Journal articles: 'Insecticide toxicology'

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Nauen, Ralf, Chris Bass, René Feyereisen, and John Vontas. "The Role of Cytochrome P450s in Insect Toxicology and Resistance." Annual Review of Entomology 67, no. 1 (January 7, 2022): 105–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-070621-061328.

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Insect cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) perform a variety of important physiological functions, but it is their role in the detoxification of xenobiotics, such as natural and synthetic insecticides, that is the topic of this review. Recent advances in insect genomics and postgenomic functional approaches have provided an unprecedented opportunity to understand the evolution of insect P450s and their role in insect toxicology. These approaches have also been harnessed to provide new insights into the genomic alterations that lead to insecticide resistance, the mechanisms by which P450s are regulated, and the functional determinants of P450-mediated insecticide resistance. In parallel, an emerging body of work on the role of P450s in defining the sensitivity of beneficial insects to insecticides has been developed. The knowledge gained from these studies has applications for the management of P450-mediated resistance in insect pests and can be leveraged to safeguard the health of important beneficial insects.

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Sun, Chengxian, Shunjia Li, Kai Wang, Hongqiang Feng, Caihong Tian, Xiaoguang Liu, Xiang Li, et al. "Cyclosporin A as a Source for a Novel Insecticidal Product for Controlling Spodoptera frugiperda." Toxins 14, no. 10 (October 21, 2022): 721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14100721.

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The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, causes substantial annual agricultural production losses worldwide due to its resistance to many insecticides. Therefore, new insecticides are urgently needed to more effectively control FAW. Cyclosporin A (CsA) is a secondary metabolite of fungi; little is known about its insecticidal activity, especially for the control of FAW. In this study, we demonstrate that CsA shows excellent insecticidal activity (LC50 = 9.69 μg/g) against FAW through significant suppression of calcineurin (CaN) activity, which is a new target for pest control. Combinations of CsA and indoxacarb, emamectin benzoate, or Vip3Aa showed independent or synergistic toxicity against FAW; however, the combination of CsA and chlorantraniliprole showed no toxicity. Sublethal doses of CsA led to decreases in FAW larval and pupal weight, pupation, emergence, mating rates, adult longevity, extended development of FAW larvae and pupae and the pre-oviposition period of adults, and increases in the proportion of pupal malformation. Importantly, CsA treatment reduced FAW ovarian size and female fecundity, which suggests that it has great potential to suppress FAW colony formation. Taken together, these results indicate that CsA has high potential as an insecticide for controlling FAW.

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Vatandoost, Hassan, Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd, Fatemeh Nikpoor, Ahmad Raeisi, Mohammad Reza Abai, and Morteza Zaim. "Situation of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors in the World Health Organization of Eastern Mediterranean region 1990–2020." Toxicology Research 11, no. 1 (January 18, 2022): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxres/tfab126.

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Abstract Malaria is the most important mosquito-borne disease, which is transmitted by Anopheles species. According to the recent report of World Health Organization, there were an estimated 229 million malaria cases in 2019 in 87 malaria endemic countries. There are several vector control method specially using pesticides. The aim of this study was to collect all the data about insecticide resistant of malaria vectors in the Eastern Mediterranean region countries. In this study, all the published papers related to insecticide resistance of malaria vectors in the region were collected and resistant status of vectors in the countries was mapped. Resistance to different insecticide classes such as pyrethroids, organophosphate, organochlorine and carbamates were evaluated using World Health Organization guidelines. Results showed a wide variety of susceptibility/resistance status to these chemicals according to the location, historical context of pesticide used, genetic background of vectors, age and abdominal conditions of adults may play a role in the susceptibility status of these species to different insecticides. The results of this study is providing a guideline for countries to manage their vector control activities against insecticide resistance of malaria vectors and provide novel approaches such as male sterility, using Wolbachia, using new insecticide with new mode of action.

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He, Xuan, Lidan Lu, Ping Huang, Bo Yu, Lianxin Peng, Liang Zou, and Yuanhang Ren. "Insect Cell-Based Models: Cell Line Establishment and Application in Insecticide Screening and Toxicology Research." Insects 14, no. 2 (January 18, 2023): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects14020104.

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During the past decades, research on insect cell culture has grown tremendously. Thousands of lines have been established from different species of insect orders, originating from several tissue sources. These cell lines have often been employed in insect science research. In particular, they have played important roles in pest management, where they have been used as tools to evaluate the activity and explore the toxic mechanisms of insecticide candidate compounds. This review intends to first briefly summarize the progression of insect cell line establishment. Then, several recent studies based on insect cell lines coupled with advanced technologies are introduced. These investigations revealed that insect cell lines can be exploited as novel models with unique advantages such as increased efficiency and reduced cost compared with traditional insecticide research. Most notably, the insect cell line-based models provide a global and in-depth perspective to study the toxicology mechanisms of insecticides. However, challenges and limitations still exist, especially in the connection between in vitro activity and in vivo effectiveness. Despite all this, recent advances have suggested that insect cell line-based models promote the progress and sensible application of insecticides, which benefits pest management.

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Wang, Xu, María Aránzazu Martínez, Qinghua Wu, Irma Ares, María Rosa Martínez-Larrañaga, Arturo Anadón, and Zonghui Yuan. "Fipronil insecticide toxicology: oxidative stress and metabolism." Critical Reviews in Toxicology 46, no. 10 (September 19, 2016): 876–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408444.2016.1223014.

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Tomizawa, Motohiro, and John E. Casida. "NEONICOTINOID INSECTICIDE TOXICOLOGY: Mechanisms of Selective Action." Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 45, no. 1 (September 22, 2005): 247–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.095930.

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The neonicotinoids, the newest major class of insecticides, have outstanding potency and systemic action for crop protection against piercing-sucking pests, and they are highly effective for flea control on cats and dogs. Their common names are acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, nitenpyram, thiacloprid, and thiamethoxam. They generally have low toxicity to mammals (acute and chronic), birds, and fish. Biotransformations involve some activation reactions but largely detoxification mechanisms. In contrast to nicotine, epibatidine, and other ammonium or iminium nicotinoids, which are mostly protonated at physiological pH, the neonicotinoids are not protonated and have an electronegative nitro or cyano pharmacophore. Agonist recognition by the nicotinic receptor involves cation-π interaction for nicotinoids in mammals and possibly a cationic subsite for interaction with the nitro or cyano substituent of neonicotinoids in insects. The low affinity of neonicotinoids for vertebrate relative to insect nicotinic receptors is a major factor in their favorable toxicological profile.

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Eddleston, Michael. "Novel Clinical Toxicology and Pharmacology of Organophosphorus Insecticide Self-Poisoning." Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 59, no. 1 (January 6, 2019): 341–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010818-021842.

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Organophosphorus insecticide self-poisoning is a major global health problem, killing over 100,000 people annually. It is a complex multi-organ condition, involving the inhibition of cholinesterases, and perhaps other enzymes, and the effects of large doses of ingested solvents. Variability between organophosphorus insecticides—in lipophilicity, speed of activation, speed and potency of acetylcholinesterase inhibition, and in the chemical groups attached to the phosphorus—results in variable speed of poisoning onset, severity, clinical toxidrome, and case fatality. Current treatment is modestly effective, aiming only to reactivate acetylcholinesterase and counter the effects of excess acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors. Rapid titration of atropine during resuscitation is lifesaving and can be performed in the absence of oxygen. The role of oximes in therapy remains unclear. Novel antidotes have been tested in small trials, but the great variability in poisoning makes interpretation of such trials difficult. More effort is required to test treatments in adequately powered studies.

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Mebs, D. "Insecticide Microbiology." Toxicon 24, no. 10 (January 1986): 1025–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(86)90018-8.

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Heep, John, Marisa Skaljac, Jens Grotmann, Tobias Kessel, Maximilian Seip, Henrike Schmidtberg, and Andreas Vilcinskas. "Identification and Functional Characterization of a Novel Insecticidal Decapeptide from the Myrmicine Ant Manica rubida." Toxins 11, no. 10 (September 25, 2019): 562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11100562.

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Ant venoms contain many small, linear peptides, an untapped source of bioactive peptide toxins. The control of agricultural insect pests currently depends primarily on chemical insecticides, but their intensive use damages the environment and human health, and encourages the emergence of resistant pest populations. This has promoted interest in animal venoms as a source of alternative, environmentally-friendly bio-insecticides. We tested the crude venom of the predatory ant, Manica rubida, and observed severe fitness costs in the parthenogenetic pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum), a common agricultural pest. Therefore, we explored the M. rubida venom peptidome and identified a novel decapeptide U-MYRTX-MANr1 (NH2-IDPKVLESLV-CONH2) using a combination of Edman degradation and de novo peptide sequencing. Although this myrmicitoxin was inactive against bacteria and fungi, it reduced aphid survival and reproduction. Furthermore, both crude venom and U-MYRTX-MANr1 reversibly paralyzed injected aphids and induced a loss of body fluids. Components of M. rubida venom may act on various biological targets including ion channels and hemolymph coagulation proteins, as previously shown for other ant venom toxins. The remarkable insecticidal activity of M. rubida venom suggests it may be a promising source of additional bio-insecticide leads.

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Vlasova, О., M. Sekun, and M. Zatserkliana. "Toxicology of insecticides — theory, implemented in practice." Interdepartmental Thematic Scientific Collection of Plant Protection and Quarantine, no. 67 (December 20, 2021): 98–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.36495/1606-9773.2021.67.98-114.

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Goal. Ecological and toxicological substantiation of improving the chemical protection of agricultural crops and perennial plantations from harmful arthropods based on the updated assortment of insectoacaricides, the properties of chemicals and the characteristics of harmful insect and mite species in the technology of growing strategic crops. Methods. The sensitivity of phytophages was investigated on natural populations collectedё on crops of certain crops and determined by various methods of poisoning adopted in toxicology. The coefficient of selectivity of the insecticide in the phytophage — entomophage system was calculated by the ratio CK50 , % a.v. for phytophage to SC50 , % a.v. for an entomophage. The effect of urea on the properties of working solutions of chemical and microbiological preparations was studied in their mixture using special techniques. Results. Studies have shown different susceptibility of natural arthropod populations to modern insecticides, which have different selective effects on entomophages. The selectivity factor ranged from 15 to 560. Improved anti-resistance system to protect crops from harmful arthropods. The information on the possibilities of joint application of insecticides of different nature with Urea in a single technological process is generalized, which leads to a significant reduction in the evaporation of drops of solution from the treated surface. Conclusions. Expansion of the range of pesticides, especially those with a different mechanism of toxic action, makes it possible to prevent or slow down the development of resistance in arthropods to insecticides. An improved anti-resistance system for protecting agricultural crops from harmful arthropods provides a decrease in the toxic load on the agrocenosis and a reversal of resistance to the initial parameters. Urea is an active anti-evaporation agent for working solutions of insecticides of various nature.

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Blandino, Massimo, Valentina Scarpino, Giulio Testa, Francesca Vanara, and Amedeo Reyneri. "The Effect of Foliar Fungicide and Insecticide Application on the Contamination of Fumonisins, Moniliformin and Deoxynivalenol in Maize Used for Food Purposes." Toxins 14, no. 7 (June 21, 2022): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14070422.

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The fungal ear rot of maize cultivated in temperate areas is mainly due to the Fusarium species. The use of insecticides against European Corn Borer (ECB) reduces the severity of fungal ear rot as well as the fumonisin (FB) and moniliformin (MON) levels in maize kernels at harvest, which in turn results in a lowering of their effect on deoxynivalenol (DON) control. However, the direct fungicidal control of ear rot has rarely been implemented for maize, and the first studies reported conflicting results on the reduction of mycotoxins. In the present experiment, field trials were carried out in North Italy over three growing seasons to study the effect of fungicide application timings on maize to control mycotoxins, considering the interaction of the application with the insecticide treatment, according to a full factorial split plot design. The mycotoxin content was determined through LC−MS/MS analysis. The field trials showed a significant reduction in ECB severity (75%), fungal ear rot severity (68%), Fusarium Liseola section infection (46%), FBs (75%) and MON (79%) as a result of the insecticide application for all the years, while the DON content increased by 60%. On the other hand, a fungicide application alone or applied in plots protected by an insecticide was never effective for the fungal symptoms, infection or mycotoxin content. The results confirm that a correct insecticide application to control ECB damage is the most effective agrochemical solution for the control of fungal ear rot, FBs and MON.

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Fonseka, M. MD, K. Medagoda, Y. Tillakaratna, S. B. Gunatilake, and H. J. de Silva. "Self-limiting cerebellar ataxia following organophosphate poisoning." Human & Experimental Toxicology 22, no. 2 (February 2003): 107–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0960327103ht341cr.

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Deliberate self-harm by ingestion of organophosphate insecticides is a common health problem in Sri Lanka. The poisoning results in an initial life-threatening cholinergic crisis and several intermediate and late neurological and psychiatric manifestations. A patient who developed self-limiting cerebellar signs 8 days after ingestion of dimethoate, an organophosphorous insecticide, is reported on.

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Jha, M. N., and S. K. Mishra. "Biological Responses of Cyanobacteria to Insecticides and Their Insecticide Degrading Potential." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 75, no. 2 (August 2005): 374–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00128-005-0764-2.

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Padhy, Rabindra N., Nabakishore Nayak, and Shakti Rath. "Antagonism at combined effects of chemical fertilizers and carbamate insecticides on the rice-field N2-fixing cyanobacterium Cylindrospermum sp. in vitro." Interdisciplinary Toxicology 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/intox-2014-0001.

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Abstract Effects of chemical fertilizers (urea, super phosphate and potash) on toxicities of two carbamate insecticides, carbaryl and carbofuran, individually to the N2-fixing cyanobacterium, Cylindrospermum sp. were studied in vitro at partially lethal levels (below highest permissive concentrations) of each insecticide. The average number of vegetative cells between two polar heterocysts was 16.3 in control cultures, while the mean value of filament length increased in the presence of chemical fertilizers, individually. Urea at the 10 ppm level was growth stimulatory and at the 50 ppm level it was growth inhibitory in control cultures, while at 100 ppm it was antagonistic, i.e. toxicity-enhancing along with carbaryl, individually to the cyanobacterium, antagonism was recorded. Urea at 50 ppm had toxicity reducing effect with carbaryl or carbofuran. At 100 and 250 ppm carbofuran levels, 50 ppm urea only had a progressive growth enhancing effect, which was marked well at 250 ppm carbofuran level, a situation of synergism. Super phosphate at the 10 ppm level only was growth promoting in control cultures, but it was antagonistic at its higher levels (50 and 100 ppm) along with both insecticides, individually. Potash (100, 200, 300 and 400 ppm) reduced toxicity due to carbaryl 20 and carbofuran 250 ppm levels, but potash was antagonistic at the other insecticide levels. The data clearly showed that the chemical fertilizers used were antagonistic with both the insecticides during toxicity to Cylindrospermum sp.

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Zhu, Kun Yan. "Preface to the Special Issue: Insecticide Toxicology in China." Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 132 (September 2016): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2016.07.008.

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Nowak, Monika, Przemysław Bernat, Julia Mrozińska, and Sylwia Różalska. "Acetamiprid Affects Destruxins Production but Its Accumulation in Metarhizium sp. Spores Increases Infection Ability of Fungi." Toxins 12, no. 9 (September 11, 2020): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12090587.

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Metarhizium sp. are entomopathogenic fungi that inhabit the soil environment. Together, they act as natural pest control factors. In the natural environment, they come into contact with various anthropogenic pollutants, and sometimes, they are used together and interchangeably with chemical insecticides (e.g., neonicotinoids) for pest control. In most cases, the compatibility of entomopathogens with insecticides has been determined; however, the influence of these compounds on the metabolism of entomopathogenic fungi has not yet been studied. Secondary metabolites are very important factors that influence the fitness of the producers, playing important roles in the ability of these pathogens to successfully parasitize insects. In this study, for the first time, we focus on whether the insecticide present in the fungal growth environment affects secondary metabolism in fungi. The research revealed that acetamiprid at concentrations from 5 to 50 mg L−1 did not inhibit the growth of all tested Metarhizium sp.; however, it reduced the level of 19 produced destruxins in direct proportion to the dosage used. Furthermore, it was shown that acetamiprid accumulates not only in plant or animal tissues, but also in fungal cells. Despite the negative impact of acetamiprid on secondary metabolism, it was proofed to accumulate in Metarhizium spores, which appeared to have a stronger infectious potential against mealworm Tenebrio molitor, in comparison to the insecticide or the biological agent alone.

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Pittman, Julian T., Celia A. Dodd, and Bradley G. Klein. "Immunohistochemical Changes in the Mouse Striatum Induced by the Pyrethroid Insecticide Permethrin." International Journal of Toxicology 22, no. 5 (September 2003): 359–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109158180302200504.

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Epidemiological studies have linked insecticide exposure and Parkinson's disease. In addition, some insecticides produce damage or physiological disruption within the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway of non-humans. This study employed immunohistochemical analysis in striatum of the C57BL/6 mouse to clarify tissue changes suggested by previous pharmacological studies of the pyrethroid insecticide permethrin. Dopamine transporter, tyrosine hydroxylase, and glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivities were examined in caudate-putamen to distinguish changes in amount of dopamine transporter immunoreactive protein from degeneration or other damage to dopaminergic neuropil. Weight-matched pairs of pesticide-treated and vehicle-control mice were dosed and sacrificed on the same days. Permethrin at 0.8, 1.5 and 3.0 mg/kg were the low doses and at 200 mg/kg the high dose. Brains from matched pairs of mice were processed on the same slides using the avidin-biotin technique. Four fields were morphometrically located in each of the serial sections of caudateputamen, digitally photographed, and immunopositive image pixels were counted and compared between members of matched pairs of permethrin-treated and vehicle-control mice. For low doses, only 3.0 mg/kg produced a significant decrease in dopamine transporter immunostaining. The high dose of permethrin did not produce a significant change in dopamine transporter or tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining, but resulted in a significant increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein immunostaining. These data suggest that a low dose of permethrin can reduce the amount of dopamine transporter immunoreactive protein in the caudate-putamen. They also suggest that previously reported reductions in dopamine uptake of striatal synaptosomes of high-dose mice may be due to nondegenerative tissue damage within this region as opposed to reductions of dopamine transporter protein or death of nigrostriatal terminals. These data provide further evidence that insecticides can affect the primary neurodegenerative substrate of Parkinson's disease.

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Areej Al-Khalaf. "Effect of multiple emulsion on mortality of drosophila virils." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 10, no. 3 (July 21, 2019): 2446–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1492.

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The frequent use of insecticides has led to the development of insecticide resistance by many insects. In some insect populations, resistance can be developed to multiple pesticides. Up to this, insecticides resistance became a key challenge, and the amounts of the used pesticides must be as lower as possible. In this study, we measured the potency of multiple emulsions on the mortality of Drosophila virils and the ability of the fly to ingest and excrete the emulsions as a new strategy to avoid the great use of pesticides. The obtained data showed that the value of the lethal concentration of half the number of individuals decreases when the exposure duration increases, which demonstrates the sensitivity of the larvae to the toxic effect of the formulation. This can help to suggest that this type of material can be more effective and lasting effect for as long as possible. Moreover, the ingestion and excretion of the formulated product in the hind-gut can help to suggest the ability of the studied formulation to pass through the peritrophic membrane and the midgut acidic regions as two important barriers. In conclusion, the formulated microcapsule has a satisfactory insecticidal potency against D. virilis in a dose-dependent manner which might help to avoid the developed resistance to commonly used insecticides.

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Reed, J. P., A. J. Keaster, R. J. Kremer, and H. D. Kerr. "Microbial degradation of some soil-applied insecticides, herbicides, and insecticide-herbicide combinations." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 42, no. 5 (May 1989): 676–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01700387.

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Moody, Steven B., and Diane K. Terp. "Dystonic Reaction Possibly Induced by Cholinesterase Inhibitor Insecticides." Drug Intelligence & Clinical Pharmacy 22, no. 4 (April 1988): 311–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002808802200408.

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A 39-year-old male presented to the emergency room following parenteral injection of a household insecticide. The patient suffered from delayed, local complications as well as a dystonic-like reaction involving the neck musculature that was relieved by intramuscular diphenhydramine. Exposure to cholinesterase inhibitor insecticides has been associated with a number of serious toxicities due to accumulation of acetylcholine at various sites. It has been suggested that dystonic reactions are caused by an imbalance between cholinergic and dopaminergic pathways in the central nervous system. Therefore, a possible explanation of the dystonic reaction in this case is the increased cholinergic activity relative to dopaminergic activity induced by the insecticide.

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Shur, Pavel Z., Nina V. Zaitseva, Svetlana V. Redko, Arina I. Vinogradova, Vladimir A. Fokin, Marina V. Bidevkina, and Anna A. Khasanova. "Methodological approaches to the assessment of health risks associated with the use of repellent and insecticide agents." Hygiene and sanitation 100, no. 5 (June 15, 2021): 535–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2021-100-5-535-540.

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Introduction. The study’s relevance is due to the demand for repellent and insecticidal agents in the consumer market and their widespread use as protection against mosquitoes. At the same time, the problem of the impact on the human health of these funds has not been sufficiently studied. In this regard, analyzing the safety of repellents and insecticides for human health is of scientific interest. The aim of the study is to substantiate methodological approaches to assessing the risk to human health associated with the use of insecticides and repellents. Materials and methods. Authors used methods of analysis of scientific literature, toxicological methods for the study of health safety, methods of quantitative chemical analysis, biochemical methods for the study of blood serum, methods of mathematical modeling, health risk assessment methodology. Results. The assessment of the risk of negative responses from organs and systems of the body when exposed to repellents and insecticides has been carried out. Methodological approaches to assessing health risks under various scenarios for repellents and insecticides have been developed and tested. Conclusion. A feature of the proposed methodological approaches is the ability to take into account dose loads for various routes of entry of active substances into the body, the duration of exposure to a repellent or insecticide during regular use, and possible use in regimes exceeding normal use. As a result of the experiment, it was found that with the inhalation of an insecticide with 1% transfluthrin, the level of acceptable risk is observed at a level of exposure of transfluthrin in the air up to 0.0272 mg/m3. Under a percutaneous intake of the 50% DEET repellent, the acceptable risk level was noted at exposure less than 1200 mg/kg/day. In case of percutaneous arrival of the DETA repellent 7.5%, the level of acceptable risk is established under exposure up to 250 mg/kg/day.

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Kravchuk, O. P., P. G. Zhminko, V. I. Medvedev, A. P. Grynko, S. G. Sergeev, L. P. Ivanova, O. M. Bagatska, et al. "Assessment of hazard and hygienic rating of flubendiamide in agricultural food products of the plant origin, industrial and environmental objects." Ukrainian Journal of Modern Toxicological Aspects 82-83, no. 2-3 (September 27, 2018): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33273/2663-4570-2018-82-83-2-3-13-23.

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Flubendiamide is recommended for use as an insecticide for corn, sunflower, soybean, cabbage, and tomatoes. The State Enterprise “L.I. Medved’s Research Center of Preventive Toxicology, Food and Chemical Safety” of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine conducted a study on toxicological and hygienic assessment of flubendiamide and insecticide Belt 480 SC on its basis; the justification of flubendiamide PDE (permitted daily exposure) to human, hygienic rates of the substance and the rules for safe use of the drug. Objectives. Toxicological and hygienic assessment of the use of insecticide on the basis of flubendiamide, assessment of the risk of its impact on agricultural workers and population. Methods. Expert-analytical, toxicological, physical and chemical, and hygienic. Results. According to the toxicity parameters, flubendiamide and Belt 480 SC are pesticides of the second class of hazard. The mutagenic, carcinogenic and teratogenic activity, embryo and reproductive toxicity of flubendiamide are not limiting in assessing its hazard. The results of field studies showed that residual amounts of flubendiamide were not found in the crop of corn and soybean, sunflower seeds, cabbage and tomatoes. The degree of possible occupational risk of exposure to flubendiamide in case of intake by agricultural workers via inhalation and dermal routes does not exceed the permissible level. Conclusion. Insecticide Belt 480 SC, based on flubendiamide in agriculture of Ukraine in corn, sunflower, soybean, cabbage and tomatoes under adherence to hygienic rates and regulations is not hazardous from the point of view of the possibility of contamination of agricultural crops and environmental objects with flubendiamide. Key words: insecticide, flubendiamide, toxicology, hygienic rates and regulations, assessment of hazard.

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Sim, M. K., and T. S. Hsu. "Determination of transferable insecticide from surfaces painted with insecticide-incorporated paint." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 47, no. 3 (September 1991): 417–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01702204.

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Vaishnav lal C L, Chandan R S, Maruthi R, and Gurupadayya B M. "Analytical and Bio-Analytical Method Development and Validation of Dichlorvos Pesticide Using RP-HPLC Method." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 4 (September 28, 2020): 5650–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3205.

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Organophosphorus compounds were synthesised in the 1800s. Later they are used as insecticides in the late 1930s and early 1940s. The German scientist Gerhard Schrader is known for the creation of the basic chemical structure of anticholinesterase organophosphate compounds and development of the first commercialised Organophosperous insecticide. Such chemicals are anticholinesterase insecticide commonly used in agriculture and horticulture. To a lesser extent, they are used for domestic use. Due to the absence of bio persistence in organophosphates, most of the western countries opted to substitute organochlorines with organophosphates. Organophosphate pesticides are commonly used around the world, and contamination by these compounds is a serious public health concern in developing countries. Toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of OP poisoning not only differ with path or level of exposure. But also the agent's chemical composition. Organophosphates are a group of pesticide that was developed in the 1940s in Germany and soon became an effective defence against agricultural pests. Dichlorvos which is a commonly used group of pesticide is a broad-spectrum organophosphate compound having insecticidal activity. Dichlorvos is a cholinesterase inhibitor exhibiting stomach, contact and systemic mode of action. Therefore, an accurate, fast, cost-effective and straightforward RP-HPLC technique for detecting Dichlorvos was developed. The RP-HPLC method is established by using ACN and Millipore water 50:50 v/v as mobile phase, the Flow rate is maintained at 1.5mL/minute. Detection of Dichlorvos was performed by using a PDA detector at 200nm. By this RP-HPLC procedure, RT of Dichlorvos was identified at 2.9 min.

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Kalinina, Tatiana, Vladislav Kononchuk, Lyubov Klyushova, and Lyudmila Gulyaeva. "Effects of Endocrine Disruptors o,p′-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, p,p′-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, and Endosulfan on the Expression of Estradiol-, Progesterone-, and Testosterone-Responsive MicroRNAs and Their Target Genes in MCF-7 Cells." Toxics 10, no. 1 (January 7, 2022): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10010025.

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Many studies have shown that dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) exposure raises breast cancer risk. Another insecticide with similar properties is endosulfan, which has been actively used in agriculture after DDT prohibition. Previously, we have identified some estradiol-, progesterone-, and testosterone-sensitive microRNAs (miRNAs, miRs). Because DDT and endosulfan have estrogenic, antiandrogenic, and antiprogesterone properties, we hypothesized that these miRNAs are affected by the insecticides. We quantified relative levels of miRNAs and expression levels of their target genes in breast cancer MCF-7 cells treated with p,p′-DDT, o,p′-DDT, or endosulfan. We also quantified miR-19b expression, which, as previously shown, is regulated by estrogen. Here, we observed that miR-19b expression increased in response not only to estradiol but also to testosterone and progesterone. Treatment of MCF-7 cells with p,p′-DDT or endosulfan decreased the protein levels of apoptosis regulators TP53INP1 and APAF1. In cells treated with o,p′-DDT, the TP53INP1 amount decreased after 24 h of incubation, but increased after 48 h of incubation with insecticide. OXTR expression, which is known to be associated with breast carcinogenesis, significantly diminished under the exposure of all insecticides. In cells treated with p,p′-DDT or o,p′-DDT, the observed changes were accompanied by alterations of the levels of hormone-responsive miRNAs: miR-324, miR-190a, miR-190b, miR-27a, miR-193b, and miR-19b.

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Dodd, CA, and BG Klein. "Pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticide exposure in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine mouse model of Parkinson’s disease: an immunohistochemical analysis of tyrosine hydroxylase and glial fibrillary acidic protein in dorsolateral striatum." Toxicology and Industrial Health 25, no. 1 (February 2009): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233709102752.

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The pyrethroid insecticide permethrin and the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos can experimentally produce Parkinson’s disease (PD)-associated changes in the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway, short of frank degeneration, although at doses considerably higher than from a likely environmental exposure. The ability of permethrin (200 mg/kg), chlorpyrifos (50 mg/kg), or combined permethrin + chlorpyrifos to facilitate nigrostriatal damage in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) (30 mg/kg) C57BL/6 mouse model of PD was investigated in three separate experiments. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunohistochemistry assessed nigrostriatal degeneration or nigrostriatal damage more subtle than frank degeneration. Four fields in the dorsolateral caudate-putamen were examined at two rostrocaudal locations. The dopaminergic neurotoxin MPTP decreased striatal TH immunopositive neuropil and increased GFAP immunopositive neuropil. Neither permethrin nor chlorpyrifos, alone or in combination, altered the effects of MPTP upon TH or GFAP immunostaining. Permethrin alone increased striatal GFAP immunopositive neuropil but not when combined with chlorpyrifos treatment. Therefore, combined administration of the two insecticides appeared to protect against an increase in a neuropathological indicator of striatal damage seen with permethrin treatment alone. Differences compared with analysis of entire striatum emphasize the value of varying the topographic focus used to assess nigrostriatal degeneration in studies of insecticides in PD.

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Liu, Nannan, Yifan Wang, Ting Li, and Xuechun Feng. "G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs): Signaling Pathways, Characterization, and Functions in Insect Physiology and Toxicology." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 10 (May 17, 2021): 5260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22105260.

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G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are known to play central roles in the physiology of many organisms. Members of this seven α-helical transmembrane protein family transduce the extracellular signals and regulate intracellular second messengers through coupling to heterotrimeric G-proteins, adenylate cyclase, cAMPs, and protein kinases. As a result of the critical function of GPCRs in cell physiology and biochemistry, they not only play important roles in cell biology and the medicines used to treat a wide range of human diseases but also in insects’ physiological functions. Recent studies have revealed the expression and function of GPCRs in insecticide resistance, improving our understanding of the molecular complexes governing the development of insecticide resistance. This article focuses on the review of G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling pathways in insect physiology, including insects’ reproduction, growth and development, stress responses, feeding, behaviors, and other physiological processes. Hormones and polypeptides that are involved in insect GPCR regulatory pathways are reviewed. The review also gives a brief introduction of GPCR pathways in organisms in general. At the end of the review, it provides the recent studies on the function of GPCRs in the development of insecticide resistance, focusing in particular on our current knowledge of the expression and function of GPCRs and their downstream regulation pathways and their roles in insecticide resistance and the regulation of resistance P450 gene expression. The latest insights into the exciting technological advances and new techniques for gene expression and functional characterization of the GPCRs in insects are provided.

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Meier, J. "Insecticide action—From molecule to organism." Toxicon 29, no. 8 (January 1991): 1047–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(91)90092-6.

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Marquis, Judith K. "Noncholinergic mechanisms of insecticide toxicity." Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 6 (January 1985): 59–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-6147(85)90024-0.

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Kalajdzic, Predrag, Stefan Oehler, Maria Markaki, and Charalambos Savakis. "Toxicology and cytogenetic analysis of a Drosophila melanogaster mutant resistant to Imidacloprid and DDT." Genetika 45, no. 3 (2013): 929–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1303929k.

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Resistance to all major insecticide classes has developed in numerous and diverse insect field populations. Imidacloprid, the worldwide most used neonicotinoid, has been extensively applied during the last decade for the control of different insect pests. Lately, cases of sporadic resistance also to neonicotinoids, including Imidacloprid, have been reported. Drosophila melanogaster is one of the most popular model organisms in biology and, although not a pest species, a promising model system for insecticide resistance research. In this study, we present a toxicological and karyotypic analysis of a Drosophila mutant (MiT[w-]3R2) resistant to Imidacloprid and cross-resistant to DDT. Karyotype analysis of polytene chromosome of MiT[w-]3R2 flies did not identify any apparent structural change of the polytene chromosome linked with the resistance phenotype.

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Karalliedde, L., N. Senanayake, and A. Ariaratnam. "Acute Organophosphorus Insecticide Poisoning During Pregnancy." Human Toxicology 7, no. 4 (July 1988): 363–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032718800700412.

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Intoxication with organophosphorus insecticides following ingestion with suicidal intent in two patients who were in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy is reported. Successful management of the cholinergic and intermediate phases of poisoning enabled each pregnancy to proceed to term and end in normal vaginal delivery of a healthy baby.

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Gupta, R. C., J. T. Goad, D. Milatovic, and W.-D. Dettbarn. "Cholinergic and noncholinergic brain biomarkers of insecticide exposure and effects." Human & Experimental Toxicology 19, no. 5 (May 2000): 297–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/096032700678815927.

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The objective of this investigation was to determine the distribution of cholinergic and noncholinergic biomarkers in discrete brain regions (cortex, stem, striatum, hippocampus, and cerebellum) of rats treated with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, controls), and insecticides such as carbofuran (CARB, 1.5 mg/kg, sc), or methyl parathion (MPTH, 5 mg/kg, ip). Both insecticides produced characteristic signs of anticholinesterase nature within 5-7 min after injection. In controls, analyses of the brain regions revealed a wide variability in the values of cholinergic (acetylcholinesterase, AChE) and noncholinergic (creatine kinase, CK; and lactic dehydrogenase, LDH, and their isoenzymes) biomarkers. The highest activities of AChE and LDH were found in the striatum (166±123 μmol/g/h and 57,720±478 IU/l, respectively) and lowest in the cerebellum (118±6 μmol/g/h) and 39,480±918 IU/l, respectively). However, the activity of CK was found highest in the cerebellum (742,560±798 IU/l) and lowest in the hippocampus (353,400±11,696 IU/l). Each brain region showed a characteristic profile of CK and LDH isoenzymes. Among the CK isoenzymes, activity of CK-BB was highest (77.5-89.3%), followed by CK-MM (6.7-15.6%), and least CK-MB (0-6.9%). The cerebellum had no CK-MB activity. In all brain regions, CK-MM isoenzyme had only the CK-MM3 subform. Among the LDH isoenzymes, activity of LDH-4 was highest in all brain regions (23-40%), except the cerebellum in which LDH-1 was highest (29%). Compared to the brain, control serum contained very little CK and LDH activity, but serum had three distinct CK and five distinct LDH iso-enzymes. Unlike brain regions, serum had three CK-MM subforms. Each insecticide induced characteristic alterations in brain biomarkers. AChE activity was maximally inactivated in cortex (90.6%) with CARB, and in cerebellum (95.3%) with MPTH. With either insecticide, the least inhibition of AChE occurred in the striatum. Unlike AChE, carboxylesterase (CarbE) did not show brain regional variability in controls, and its activity was uniformly inhibited in all brain regions by CARB and comparatively greater by MPTH. CARB- or MPTH-induced characteristic alterations in CK, LDH, and their isoenzymes in the brain, which were also reflected in serum, as a result of their leakage from the brain by increased permeability due to depletion of ATP (38-57% and 33-47%, respectively) and phosphocreatine (PCr, 23-42% and 56-65%, respectively).

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Kim, Jonggun, Yooheon Park, Kyong Sup Yoon, J. Marshall Clark, and Yeonhwa Park. "Imidacloprid, a neonicotinoid insecticide, induces insulin resistance." Journal of Toxicological Sciences 38, no. 5 (2013): 655–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2131/jts.38.655.

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Tedford, Hugo W., Brianna L. Sollod, Francesco Maggio, and Glenn F. King. "Australian funnel-web spiders: master insecticide chemists." Toxicon 43, no. 5 (April 2004): 601–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.02.010.

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B‐Bernard, Claude, and Bernard J. R. Philogène. "Insecticide synergists: Role, importance, and perspectives." Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 38, no. 2 (February 1993): 199–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15287399309531712.

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Brooks, G. T. "Insecticide metabolism and selective toxicity." Xenobiotica 16, no. 10-11 (January 1986): 989–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00498258609038978.

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He, Wenze, Lilong Pan, Wenhao Han, and Xiaowei Wang. "Isothiazolinones as Novel Candidate Insecticides for the Control of Hemipteran Insects." Antibiotics 10, no. 4 (April 14, 2021): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10040436.

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Hemipteran insects, such as whiteflies, aphids and planthoppers, resemble one of the most important pest groups threating food security. While many insecticides have been used to control these pests, many issues such as insecticide resistance have been found, highlighting the urgent need to develop novel insecticides. Here, we first observed that a commercial tetramycin solution was highly effective in killing whitefly. The major bioactive constituents were identified to be isothiazolinones, a group of biocides. We then tested the toxicity of several isothiazolinones to five hemipteran insects. The results show that Kathon, a widely used biocide against microorganisms, and its two constituents, chloromethylisothiazolinone (CMIT) and methylisothiazolinone (MIT), can cause considerable levels of mortality to whiteflies and aphids when applied at concentrations close to, or lower than, the upper limit of these chemicals permitted in cosmetic products. The results also indicate that two other isothiazolinones, benzisothiazolinone (BIT) and octylisothiazolinone (OIT) can cause considerable levels of mortality to whitefly and aphids but are less toxic than Kathon. Further, we show that Kathon marginally affects whitefly endosymbionts, suggesting its insecticidal activity is independent of its biocidal activity. These results suggest that some isothiazolinones are promising candidates for the development of a new class of insecticides for the control of hemipteran pests.

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Martins-Gomes, Carlos, Tiago E. Coutinho, Tânia L. Silva, Tatiana Andreani, and Amélia M. Silva. "Neurotoxicity Assessment of Four Different Pesticides Using In Vitro Enzymatic Inhibition Assays." Toxics 10, no. 8 (August 3, 2022): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10080448.

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Pesticides affect different organs and tissues according to their bioavailability, chemical properties and further molecular interactions. In animal models exposed to several classes of pesticides, neurotoxic effects have been described, including the reduction of acetylcholinesterase activity in tissue homogenates. However, in homogenates, the reduction in enzymatic activity may also result from lower enzymatic expression and not only from enzymatic inhibition. Thus, in this work, we aimed to investigate the neurotoxic potential of four distinct pesticides: glyphosate (herbicide), imazalil (fungicide), imidacloprid (neonicotinoid insecticide) and lambda-cyhalothrin (pyrethroid insecticide), by assessing their inhibitory effect on the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and tyrosinase, by using direct in vitro enzymatic inhibition methods. All pesticides dose-dependently inhibited AChE activity, with an inhibition of 11 ± 2% for glyphosate, 48 ± 2% for imidacloprid, 49 ± 3% for imazalil and 50 ± 3% for lambda-cyhalothrin, at 1 mM. Only imazalil inhibited BChE. Imazalil induced dose-dependent inhibition of BChE with identical pattern as that observed for AChE; however, for lower concentrations (up to 500 μM), imazalil showed higher specificity for AChE, and for higher concentrations, the same specificity was found. Imazalil, at 1 mM, inhibited the activity of BChE by 49 ± 1%. None of the pesticides, up to 1 mM, inhibited tyrosinase activity. In conclusion, the herbicide glyphosate shows specificity for AChE but low inhibitory capacity, the insecticides imidacloprid and λ-cyhalothrin present selective AChE inhibition, while the fungicide IMZ is a broad-spectrum cholinesterase inhibitor capable of inhibiting AChE and BChE in an equal manner. Among these pesticides, the insecticides and the fungicide are the ones with higher neurotoxic potential.

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Gololobova, Tatiana V., Arina I. Vinogradova, Marina V. Bidevkina, and Margarita V. Matrosenko. "Study of the effect of daily exposure to an electric insecticide vaporizer on the development of the body of white rats." Hygiene and sanitation 101, no. 3 (April 8, 2022): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2022-101-3-249-254.

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Introduction. Electric insecticide vaporizer is a heating device, powered by the mains, when turned on this, the insecticidal agent, including the active substance, evaporates into the air of the treated room. The population uses an electric insecticide vaporizer during the warm season to destroy flying blood-sucking insects, which, in addition to epidemiological danger, creates psychological discomfort at night. Highly volatile pyrethroids are used as active ingredients in insecticidal electric vaporizer agents, which have an adverse effect on the nervous system, liver and urinary system. It is also becoming urgent the problem of air pollution indoor, especially for children. Materials and methods. Toxicological methods for assessing the danger of using insecticidal agents; biochemical methods for the study of blood serum. Results. There was studied a long-term inhalation effect of an electric insecticide vaporizer based on transfluthrin on the functional state of white rats. The agent was established to have an effect on the number of eosinophils in the blood, indicating to the development of allergic responses in the body of rats; affects the function of the nervous system, which confirms the literature data; disrupts metabolic processes in the liver, manifested in a change in individual indicators (carbohydrate, protein metabolism, creatinine synthesis). Limitations. In our study, there are no data on the study of organ tissues, nor have we studied the processes of cell damage as a result of oxidative stress. Conclusion. Based on the conducted studies, physiological and biochemical biomarkers of the effect of an electric vaporizer with transfluthrin were established. Continuous long-term use of electric insecticide vaporizer can have a harmful effect on the body. The use of these products in ventilated areas according to the consumption rate is safe. To identify the toxic effect of inhalation exposure to transfluthrin, 80 outbred white rats were examined in terms of parameters characterizing the functions of the nervous, respiratory systems, liver, kidneys, and peripheral blood composition.

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Spochacz, Marta, Monika Szymczak, Szymon Chowański, Sabino Aurelio Bufo, and Zbigniew Adamski. "Solanum nigrum Fruit Extract Increases Toxicity of Fenitrothion—A Synthetic Insecticide, in the Mealworm Beetle Tenebrio molitor Larvae." Toxins 12, no. 10 (September 24, 2020): 612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12100612.

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Synthetic insecticides are widely used for crop protection both in the fields and in the food stored facilities. Due to their toxicity, and assumptions of Integrated Pest Management, we conducted two independent experiments, where we studied the influence of Solanum nigrum unripe fruit extract on the toxicity of an organophosphorus insecticide fenitrothion. In the first variant of the experiment, Tenebrio molitor larvae were fed with blended fenitrothion (LC50) and the extract in four concentrations (0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10%) in ratio 1:1 for 3 days. In the second variant, a two-day application of fenitrothion (LC40) was preceded by a one-day extract treatment. The first variant did not show any increase in lethality compared to fenitrothion; however, ultrastructure observations exhibited swollen endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes in the midgut and nuclear and cellular membranes in the fat body, after application of blended fenitrothion and extract. An increased amount of heterochromatin in the fat body was observed, too. In the second variant, pre-treatment of the extract increased the lethality of larvae, decreased the level of glycogen and lipids in the fat body and disrupted integrity of midgut cellular membranes. S. nigrum extract, applied prior to fenitrothion treatment can be a factor increasing fenitrothion toxicity in T. molitor larvae. Thus, this strategy may lead to decreased emission of synthetic insecticides to the environment.

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Senanayake, N., and PS Sanmuganathan. "Extrapyramidal manifestations complicating organophosphorus insecticide poisoning." Human & Experimental Toxicology 14, no. 7 (July 1995): 600–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719501400708.

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Six patients who developed extrapyramidal manifesta tions following poisoning with the organophosphorus (OP) insecticide fenthion are reported. The extrapyramidal fea tures, in order of frequency, were dystonia, rest tremor, cog-wheel rigidity, and choreo-athetosis. The delay in onset of these signs, following poisoning, varied from 4 to 40 days, and they disappeared spontaneously in about 1 to 4 weeks in those who survived. The human extrapyrami dal system is rich in cholinergic neurons and acetyl cholinesterase (AChE). Inhibition of AChE by fenthion, which has ready access to central neurons on account of its lipid solubility, is postulated as the mechanism under lying the extrapyramidal manifestations.

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Lo, Raymond S. K., Juliana C. N. Chan, Clive S. Cockram, and Fernand M. M. Lai. "Acute Tubular Necrosis Following Endosulphan Insecticide Poisoning." Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology 33, no. 1 (January 1995): 67–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15563659509020218.

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Garnier, Robert, and Dominique Chataigner. "Acute Tubular Necrosis Following Endosulfan Insecticide Poisoning." Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology 33, no. 4 (January 1995): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15563659509028928.

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Bouvier, G., N. Seta, A. Vigouroux-Villard, O. Blanchard, and I. Momas. "Insecticide Urinary Metabolites in Nonoccupationally Exposed Populations." Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B 8, no. 6 (November 2005): 485–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10937400591007284.

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Abai, Mohammad Reza, Hassan Vatandoost, Hossein Dorzadeh, Mansoreh Shayeghi, Ahmad Ali Hanafi-bojd, and Ahmad Raeisi. "Bioefficacy of bendiocarb WP80 in vector-borne and zoonotic diseases areas in borderline of Iran and Pakistan." Toxicology Research 10, no. 4 (July 27, 2021): 868–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxres/tfab070.

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Abstract Malaria and leishmaniasis are the public health problems in southern Iran. The main activity of vector control is indoor residual spraying using pyrethroids, using different insecticides as larviciding and impregnated bednets. The aim of study was to evaluate the biological assays of bendiocarb wettable powder (WP) at different surfaces of wall. The residual effect of bendiocarb WP80 at 400 milligram/meter square (mg/m2) was evaluated on various local surfaces of rooms such as mud and plaster as well as thatch roofs and wooden. World Health Organization standard cones using contact bioassays were carried out using laboratory reared sugar-fed, 48–72 h old females of Anopheles stephensi. Contact bioassays were carried out on sprayed surfaces for 150 days. Contact bioassay on surfaces treated with bendiocarb WP80 at different surfaces was estimated about 2 months. Fumigant tests of bendiocarb WP80 at 400 mg/m2 revealed 50–93.83% mortality with 1 month persistency. The results showed that carbamate insecticide could be used as rotation with pyrethroids for malaria vector control. Monitoring and evaluation of environmental toxicology of pesticides is important for decision making for choosing appropriate pesticides for disease vector control.

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V, Vidhya, and Radhakrishnan Nair C. "HISTOPATHOLOGICAL ALTERNATIONS INDUCED BY THE ACTION OF LAMBDA-CYHALOTHRIN IN ETROPLUS SURATENSIS (BLOCH)." Kongunadu Research Journal 2, no. 2 (December 30, 2015): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/krj312.

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The study of structural damage of organs or tissues is an integral part of pollution toxicology. The present work was conducted to study the effect of the pyrethroid insecticide, lambda-cyhalothrin on the kidney of the pearlspot “Etroplus suratensis”. The dilation of the kidney tubules, degeneration in kidney tissue, rupture in the collecting tubules and necrosis were observed in the present investigation after lambdacyhalothrin treatment

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WATANABE, MAMORU, SACHIKO TAKEBE, DONGHYUN KIM, KYOICHI KOBASHI, RYO ARAKAWA, and KIYOSHI KAMIMURA. "Pseudo-type acetylcholinesterase from insecticide-resistant Culex tritaeniorhynchus." Eisei kagaku 35, no. 6 (1989): 479–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/jhs1956.35.479.

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Susanna, Dewi, and Dian Pratiwi. "Current status of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors in the Asian countries: a systematic review." F1000Research 10 (March 10, 2021): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.46883.1.

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Background: The application of insecticides for malaria vector control has remained a global problem, due to the current trend of increased resistance against these chemicals. This study aims to determine the insecticide-resistant status in Asia and how to implement the necessary interventions. Moreover, the implications of resistance in malaria vector control in this region were studied. Methods: This systematic review was conducted using a predefined protocol based on PRISMA-retrieved articles from four science databases, namely ProQuest, Science Direct, EBSCO, and PubMed in the last ten years (2009 to 2019). The searching process utilized four main combinations of the following keywords: malaria, vector control, insecticide, and Asia. In ProQuest, malaria control, as well as an insecticide, were used as keywords. The following criteria were included in the filter, namely full text, the source of each article, scholarly journal, Asia, and publication date as in the last ten years. Results: There were 1408 articles retrieved during the initial search (ProQuest=722, Science Direct=267, EBSCO=50, PubMed=285, and Scopus=84). During the screening, 27 articles were excluded because of duplication, 1361 based on title and abstract incompatibility with the inclusion criteria, and 20 due to content differences. In the final screening process, 15 articles were chosen to be analyzed. From the 15 articles, it is known that there was dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and pyrethroids resistance in several anopheles species with a mortality rate of less than 80%. Conclusions: The report on the pyrethroid resistance was complicated, since this insecticide was considered effective in malaria vector control. Therefore, several strategies were required, including the management plans in selecting insecticides, using a rotation system during interventions in the field, regular monitoring, and integrating vector control based on physics, chemistry, and biology. All of these need to be supported by cross-sector policies and cooperation in achieving the 2030 malaria-free target.

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Dikshith, T. S. S., S. N. Kumar, R. B. Raizada, and M. K. Srivastava. "Organochlorine insecticide residues in cattle feed." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 43, no. 5 (November 1989): 691–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01701989.

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Gichere, Savinda Njeri, Kakai Shem Khakame, and Okoth Patrick. "Susceptibility Evaluation of Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) Infesting Maize in Kenya against a Range of Insecticides." Journal of Toxicology 2022 (August 8, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8007998.

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The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), is a worldwide pest of gramineous crops and a major pest of corn. Kenya has, in the recent years, reported massive outbreaks of this pest causing huge economic losses in maize fields. The indiscriminate use of insecticides has led to the evolution of insecticide resistance. This presents serious challenges to the control of pests including fall armyworm. The fall armyworm infestation has greatly threatened food security in Kenya. Consequently, this has heightened the need to evaluate the susceptibility of the fall armyworm to commonly used insecticides in Kenya. In this study, thirteen populations of the fall armyworm were sampled from thirteen counties of Kenya and determined its susceptibility to a range of insecticides using leaf-dip bioassay method. The current study illustrated the high toxicity of spinetoram, spinosad, lufenuron, and pyridaben to fall armyworm while indoxacarb, deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, imidacloprid, and abamectin exhibited relatively low toxicity to fall armyworm. Possible cross-resistance between abamectin, imidacloprid, deltamethrin, indoxacarb, spinosad, spinetoram, and lufenuron was determined through pair-wise correlational analyses. Results of this study revealed no cross-resistance between lambda-cyhalothrin with all other insecticides tested. Susceptibility monitoring of the fall armyworm can be a valuable strategy in the control of fall armyworm in the field populations. This can help inform the policy to design management strategies that promote the judicious use of these chemicals and prolong their efficacy in the management of the fall armyworm in Kenya.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Insecticide toxicology'

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