinal microbiota of a given species can take on different forms, which are largely influenced by the host’s environment and diet. This flexibility offers the potential for the development of novel associations between insects and microorganisms, which could result in the creation of synergies that would optimize or expand value chains for agro-industrial by-products, as well as for contaminants.
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Andreas, Peter, Anna Kisiala, R. J. Neil Emery, Rosemarie De Clerck-Floate, John F. Tooker, Peter W. Price, Donald G. Miller III, Ming-Shun Chen, and Edward F. Connor. "Cytokinins Are Abundant and Widespread among Insect Species." Plants 9, no. 2 (February 6, 2020): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9020208.
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Cytokinins (CKs) are a class of compounds that have long been thought to be exclusively plant growth regulators. Interestingly, some species of phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi have been shown to, and gall-inducing insects have been hypothesized to, produce CKs and use them to manipulate their host plants. We used high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) to examine concentrations of a wide range of CKs in 17 species of phytophagous insects, including gall- and non-gall-inducing species from all six orders of Insecta that contain species known to induce galls: Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera. We found CKs in all six orders of insects, and they were not associated exclusively with gall-inducing species. We detected 24 different CK analytes, varying in their chemical structure and biological activity. Isoprenoid precursor nucleotide and riboside forms of trans-zeatin (tZ) and isopentenyladenine (iP) were most abundant and widespread across the surveyed insect species. Notably, the observed concentrations of CKs often markedly exceeded those reported in plants suggesting that insects are synthesizing CKs rather than obtaining them from the host plant via tissue consumption, compound sequestration, and bioaccumulation. These findings support insect-derived CKs as means for gall-inducing insects to manipulate their host plant to facilitate cell proliferation, and for both gall- and non-gall-inducing insects to modify nutrient flux and plant defenses during herbivory. Furthermore, wide distribution of CKs across phytophagous insects, including non-gall-inducing species, suggests that insect-borne CKs could be involved in manipulation of source-sink mechanisms of nutrient allocation to sustain the feeding site and altering plant defensive responses, rather than solely gall induction. Given the absence of any evidence for genes in the de novo CK biosynthesis pathway in insects, we postulate that the tRNA-ipt pathway is responsible for CK production. However, the unusually high concentrations of CKs in insects, and the tendency toward dominance of their CK profiles by tZ and iP suggest that the tRNA-ipt pathway functions differently and substantially more efficiently in insects than in plants.
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Raloff, Janet. "Insects: Audubon's insect cafeteria." Science News 173, no. 18 (September 30, 2009): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/scin.2008.5591731817.
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Shelomi, Matan. "Ice-Nucleating Gut Microbes in Insects: A Scoping Review." Microbiology Research 15, no. 2 (April 30, 2024): 708–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres15020046.
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(1) Background. At subzero temperatures, water crystallizes on ice nucleation agents. Researchers have identified ice-nucleating microbes (INMs) in insect digestive tracts that can raise the insect’s supercooling point, causing freezing at higher temperatures but slower rates. For freeze-tolerant insects, such gut microbes should allow for slower freezing away from tissues and higher survival rates. For freeze-susceptible insects, however, such microbes could cause a fatal freeze at higher temperatures, and could possibly be used as biocontrol. (2) Methods. A first-ever scoping review was carried out of research on insect-associated INMs, from observational studies attempting to isolate these microbes, to experimental studies applying them and checking for increased mortality. (3) Results. Relatively few research groups have studied insect-associated INMs in any capacity. (4) Conclusions. Several authors hypothesized that such microbes are probably abundant, and their contribution to ice nucleation activity in insects is under-reported. Biocontrol assays using ice-nucleating microbes showed promise, but a risk to non-target organisms has been experimentally confirmed. Future surveys of insect–microbe interactions using molecular tools are likely to reveal new examples, if not new microbe species capable of ice nucleation.
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Carlos Henrique Marchiori. "Family Trichogrammatidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) as natural enemies of pest lepidopterans (Insecta: Lepidoptera) for agriculture." Open Access Research Journal of Science and Technology 6, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 017–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.53022/oarjst.2022.6.2.0083.
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Trichogrammatidae Family contain some of the smallest insects with a total adult length ranging from a paltry fifth of a millimeter to 1.5mm. Insects belonging to the genus Trichogramma are micro parasitoid hymenopteran exclusively from eggs of several species of insects, mainly of the order Lepidoptera. Thus, they prevent the host insect reaches the larval stage, a stage that causes damage economics to culture. The objective of this mini-revision is to restore the Family Trichogrammatidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) as natural enemies of pest lepidopterans (Insecta: Lepidoptera) for agriculture. This review aims to verify the biological characteristics of the Trichogrammatidae Family. In order to achieve the main objective, a qualitative method was used based on research and analysis of theoretical books, theses banks, university dissertations, national and international scientific articles, scientific journals, documents and digital platforms. The verification of the mini review of the Trichogrammatidae Family was carried out from 1995 to 2022.
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D. R., Prajapati, Patel N. B., and Gohel N. M. "A Review on Entomopathogenic Facet of Fusarium verticillioides." Environment and Ecology 41, no. 4 (October 2023): 2365–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.60151/envec/fyzn6327.
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Entomopathogenic fungi are a group of fungi infecting insects by penetrating their cuticle, growing inside their bodies and feeding on them which eventually kill insects. Insects become more important competitors of human food damaging or even destroying crops. Fortunately, most insect pests have some pathogenic microorganisms associated with them. Control of large-scale insect pest infestations without harming the environment can be achieved by developing entomopathogens and incorporating them into integrated pest management strategies as they can be an effective biological control tool. The fungi Fusarium verticillioides has been established as phytopathogenic but now it is proven entomopathogenic. It proliferates throughout the insect’s body, producing toxins like beauvericin and fumonisin. It effectively manages coleopteran and hemipteran pests under laboratory and field conditions. It can be effectively mass produced using specific media with suitable temperature and relative humidity. It is also compatible with insecticides. Thus, this review shades the light on merely explored EPF Fusarium verticillioides.
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Adamo, Shelley A. "Is it pain if it does not hurt? On the unlikelihood of insect pain." Canadian Entomologist 151, no. 6 (August 20, 2019): 685–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2019.49.
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AbstractWhether insects (Insecta) have the subjective experience of pain is difficult to answer. Recent work in humans demonstrated that the experience of pain occurs due to the activation of a “pain network” that integrates nociceptive sensory information, memory, emotion, cognition, and self-awareness. In humans, the processing of nociceptive sensory information alone does not produce the subjective experience of pain. Insect nociception is processed largely in parallel in two higher-order areas in the brain: the mushroom bodies and the central complex. There is little evidence of a coordinated pain network that would integrate these two areas with each other along with other traits thought to be important for a pain experience in humans. However, it is difficult to exclude the possibility that insects could have a modest pain experience using a less integrated neural circuit. This possibility seems unlikely, however, because even a modest experience would require some neuronal investment. It is unclear whether insects would benefit from such an investment. Recent work in artificial intelligence suggests that relatively simple, cost-efficient circuits can produce adaptive behaviours without subjective experience. Given our current understanding of insect behaviour, neurobiology, and evolution, the likelihood that insects experience pain is low.
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Styer, E. L., and J. J. Hamm. "Detection and Identification of Viruses in Economically Important Insects." Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, S2 (August 2000): 666–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600035820.
Full textAbstract:
Economically important insects include pests of plants, animals and stored products as well as insects produced commercially (honey bees, silkworms, insects for fish bait and food for birds and zoo animals). Other insects are produced in large numbers for experimental purposes, biological control of insect pests and weeds and the production of sterile insects for population suppression. Insect viruses may affect morphology, physiology and behavior, often reducing longevity and reproductive potential. Thus insect viruses can be used as biological control agents of pest insects. Insect viruses may also interfere with the production or function of biological control agents (e.g., parasitoids and predators) and insects used for research purposes. Therefore, it is advantageous to screen commercial and research colonies and imported insects for viruses.Electron microscopy of negatively stained specimens (NS EM) offers a relatively rapid and inexpensive means of screening populations of insects for the presence of viruses or viruslike particles and to monitor the progress of virus control programs.
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WAR, Abdul Rasheed, Barkat HUSSAIN, Suraj Prashad MISHRA, Rajendra S. MUNGHATE, and Hari C. SHARMA. "Nutritional indices and biochemical profile of Helicoverpa armigera [Hübner (1808)] on different groundnut genotypes." Acta agriculturae Slovenica 117, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas.2021.117.1.1845.
Full textAbstract:
<p>Nutritional indices and biochemical profile of <em>Helicoverpa armigera</em> in response to feeding on different groundnut genotypes was studied. The moderately resistant genotypes were ICGV 86699, ICGV 86031, ICG 2271 and ICG 1697. JL 24 was used as the susceptible check. Consumption index (CI), approximate digestibility (AD), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) and efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD) were recorded. In addition, the activities of digestive and defensive enzymes of H<em>. armigera</em> were studied. <em>H. armigera</em> larvae showed significantly lower CI, AD, ECI and EDI when fed on moderately resistant genotypes than the insects fed on JL 24. Serine protease and trypsin activities were low in insects fed on resistant genotypes than the ones fed on JL 24. Further, insects fed on resistant genotypes showed significantly greater glutathione-S-transferase activity than the insects fed on JL 24. A reverse trend was observed for esterase activity. Similar trend was observed for total protein content of the insects. Thus, nutritional quality of host plants affects insect’s physiology and could be used as an important indicator of host plant resistance against insect pests and to understand the adaptation of insect pests, if any, to various genotypes/host plants.</p>
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MOHD HATTA, SITI KHAIRIYAH, NURSYAFIEZA RUSIDILBUKHARI, NUR NADIAH MD YUSOF, NORASHIRENE MOHAMAD JAMIL, KAMARUL HAMBALI, NOOR AKMAL ABD WAHAB, SITI NOORFAHANA MOHD IDRIS, NORHAFIZAH MOHD ZAZI, and FAEZAH PARDI. "DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF CLASS INSECTA FROM SELECTED AREA OF TUBA ISLAND RESERVE FOREST." Malaysian Applied Biology 51, no. 4 (October 31, 2022): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v51i4.22.
Full textAbstract:
Insects are ubiquitous and inhabit all types of ecosystems that include island ecosystems. A study on the diversity and distribution of Class Insecta was conducted at a selected forest area in Pulau Tuba using malaise traps. No insect study has been conducted at Pulau Tuba before. Three study sites namely forest fringe, middle forest, and inner forest were chosen. A total of 5883 specimens belonging to seven orders and 106 morphospecies of insects were collected. The orders identified were Blattodea, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Hemiptera, Isoptera, and Lepidoptera. Diptera samples were the most found while Blattodea recorded the lowest number recorded. Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H’) showed that the inner forest had the highest diversity value with H’ = 0.53, followed by the forest fringe with H’ = 0.44, and the middle forest with H’ = 0.22. The Evenness Index (E’) and Margalef Richness Index (R’) also showed the highest value comes from the inner forest with E’ = 0.28 and R’ = 0.81 respectively. Kruskal-Wallis test showed that there was a significant difference in insect distribution across three study sites where P< 0.05. Overall, this study suggested that the diversity of Class Insecta at Pulau Tuba was low in the three locations confirming the low species richness of insects in the island forest ecosystem.
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Shigaki, Shunsuke, and Noriyasu Ando. "Usage of a Sensory-Motor Intervention System for Understanding the Adaptive Behavior of Insects." Applied Sciences 14, no. 3 (January 29, 2024): 1139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14031139.
Full textAbstract:
Despite their diminutive neural systems, insects exhibit sophisticated adaptive behaviors in diverse environments. An insect receives various environmental stimuli through its sensory organs and selectively and rapidly integrates them to produce an adaptive motor output. Living organisms commonly have this sensory-motor integration, and attempts have been made for many years to elucidate this mechanism biologically and reconstruct it through engineering. In this review, we provide an overview of the biological analyses of the adaptive capacity of insects and introduce a framework of engineering tools to intervene in insect sensory and behavioral processes. The manifestation of adaptive insect behavior is intricately linked to dynamic environmental interactions, underscoring the significance of experiments maintaining this relationship. An experimental setup incorporating engineering techniques can manipulate the sensory stimuli and motor output of insects while maintaining this relationship. It can contribute to obtaining data that could not be obtained in experiments conducted under controlled environments. Moreover, it may be possible to analyze an insect’s adaptive capacity limits by varying the degree of sensory and motor intervention. Currently, experimental setups based on the framework of engineering tools only measure behavior; therefore, it is not possible to investigate how sensory stimuli are processed in the central nervous system. The anticipated future developments, including the integration of calcium imaging and electrophysiology, hold promise for a more profound understanding of the adaptive prowess of insects.
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Aini, Nurul, and Ana Mariatul Khitiyah. "Insect Diversity in Taman Jangkar Surabaya." AGARICUS: Advances Agriculture Science & Farming 2, no. 1 (July 3, 2022): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32764/agaricus.v2i1.2623.
Full textAbstract:
Insects are animals with jointed legs that are often found in many places with various types. This is because insects have a very high level of adaptation, for example those found in the Taman Jangkar in Surabaya. The purpose of this study was to describe the diversity of insects in the Taman Jangkararea and to compare the number of members of each insect order in the Taman Jangkar area. The method used in this research task is observation, which is to go directly to the field to capture insects around Taman Jangkar Surabaya with 4 repetitions in each plot, then collect data for identification. Based on the results of observations, collection, and identification, it can be obtained that there are various insects in the area. This is evidenced by the discovery of various orders of insecta, including: order Lepidoptera, order Odonata, order Hymenoptera, order Diptera, and order Orthoptera. Comparison of the number of species from each order is different. The most dominant number of species is in the order Lepidoptera which is then followed by the order Hymenoptera
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Akpa, H. O., J. D. C. Tongjura, G. A. Amuga, and R. J. Ombugadu. "Postmortem Evaluation of Rabbit Carcasses Using Insect Populations in Keffi Nasarawa State, Nigeria." European Journal of Biology and Biotechnology 2, no. 6 (November 19, 2021): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejbio.2021.2.6.247.
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Untimely, forceful, and unexpected death is inevitable and common worldwide. Evidence for causes of death may be obtained through the knowledge of insects’ successional pattern and postmortem interval on dead carcasses. Two rabbits (Lepus cuniculus) weighing 2.5 kg each were used as the experimental animals. The rabbits were sacrificed by poisoning and stabbing, postmortem evaluation was achieved by taking record of the insect’s successional pattern. The insects’ successional pattern revealed the following insects’ species in order in which they arrived on the carcasses: Musca domestica, Lucilia sericata, Chrysomya albiceps, Dermestes maculatus, and Armadillidium vulgare (usual sp). The family Formicidae were represented by two unidentified species. M. domestica arrived first on the stabbed carcass while L. sericata on poisoned carcass. A total of 105±50 insects were collected throughout the study period, with stabbed rabbit contributing 61±10 and poisoned 44±60 insects’ species. Variation in the number of forensically important insects’ species encountered in the study site did not show any significant difference (p>0.05) in relation to each decomposition stage. There was however a significant difference (p<0.05) between insects’ relative abundance and mode of killing. Insect evidence was found 3 minutes after death on the stabbed carcass and 3 days after on the poisoned carcass. The study has shown that insects' population can be used to establish postmortem evidence in rabbit carcasses.
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Herbert Tran, Erin E., and Heidi Goodrich-Blair. "CpxRA Contributes to Xenorhabdus nematophila Virulence through Regulation of lrhA and Modulation of Insect Immunity." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 12 (April 17, 2009): 3998–4006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02657-08.
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ABSTRACT The gammaproteobacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila is a blood pathogen of insects that requires the CpxRA signal transduction system for full virulence (E. E. Herbert et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73:7826-7836, 2007). We show here that the ΔcpxR1 mutant has altered localization, growth, and immune suppressive activities relative to its wild-type parent during infection of Manduca sexta insects. In contrast to wild-type X. nematophila, which were recovered throughout infection, ΔcpxR1 cells did not accumulate in hemolymph until after insect death. In vivo imaging of fluorescently labeled bacteria within live insects showed that ΔcpxR1 displayed delayed accumulation and also occasionally were present in isolated nodes rather than systemically throughout the insect as was wild-type X. nematophila. In addition, in contrast to its wild-type parent, the ΔcpxR1 mutant elicited transcription of an insect antimicrobial peptide, cecropin. Relative to phosphate-buffered saline-injected insects, cecropin transcript was induced 21-fold more in insects injected with ΔcpxR1 and 2-fold more in insects injected with wild-type X. nematophila. These data suggest that the ΔcpxR1 mutant has a defect in immune suppression or has an increased propensity to activate M. sexta immunity. CpxR regulates, directly or indirectly, genes known or predicted to be involved in virulence (E. E. Herbert et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73:7826-7836, 2007), including lrhA, encoding a transcription factor necessary for X. nematophila virulence, motility, and lipase production (G. R. Richards et al., J. Bacteriol. 190:4870-4879, 2008). CpxR positively regulates lrhA transcript, and we have shown that altered regulation of lrhA in the ΔcpxR1 mutant causes this strain's virulence defect. The ΔcpxR1 mutant expressing lrhA from a constitutive lac promoter showed wild-type virulence in M. sexta. These data suggest that CpxR contributes to X. nematophila virulence through the regulation of lrhA, immune suppression, and growth in Insecta.
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Lokeshwari, R. K., and T. Shantibala. "A Review on the Fascinating World of Insect Resources: Reason for Thoughts." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2010 (2010): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/207570.
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Insect resources are vast and diverse due to their enormous diversity. The exploitation and utilization of insect resources is broadly classified into four different categories. The first category is the insects of industrial resources. This level includes the utilization of silk worm, honeybee, lac insect, dye insect, and aesthetic insect. The second category is the utilization of insects for edible and therapeutic purposes. Insects are high in protein and many are rich sources of vitamins and minerals. The third category is the use of insects in forensic investigation. By analyzing the stages of succession of insects at first, rough estimation of the postmortem intervals can be done. The fourth category is the insects of ecological importance. Many insect species act as potential predators and parasites of destructive pests of insect order Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Orthoptera. Insects are also used as bioindicator to assess the cumulative effects of environmental stressors such as pollutants. Despites these fascinating benefits, insect resources are often neglected in India due to lack of proper documentation, less expertise, and advance enterprises in these fields. Hence, the paper reviews the different fascinating facets of insect resources in order to explore and utilize it in a sustainable way with reference to Indian region.
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Lemic, Jembrek, Bažok, and Pajač Živković. "Ozone Effectiveness on Wheat Weevil Suppression: Preliminary Research." Insects 10, no. 10 (October 18, 2019): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10100357.
Full textAbstract:
Insect infestations within stored product facilities are a major concern to livestock and human food industries. Insect infestations in storage systems can result in economic losses of up to 20%. Furthermore, the presence of insects and their waste and remains in grain and stored foods may pose a health risk to humans and livestock. At present, pests in commercial storage are managed by a combination of different methods ranging from cleaning and cooling to treatment of the stored material with contact insecticides or fumigation. The availability of pesticides for the treatment of grain and other stored products is decreasing owing, in some cases, to environmental and safety concerns among consumers and society, thus emphasizing the need for alternative eco-friendly pest control methods. One of the potential methods is the use of ozone. Although the mechanism of action of ozone on insects is not completely known, the insect’s respiratory system is a likely the target of this gas. The main goal of this investigation was to determine the efficacy of ozone in the suppression of adult wheat weevils Sitophilus granarius. In the experiments conducted, different durations of ozone exposure were tested. In addition to ozone toxicity, the walking response and velocity of wheat weevils were investigated. The results showed the harmful effects of ozone on these insects. In addition to mortality, ozone also had negative effects on insect speed and mobility. The efficiency of the ozone treatment increased with increasing ozone exposure of insects. The ability of ozone to reduce the walking activity and velocity of treated insects is a positive feature in pest control in storage systems, thereby reducing the possibility of insects escaping from treated objects. The results of this investigation suggest that ozone has the potential to become a realistic choice for suppressing harmful insects in storage systems for humans and livestock, either alone or as a complement to other control methods.
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Moon, Tasfia Tasnim, Ishrat Jahan Maliha, Abdullah Al Moin Khan, Moutoshi Chakraborty, Md Sharaf Uddin, Md Ruhul Amin, and Tofazzal Islam. "CRISPR-Cas Genome Editing for Insect Pest Stress Management in Crop Plants." Stresses 2, no. 4 (December 7, 2022): 493–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/stresses2040034.
Full textAbstract:
Global crop yield and food security are being threatened by phytophagous insects. Innovative methods are required to increase agricultural output while reducing reliance on hazardous synthetic insecticides. Using the revolutionary CRISPR-Cas technology to develop insect-resistant plants appears to be highly efficient at lowering production costs and increasing farm profitability. The genomes of both a model insect, Drosophila melanogaster, and major phytophagous insect genera, viz. Spodoptera, Helicoverpa, Nilaparvata, Locusta, Tribolium, Agrotis, etc., were successfully edited by the CRISPR-Cas toolkits. This new method, however, has the ability to alter an insect’s DNA in order to either induce a gene drive or overcome an insect’s tolerance to certain insecticides. The rapid progress in the methodologies of CRISPR technology and their diverse applications show a high promise in the development of insect-resistant plant varieties or other strategies for the sustainable management of insect pests to ensure food security. This paper reviewed and critically discussed the use of CRISPR-Cas genome-editing technology in long-term insect pest management. The emphasis of this review was on the prospective uses of the CRISPR-Cas system for insect stress management in crop production through the creation of genome-edited crop plants or insects. The potential and the difficulties of using CRISPR-Cas technology to reduce pest stress in crop plants were critically examined and discussed.
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Kapesa, K., W. Deepanita Devi, R. K. Bonysana, and Y. Rajashekar. "Anthropo-entomophagy and ethno-entomology among the ethnic Mao-Naga and Poumai-Naga tribes of Manipur, Northeast India." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 6, no. 5 (October 26, 2020): 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2020.0012.
Full textAbstract:
Entomophagy, the practice of eating insects, has a great deal of importance and history with many countries of the world however, its consumption species of insects and their value differ from community to community. Here, we aimed to study the ethnic traditional practices of entomophagy and its uses in traditional ethno-entomology practiced by the Mao-Naga tribe and the Poumai-Naga tribe from Senapati district of Manipur, Northeast India. We conducted individual semi-structured questionnaire surveys from different villages of both the tribes with ages varying from 22 to 70 years. The respondents comprise village elders, house makers and the youth. The study shows a total of 53 and 51 species of insects being consumed by the Mao-Naga and Poumai-Naga tribes respectively consisting of 9 orders and 18 families. The order Hymenoptera has the maximum number having 20 edible insect species from both the tribes. The order Diptera, Isoptera and Mantodea has the least edible insect of 1 species each from both the tribes. Besides entomophagy, some insect’s species were believed to have ethno-entomological uses.
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Messersmith, Calvin G., and Steve W. Adkins. "Integrating Weed-feeding Insects and Herbicides for Weed Control." Weed Technology 9, no. 1 (March 1995): 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00023198.
Full textAbstract:
Literature concerning interactions between herbicides and insects is reviewed. Herbicides can be toxic to insects or can affect them indirectly, such as by destroying food supplies, but they usually can be used with proper application timing without affecting insects adversely. Herbicides and biocontrol insects can interact either favorably or unfavorably depending on the life cycle stage of weed and insect, effect on predatory insects, changes in food quality, mobility of the biocontrol insect, and impact of herbicides on weed growth. Thus, interactions between a biocontrol insect and herbicide can be antagonistic, additive, complementary, or synergistic. Split-plot techniques to evaluate these interactions at an early stage of insect establishment are proposed to improve weed biocontrol.
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He, Shulin, Bin Jiang, Amrita Chakraborty, and Guozhi Yu. "The Evolution of Glycoside Hydrolase Family 1 in Insects Related to Their Adaptation to Plant Utilization." Insects 13, no. 9 (August 30, 2022): 786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13090786.
Full textAbstract:
Insects closely interact with plants with multiple genes involved in their interactions. β-glucosidase, constituted mainly by glycoside hydrolase family 1 (GH1), is a crucial enzyme in insects to digest plant cell walls and defend against natural enemies with sequestered plant metabolites. To gain more insights into the role of this enzyme in plant–insect interactions, we analyzed the evolutionary history of the GH1 gene family with publicly available insect genomes. We found that GH1 is widely present in insects, while the gene numbers are significantly higher in insect herbivores directly feeding on plant cell walls than in other insects. After reconciling the insect GH1 gene tree with a species tree, we found that the patterns of duplication and loss of GH1 genes differ among insect orders, which may be associated with the evolution of their ecology. Furthermore, the majority of insects’ GH1 genes were tandem-duplicated and subsequently went through neofunctionalization. This study shows the evolutionary history of an important gene family GH1 in insects and facilitates our understanding of the evolution of insect–plant interactions.
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Hlongwane, Zabentungwa T., Rob Slotow, and Thinandavha C. Munyai. "The Role of Edible Insects in Rural Livelihoods, and Identified Challenges in Vhembe District, Limpopo, South Africa." Resources 10, no. 12 (December 7, 2021): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources10120123.
Full textAbstract:
Edible insects are an important natural commodity in rural areas that is used for household consumption and to generate income through trade. As a result, edible-insect trading is a profitable business that provides employment and improves the livelihoods of impoverished rural people. This study aimed at determining the socioeconomic benefits of and reasons for trading insects, and to assess if edible insects are included in economic development strategies in the Vhembe district of Limpopo province, South Africa. We conducted 72 questionnaire interviews targeting traders in 5 towns across the district. Five insect groups belonging to four insect orders are traded in informal markets of the district. Mopane worms (Gonimbrasia belina) were the most traded (42%) edible insects. Unemployment (45%) and the demand for edible insects (34%) were the major reasons for trading insects. Insect trading has numerous benefits; however, the provision of income (60%) and financial support (35%) were stated as the primary benefits. Despite several benefits associated with trading in insects, there are many challenges such as insect spoilage and a decline in the availability of edible insects in the wild. Edible insects play an important role in food security and the rural economy by generating employment opportunities for unemployed traders. Trading in insects is a traditional practice based on indigenous knowledge, which has persisted as an economic practice that improves rural livelihoods by reducing poverty and increases the human dignity of rural citizens. Only four governmental organisations in Limpopo included edible insects in economic development strategies. Trading insects is primarily an informal activity. The government could stimulate the activity and broaden and deepen the community benefits by providing infrastructure, access to harvest areas, financial support, and business training as part of a rural empowerment strategy to end hunger and poverty while creating employment opportunities in rural areas.
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Villanueva, V., F. Valdés, S. Zavala, J. M. Yáñez, and C. Valenzuela. "Perception of cat owners on the use of insects as feed ingredients for cats." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 9, no. 11 (August 14, 2023): 1431–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23524588-20220106.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Currently, insects represent a sustainable alternative to animal-based ingredients for pet food, but there is little information on the willingness of cat owners to incorporate insects into their pet diets. The objective of this study was to assess the perception of cat owners to feed insect-based feed. Between June and August 2021, an on-line survey was provided to cat owners in Chile; of the total number of participants (1684), the majority were female (89.2%), with university education (73%) and omnivorous eating habits (63.7%). Participants had an average of 2 cats per household with indoor lifestyle (70.2%). Most participants (63.6%) were willing to feed insects to their cats. Participants were more willing to feed their cats treats containing 20% insect meal (Overall willingness (OW) = 7.1 ± 3.1, on a scale of 1 to 10), than pure insect meal (OW = 4.9 ± 3.3) or whole insects (OW = 4.4 ± 3.3). Cricket meal treats were the most acceptable. Acceptance toward insects increased when mentioning the environmental benefits of insect production (OW = 7.6 ± 2.9). Participants more willing to offer insect-based treats to their cats were also more willing to use pure insect meal and even whole insects. The reasons for not wanting to include insects in cat feed were disgust, unfamiliarity and preference for traditional pet foods.
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Li, Mengjiao, Chengjuan Mao, Xin Li, Lei Jiang, Wen Zhang, Mengying Li, Huixue Liu, et al. "Edible Insects: A New Sustainable Nutritional Resource Worth Promoting." Foods 12, no. 22 (November 9, 2023): 4073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12224073.
Full textAbstract:
Edible insects are a highly nutritious source of protein and are enjoyed by people all over the world. Insects contain various other nutrients and beneficial compounds, such as lipids, vitamins and minerals, chitin, phenolic compounds, and antimicrobial peptides, which contribute to good health. The practice of insect farming is far more resource-efficient compared to traditional agriculture and animal husbandry, requiring less land, energy, and water, and resulting in a significantly lower carbon footprint. In fact, insects are 12 to 25 times more efficient than animals in converting low-protein feed into protein. When it comes to protein production per unit area, insect farming only requires about one-eighth of the land needed for beef production. Moreover, insect farming generates minimal waste, as insects can consume food and biomass that would otherwise go to waste, contributing to a circular economy that promotes resource recycling and reuse. Insects can be fed with agricultural waste, such as unused plant stems and food scraps. Additionally, the excrement produced by insects can be used as fertilizer for crops, completing the circular chain. Despite the undeniable sustainability and nutritional benefits of consuming insects, widespread acceptance of incorporating insects into our daily diets still has a long way to go. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the nutritional value of edible insects, the development of farming and processing technologies, and the problems faced in the marketing of edible insect products and insect foods to improve the reference for how people choose edible insects.
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Klein, Barrett Anthony. "Wax, Wings, and Swarms: Insects and Their Products as Art Media." Annual Review of Entomology 67, no. 1 (January 7, 2022): 281–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-020821-060803.
Full textAbstract:
Every facet of human culture is in some way affected by our abundant, diverse insect neighbors. Our relationship with insects has been on display throughout the history of art, sometimes explicitly but frequently in inconspicuous ways. This is because artists can depict insects overtly, but they can also allude to insects conceptually or use insect products in a purely utilitarian manner. Insects themselves can serve as art media, and artists have explored or exploited insects for their products (silk, wax, honey, propolis, carmine, shellac, nest material), body parts (e.g., wings), and whole bodies (dead, alive, individually, or as collectives). This review surveys insects and their products used as media in the visual arts and considers the untapped potential for artistic exploration of media derived from insects. The history, value, and ethics of insect media art are relevant topics at a time when the natural world is at unprecedented risk.
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Klein, Barrett Anthony. "Wax, Wings, and Swarms: Insects and Their Products as Art Media." Annual Review of Entomology 67, no. 1 (January 7, 2022): 281–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-020821-060803.
Full textAbstract:
Every facet of human culture is in some way affected by our abundant, diverse insect neighbors. Our relationship with insects has been on display throughout the history of art, sometimes explicitly but frequently in inconspicuous ways. This is because artists can depict insects overtly, but they can also allude to insects conceptually or use insect products in a purely utilitarian manner. Insects themselves can serve as art media, and artists have explored or exploited insects for their products (silk, wax, honey, propolis, carmine, shellac, nest material), body parts (e.g., wings), and whole bodies (dead, alive, individually, or as collectives). This review surveys insects and their products used as media in the visual arts and considers the untapped potential for artistic exploration of media derived from insects. The history, value, and ethics of insect media art are relevant topics at a time when the natural world is at unprecedented risk.
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Feyereisen, R. "Evolution of insect P450." Biochemical Society Transactions 34, no. 6 (October 25, 2006): 1252–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0341252.
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The first fully sequenced insect genomes were those of the fruitfly and the mosquito, both from the order Diptera. Now, with an increasing number and diversity of insect genomes becoming available, the diversity of insect P450 genes can be better appreciated and tentative ideas about the evolution of the CYP (cytochrome P450) superfamily in insects can be proposed. There are four large clades of insect P450 genes that existed before the divergence of the class Insecta and that are also represented by CYP families in vertebrates: the CYP2 clade, the CYP3 clade, the CYP4 clade and the mitochondrial P450 clade. P450s with known or suspected physiological functions are present in each of these clades and only a dozen genes appear to have orthologues or very close paralogues in each insect genome. P450 enzymes from each of these clades have been linked to insecticide resistance or to the metabolism of natural products and xenobiotics. In particular, insects appear to maintain a repertoire of mitochondrial P450 paralogues devoted to the response to environmental challenges.
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Misiko, Monicah Florence, Taurai Bere, Darius O. Andika, Patrick Okoth, and Benson Onyango. "Spatial Variations in Aquatic Insect Community Structure in the Winam Gulf of Lake Victoria, Kenya." International Journal of Ecology 2023 (September 8, 2023): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/8817525.
Full textAbstract:
Background. Aquatic insect community structure is dynamic due to threats by anthropogenic activities coupled with changing climatic conditions. The insect’s survival is dependent on the substrate, water quality, and environmental effects. The changes in water quality influence their distribution and abundance and are reflected in spatial and temporal trends. This study sought to document the effects of spatial variation on aquatic insects in Winam Gulf of Lake Victoria, Kenya. Materials and Methods. Systematic random design was used in sampling, and water quality parameters were assessed. Insects were sampled by profundal lake procedure, pooled, sorted, and identified based on the morphological approach and diversity indices analyzed. The relationship between insects and water quality was established. Results. Statistical homogeneity in water quality parameters was documented with the exception of nitrates, nitrites, soluble reactive phosphorus, ammonium, and silicates, which displayed significant variation at p < 0.05 . A total of 383 individual insects representing 19 species, 19 genera, 16 families, and six orders were obtained from Winam Gulf. Hemiptera, Ephemeroptera, and Diptera were the most predominant orders, respectively. Chironomus spp. and Ablebesmyia spp. were representatives of the Chironomidae family. Species distribution and water quality were determined using cluster analysis (CA) and conical correspondence analysis (CCA). Conclusion. The findings of this study demonstrated that spatial variations were associated with change in water quality and had a corresponding influence on insect community structure.
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Rumpold, B. A., and A. van Huis. "Education as a key to promoting insects as food." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 7, no. 6 (September 11, 2021): 949–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2021.x007.
Full textAbstract:
Children in tropical countries have always eaten insects but are now often discouraged from doing so. Recently, the idea of the consumption of insects has been re-introduced as an answer to malnutrition since edible insects are a potential alternative and sustainable protein and food source. However, in countries where the consumption of insects is not traditional, there is a lack of acceptance as well as skills when it comes to preparing a meal with insects. Examples of experiments from different parts of the world are given, where children in schools are educated about the nutritional and environmental benefits of eating insects. In general, after the experience, children are more positive about the idea of eating insects. It is stipulated that insects as food could be a very good entry point for the discussion about our future food supply. Furthermore, with the increasing commercial production of edible insects, there is an increasing demand for skilled workers in the insect production industry. Essential to the promotion of insect consumption are the development of curricula and educational materials for vocational education, training of insect farmers, and general education in primary and secondary schools as well as tertiary education.
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Anantanarayanan, Raman. "Two exquisite hemipteran galls of India with notes on the physiology of gall induction by Sternorrhyncha." ENTOMON 41, no. 4 (December 31, 2016): 251–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33307/entomon.v41i4.212.
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The Indian subcontinent is rich with gall-inducing insects. The varieties of galls they induce offer bountiful opportunities to explain the dynamics of insect-plant interactions. Close to 90% of gall-inducing insects across the world are known to be specific to certain plants and such specialist behaviour offers them for use as ideal models to explain and characterize insect-plant relationships, which bear long-term advantages in managing insects that live and feed on economically important plants. In such a context, I illustrate in this paper, the intimacy of relationships between two gall-inducing Hemiptera (Apsylla cistellata tied to Mangifera indica and Mangalorea hopeae tied to Hopea ponga), which are native to the Indian subcontinent. In this article I emphasize that studying the biology of gall-inducing insects unequivocally demands a clear understanding of the stress and reparative physiology of the plant as well, further to that of the feeding biology of the inducing insect. Since all known gall-inducing insects (Hymenoptera excepted) induce galls by feeding action, I have explained the vitality of knowing about mouth parts, salivary secretions, and the mechanisms that arise in plants consequent to insect feeding with regard to the Hemiptera. My plea is that with the vast variety of various gall-inducing insects, we in India have a large canvas to paint the details of the physiology and metabolomics involved in insect-plant interactions clearly, because these insects are highly specialized in selecting their hosts, and also because these insects live embedded within plant tissues for certain period of time. In an ecological context, these insects are more easily amenable to monitor in field contexts than other free-living insects.
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Huang, Yuanyuan, Guyue Lu, Wei Zhao, Xinyao Zhang, Jiawen Jiang, and Qiang Xing. "FlyDetector—Automated Monitoring Platform for the Visual–Motor Coordination of Honeybees in a Dynamic Obstacle Scene Using Digital Paradigm." Sensors 23, no. 16 (August 10, 2023): 7073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23167073.
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Vision plays a crucial role in the ability of compound-eyed insects to perceive the characteristics of their surroundings. Compound-eyed insects (such as the honeybee) can change the optical flow input of the visual system by autonomously controlling their behavior, and this is referred to as visual–motor coordination (VMC). To analyze an insect’s VMC mechanism in dynamic scenes, we developed a platform for studying insects that actively shape the optic flow of visual stimuli by adapting their flight behavior. Image-processing technology was applied to detect the posture and direction of insects’ movement, and automatic control technology provided dynamic scene stimulation and automatic acquisition of perceptual insect behavior. In addition, a virtual mapping technique was used to reconstruct the visual cues of insects for VMC analysis in a dynamic obstacle scene. A simulation experiment at different target speeds of 1–12 m/s was performed to verify the applicability and accuracy of the platform. Our findings showed that the maximum detection speed was 8 m/s, and triggers were 95% accurate. The outdoor experiments showed that flight speed in the longitudinal axis of honeybees was more stable when facing dynamic barriers than static barriers after analyzing the change in geometric optic flow. Finally, several experiments showed that the platform can automatically and efficiently monitor honeybees’ perception behavior, and can be applied to study most insects and their VMC.
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Gunarno, Gunarno. "Perbandingan Indeks Keanekaragaman Serangga Di Wilayah Ekosistem Hutan Penyangga Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser Bukit Lawang." Jurnal Analisa Pemikiran Insaan Cendikia 4, no. 2 (December 8, 2021): 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.54583/apic.vol4.no2.71.
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This study aims to determine the diversity index and the comparison of insect diversity index in Gunung Leuser Bukit Lawang National Park in the Buffer ecosystem area. The research method uses a quantitative descriptive approach. The population in this study were all animals classified as insects (Insecta). The samples used were insects in the buffer forest area with 3 standpoints (lines). The data analysis technique uses the Shannon–Wiener diversity index. The results showed that the insect with the highest significance index (INP) from the three lines (without stands, rubber stands, and cocoa stands) was Macrotermes gilvus, namely 91.71 (rubber tree stands), 87.54 (cocoa tree stands), and 57. 42 (without stands). The insect diversity index H' using (Shannon-Wiener Index) from the three lines without stands (-2), rubber stands (-1), and brown stands (-1) were “low”. The low diversity index of the buffer forest is because the buffer forest in Bukit Lawang is a homogeneous forest.
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Williams, Charles E. "CHECKLIST OF NORTH AMERICAN NUT-INFESTING INSECTS AND HOST PLANTS." Journal of Entomological Science 24, no. 4 (October 1, 1989): 550–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-24.4.550.
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Data on the biology and host plant relations of nut-infesting insects are widely scattered in the scientific literature. A checklist of North American nut-infesting insects and host plants is presented to provide a central source of information on this insect group. Organized alphabetically by insect taxa, the checklist contains 102 species of insects and 82 host plants. Nomenclature of listed insects and host plants follows current revisions and checklists.
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Mohamed, Salmah, Muniruddin Hambali Hamdan, and Norhayati Ngah. "Assessment of Insect Abundance and Diversity in Paddy Fields Cultivated with Beneficial Plants, Turnera trioniflora." Journal Of Agrobiotechnology 13, no. 2 (November 17, 2022): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37231/jab.2022.13.2.323.
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Beneficial plants such as Turnera can be a good shelter and provide a food source for insects. The presence of insects, especially natural enemies in paddy fields is very important because the insects help in natural pest population control. However, detailed studies on the composition of insects in paddy fields cultivated with Turnera plants are still lacking. Therefore, a study was conducted in Besut, Terengganu to determine the population abundance and diversity of insects in paddy fields cultivated with the beneficial plant, Turnera trioniflora. Two paddy fields were selected as sampling plots which cultivated with T. trioniflora plants (Plot A) and without T. trioniflora plants (Plot B). For each plot, three Malaise traps, five yellow pan traps, and five pitfall traps were used to collect insect samples on a weekly basis during the paddy planting season (February-May 2021). Samples collected were brought to the laboratory for identifying processes up to order level. Results showed that a total of 3818 individuals of insects consisting of 10 orders (i.e. Diptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Orthoptera, Thysanoptera, Odonata, Mantodea, and Blattodea) were successfully collected from both plots with a significance different (p < 0.05). Among them, the Diptera dominated the number of individuals collected at 52.12% (n=1990) and followed by Hymenoptera at 16.87% (n= 644) and Lepidoptera at 12.40% (n=474). Whilst the Blattodea order was the least abundant with 0.07% (n=3). Plot A and Plot B recorded a total of 1995 and 1823 individuals, respectively and no significant difference (p > 0.05) of insect abundance was recorded between both plots. However, the diversity of insects in Plot A was slightly higher (H’=1.57) than in Plot B (H’=1.23). In conclusion, the insect’s abundance and diversity in a paddy plot cultivated with T. trioniflora plants was relatively higher than in a paddy plot cultivated without T. trioniflora plants. This study has provided a set of basic data on the abundance and diversity of insects in paddy fields which is very helpful for further studies on the relationship between T. trioniflora beneficial plants and insects.
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O'Malley, Robert C., and William C. McGrew. "Primates, insects and insect resources." Journal of Human Evolution 71 (June 2014): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.02.010.
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Szlachciuk, Julita, and Sylwia Żakowska-Biemans. "Breaking the Taboo: Understanding the Relationship between Perception, Beliefs, Willingness to Eat Insects, and Food Neophobia among Polish Adults." Foods 13, no. 6 (March 20, 2024): 944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods13060944.
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Insects are a potential source of protein for direct human consumption or indirectly in processed foods. The research examined consumer perceptions and beliefs regarding the consumption of insects and food products containing insect proteins. The study aimed to identify beliefs about insect consumption, assess the perception of food products containing added insect proteins, and gain a deeper understanding of the role of food neophobia in accepting insects as an alternative source of protein. The data were collected in 2023 through a cross-sectional quantitative online survey of a group that was representative of consumers by age, gender, and region sample (n = 1000) who were responsible for food purchasing decisions in their households. While many respondents viewed foods enriched with insect protein as innovative and environmentally friendly, others found the idea of consuming insects repulsive and expressed concerns about potential allergic reactions. Food neophobia was a determining factor in respondents’ beliefs and perceptions regarding the consumption of insects and food products containing insect proteins. Respondents were more inclined to consume products with added insect protein rather than visibly identifiable insects. The results highlight the need for targeted marketing strategies and product development approaches to align with the varied expectations of consumers in the rapidly expanding insect-based food market.
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Lemelin, Raynald Harvey, Jason Dampier, Rick Harper, Robert Bowles, and Debbie Balika. "Perceptions of Insects." Society & Animals 25, no. 6 (October 20, 2017): 553–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341469.
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AbstractA Personal Meaning of Insects Map (pmim) was administered to participants from eastern Canada and northeastern United States. In the four-phase inductive study, participant responses to insects were coded and analyzed. Responses were elicited prior to and after viewing an insect video. Responses regarding the most cited insects, negative and positive associations with insects, and suggested management and education strategies were examined. Participants also discussed how information was acquired from various sources. The findings suggest that perceptions of insects are contextualized and sometimes inaccurate relative to scientific taxonomy. Research and the development of education strategies that take into account how the general public understands (or misunderstands) insects and where it acquires its information would be better served if we were to develop management and educational tools that address human-insect encounters from various socio-cultural perspectives.
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van Huis, A. "Welfare of farmed insects." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 5, no. 3 (July 10, 2019): 159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2019.x004.
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When discussing insect welfare, the distinction is often made between nociception and pain, the first being a reflex response, while the second refers to a negative emotion perceived by the brain. There is some evidence that insects can experience emotions. Anthropomorphism may influence opinions on the question of how smart animals are. For insects, the precautionary principle is often used: give insects the benefit of the doubt and regard them as ‘sentient beings’. Considering the large number of farmed insects needed for food or feed, some articles discourage the consumption of insects, and favour plant-based diets. However, the protection of food plants also involves the killing of huge numbers of insects. I conclude that in insect farming we need to treat insects as sentient beings.
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Yan, Yan, and Julián F. Hillyer. "The immune and circulatory systems are functionally integrated across insect evolution." Science Advances 6, no. 48 (November 2020): eabb3164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb3164.
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The immune and circulatory systems of mammals are functionally integrated, as exemplified by the immune function of the spleen and lymph nodes. Similar functional integration exists in the malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, as exemplified by the infection-induced aggregation of hemocytes around the heart valves. Whether this is specific to mosquitoes or a general characteristic of insects remained unknown. We analyzed 68 species from 51 families representing 16 orders and found that infection induces the aggregation of hemocytes and pathogens on the heart of insects from all major branches of the class Insecta. An expanded analysis in the holometabolous mosquito, Aedes aegypti, and the hemimetabolous bed bug, Cimex lectularius, showed that infection induces the aggregation of phagocytic hemocytes on the hearts of distantly related insects, with aggregations mirroring the patterns of hemolymph flow. Therefore, the functional integration of the immune and circulatory systems is conserved across the insect tree of life.
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Bear, Christopher. "Approaching Insect Death: Understandings and Practices of the UK’s Edible Insect Farmers." Society & Animals 27, no. 7 (December 11, 2019): 751–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685306-00001871.
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AbstractWhile insects are eaten by around two billion people globally, they are a relatively new addition to the UK’s culinary landscape. A domestic production sector has begun to emerge to supply this new appetite for insects. Social scientists have been quick to explore consumer attitudes to “edible insects” but insect farmers have thus far been largely ignored. This paper addresses this gap by drawing on interviews with the UK’s current and recent edible insect farmers to explore their understandings of, and approaches to, insect death, something about which all participants expressed concern. The paper examines: 1) reasons for farmers’ concerns around how they kill their insects, ranging from anxieties around insect pain to perceived consumer attitudes; and 2) farmers’ ideas about what constitutes a “good” death for insects, and how they incorporate this in their practices.
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Fanisah Labibah, Melfa Aisyah Hutasuhut, Zahratul Idami, and Fatiani Manik. "Keanekaragaman Serangga Penyerbuk Pada Perkebunan Stroberi (Fragaria sp.) di Desa Tongkoh Kecamatan Dolat Raya Kabupaten Karo Sumatera Utara." Jurnal Biologi dan Pembelajarannya (JB&P) 10, no. 2 (October 29, 2023): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.29407/jbp.v10i2.19791.
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Pollinating insects are insects that have an important role as intermediaries for pollinating plants by collecting pollen and nectar found in strawberry flowers (Fragaria sp.). This research was conducted to determine the types of pollinating insects and the diversity of pollinating insects. This research was conducted in Tongkoh Village, Dolat Raya Sub District, Karo District, North Sumatra. Intake of pollinating insects is done by observation method. The results of the study obtained 3 orders and 7 families as well as 11 types of pollinating insects with a total of 147 individuals. The most common type of insect found was Apis cerana. The diversity index of pollinating insects was moderate with an H' value of 2.15. This indicated that the diversity of pollinating insects at the study site was in a stable condition because there were no pollinating insect species that were too dominant.
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Zielińska, E., D. Zieliński, M. Karaś, and A. Jakubczyk. "Exploration of consumer acceptance of insects as food in Poland." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 6, no. 4 (August 11, 2020): 383–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2019.0055.
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In the last decade, increasing attention has been focused on entomophagy in Europe. However, Western societies rarely experience insects as a food source. Depending on the country, the approach to entomophagy is variables. This study was performed to assess the perception of entomophagy in the Polish population and comparison with other European societies. An online survey was conducted with a final sample of 419 participants. Several variables were established, and their influence on the acceptance of insect was analysed by applying the Chi-square test of independence. We found that the respondents had limited knowledge about entomophagy; hence, willingness to eat insects is limited by unawareness and neophobia. The attitude towards insects is a strong predictor of the readiness to eat insects and buy insect-based products. The results have shown that processed insect products can increase consumers’ willingness to buy insect-based products. It should be noted that almost 60% of the 15.51% of the respondents who had eaten insects previously rated the insect taste as good and very good. We conclude that higher awareness of entomophagy is required to accept insects as food besides the willingness to try. Moreover, the future of insect consumption depends on the sensory characteristics (appearance, smell, taste) of insect-based products; hence, food industry should focus on processed foods with insect based food ingredients to make them familiar to consumers.