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Journal articles on the topic 'Insecticide'
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1
Davlianidze, T. A., and O. Y. Eremina. "PROINSECTICIDES." Medical Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, no. 1 (2021): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.33092/0025-8326mp2021.1.54-63.
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Pro-insecticides are chemical compounds, the bioactivation of which occurs in the body of insects, where they are transformed into metabolites with greater insecticidal activity. These substances account for 20% of the total amount of insecticides on the market, and they account for 34% of the value of all world sales. Only after many years of use of insecticides did it become known that a significant part of them are precursors. According to the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC), about 40% of chemical groups contain precursors that require structural changes to manifest their insecticidal properties. Currently, 16 chemical groups of insecticides are known, in which there are representatives of pro-insecticides. The main molecular targets are: nicotine-acetylcholine receptor (NAChR), voltage-gated K- and Na-channels, Cl-channel of the GABAreceptor, Cl-channel of glutamate receptor, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and ryanodine receptor (RyR). The main direction of using pro-insecticides is the control of insecticide-resistant insect populations. The review summarizes and analyzes modern data on pro-insecticides, describes the main representatives and the mechanism of their transformation in the insect organism. Key words: pro-insecticides, insecticide resistance, insecticide mode of action, bioactivation
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Li, Li Xiu, Ling Yan Ge, Ting Xue, and Xi Hong Li. "Insecticidal Effects of the Insecticide Based on Porous Starch and Cinnamon Oil against Sitophilus zeamais." Advanced Materials Research 160-162 (November 2010): 579–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.160-162.579.
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We investigated that the bioefficacies of cinnamon oil and insecticide based on the mixture of porous starch and cinnamon oil. They were evaluated for their insecticidal activities and their mortality on adults of Sitophilus zeamais. Fumigant toxicity assayed by hanging in glass jars showed that these chemicals caused significant mortality of the test insect. Cinnamon oil evoked high repellent action and high fumigant toxicity (LD50 = 0.030μL/cm3) against adults of Sitophilus zeamais. The two concentrations of the new insecticide 0.030μL/cm3 (LD50) and 0.040μL/cm3 (the highest) lose their insecticidal activity after a minimum of 144h and 168h, respectively. These results suggest that cinnamon oil starch powder is the most effective insecticide, and could increase its efficacy for use as an alternative to synthetic insecticides.
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Andriessen, Rob, Janneke Snetselaar, Remco A. Suer, Anne J. Osinga, Johan Deschietere, Issa N. Lyimo, Ladslaus L. Mnyone, et al. "Electrostatic coating enhances bioavailability of insecticides and breaks pyrethroid resistance in mosquitoes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 39 (August 31, 2015): 12081–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1510801112.
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Insecticide resistance poses a significant and increasing threat to the control of malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases. We present a novel method of insecticide application based on netting treated with an electrostatic coating that binds insecticidal particles through polarity. Electrostatic netting can hold small amounts of insecticides effectively and results in enhanced bioavailability upon contact by the insect. Six pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles mosquito strains from across Africa were exposed to similar concentrations of deltamethrin on electrostatic netting or a standard long-lasting deltamethrin-coated bednet (PermaNet 2.0). Standard WHO exposure bioassays showed that electrostatic netting induced significantly higher mortality rates than the PermaNet, thereby effectively breaking mosquito resistance. Electrostatic netting also induced high mortality in resistant mosquito strains when a 15-fold lower dose of deltamethrin was applied and when the exposure time was reduced to only 5 s. Because different types of particles adhere to electrostatic netting, it is also possible to apply nonpyrethroid insecticides. Three insecticide classes were effective against strains of Aedes and Culex mosquitoes, demonstrating that electrostatic netting can be used to deploy a wide range of active insecticides against all major groups of disease-transmitting mosquitoes. Promising applications include the use of electrostatic coating on walls or eave curtains and in trapping/contamination devices. We conclude that application of electrostatically adhered particles boosts the efficacy of WHO-recommended insecticides even against resistant mosquitoes. This innovative technique has potential to support the use of unconventional insecticide classes or combinations thereof, potentially offering a significant step forward in managing insecticide resistance in vector-control operations.
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Firmansyah, Efrin, Dadang ., and Ruli Anwar. "AKTIVITAS INSEKTISIDA EKSTRAK TITHONIA DIVERSIFOLIA (HEMSL.) A GRAY (ASTERACEAE) TERHADAP ULAT DAUN KUBIS PLUTELLA XYLOSTELLA (L.) (LEPIDOPTERA: YPONOMEUTIDAE)." JURNAL HAMA DAN PENYAKIT TUMBUHAN TROPIKA 17, no. 2 (October 1, 2017): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.217185-193.
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Insecticidal activity of extracts of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray (Asteraceae) against the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae). The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) is one of the most destructive pests on cruciferous plants. Generally farmers use synthetic insecticides to control this pest. Intensive and excessive use of insecticides can cause some undesirable effects such as resistance, resurgence, and contamination of insecticide on environment. One effort to solve the problems caused by synthetic insecticides use is by utilization of botanical materials that are potential to be used as botanical insecticides, one of them is Tithonia diversifolia (Asteraceae). The purpose of this research was to study the insecticidal activity of T. diversifolia as a botanical insecticide against P. xylostella. The leaf residual and topical application methods were used to assess the mortality effect of the extracts. Insect mortality rate was analyzed using probit analysis to obtain LC50 and LC95 values. The results showed that the flower extract had better activity on insect mortality than the leaf extract both in leaf residual and topical application treatments.
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Davlianidze, Tatyana Alekseevna. "Reversibility of the knockdown effect at application of aerosols against pyrethroid-resistant house flies." Disinfection affairs, no. 4 (June 2021): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.35411/2076-457x-2021-2-30-36.
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Knockdown resistance to pyrethroids and pyrethrins is the first sign of insecticide resistance, suggesting a decrease in insect nervous system sensitivity. On the Russian market of insecticides, there are many products in the aerosol package intended for the destruction of flying insects, which include pyrethroids, which provide a quick knockdown effect in insecticide susceptible insect strains. In resistant populations, in many cases, the reversibility of paralysis is observed, which indicates insufficient effectiveness of insecticidal products. The insecticidal activity of four products in aerosol package containing pyrethroids or pyrethrins in various concentrations on houseflies in natural populations was studied in comparison with the insecticide susceptible against laboratory on strain S-NIID. The most effective formulation was on the basis of natural pyrethrins. The reversibility of paralysis of resistant populations was detected using all aerosols and amounted to 0–37 % for the Kaluga strain, 10–93 % for the Krasnogorsk, KSK-1 0–87 %, KSK-2 20–99 %, S-NIID 0 %.
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Mubin, N., L. Nurulalia, and Dadang. "Attractiveness and toxicity of two insecticides to Tetragonula laeviceps (Apidae: Meliponinae)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 974, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/974/1/012015.
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Abstract Stingless bee, Tetragonula laeviceps, plays a primary role in ecosystem services as a pollinator for coffee, cocoa, and pepper. Attacks of insect pests cause low production of several plantation plants. Farmers commonly use synthetic insecticides to control insect pests. However, improper use of insecticides often adversely affects the ecosystem and human health, including pollinators. In Indonesia, research on the side effects of insecticides on non-target insects such as flower visitor insects (pollinators) is minimal. This study aimed to evaluate the attractiveness and toxicity of two insecticides to T. laeviceps. Stingless bees were obtained from beekeepers at Banten. Y-tube olfactometer test was used to determine the attractiveness of bees to insecticides, and a topical test was used to determine the mortality effect of insecticide on bees. The insecticides used were insecticide A (a.i. alpha-cypermethrin) and insecticide B (a.i. spinetoram) at 100 ppm and 60 ppm, respectively. The results showed that bees were more attracted to insecticide B by 73.3% than insecticide A (26.7%). Insecticide B caused 100% bee mortality after 48 hours after treatment (HAT), while Insecticide A caused 0% bee mortality after 48 HAT. The results indicate that insecticide B attracted stingless bees and has a high mortality level.
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Khandelwal, Sanskrati, Prachi Maheshwari, Vikas Jain, and Suresh Chandra Mahajan. "Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Liquid Insecticide." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 13, no. 3 (March 15, 2023): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v13i3.5755.
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Extensive usage of commercially available synthetic pesticides against phytophagous insects has resulted in their bio-accumulation in the environment, leading to a rise in resistance and a decrease in soil biodiversity over time. In addition, 90% of the sprayed pesticides penetrate the different natural resources via runoff, exposing farmers and consumers of agricultural products to serious health risks. As a result, increasing emphasis has been placed on the creation of environmentally benign pesticides/insecticides that would enable an effective pest management system and minimise chronic exposures that contribute to illnesses. The utilization of the herbal active compounds with insecticidal activities is one such technique. Hence the aim of this study was to develop herbal insecticide formulations from extracts of leaves of Azadirachta Indica, Datura Stramonium, Cascabela Thevetia and seeds of Annona Squamosa. Insecticidal efficacy of developed formulations was tested in-vitro against ballworm larvae. The study unveiled its significance in developing herbal insecticidal formulations as an alternative to harmful synthetic chemical insecticides and a step forward towards development of a promising eco-friendly technology in crop protection.
Keywords: Insecticides, Biopesticide, Azadirachta indica, Datura Stramonium, Annona Squamosa, Cascabela Thevetia.
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Zhang, Jing, Ying-Qian Liu, Liu Yang, and Gang Feng. "Podophyllotoxin Derivatives Show Activity against Brontispa Longissima Larvae." Natural Product Communications 5, no. 8 (August 2010): 1934578X1000500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1000500820.
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In an attempt to find biorational insecticides, eleven podophyllotoxin analogues were tested for their insecticidal activity against the fifth-instar larvae of Brontispa longissima in vivo for the first time. Among all of the tested compounds, deoxypodophyllotoxin (3) and β-apopicropodophyllin (4) showed more promising and pronounced insecticidal activity than toosendanin, a commercial insecticide derived from Melia toosendan, and important SAR information has been revealed. Together, these preliminary results may be useful in guiding further modification of podophyllotoxins in the development of potential new insecticides.
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Cloyd, Raymond A. "Compatibility of Insecticides with Natural Enemies to Control Pests of Greenhouses and Conservatories." Journal of Entomological Science 41, no. 3 (July 1, 2006): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-41.3.189.
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Natural enemies used as biological control agents may not always provide adequate control of plant-feeding insects in greenhouses and conservatories. Research continues to assess the utilization of natural enemies in conjunction with biorational insecticides including insect growth regulators, insecticidal soaps, horticultural oils, feeding inhibitors, and microbial agents (entomogenous bacteria and fungi, and related microorganisms); and the potential compatibility of both strategies when implemented together. A variety of factors influence the ability of using natural enemies with insecticides. These include whether the natural enemy is a parasitoid or predator, the species of the natural enemy, life stage sensitivity, rate and timing of insecticide application, and mode of action of the insecticide. Insecticides may impact natural enemies by affecting longevity (survival), host acceptance, sex ratio, reproduction (fecundity), foraging behavior, emergence, and development. Despite the emphasis on evaluating the compatibility of natural enemies with insecticides, it is important to assess if this is a viable and acceptable pest management strategy in greenhouses and conservatories.
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Che, Zhi-Ping, Jin-Ming Yang, Di Sun, Yue-E. Tian, Sheng-Ming Liu, Xiao-Min Lin, Jia Jiang, and Gen-Qiang Chen. "Combinatorial Synthesis of A Series of Paeonol-based Phenylsulfonyl hydrazone Derivatives as Insecticidal Agents." Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening 23, no. 3 (May 19, 2020): 232–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1386207323666200127121129.
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Background: Plant secondary metabolites play an essential role in the discovery of novel insecticide due to their unique sources and potential target sites. Paeonol, the main phenolic components in Moutan Cortex, is recognized as a safe and potent botanical insecticide to many insects. The structural modification of paeonol in this study into phenylsulfonylhydrazone derivatives is proved an effective approach for the development of novel insecticides, those derivatives being more toxic than paeonol. However, there have been no reports on the insecticidal activity of paeonol-based phenylsulfonylhydrazone derivatives in controlling Mythimna separata. Methods: We have been working to discover biorational natural products-based insecticides. Twelve novel paeonol-based phenylsulfonylhydrazone derivatives have been successfully prepared by structural modification of paeonol, and the insecticidal activity against M. separata by the leafdipping method at the concentration of 1 mg/mL has been evaluated. Results: Insecticidal activity revealed that out of 12 title compounds, derivatives 5c and 5f displayed the best against M. separate with the FMR both of 53.6% than toosendanin (FMR = 50.0%). Conclusion: The results suggested that for the paeonol-based phenylsulfonylhydrazone series derivatives, the proper substituent of arylsulfonyl R at the hydroxyl position of paeonol was very important for their insecticidal activity. These preliminary results will pave the way for further modification of paeonol in the development of potential new insecticides.
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Chen, Zhiwen, Jianguo Zhao, Zehui Liu, Xiuli Bai, Weijia Li, Zhifang Guan, Ming Zhou, and Hongwei Zhu. "Graphene-Delivered Insecticides against Cotton Bollworm." Nanomaterials 12, no. 16 (August 9, 2022): 2731. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12162731.
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Nanopesticides can facilitate controlled release kinetics and efficiently enhance the permeability of active ingredients to reduce the dosage and loss of pesticides. To clarify the synergistic mechanism of graphene–insecticide nanocarriers against cotton bollworm, treatment groups, namely, control, graphene (G), insecticide (lambda-cyhalothrin (Cyh) and cyfluthrin (Cyf)), and graphene-delivered insecticide groups were used to treat the third-instar larvae of cotton bollworm. The variations in phenotypes, namely, the body length, body weight, and mortality of the cotton bollworm, were analyzed. The results show that graphene enhances the insecticidal activity of lambda-cyhalothrin and cyfluthrin against cotton bollworm. The two graphene-delivered insecticides with optimal compositions (3:1) had the strongest inhibitory effects and the highest mortality rates, with the fatality rates for the 3/1 Cyh/G and Cyf/G mixture compositions being 62.91% and 38.89%, respectively. In addition, the 100 μg/mL Cyh/G mixture had the greatest inhibitory effect on cotton bollworm, and it decreased the body length by 1.40 mm, decreased the weight by 1.88 mg, and had a mortality rate of up to 61.85%. The 100 and 150 μg/mL Cyh/G mixtures achieved the same mortality rate as that of lambda-cyhalothrin, thus reducing the use of the insecticide by one-quarter. The graphene-delivered insecticides could effectively destroy the epicuticle spine cells of the cotton bollworm by increasing the permeability and, thus, the toxicity of the insecticides.
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Shumilova, P. A., N. A. Sennikova, E. A. Silivanova, and M. A. Levchenko. "Biological responses in Musca domestica to fipronil and chlorfenapyr exposures." Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 12, no. 4 (October 20, 2021): 664–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/022191.
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Insect populations exist under acute and chronic exposures to lethal and sublethal insecticide concentrations. Among the sublethal effects of insecticides on insects are reductions in life span, development rates, population growth, fertility, fecundity, changes in sex ratio, deformities, changes in behaviour, feeding, searching, and oviposition. These effects may differ depending on the modes of action of insecticides, their doses, and developmental stage of application. This study evaluated the life-history parameters in Musca domestica Linnaeus, 1758 (Diptera:Muscidae) strains that were exposed to two insecticides (fipronil and chlorfenapyr) with different modes of action at sublethal concentrations in each generation up to tenth. Two approaches to each insecticide’s exposure were used in this study, particularly in one approach, only adults M. domestica were exposed to fipronil or chlorfenapyr and in another approach, only larvae were exposed to each insecticide. The susceptibility of adult flies to these insecticides was assessed by resistance ratio based on results of non-choice feeding bioassays. Fipronil exposure at the sublethal concentration in each generation did not affect the susceptibility of adult M. domestica (in the tenth generation) to fipronil. The resistance ratio values revealed tolerance to chlorfenapyr in adults of M. domestica strains that were exposed to this insecticide, independent of the approach used to insecticide exposure. Most of the life-history parameters (such as durations of separate developmental stages, the emergence duration, the adult emergence ratio, the female ratio, and the number of eggs per female per day) of the second, fourth, sixth, eighth, and tenth generations of the insecticide-exposed strains were similar to those of the control strain. At the same time, the sublethal effects of both insecticides fipronil and chlorfenapyr prolonged the larval duration (1.63–2.22 times) and the number of days from egg to adult (1.18–1.39 times) compared to the control strain. Further studies are needed to investigate a possible genetic variability in M. domestica in response to exposure of parental generation to sublethal doses of fipronil and chlorfenapyr.
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Yang, Shuai, Hongxiang Peng, Jiahong Tang, Shuting Fan, Chen Zhao, Hanhong Xu, and Guangkai Yao. "Discovery of Novel N-Pyridylpyrazole Thiazole Derivatives as Insecticide Leads." Agronomy 12, no. 10 (October 11, 2022): 2472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12102472.
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To develop effective insecticides against Lepidoptera pests, 25 novel N-pyridylpyrazole derivatives containing thiazole moiety were designed and synthesized based on the intermediate derivatization method (IDM). The insecticidal activities of these target compounds against Plutella xylostella (P. xylostella), Spodoptera exigua (S. exigua), and Spodoptera frugiperda (S. frugiperda) were evaluated. Bioassays indicated that compound 7g−7j exhibited good insecticidal activities. Compound 7g showed especially excellent insecticidal activities against P. xylostella, S. exigua, and S. frugiperda with LC50 values of 5.32 mg/L, 6.75 mg/L, and 7.64 mg/L, respectively, which were adequate for that of commercial insecticide indoxacarb. A preliminary structure-activity relationship analysis showed that the insecticidal activities of thiazole amides were better than that of thiazole esters, and the amides with electron-withdrawing groups on the benzene ring were better than the ones with electron-donating groups. This work provides important information for designing novel N-pyridylpyrazole thiazole candidate compounds and suggests that the 7g is a promising insecticide lead for further studies.
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P.C, SUNDARA BABU. "TOXICITY OF INSECTICIDES TO THE APHIDAphis craccivora KOCH. AND TO THE COCCINELLID PREDATOR Menochilus sexmaculatus F. ON COWPEA AND HYACINTH BEAN." Madras Agricultural Journal 75, November December (1988): 409–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a02140.
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Field experiments conducted to evaluate the efficacy of certain insecticides for the control of the aphid. Aphis craccivora Koch on cowpea and hyacinth bean showed that methyl demeton 0.025% spray was the best, the alternate Insecticida being monocrotophos 0.04%. Endosulfan 0.07% was the safest insecticide for the coccinellid predator Menochilus sexmaculatus F. followed by monocrotophos 0.04%.
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Kulye, Mahesh, Sonja Mehlhorn, Debora Boaventura, Nigel Godley, Sreedevi Venkatesh, Thimmaraju Rudrappa, Tara Charan, Dinesh Rathi, and Ralf Nauen. "Baseline Susceptibility of Spodoptera frugiperda Populations Collected in India towards Different Chemical Classes of Insecticides." Insects 12, no. 8 (August 23, 2021): 758. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12080758.
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Fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is a major pest of maize in the Americas and recently invaded the Eastern hemisphere. It was first detected in India in 2018 and is considered a major threat to maize production. FAW control largely relies on the application of chemical insecticides and transgenic crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal proteins. Assessing FAW resistance and insecticide susceptibility is a cornerstone to develop sustainable resistance management strategies. In this study, we conducted more than 400 bioassays to assess the efficacy of nine insecticides from seven mode-of-action classes against 47 FAW populations collected in 2019 and 2020 across various geographical areas in India. The resistance status of the field-collected populations was compared to an Indian population sampled in 2018, and an insecticide susceptible reference population collected in 2005 in Brazil. Low to moderate resistance levels were observed for thiodicarb, chlorpyriphos, deltamethrin, chlorantraniliprole and flubendiamide in several populations (including the reference population collected in 2018). The highest resistance ratios were observed for deltamethrin which likely compromises recommended label rates for pyrethroid insecticides in general. Our data provide a useful baseline for future FAW resistance monitoring initiatives and highlight the need to implement insecticide resistance management strategies.
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Liu, Nannan, Yifan Wang, and Ting Li. "Assays to Measure Insecticide Toxicity and Insecticide Resistance in Mosquitoes." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2023, no. 7 (March 7, 2023): pdb.top107705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.top107705.
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Mosquitoes’ resistance to commonly used insecticides is now widespread, hampering control efforts and leading to substantial increases in human illness and mortality rates in many areas of the world. Insecticide bioassays are quantitative methodologies used to determine the dose–response relationship of insects to insecticides and to evaluate the susceptibility or resistance of mosquitoes to specific insecticides. They are frequently used to monitor the development of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes for both field resistance diagnoses (surveillance assays), in which the ability of mosquitoes to survive exposure to a standard dose or concentration of an insecticide is measured, and laboratory bioassays, in which responses to insecticides are tested in parallel populations of resistant (field) populations and laboratory susceptible strains using serial doses or concentrations. Metabolic detoxification, in which insecticides are metabolized by enzymes, including cytochrome P450s, hydrolases, and glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs), to become more polar and less toxic, is one resistance mechanism. Piperonyl butoxide (PBO),S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF), and diethyl maleate (DEM) are the inhibitors of P450s, hydrolases, and GSTs, respectively, and act as synergists for rapidly testing the involvement of these enzymes in insecticide resistance. Such synergistic assays are used to identify the detoxification enzyme that leads to resistance to a specific insecticide. This introduction and its associated protocols present a detailed discussion of appropriate methodologies and procedures for laboratory larval, adult, and synergistic bioassays and introduces the field surveillance tests used to monitor insecticide resistance as recommended by the latest World Health Organization (WHO) and U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) guidelines.
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Hassan, Zaid Naji, Kassim Mohanad A, and Maan Abdul Azeez Shafeeq. "Evaluation of Insecticides Resistance: Review Article." South Asian Research Journal of Biology and Applied Biosciences 4, no. 4 (September 9, 2022): 56–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.36346/sarjbab.2022.v04i04.001.
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Pesticide durability lasts to be one of the greatest significant subjects’ confrontations with agricultural output. The defy in pesticide impedance and its administration is represented by the status of the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). This extremely offensive pest has a considerable tendency for evolving pesticide durability as of its biotic features, and situations of impedance to furthermost categories of insecticides utilized for its organization have been perceived. In conflict with pesticide durability in the western blossom thrips, quite a few insecticide impedance supervisions (IRM) approaches have been progressing about the universe and these conversations. Effective approaches depend on non-insecticidal strategies, for instance, biotic and cultural monitoring and steward vegetable durability, to diminish inhabitants’ compressions, alternations amid pesticides of the diverse method of labor categories to maintain insecticide effectiveness, impedance observation, specimen to define the necessity for insecticide implementation and instruction to guarantee suitable operation. Further cautious insecticide utilization is conceivable by the progress of fully-initiated financial sill for extra harvesting organizations. Though cultivators will carry on to trust insecticides as a portion of western-blossom-thrips- and thrips-spread virus administration added effective administration of these pests will be accomplished by deeming their administration in the situation of complete united pest administration, through IRM being the main constituent of those complete approaches.
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Erriah, Bryan, Xiaolong Zhu, Chunhua T. Hu, Bart E. Kahr, Alexander Shtukenberg, and Michael D. Ward. "Crystallography of Contemporary Contact Insecticides." Insects 13, no. 3 (March 15, 2022): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13030292.
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The active forms of contact insecticides used for combatting mosquito-borne infectious diseases are typically crystalline solids. Numerous molecular crystals are polymorphic, crystallizing in several solid forms characterized by different physicochemical properties, including bioavailability. Our laboratory recently found that the activity of crystalline contact insecticides is inversely dependent on the thermodynamic stability of their polymorphs, suggesting that efficacy can be enhanced by the manipulation of the solid-state structure. This paper argues that crystallography should be central to the development of contact insecticides, particularly because their efficacy continues to be compromised by insecticide resistance, especially among Anopheles mosquito populations that spread malaria. Although insecticidal compounds with new modes of action have been introduced to overcome resistance, new insecticides are expensive to develop and implement. The repurposing of existing chemical agents in metastable, more active crystalline forms provides an inexpensive and efficient method for ‘evergreening’ compounds whose risks are already well-established. We report herein seven new single-crystal structures of insecticides used for controlling infectious disease vectors. The structures reported herein include pyrethroid insecticides recommended by the WHO for indoor residual spraying (IRS)-bifenthrin, β-cyfluthrin, etofenprox, α-cypermethrin, and λ-cyhalothrin as well as the neonicotinoid insecticide thiacloprid.
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Ambethgar, V. "POTENTIAL OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI IN INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT (IRM): A REVIEW." Journal of Biopesticides 02, no. 02 (December 1, 2009): 177–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.2.2.177-193.
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ABSTRACT Insect pests have remarkable capacity to develop resistance to insecticides. More than 600 species of plant feeding insect pests have developed resistance to insecticides. Management of insecticides resistance offers great promise as a complementary extension of integrated pest management (IPM). Insecticide resistance management (IRM) attempts to prevent or delay the development of resistance. A revival of interest in the use of microbial agents, especially entomopathogenic fungi in combination with sublethal doses of insecticide is increasing in insecticide resistance management. Integration of selected strain entomopathogenic fungi with selective insecticides can improve the control efficiency, besides decrease the amount of insecticides required, minimize the risks of environmental contamination and delay the expression of insecticide resistance in insect pests. Co-application of fungi like Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, Nomuraea rileyi, Paecilomyces spp., Lecanicillium (=Verticillium) lecanii and Hirsutella thompsonii with suitable sublethal concentration of selective insecticide as two-in-one tank mix have been successfully employed against various insect pests to reduce the selection pressure insecticides and to avoid concurrent resistance risks in target pests. Majority of mechanisms of resistance occur through induction of enzymes especially mono-oxygenases and to some extent the esterases. Entomopathogenic fungi have ability to induce high degree of susceptibility to insecticides in target pests by suppressing enzyme activities and predispose them for fungal infection. This review outlines the current state of knowledge on the development of insecticide resistance in insect pests and discusses strategies for manipulation of certain important fungal entomopathogens as potential microbial tool in the insecticide resistance management programme for sustainable pest management systems.
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Almolla, Waleed Kh Ali, and Emad Q. Mohammed Alebady. "Evaluation Effectiveness of Some Insecticides on Stages of Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1158, no. 7 (April 1, 2023): 072005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1158/7/072005.
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Abstract The results of a study showed the effect of some insecticides (Indoxacarb, Pymetrozine and Mythoxyfenozide) on stages plodia interpunctella (eggs, larvae, pupae and adults) Variation in the average mortality percentages the insect phases for the three insecticides as reached Indoxacarb insecticide 79.67, 50.00, 60.00 and 50.00% respectively as reached Pymetrozine insecticide 55.00, 50.00, 50.00 and 50.00% respectively and Mythoxyfenozide insecticide reached 70.66, 53.33, 40.00 and 60.00% respectively. The results From the results of the statistical analysis, it was found that Indoxacarb insecticide More effective in mortality the stages of the insect on average 59.92% then Mythoxyfenozide reached 56.00% and finally Pymetrozine insecticide reached 51.25%. The results showed that egg stage is more sensitive to the three insecticides than the other stages as reached 68.46, 51.11, 50.00 and 53.33% respectively. The results showed that the average mortality percentages were directly proportional to the increase in the concentrations of the three insecticides.
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Purba, Imelda Gernauli, and Rico Januar Sitorus. "DETERMINANTS BEHAVIOR OF HOUSEHOLD INSECTICIDE USE IN SUBDISTRICT INDRALAYA OGAN ILIR, INDONESIA." Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat 10, no. 2 (September 4, 2019): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.26553/jikm.2019.10.2.101-111.
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Nowadays the use of insecticides are used in households to control many kind of insects that are vectors of desease. High-intensity insecticide exposure can cause poisoning and other adverse health effects. Insecticide handling behavior is one of the determinant factors of exposure intensity.The objective of this study was to analyze determinants of household insecticide handling practices in the Indralaya Ogan Ilir District. An observational analytical study with a cross-sectional approach was carried out using cluster sampling. The study involved 150 housewives who have used insecticides in their households. Data was collected through interviews using questionnaires and observations using a checklist . Processing data was performed using software . Data were analyzed using a Chi-Square test with a 0.05 significance level. Research results showed there was a significant association between age and handling behavior of household insecticides (p=0.006). Also, education level significantly correlated to household insecticide handling practices (p=0.05); marital status correlated to household insecticide handling practices significantly (p=0.028). Significant association was also found between attitudes regarding handling behavior of household insecticides (p=0.035). On the other hand, employment status (p=0.165), socioeconomic status (p=1.000), knowledge (p=0.796), counseling (p=0.472) and insecticide waste disposal facilities (p=0.331) were not associated with handling behavior of household insecticides. It is concluded that there were significant associations between age, education level, marital status, and attitudes regarding handling behavior of household insecticides (Chi-Square test, all p≤0.05). However, employment status, socioeconomic status, knowledge, counseling, and insecticide waste disposal facilities were not associated with handling behavior of household insecticides (Chi-Square test, all p>0.05).
Keywords: household insecticide , knowledge, attitude, handling behavior
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Wang, Yifan, Ting Li, and Nannan Liu. "Mosquito Larval Bioassays." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2023, no. 7 (March 7, 2023): pdb.prot108040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot108040.
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Insecticide bioassays are frequently used to measure levels of insecticide resistance in mosquito populations, examining the ability of mosquitoes to survive exposure to insecticides. Laboratory bioassays measure insects’ responses to insecticides in resistant (field) populations and laboratory susceptible strains using serial doses or concentrations across the range of >0 and <100% mortality. This protocol measures the toxicity of insecticides to mosquito larvae and determines the level of insecticide resistance. Generally, laboratory-reared mosquito larvae of known age or instar are exposed to H2O containing various concentrations of an insecticide, and the response (mortality) is recorded 24 h after the test. Larval bioassay tests can (1) identify the lethal concentrations of larvicide that cause 50% and 90% mortality (LC50and LC90, respectively); (2) determine the diagnostic concentration needed to monitor susceptibility in mosquito larvae in the field; and (3) investigate the resistance status and the mechanisms governing insecticide resistance to a specific insecticide.
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N’Dri, Bédjou P., Kathrin Heitz-Tokpa, Mouhamadou Chouaïbou, Giovanna Raso, Amoin J. Koffi, Jean T. Coulibaly, Richard B. Yapi, Pie Müller, and Jürg Utzinger. "Use of Insecticides in Agriculture and the Prevention of Vector-Borne Diseases: Population Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices and Beliefs in Elibou, South Côte d’Ivoire." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5010036.
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People’s knowledge, attitudes, practices and beliefs (KAPB) pertaining to malaria are generally well described. However, little is known about population knowledge and awareness of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors. The aim of this study was to investigate KAPB related to insecticide resistance in malaria vectors due to the use of insecticides in agriculture and the prevention against mosquitoes. In mid-2017, we carried out a cross-sectional survey in Elibou, South Côte d’Ivoire, employing a mixed methods approach. Quantitative data were obtained with a questionnaire addressed to household heads. Interviews were conducted with key opinion leaders, including village chiefs, traditional healers, heads of health centres and pesticide sellers. Focus group discussions were conducted with youth and elders. A total of 203 individuals participated in the questionnaire survey (132 males, 65%). We found that people had good knowledge about malaria and mosquitoes transmitting the disease, while they felt that preventing measures were ineffective. Pesticides were intensively used by farmers, mainly during the rainy season. Among the pesticides used, insecticides and herbicides were most commonly used. While there was poor knowledge about resistance, the interviewees stated that insecticides were not killing the mosquitoes anymore. The main reason given was that insecticides were diluted by the manufacturers as a marketing strategy to sell larger quantities. More than a third of the farmers used agricultural pesticides for domestic purposes to kill weeds or mosquitoes. We observed a misuse of pesticides among farmers, explained by the lack of specific training. In the community, long-lasting insecticidal nets were the most common preventive measure against malaria, followed by mosquito coils and insecticide sprays. The interviewees felt that the most effective way of dealing with insecticide resistance was to combine at least two preventive measures. In conclusion, population attitudes and practices related to insecticides used in agriculture and the prevention against mosquitoes could lead to resistance in malaria vectors, while people’s knowledge about insecticide resistance was limited. There is a need to raise awareness in communities about the presence of resistance in malaria vectors and to involve them in resistance management.
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Moin, Sarmad. "Contemporary Resistance Status of Anopheles Stephensi against Insecticides in District Dungarpur, Rajasthan, India." Journal of Communicable Diseases 53, no. 03 (September 30, 2021): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202151.
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Pyrethroids are powerful insecticides used in the vector control program with impregnated mesh, and residual indoor sprays. However, resistance to insecticide reduces the effectiveness. The present susceptibility study carried out against theAnopheles Stephensi to monitor the sensitivity conditions of An. Stephensi vector, which raises the need to understand the state of vector resistance in the Dungarpur region of Rajasthan, India in order to better report vector-based interventions. The sensitivity study was carried out by the WHO standard method using recommended diagnostic doses of DDT, alpha-cypermethrin, permethrin, and deltamethrin. An. Stephensi showed resistance to DDT from the entire study while sensitive to alpha-cypermethrin, permethrin, and deltamethrin. The study looks at the selection and circulation of the appropriate insecticide’s molecule for a vector control program as insecticide need constant monitoring to develop effective vector control strategies such as improving insecticide by applying integrated biological and ecological methods.
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Moustafa, Omayma K., and Z. M. El Attal. "Enhancement of the efficiency of some insecticides against thrips and cotton leafworm by mineral oils." Journal of Agricultural Science 105, no. 1 (August 1985): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600055714.
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SUMMARYField experiments were carried out to study the effect of a highly purified paraffinic oil on the efficiency of some insecticidal sprays used for the control of thrips and cotton leafworm. The results show that the oil used separately at the rate of 7·51/ha significantly reduced the population of thrips, but oil-insecticide combinations were superior to oil or insecticides applied alone. The mineral oil increased the efficiency of candidate insecticides against both thrips and cotton leafworm two-fold or more.
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Chamberlain, D. J., Z. Ahmad, M. R. Attique, and M. A. Chaudhry. "The influence of slow release PVC resin pheromone formulations on the mating behaviour and control of the cotton bollworm complex (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae and Noctuidae) in Pakistan." Bulletin of Entomological Research 83, no. 3 (September 1993): 335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300029229.
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AbstractComparisons of infestation and damage levels by the cotton bollworms, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), Earias vittella (Fabricius) and E. insulana (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were made in cotton fields treated with pheromones + insecticide, insecticides only, and untreated control plots, in Pakistan during the 1991 cotton season. Early to mid season control of these three pests by mating disruption in the pheromone + insecticide treated plots meant that an average reduction of 3.5 applications of insecticides was achieved when compared with the insecticide only treated plots to control the cotton pest complex. Night observations showed that there were far fewer adult moths visible in the pheromone + insecticide treated plots than in insecticide only treated plots. Adults of both sexes were much less active and did not mate as frequently as adults in the insecticide only plots.
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Brizzee, Corey, Keshava Mysore, Teresia M. Njoroge, Seth McConnell, Majidah Hamid-Adiamoh, Akilah T. M. Stewart, J. Tyler Kinder, Jack Crawford, and Molly Duman-Scheel. "Targeting Mosquitoes through Generation of an Insecticidal RNAi Yeast Strain Using Cas-CLOVER and Super PiggyBac Engineering in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Journal of Fungi 9, no. 11 (October 27, 2023): 1056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof9111056.
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The global deployment of RNAi yeast insecticides involves transitioning from the use of laboratory yeast strains to more robust strains that are suitable for scaled fermentation. In this investigation, the RNA-guided Cas-CLOVER system was used in combination with Piggybac transposase to produce robust Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains with multiple integrated copies of the Sh.463 short hairpin RNA (shRNA) insecticide expression cassette. This enabled the constitutive high-level expression of an insecticidal shRNA corresponding to a target sequence that is conserved in mosquito Shaker genes, but which is not found in non-target organisms. Top-expressing Cas-CLOVER strains performed well in insecticide trials conducted on Aedes, Culex, and Anopheles larvae and adult mosquitoes, which died following consumption of the yeast. Scaled fermentation facilitated the kilogram-scale production of the yeast, which was subsequently heat-killed and dried. These studies indicate that RNAi yeast insecticide production can be scaled, an advancement that may one day facilitate the global distribution of this new mosquito control intervention.
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Su, H., Y. Gao, Y. Liu, X. Li, Y. Liang, X. Dai, Y. Xu, Y. Zhou, and H. Wang. "Comparative transcriptome profiling reveals candidate genes related to insecticide resistance ofGlyphodes pyloalis." Bulletin of Entomological Research 110, no. 1 (June 20, 2019): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485319000257.
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AbstractGlyphodes pyloalisWalker (Lepidoptera: Pyralididae) is a common pest in sericulture and has developed resistance to different insecticides. However, the mechanisms involved in insecticide resistance ofG. pyloalisare poorly understood. Here, we present the first whole-transcriptome analysis of differential expression genes in insecticide-resistant and susceptibleG. pyloalis. Clustering and enrichment analysis of DEGs revealed several biological pathways and enriched Gene Ontology terms were related to detoxification or insecticide resistance. Genes involved in insecticide metabolic processes, including cytochrome P450, glutathione S-transferases and carboxylesterase, were identified in the larval midgut ofG. pyloalis.Among them,CYP324A19,CYP304F17,CYP6AW1,CYP6AB10,GSTs5, andAChE-likewere significantly increased after propoxur treatment, whileCYP324A19,CCE001c, andAChE-likewere significantly induced by phoxim, suggesting that these genes were involved in insecticide metabolism. Furthermore, the sequence variation analysis identified 21 single nucleotide polymorphisms withinCYP9A20,CYP6AB47,andCYP6AW1. Our findings reveal many candidate genes related to insecticide resistance ofG. pyloalis. These results provide novel insights into insecticide resistance and facilitate the development of insecticides with greater specificity toG. pyloalis.
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Kaleem Ullah, Rana Muhammad, Fukun Gao, Aatika Sikandar, and Haiyan Wu. "Insights into the Effects of Insecticides on Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae): Resistance Mechanisms and Molecular Basis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 7 (April 4, 2023): 6750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24076750.
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With the passage of time and indiscreet usage of insecticides on crops, aphids are becoming resistant to their effect. The different classes of insecticides, including organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids and neonicotinoids, have varied effects on insects. Furthermore, the molecular effects of these insecticides in aphids, including effects on the enzymatic machinery and gene mutation, are resulting in aphid resistance to the insecticides. In this review, we will discuss how aphids are affected by the overuse of pesticides, how resistance appears, and which mechanisms participate in the resistance mechanisms in various aphid species as significant crop pests. Gene expression studies were analyzed using the RNA-Seq technique. The stress-responsive genes were analyzed, and their expression in response to insecticide administration was determined. Putative insecticide resistance-related genes, cytochrome P450, glutathione S-transferase, carboxylesterase CarEs, ABC transporters, cuticle protein genes, and trypsin-related genes were studied. The review concluded that if insecticide-susceptible aphids interact with ample dosages of insecticides with sublethal effects, this will result in the upregulation of genes whose primary role is to detoxify insecticides. In the past decade, certain advancements have been observed regarding insecticide resistance on a molecular basis. Even so, not much is known about how aphids detoxify the insecticides at molecular level. Thus, to attain equilibrium, it is important to observe the manipulation of pest and insect species with the aim of restoring susceptibility to insecticides. For this purpose, this review has included critical insights into insecticide resistance in aphids.
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Liu, T. X., R. D. Oetting, and G. D. Buntin. "Population Dynamics and Distribution of Trialeurodes vaporariorum and Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on Poinsettia Following Applications of Three Chemical Insecticides." Journal of Entomological Science 28, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 126–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-28.1.126.
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The effects of three insecticides, bifenthrin, endosulfan and aldicarb, on the within- and between-plant distributions of both greenhouse whitefly (GHWF), Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), and sweetpotato whitefly (SPWF), Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), were examined on greenhouse-grown poinsettia using Taylor's Power Law. Insecticide applications affected the spatial distribution of GHWF and SPWF. The populations of immatures of both species surviving an insecticide application on poinsettia were less aggregated within and between plants than untreated populations. Among the three insecticides, the efficacy against the two whiteflies was not significantly different at the end of the seventh week when multiple applications were conducted. Aldicarb caused higher mortality of immature stages than bifenthrin and endosulfan after four weeks following a single application. A single application of bifenthrin and endosulfan affected the distribution of all whitefly stages in the first and second weeks after treatment, whereas aldicarb did not affect the whitefly population until the third week. Insecticidal treatments had little effect on the stratification of whitefly stages within the plant.
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Chen, Cheng, Wan Luo, Jiarong Zou, and Zhonghua Jia. "New Approach to the Assessment of Insecticide Losses from Paddy Fields Based on Frequent Sampling Post Application." Agronomy 10, no. 10 (October 21, 2020): 1615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101615.
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High concentration of insecticides may appear in waters surrounding paddy fields shortly after application. Capturing the dynamic feature of this insecticide pulse may help control insecticide load to receiving waters. Based on continuous monitoring of the drainage process and two monitoring campaigns of three insecticides—chlorpyrifos, abamectin and thiamethoxam—in a paddy, this study examined the pattern of insecticide concentrations at different locations of paddy waters during the period of insecticide application accompanied with pest-control irrigation, and analyzed the factors affecting the environmental behavior of these insecticides. The results showed that the pulse-type drainage exhibited the following features: short duration (normally less than 1 d), large flow rate (as large as 4 L s−1), frequent occurrence (20 times during a 40-d period) and long time interval (as long as 5 d). Concentrations of the insecticides with higher Henry’s constant and vapor pressure peaked quickly (within several hours) post application in the field ditch; more than half of chlorpyrifos and abamectin loads were detected within merely 1 h after application. The high insecticide concentrations in the ditch were partly attributed to the primary and secondary drift. Moreover, a new kinetic model was proposed to describe the behavior of chlorpyrifos at the field edge. It is recommended that controlled drainage be implemented for at least 1 d post application to prevent the loss of insecticides. Findings from this study may provide new insights into insecticide behavior in the paddy environment for preventing adverse environmental impacts.
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Larson, Anika J., Valerie A. Paz-Soldán, Claudia Arevalo-Nieto, Joanna Brown, Carlos Condori-Pino, Michael Z. Levy, and Ricardo Castillo-Neyra. "Misuse, perceived risk, and safety issues of household insecticides: Qualitative findings from focus groups in Arequipa, Peru." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 5 (May 6, 2021): e0009251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009251.
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Background The current body of research on insecticide use in Peru deals primarily with application of insecticides offered through Ministry of Health-led campaigns against vector-borne disease. However, there is a gap in the literature regarding the individual use, choice and perceptions of insecticides which may influence uptake of public health-based vector control initiatives and contribute to the thousands of deaths annually from acute pesticide poisoning in Peru. Methods Residents (n = 49) of the Alto Selva Alegre and CC districts of peri-urban Arequipa participated in seven focus group discussions (FGD). Using a FGD guide, two facilitators led the discussion and conducted a role-playing activity. this activity, participants insecticides (represented by printed photos of insecticides available locally) and pretended to “sell” the insecticides to other participants, including describing their qualities as though they were advertising the insecticide. The exercise was designed to elicit perceptions of currently available insecticides. The focus groups also included questions about participants’ preferences, use and experiences related to insecticides outside the context of this activity. Focus group content was transcribed, and qualitative data were analyzed with Atlas.ti and coded using an inductive process to generate major themes related to use and choice of insecticides, and perceived risks associated with insecticide use. Results The perceived risks associated with insecticides included both short- and long-term health impacts, and safety for children emerged as a priority. However, in some cases insecticides were reportedly applied in high-risk ways including application of insecticides directly to children and bedding. Some participants attempted to reduce the risk of insecticide use with informal, potentially ineffective personal protective equipment and by timing application when household members were away. Valued insecticide characteristics, such as strength and effectiveness, were often associated with negative characteristics such as odor and health impacts. “Agropecuarios” (agricultural supply stores) were considered a trusted source of information about insecticides and their health risks. Conclusions It is crucial to characterize misuse and perceptions of health impacts and risks of insecticides at the local level, as well as to find common themes and patterns across populations to inform national and regional programs to prevent acute insecticide poisoning and increase community participation in insecticide-based vector control campaigns. We detected risky practices and beliefs about personal protective equipment, risk indicators, and safety levels that could inform such preventive campaigns, as well as trusted information sources such as agricultural stores for partnerships in disseminating information.
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Li, Ting, Yifan Wang, and Nannan Liu. "Synergism Study for Investigating Possible Mechanisms of Insecticide Resistance in Mosquitoes." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2023, no. 7 (March 7, 2023): pdb.prot108042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot108042.
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Metabolic detoxification, in which insecticides are metabolized by enzymes, including cytochrome P450s, hydrolases, and glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs), to become more polar and less toxic, is one of the major mechanisms involved in the development of insecticide resistance. Piperonyl butoxide (PBO),S,S,S,-tributylphosphorotrithioate (DEF), and diethyl maleate (DEM) are inhibitors of P450s, hydrolases, and GSTs, respectively, and are frequently used as insecticide synergists in assessing the metabolic mechanisms that may be involved in the detoxification of insecticides and in the development of insecticide resistance. Synergistic assays can be used to identify the detoxification enzyme that leads to resistance to a specific insecticide. Here, we describe the procedures used in synergist studies of insecticides in both mosquito larvae and adults. The synergist is applied at a maximum sublethal concentration, which is the highest concentration that produces no apparent mortality in the experimental population, above which mortality appears. Insecticide synergistic experiments measure (1) the synergism ratio (SR), which is the difference in the levels of toxicity of a specific insecticide to a strain with and without the presence of the synergists; and (2) the synergism resistance ratio (SRR), which compares SR in the resistant strain with SR in a susceptible strain. In effect, SR indicates the levels of specific enzymes involved in the detoxification of insecticide and SRR identifies the detoxification enzymes/mechanisms that may be involved in the insecticide resistance of insects.
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Li, Xi Hong, Ling Yan Ge, and Jing Wang. "Repellent Effects of the Insecticide Based on Porous Starch and Fennel Essential Oil against Tribolium confusum." Advanced Materials Research 152-153 (October 2010): 476–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.152-153.476.
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The insecticidal effects of the insecticide based on the mixture of porous starch and fennel essential oil was investigated. Its insecticidal activity and its mortality on adults of Tribolium confusum were evaluated. Moreover, the production methods used in the evaluation was studied. Fennel essential oil was put into the porous starch with glycerin and ethyl acrylate. Non-woven was chosen as the substrate, and ethyl acrylate as adhesives. Then the new insecticide was made. According to the fumigant toxicity and persistent of the new insecticide, the insecticidal effect of the insecticide was analyzed. Tribolium confusum mortality was dose dependant and after 4-day exposure the insecticide was more toxic than the pure fennel essential oil. There was, however, a highly significant loss of toxicity after 24 and 48 h following treated with essential oil and insecticide, respectively. The fennel essential oil evoked moderated repellent action and high fumigant toxicity (LD50 = 0.030μL/cm3) against adults of Tribolium confusum.
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Viana, Mafalda, Angela Hughes, Jason Matthiopoulos, Hilary Ranson, and Heather M. Ferguson. "Delayed mortality effects cut the malaria transmission potential of insecticide-resistant mosquitoes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 32 (July 11, 2016): 8975–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1603431113.
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Malaria transmission has been substantially reduced across Africa through the distribution of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). However, the emergence of insecticide resistance within mosquito vectors risks jeopardizing the future efficacy of this control strategy. The severity of this threat is uncertain because the consequences of resistance for mosquito fitness are poorly understood: while resistant mosquitoes are no longer immediately killed upon contact with LLINs, their transmission potential may be curtailed because of longer-term fitness costs that persist beyond the first 24 h after exposure. Here, we used a Bayesian state-space model to quantify the immediate (within 24 h of exposure) and delayed (>24 h after exposure) impact of insecticides on daily survival and malaria transmission potential of moderately and highly resistant laboratory populations of the major African malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Contact with LLINs reduced the immediate survival of moderately and highly resistant An. gambiae strains by 60–100% and 3–61%, respectively, and delayed mortality impacts occurring beyond the first 24 h after exposure further reduced their overall life spans by nearly one-half. In total, insecticide exposure was predicted to reduce the lifetime malaria transmission potential of insecticide-resistant vectors by two-thirds, with delayed effects accounting for at least one-half of this reduction. The existence of substantial, previously unreported, delayed mortality effects within highly resistant malaria vectors following exposure to insecticides does not diminish the threat of growing resistance, but posits an explanation for the apparent paradox of continued LLIN effectiveness in the presence of high insecticide resistance.
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Hendri, Joni, Asep Jajang Kusnandar, and Endang Puji Astuti. "Identifikasi Jenis Bahan Aktif dan Penggunaan Insektisida Antinyamuk serta Kerentanan Vektor DBD terhadap Organofosfat pada Tiga Kota Endemis DBD di Provinsi Banten." ASPIRATOR - Journal of Vector-borne Disease Studies 8, no. 2 (January 10, 2019): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22435/asp.v8i2.1141.
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The increasing cases of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) in various places leads to increased efforts to control the Aedes aegypti mosquito populations using anti-mosquito insecticide. The use of insecticides continuously, the absence of insecticide rotation and errors in the application has been lead to insecticide resistance of dengue vector. The purpose of this study is (1) to identify active ingredients of insecticide; (2) used of anti-mosquito insecticide that has been used by households and programs, (3) as well as knowing the susceptibility status of Aedes aegypti to organophosphate insecticides (Malathion 0,8% and Temephos 0.02 ppm). Descriptive research with cross sectional approach conducted in three highest endemic cities in Banten province: Cilegon City, Serang City, and South Tangerang City. Identification of anti-mosquito insecticide has been done by interview, and identifying health centers and Health Service reports. The results showed that most respondents have been using anti-mosquito insecticide applied daily at night. Respondents prefer to use repellent which can be applied by swab. Based on the active ingredient, D-alethrin is a type of active ingredients which mentioned most often, followed by Pralethrin and Diethyltoluamide (DEET). Insecticides used by the program are Malathion and Pirimiphos-methyl, rotated by Cypermethrin. Susceptibility test results showed that Aedes aegypti is not susceptible to Malathion 0,8 % and Temephos 0.02 ppm.
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Alout, Haoues, Innocent Djègbè, Fabrice Chandre, Luc Salako Djogbénou, Roch Kounbobr Dabiré, Vincent Corbel, and Anna Cohuet. "Insecticide exposure impacts vector–parasite interactions in insecticide-resistant malaria vectors." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1786 (July 7, 2014): 20140389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.0389.
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Currently, there is a strong trend towards increasing insecticide-based vector control coverage in malaria endemic countries. The ecological consequence of insecticide applications has been mainly studied regarding the selection of resistance mechanisms; however, little is known about their impact on vector competence in mosquitoes responsible for malaria transmission. As they have limited toxicity to mosquitoes owing to the selection of resistance mechanisms, insecticides may also interact with pathogens developing in mosquitoes. In this study, we explored the impact of insecticide exposure on Plasmodium falciparum development in insecticide-resistant colonies of Anopheles gambiae s.s. , homozygous for the ace-1 G119S mutation (Acerkis) or the kdr L1014F mutation (Kdrkis). Exposure to bendiocarb insecticide reduced the prevalence and intensity of P. falciparum oocysts developing in the infected midgut of the Acerkis strain, whereas exposure to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane reduced only the prevalence of P. falciparum infection in the Kdrkis strain. Thus, insecticide resistance leads to a selective pressure of insecticides on Plasmodium parasites, providing, to our knowledge, the first evidence of genotype by environment interactions on vector competence in a natural Anopheles–Plasmodium combination . Insecticide applications would affect the transmission of malaria in spite of resistance and would reduce to some degree the impact of insecticide resistance on malaria control interventions.
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Hardke, Jarrod, Ryan Jackson, and Rogers Leonard. "Opportunities to Manage Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Bollgard II® Cotton with Reduced Rates of Insecticides." Journal of Cotton Science 18, no. 1 (March 2014): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.56454/swnh7739.
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The occurrence of selected late-instar lepidopteran larvae, such as fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), on Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) cotton, Gossypium hirsutum (L.), plants has become a common problem in recent years. In some instances, there is a need to manage these infestations with supplemental foliar insecticide applications. The objective of these studies was to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticides (chlorantraniliprole, flubendiamide, lambda-cyhalothrin, novaluron, and spinetoram) against fall armyworm in transgenic Bt (Bollgard II®) and non-Bt (conventional) cotton. Bollgard IIplants were sprayed with reduced (one-half of full)) rates of insecticides and conventional cotton was sprayed with recommended (full) rates of the same products. Plant terminal leaves and bolls were removed from sprayed and non-sprayed (control) field plots, returned to the laboratory, and infested with a single third-instar fall armyworm. Larval mortality ranged from 30.0 to 95.0% and from 22.5 to 82.5% on insecticide-sprayed (reduced rates) Bollgard II and insecticide-sprayed (full rates) conventional terminal leaves, respectively, 3 d after infestation. Fall armyworm survivorship did not differ on insecticide-sprayed Bollgard II plant tissue compared to that for the same insecticide used on conventional plants. Reduced insecticide rates on Bollgard II cotton did not negatively affect efficacy of any insecticide used compared to full rates on conventional cotton. Insecticide-sprayed Bollgard II and insecticide-sprayed conventional bolls caused fall armyworm mortality ranging from 5.0 to 80.0% and from 17.5 to 80.0%, respectively, 3 d after infestation. These same insecticide treatments produced fall armyworm mortality on Bollgard II(55-100%) and conventional bolls (52.5-100%) at 7 d after infestation. Reduced rates of selected insecticides were efficacious against fall armyworms on Bollgard II cotton plant tissues and could reduce chemical control costs against field infestations of this pest.
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Hilton, S. A., J. H. Tolman, D. C. MacArthur, and C. R. Harris. "TOXICITY OF SELECTED INSECTICIDES TO SEVERAL LIFE STAGES OF COLORADO POTATO BEETLE, LEPTINOTARSA DECEMLINEATA (SAY)." Canadian Entomologist 130, no. 2 (April 1998): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent130187-2.
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AbstractResidual and contact toxicities of several insecticides to larvae and adults of insecticide-susceptible (four insecticides) and insecticide-resistant (three insecticides) Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), were measured in laboratory studies. For both methods of exposure, azinphosmethyl was the least toxic to all life stages tested. The residual toxicity of deltamethrin was at least 4.4-fold higher than either cypermethrin or endosulfan. With the insecticide-susceptible strain, residual toxicities of azinphosmethyl, endosulfan, and deltamethrin were, respectively, 3.5, 5.9, and 4.1 times higher to first instars than to adults and 1.2, 8.1, and 1.6 times higher to third instars than to adults. Contact toxicities of azinphosmethyl, endosulfan, and deltamethrin were, respectively, 3.3, 2.9, and 1.4 times higher to insecticide-susceptible third instars than to adults. In most comparisons, susceptibilities of fourth and third instars were similar. With the insecticide-resistant strain, azinphosmethyl, endosulfan, and deltamethrin were, respectively, 3.2, 1.6, and 8.0 times more toxic to third instars than to adults. The importance of differential life stage toxicity to current control recommendations for Colorado potato beetle is discussed.
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Nasirian, Hassan, and Abedin Saghafipour. "Efficacy of several insecticide formulations against Periplaneta americana (L.) (Blattaria: Blattidae) in sewers." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science 20, no. 3 (April 4, 2021): 569–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v20i3.52800.
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Objective: Periplaneta americana (L.) is the most important invasive urban pests in sewers with high significance of public health. The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of several insecticide formulations against American cockroaches in sewers.
Methods: The population density of cockroaches was estimated before and after 1 and 5 months of the use of insecticides in sewer manholes. About 10 manholes were allocated for treatment of each insecticide formulation. Twenty manholes were allocated to controls (without the use of insecticides). Insecticides were considered effective achieving more than of 90% mean density reduction of cockroach population per a manhole.
Results: The effectiveness of insecticide formulations in sewer manholes were considered effective after 1 month of insecticide treatments while the effectiveness of diazinon EC 5% and 0.05% formulations considered insufficient including 47.% and 19.5%mean density reduction of cockroaches, respectively. The effectiveness of chlorpyrifos EC 5% and Fog, and diazinon EC 5% were observed about 80.5%, 81.5%and 53.5% mean density reduction of cockroaches, respectively after 5 months of treatment while the other formulations did not achieve effectiveness.
Conclusions: The insecticide formulations were considered effective and ineffective after 1 and 5 months of the use of insecticides, respectively. It would be more satisfied if insecticide formulations repeated every three months. A reasonable manner is using a combination of integrated pest management strategies recommending for successful P. americana control.
Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.20(3) 2021 p.569-585
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Flores, Nancy, Julia Prado, Rosario Espin, Hortensia Rodríguez, and José-Manuel Pais-Chanfrau. "Laboratory evaluation of a bio-insecticide candidate from tangerine peel extracts against Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)." PeerJ 12 (March 19, 2024): e16885. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16885.
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Background The excessive use of synthetic insecticides in modern agriculture has led to environmental contamination and the development of insect resistance. Also, the prolonged use of chemical insecticides in producing flowers and tomatoes in greenhouses has caused health problems for workers and their offspring. In this study, we analyzed the efficacy of mandarin peel (Citrus reticulata L.) essential oil (EO) as a natural insecticide against greenhouse whitefly (Trieurodes vaporariorum W., Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), a common pest in greenhouse production of different crops. Methods Petroleum ether (PET) and n-hexane (HEX) were used as solvents to extract essential oil (EO) from tangerine peels. Results The yield of EO was 1.59% and 2.00% (m/m) for PET and HEX, respectively. Additionally, the insect-killing power of EO was tested by checking how many greenhouse whiteflies died at different times. The results showed that PET and HEX extracts of tangerine EO effectively controlled greenhouse whiteflies. Furthermore, with both solvents, a 12.5% (v/v) application was as practical as the commercial insecticide imidacloprid. Further characterization tests with the polarimeter, FTIR, HPLC-RP, and GC-MS showed that the essential oil (EO) contained about 41% (v/v) of d-limonene and that this compound may be responsible for the observed insecticidal properties. Conclusion Therefore, tangerine peel essential oil is an excellent botanical insecticide candidate for controlling greenhouse whiteflies.
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Rice, Marlin E. "Transgenic Rootworm Corn: Assessing Potential Agronomic, Economic, and Environmental Benefits." Plant Health Progress 5, no. 1 (January 2004): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2004-0301-01-rv.
Full textAbstract:
The potential benefits of transgenic rootworm corn (Cry3Bb1 protein) are expected to include: increased root protection; increased intangible benefits to farmers (safety of not being exposed to insecticides, ease of use and handling, time and labor savings, better pest control); increased economic benefits to farmers ($231 million from yield gains [$25-$75/acre relative to no insecticide control, $4-$12/acre relative to control with a soil insecticide] and $58 million in reduced insecticide risks and time savings); reduced incidence of corn stalk rot; and increased yield protection (9 to 28% relative to no insecticide use, 1.5 to 4.5% relative to control with a soil insecticide). If transgenic rootworm corn is planted on 10 million acres, the annual impact will be a reduction of 5,344,462 lb a.i. (75.2%) of insecticide use; increased resource conservation (3.07 to 5.23 million gal of diesel fuel equivalents conserved that would have been consumed in the manufacture and delivery of insecticides); increased water conservation (5,657,734 gal of water not used in insecticide application); conservation of aviation fuel (68,845 gal of aviation fuel not used); reduced farm waste (1,187,035 fewer insecticide containers used); increased planting efficiency; and improved safety to wildlife and other nontarget organisms. Accepted for publication 1 February 2004. Published 1 March 2004.
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Ranabhat, Sabita, and Changlu Wang. "Effect of Moisture on Efficacy of Selected Insecticide Dusts Against the Common Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 4 (June 3, 2020): 1933–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa122.
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Abstract Insecticide dust formulations are considered as more effective for controlling the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius (L) (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), than residual sprays. Various environmental factors may affect the efficacy of insecticide dusts. In this study, we evaluated the effect of moisture on the efficacy of three insecticide dusts against C. lectularius. Moisture was created using two methods: applying steam to insecticide dust-treated tiles and aging insecticide dust-treated tiles in chambers with various levels of relative humidity (RH). In the steam treatment, three insecticides including Cimexa (92.1% amorphous silica gel), Alpine (0.25% dinotefuran, 95% diatomaceous earth), and Tempo (1% cyfluthrin) were evaluated. Exposure to steam significantly reduced the efficacy of all three insecticide dusts. Among the three insecticides, the efficacy of Cimexa was significantly higher than Alpine and Tempo. In the different RH treatments, Cimexa treated tiles that were aged under different (52, 75, and 100%) RH conditions for 1 and 2 mo caused significantly lower mortality to C. lectularius than nonaged Cimexa. We conclude that both, a short period of exposure to steam and long-period aging in a moist environment, can significantly reduce the efficacy of insecticide dusts. Moisture needs to be considered when applying insecticide dusts for controlling bed bug infestations.
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Martelli, Felipe, Zuo Zhongyuan, Julia Wang, Ching-On Wong, Nicholas E. Karagas, Ute Roessner, Thusitha Rupasinghe, et al. "Low doses of the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid induce ROS triggering neurological and metabolic impairments inDrosophila." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 41 (September 28, 2020): 25840–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2011828117.
Full textAbstract:
Declining insect population sizes are provoking grave concern around the world as insects play essential roles in food production and ecosystems. Environmental contamination by intense insecticide usage is consistently proposed as a significant contributor, among other threats. Many studies have demonstrated impacts of low doses of insecticides on insect behavior, but have not elucidated links to insecticidal activity at the molecular and cellular levels. Here, the histological, physiological, and behavioral impacts of imidacloprid are investigated inDrosophila melanogaster, an experimental organism exposed to insecticides in the field. We show that oxidative stress is a key factor in the mode of action of this insecticide at low doses. Imidacloprid produces an enduring flux of Ca2+into neurons and a rapid increase in levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the larval brain. It affects mitochondrial function, energy levels, the lipid environment, and transcriptomic profiles. Use of RNAi to induce ROS production in the brain recapitulates insecticide-induced phenotypes in the metabolic tissues, indicating that a signal from neurons is responsible. Chronic low level exposures in adults lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, severe damage to glial cells, and impaired vision. The potent antioxidant,N-acetylcysteine amide (NACA), reduces the severity of a number of the imidacloprid-induced phenotypes, indicating a causal role for oxidative stress. Given that other insecticides are known to generate oxidative stress, this research has wider implications. The systemic impairment of several key biological functions, including vision, reported here would reduce the resilience of insects facing other environmental challenges.
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Mansfield, Sarah, Richard J. Chynoweth, Mark R. H. Hurst, Alasdair Noble, Sue M. Zydenbos, and Maureen O'Callaghan. "Novel bacterial seed treatment protects wheat seedlings from insect damage." Crop and Pasture Science 68, no. 6 (2017): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp17176.
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Insecticidal seed treatments are used commonly worldwide to protect seedlings against root feeding insects. Organophosphate insecticides that have been used for seed treatments are being phased out and replaced with neonicotinoid insecticides. Concerns about the environmental impact of neonicotinoids have prompted a search for alternatives. Microbial insecticides are a biological alternative for seed treatments to target root feeding insects. Six field trials with organophosphate granules (diazinon, chlorpyrifos), neonicotinoid seed treatment (clothianidin) and microbial (Serratia entomophila) seed treatment targeting grass grub, a New Zealand scarab pest, were conducted in wheat crops at several sites over 4 years (2012–2015). Sites were selected each year that had potentially damaging populations of grass grub present during the trials. Untreated seeds led to significant losses of plants and wheat yield due to lower seedling establishment and ongoing plant losses from grass grub damage. Insecticide and microbial treatments increased plant survival in all trials compared with untreated seeds. Better plant survival was associated with higher yields from the insecticide treatments in four out of six trials. Neonicotinoid seed treatment alone gave similar yield increases to combined neonicotinoid seed treatment and organophosphate granules. Microbial seed treatment with S. entomophila gave similar yield increases to insecticide treatments in two out of six trials. Seed treatment with S. entomophila is an alternative for grass grub control; however, development of a commercial product requires effective scale-up of production, further research to improve efficacy, and viability of the live bacteria needs to be maintained on coated seed.
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Iswanto, Ponco, Eva Vaulina Yulistia Delsy, Ely Setiawan, and Heny Ekowati. "Selection of semiempirical calculation methods for insecticide development." Acta Pharmaciae Indonesia : Acta Pharm Indo 11, no. 1 (April 1, 2023): 7046. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.api.2023.11.1.7046.
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Background: Insecticides are substances used to control, repel, or eradicate troublesome organisms, particularly insect-based plant pests. The discovery of new insecticide compounds fuels the ongoing development of insecticides. The integration of computational chemistry into the development of insecticidal chemicals was beneficial.
Objective: This study aims to identify the most suitable method among 12 available semiempirical calculation methods in the Hyperchem application.
Methods: The selection process involved comparing experimental data of the infra-red spectrum of chlorpyrifos with corresponding calculation data.
Results: The largest Predicted Residual of Sum Squares (PRESS) value was observed in the INDO method of 55466.3856. Conversely, the smallest PRESS value was observed in the AM1, measuring 3242.6549. The AM1 semiempirical method yields the smallest value.
Conclusion: The results indicated that the calculation chosen was the AM1 semiempirical method.
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Paraíba, Lourival Costa, Vera Lúcia Scherholz Salgado de Castro, and Aline de Holanda Nunes Maia. "Insecticide distribution model in human tissues viewing worker's health monitoring programs." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 52, no. 4 (August 2009): 875–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132009000400011.
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This work aimed at evaluating the characteristics of thirty nine insecticides on tissue distribution and accumulation, using their physico-chemical characteristics and the tissues lipid contents to calculate the compounds distribution among the tissues. The insecticides evaluated were selected among those registered in Brazil for agriculture use. The level I fugacity model was used for the calculations of insecticide distribution among the tissues of muscles, viscera, skin, fat, blood, liver, kidneys and gut. The octanol-water partition coefficient, water solubility and tissue lipid contents showed an insecticide distribution in human tissues. Cluster analysis was performed aiming the identification and separation of insecticides groups based on their physico-chemical characteristics as compounds with similar distribution within tissues and at the same time tissues with similar distribution of various insecticides. Cluster analysis pointed out three insecticide groups: in the first, 70 - 86% of insecticide accumulation was found in lipid tissues; in the second, 44 - 58%; and in the third, 9 -19%. These results could contribute to health monitoring programs of farmworkers.
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Kardinan, Agus, Tri Eko Wahyono, and Nurbetti Tarigan. "The Effectiveness of Pyrethrum, Neem, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae Against Brown Plant hopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stal.)." Buletin Penelitian Tanaman Rempah dan Obat 30, no. 1 (October 3, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/bullittro.v30n1.2019.1-10.
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<p>Brown plant hopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stal) is the main pest on rice cultivation. Synthetic insecticides application had negative impact to the human health and environment. The research objective was aimed to examine the effectiveness of botanical (pyrethrum and neem) and bio-insecticides (Beauveria bassiana/Bb and Metarhizium anisopliae/Ma) against brown plant hopper. Research was conducted at Entomology Laboratory of Indonesian Spices and Medicinal Crops Research Institute, Bogor in 2017. Trial consisted of two activities: the effectiveness of botanical and bio-insecticides to brown plant hopper mortality and horizontal transmission of bio-insecticides on brown plant hoppers. Botanical pesticide tested was (1) pyrethrum I (5 ml.l-1 water ), (2) pyrethrum II (5 ml.l-1 water), (3) neem I (20 ml.l-1 water), (4) neem II (20 ml.l-1 water), (5) synthetic insecticide (2 ml.l-1 water) and (6) control. Bio-insecticide treatments were (1) Bb (spraying, 2.5 ml/plant), (2) Bb (granule, 5 g/pot), (3) Ma (spraying, 2.5 ml/plant), (4) Ma (granule, 5 g/ pot) and (5) control. Treatments of horizontal transmission was the ratio of infected : healthy brown plant hopper 1 : 10; 2 : 10; 3 : 10 and 4 : 10. Botanical insecticides were prospective to suppressing brown plant hopper population of 85-87 % (pyrethrum) and 60-70 % (neem). B. bassiana was able to suppress brown plant hopper population (18.2%), better than M. anisopliae (5.6 %). Biological insecticide application by contact (spraying) was better than applied in granules form. Botanical insecticide application showed no horizontal transmission from infected to healthy insect. Botanical insecticide (pyrethrum and neem) was more prospective than bio-insecticide (B. bassiana and M. anisopliae) in controlling brown plant hopper. </p>
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Wright, P. J., G. P. Walker, and D. I. Hedderley. "Effects of sulphur on control of tomato potato psyllid in potato." New Zealand Plant Protection 66 (January 8, 2013): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2013.66.5701.
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Tomato potato psyllid (TPP) (Bactericera cockerelli) vectors Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum a phloemlimited bacterium that can cause a mottled browning discolouration (zebra chip; ZC) in fried crisps Sulphur is mainly used as a fungicide but is also registered in New Zealand as an insecticide against erineum mite (Colomerus vitis) on grapes A field trial to determine TPP response to foliarapplied sulphur found that weekly applications (no insecticides) significantly reduced psyllid nymph numbers in foliage compared with the control (nosulphur noinsecticide) However the incidence of severe ZC in frycooked tubers was higher in the weekly sulphur treatment than with a commercial insecticide spray programme Tubers from both the nonsprayed control and the weekly sulphur treatment had significantly lower yields and specific gravities than those treated with insecticide Sulphur applied alternately with insecticides gave similar results to the commercial insecticide programme promising for the industrys goal of reducing insecticide applications
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Salam, Md Tareq Bin, and Ryota Kataoka. "Changes in the Endophytic Bacterial Community of Brassica rapa after Application of Systemic Insecticides." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 20 (October 18, 2023): 15306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms242015306.
Full textAbstract:
Insecticides not only control target pests but also adversely affect non-target communities including humans, animals, and microbial communities in host plants and soils. The effect of insecticides on non-target communities, especially endophytic bacterial communities, remains poorly understood. Two phases of treatments were conducted to compare the trends in endophytic bacterial response after insecticide application. Endophytic bacteria were isolated at 2 and 4 weeks after germination. Most insecticide treatments showed a declining trend in bacterial diversity and abundance, whereas an increasing trend was observed in the control. Therefore, insecticide use negatively affected non-target endophytic bacterial communities. Bacillus spp. was mostly dominant in the early stage in both insecticide treatment and control groups. Nevertheless, in the matured stage, mostly bacteria including Pseudomonas spp., Priestia spp. were dominant in groups treated with high insecticide concentrations. Therefore, plants can regulate and moderate their microbiome during their lifecycle depending on surrounding environmental conditions.