Journal articles: 'Insect reproductive behaviour'

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Blacher, Pierre, Boris Yagound, Emmanuel Lecoutey, Paul Devienne, Stéphane Chameron, and Nicolas Châline. "Drifting behaviour as an alternative reproductive strategy for social insect workers." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1771 (November 22, 2013): 20131888. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1888.

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Restricted reproduction is traditionally posited as the defining feature of eusocial insect workers. The discovery of worker reproduction in foreign colonies challenges this view and suggests that workers’ potential to pursue selfish interests may be higher than previously believed. However, whether such reproductive behaviour truly relies on a reproductive decision is still unknown. Workers’ reproductive decisions thus need to be investigated to assess the extent of workers’ reproductive options. Here, we show in the bumblebee Bombus terrestris that drifting is a distinct strategy by which fertile workers circumvent competition in their nest and reproduce in foreign colonies. By monitoring workers’ movements between colonies, we show that drifting is a remarkably dynamic behaviour, widely expressed by both fertile and infertile workers. We demonstrate that a high fertility is, however, central in determining the propensity of workers to enter foreign colonies as well as their subsequent reproduction in host colonies. Moreover, our study shows that the drifting of fertile workers reflects complex decision-making processes associated with in-nest reproductive competition. This novel finding therefore adds to our modern conception of cooperation by showing the previously overlooked importance of alternative strategies which enable workers to assert their reproductive interests.

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Sun, Qian, Jordan D. Hampton, Austin Merchant, Kenneth F. Haynes, and Xuguo Zhou. "Cooperative policing behaviour regulates reproductive division of labour in a termite." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1928 (June 10, 2020): 20200780. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.0780.

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Reproductive conflicts are common in insect societies where helping castes retain reproductive potential. One of the mechanisms regulating these conflicts is policing, a coercive behaviour that reduces direct reproduction by other individuals. In eusocial Hymenoptera (ants, bees and wasps), workers or the queen act aggressively towards fertile workers, or destroy their eggs. In many termite species (order Blattodea), upon the death of the primary queen and king, workers and nymphs can differentiate into neotenic reproductives and inherit the breeding position. During this process, competition among neotenics is inevitable, but how this conflict is resolved remains unclear. Here, we report a policing behaviour that regulates reproductive division of labour in the eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes . Our results demonstrate that the policing behaviour is a cooperative effort performed sequentially by successful neotenics and workers. A neotenic reproductive initiates the attack of the fellow neotenic by biting and displays alarm behaviour. Workers are then recruited to cannibalize the injured neotenic. Furthermore, the initiation of policing is age-dependent, with older reproductives attacking younger ones, thereby inheriting the reproductive position. This study provides empirical evidence of policing behaviour in termites, which represents a convergent trait shared between eusocial Hymenoptera and Blattodea.

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Arya, Homica, Regan Toltesi, Michelle Eng, Divita Garg, Thomas J. S. Merritt, and Subhash Rajpurohit. "No water, no mating: Connecting dots from behaviour to pathways." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 10, 2021): e0252920. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252920.

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Insects hold considerable ecological and agricultural importance making it vital to understand the factors impacting their reproductive output. Environmental stressors are examples of such factors which have a substantial and significant influence on insect reproductive fitness. Insects are also ectothermic and small in size which makes them even more susceptible to environmental stresses. The present study assesses the consequence of desiccation on the mating latency and copulations duration in tropical Drosophila melanogaster. We tested flies for these reproductive behavioral parameters at varying body water levels and with whole metabolome analysis in order to gain a further understanding of the physiological response to desiccation. Our results showed that the duration of desiccation is positively correlated with mating latency and mating failure, while having no influence on the copulation duration. The metabolomic analysis revealed three biological pathways highly affected by desiccation: starch and sucrose metabolism, galactose metabolism, and phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis. These results are consistent with carbohydrate metabolism providing an energy source in desiccated flies and also suggests that the phenylalanine biosynthesis pathway plays a role in the reproductive fitness of the flies. Desiccation is a common issue with smaller insects, like Drosophila and other tropical insects, and our findings indicate that this lack of ambient water can immediately and drastically affect the insect reproductive behaviour, which becomes more crucial because of unpredictable and dynamic weather conditions.

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Amarasinghe, Harindra E., Crisenthiya I. Clayton, and Eamonn B. Mallon. "Methylation and worker reproduction in the bumble-bee ( Bombus terrestris )." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1780 (April 7, 2014): 20132502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2502.

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Insects are at the dawn of an epigenetics era. Numerous social insect species have been found to possess a functioning methylation system, previously not thought to exist in insects. Methylation, an epigenetic tag, may be vital for the sociality and division of labour for which social insects are renowned. In the bumble-bee Bombus terrestris , we found methylation differences between the genomes of queenless reproductive workers and queenless non-reproductive workers. In a follow up experiment, queenless workers whose genomes had experimentally altered methylation were more aggressive and more likely to develop ovaries compared with control queenless workers. This shows methylation is important in this highly plastic reproductive division of labour. Methylation is an epigenetic tag for genomic imprinting (GI). It is intriguing that the main theory to explain the evolution of GI predicts that GI should be important in this worker reproduction behaviour.

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Pamminger, Tobias, David Treanor, and William O. H. Hughes. "Pleiotropic effects of juvenile hormone in ant queens and the escape from the reproduction–immunocompetence trade-off." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1822 (January 13, 2016): 20152409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.2409.

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The ubiquitous trade-off between survival and costly reproduction is one of the most fundamental constraints governing life-history evolution. In numerous animals, gonadotropic hormones antagonistically suppressing immunocompetence cause this trade-off. The queens of many social insects defy the reproduction–survival trade-off, achieving both an extraordinarily long life and high reproductive output, but how they achieve this is unknown. Here we show experimentally, by integrating quantification of gene expression, physiology and behaviour, that the long-lived queens of the ant Lasius niger have escaped the reproduction–immunocompetence trade-off by decoupling the effects of a key endocrine regulator of fertility and immunocompetence in solitary insects, juvenile hormone (JH). This modification of the regulatory architecture enables queens to sustain a high reproductive output without elevated JH titres and suppressed immunocompetence, providing an escape from the reproduction–immunocompetence trade-off that may contribute to the extraordinary lifespan of many social insect queens.

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Kight, S. L., G. L. Coffey, A. W. Tanner, M. P. Dmytriw, S. L. Tedesco, J. Hoang, and A. K. Aboagye. "Recent changes in reproductive phenology of a K-selected aquatic insect predator, Belostoma flumineum Say (Heteroptera, Belostomatidae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 109, no. 1 (April 18, 2018): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485318000202.

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AbstractThe timing of critical events like mating, migration, and development has noticeably and recently shifted in many populations of diverse organisms. Here, we report a change in the breeding phenology of giant waterbugs, Belostoma flumineum Say (Heteroptera, Belostomatidae), in the northeastern United States. Waterbugs collected in 2005 and 2006 exhibited previously typical patterns of mating and reproduction: two annual reproductive peaks in which overwintered adults mated in the spring and young adults from a new generation mated in the fall. In 2012 and 2015, despite similar sampling effort, we detected no fall breeding activity in the study area. Reproductive behaviour under controlled laboratory conditions was also different between the earlier (2005 and 2006) and recent (2012 and 2015) years: waterbugs collected in recent years exhibited significant delays in reproduction (>30 days) under similar photoperiod and thermal conditions. We discuss potential causes of this dramatic change in reproductive behaviour, such as climate change, as well as possible negative impacts of the absence of fall reproduction on populations of B. flumineum in the study region.

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Chakraborty, Pushan, Poulami Adhikary Mukherjee, Supratim Laha, and Salil Kumar Gupta. "The influence of floral traits on insect foraging behaviour on medicinal plants in an urban garden of eastern India." Journal of Tropical Ecology 37, no. 4 (July 2021): 200–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467421000341.

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Abstract Understanding the pollination biology of medicinal plants and their important insect pollinators is necessary for their conservation. The present study explored the complex interactions between pollinator visitation and effect of floral traits on pollinator behaviour on seven medicinal plant species grown in an urban garden in West Bengal, an eastern Indian state. The observations revealed 30 morphospecies of insect flower visitors (Diptera, Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera) that touched floral reproductive parts on the selected plants during visitation. Additionally, it was observed that floral traits (e.g., corolla length and corolla opening diameter) were important predictors of the behaviour of insects when visiting the flowers. Plant–pollinator interactions were analysed using a bipartite network approach which explored the important links between insect and plants in the network revealing the key interactions, and species which are crucial to system maintenance. This piece of work contributes to our ability to understand and maintain a stable medicinal plant–pollinator network which will support efforts to conserve native flora and insects.

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Wirmer, Andrea, Melanie Faustmann, and Ralf Heinrich. "Reproductive behaviour of female Chorthippus biguttulus grasshoppers." Journal of Insect Physiology 56, no. 7 (July 2010): 745–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2010.01.006.

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Roy-Zokan, Eileen M., Christopher B. Cunningham, Lauren E. Hebb, Elizabeth C. McKinney, and Allen J. Moore. "Vitellogenin and vitellogenin receptor gene expression is associated with male and female parenting in a subsocial insect." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1809 (June 22, 2015): 20150787. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0787.

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Complex social behaviour in Hymenoptera has been hypothesized to evolve by co-opting reproductive pathways (the ovarian ground plan hypothesis, OGPH) and gene networks (the reproductive ground plan hypothesis, RGPH). In support of these hypotheses, in eusocial Hymenoptera where there is reproductive division of labour, the yolk precursor protein vitellogenin (Vg) influences the expression of worker social behaviour. We suggest that co-opting genes involved in reproduction may occur more generally than just in the evolution of eusociality; i.e. underlie earlier stages of social evolution such as the evolution of parental care, given that reproduction and parental care rarely overlap. We therefore examined vitellogenin ( vg ) gene expression associated with parental care in the subsocial beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides . We found a significant reduction in the expression of vg and its receptor, vgr , in head tissue during active parental care, and confirmed that the receptor is expressed in the brains of both sexes. Ours is the first study to show that vgr is expressed in the brain of a non-eusocial insect. Given the association between behaviour and gene expression in both sexes, and the presence of vitellogenin receptors in the brain, we suggest that Vg was co-opted early in the evolution of sociality to have a regulatory function. This extends the association of Vg in parenting to subsocial species and outside of the Hymenoptera, and supports the hypothesis that the OGPH is general and that heterochrony in gene expression is important in the evolution of social behaviour and precedes subsequent evolutionary specialization of social roles.

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Ayre, Bronwyn M., David G. Roberts, Ryan D. Phillips, Stephen D. Hopper, and Siegfried L. Krauss. "Effectiveness of native nectar-feeding birds and the introduced Apis mellifera as pollinators of the kangaroo paw, Anigozanthos manglesii (Haemodoraceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 68, no. 1 (2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt19097.

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Plants pollinated by vertebrates are often visited by native and exotic insects foraging for pollen and nectar. We compared flower visitation rates, foraging behaviour, and the contribution to reproduction of nectar-feeding birds and the introduced honeybee Apis mellifera in four populations of the bird-pollinated Anigozanthos manglesii (Haemodoraceae). The behaviour of floral visitors was quantified with direct observations and motion-triggered and hand-held cameras. Pollinator access to flowers was manipulated by enclosure in netting to either exclude all visitors or to exclude vertebrate visitors only. Apis mellifera was the only insect observed visiting flowers, and the most frequent flower visitor, but primarily acted as a pollen thief. Although birds visited A. manglesii plants only once per week on average, they were 3.5 times more likely to contact the anther or stigma as foraging honeybees. Exclusion of birds resulted in 67% fewer fruits and 81% fewer seeds than flowers left open and unmanipulated. Unnetted flowers that were open to bird and insect pollinators showed pollen-limitation and a large variation in reproductive output within and between sites. Although honeybees have been shown to pollinate other Australian plants, compared to birds, they are highly inefficient pollinators of A. manglesii.

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Kuszewska, Karolina, and Wiktoria Rojek. "Honeybee workers with higher reproductive potential have a greater learning ability." Apidologie 52, no. 3 (March 15, 2021): 608–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13592-021-00847-9.

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AbstractLearning ability, which allows individuals to adjust their behaviour to changing environmental conditions, has a considerable positive impact on individual fitness. However, in addition to benefits, learning also incurs a cost, which means that investment in learning and maintaining learned skills can lead to trade-offs impacting other biological functions. Here, we tested whether a trade-off exists between learning skills and reproductive potential in honeybee workers. For this purpose, we compared learning ability between two groups of workers that differed in reproductive potential—normal and rebel workers. The results showed that workers with high reproductive potential (rebels), measured according to the number of ovarioles in the ovary, learned faster than normal workers with low reproductive potential. Moreover, by performing separate regression analyses within the rebel and non-rebel worker groups, we found that the reproductive potential of workers was positively correlated with their learning ability. The results show that in honeybees, there is no trade-off in resource allocation between two costly biological functions, learning and reproduction.

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Mala, M., M. Imam, and K. Hassan. "Interaction between parasite and vector for Malaria disease transmission-a review on Malaria." Progressive Agriculture 27, no. 2 (August 17, 2016): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v27i2.29327.

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The parasite, Plasmodium needs an insect vector (mosquito) and a vertebrate host (human) to successful malaria transmission. The parasite use the vertebrate hosts for their asexual reproduction and insect host for sexual multiplication. In order to know the mechanism of disease transmission, knowledge about the possible interactions causes by the three components, vector, parasite and host is important. The mosquito feeding behaviour greatly contributes in the rate of malaria transmission. To assist the rate of transmission of malaria, the parasite, Plasmodium completes a complex developmental stage in the mosquito. In the mosquito the parasite, passes complex developmental stages and ensuing changes into three important forms of their life cycle: ookinete, oocyst and sporozoites. This review study concludes that, the interactions among vector, parasite and host in terms of reproductive behaviour and blood-feeding behaviour helps in transmitting malaria to the vertebrate hosts mainly, human being.Progressive Agriculture 27 (2): 168-174, 2016

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Ruel, Camille, Xim Cerdá, and Raphaël Boulay. "Behaviour-mediated group size effect constrains reproductive decisions in a social insect." Animal Behaviour 84, no. 4 (October 2012): 853–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.07.006.

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Günther, André. "Reproductive behaviour of Neurobasis kaupi (Odonata: Calopterygidae)." International Journal of Odonatology 9, no. 2 (October 2006): 151–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13887890.2006.9748274.

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OMKAR, OMKAR, and Shefali SRIVASTAVA. "The reproductive behaviour of an aphidophagous ladybeetle, Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)." European Journal of Entomology 99, no. 4 (December 10, 2002): 465–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/eje.2002.060.

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Hurd, H. "Parasite manipulation of insect reproduction: who benefits ?" Parasitology 116, S1 (1998): S13—S21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000084900.

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SummaryHost fertility is often curtailed as a result of parasitic infection. The hypothesis that this may confer an adaptive advantage upon the symbionts if nutrients are directed from reproduction and made available for host/parasite maintenance is explored. The suggestion is made that an understanding of the mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of fecundity reduction may shed light upon the evolutionary implications of this strategy for both parasite and host. To illustrate this the down-regulation of egg production is explored with reference to a particular model system, the association between metacestodes of the rat tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta and the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor. Several aspects of host reproductive behaviour and physiology are affected by infection in this association, including vitellogenesis. Metacestodes directly inhibit the fat body synthesis of vitellogenin in a stage-specific, density-dependent manner. This inhibition is likely to be orchestrated by a modulator molecule, produced by the parasite. In the ovarian follicles, juvenile hormone III binding to a specific follicular membrane-binding protein is inhibited in infected beetles, resulting in the down-regulation of a cascade of events which enables vitellogenin to pass into the developing oocyte. Data to support the proposed existence of a parasite-induced antigonadotrophin, of host origin, are discussed. Evidence that similar mechanisms operate in Plasmodium-iniected anopheline mosquitoes and Onchocerca-infected blackflies is presented in support of the possibility that a parasite-induced reduction in host reproductive fitness is an adaptive strategy and an assessment of who is manipulating whom is made.

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Kapheim, Karen M., and Makenna M. Johnson. "Support for the reproductive ground plan hypothesis in a solitary bee: links between sucrose response and reproductive status." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1847 (January 25, 2017): 20162406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.2406.

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In social bees, foraging behaviour is correlated with reproductive status and sucrose sensitivity via endocrine pathways. This association led to the hypothesis that division of labour in social insect societies is derived from an ancestral ground plan that functions to synchronize dietary preferences with reproductive needs in solitary insects. However, the relationship between these traits is unknown for solitary bees, which represent the ancestral state of social bees. We used the proboscis extension response assay to measure sucrose response among reproductive females of the solitary alkali bee ( Nomia melanderi ) as a function of acute juvenile hormone (JH) treatments and reproductive physiology. We also tested long-term effects of JH on reproductive development in newly emerged females. JH did not have short-term effects on reproductive physiology or sucrose response, but did have significant long-term effects on ovary and Dufour's gland development. Dufour's gland size, not ovary development, was a significant predictor of sucrose response. This provides support for the reproductive ground plan hypothesis, because the Dufour's gland has conserved reproductive functions in bees. Differing results from this study and honeybees suggest independent origins of division of labour may have evolved via co-option of different components of a conserved ground plan.

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Silsby, Jill. "TETRATHEMIS POLLENI, ITS REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOUR AND PREFERRED HABITAT." International Journal of Odonatology 1, no. 1 (October 1998): 96–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13887890.1998.9748096.

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EVANS, Edward W. "Searching and reproductive behaviour of female aphidophagous ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): a review." European Journal of Entomology 100, no. 1 (March 20, 2003): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/eje.2003.001.

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EGGLETON, PAUL. "Male reproductive behaviour of the parasitoid wasp Lytarmes maculipennis (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)." Ecological Entomology 15, no. 3 (August 1990): 357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1990.tb00817.x.

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Menchetti, Mattia, Maya Guéguen, and Gerard Talavera. "Spatio-temporal ecological niche modelling of multigenerational insect migrations." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1910 (September 4, 2019): 20191583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1583.

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Modelling ecological niches of migratory animals requires incorporating a temporal dimension, in addition to space. Here, we introduce an approach to model multigenerational migratory insects using time-partitioned environmental variables (by months and years) and time- and behaviour-partitioned records (breeding records to model reproductive habitat). We apply this methodology to modelling the Palearctic-African migratory cycle of the Painted Lady butterfly ( Vanessa cardui ), based on data encompassing 36 years (646 breeding sites from 30 countries). Each breeding record is linked to a particular time (month and year), and the associated values of the bioclimatic variables are used for an ensemble modelling strategy, to finally obtain monthly projections. The results show obligated movements, mostly latitudinal, for the species' successive generations across the overall range, and only scattered locations show high probabilities of reproduction year-round. The southernmost reproductive areas estimated for the Palearctic-African migratory pool reach equatorial latitudes from December to February. We thus propose a potential distribution for the winter ‘missing generations' that would expand the V. cardui migration cycle to encompass about 15 000 km in latitude, from northernmost Europe to equatorial Africa. In summer, Europe represents the major temporary resource for V. cardui , while January and February show the lowest overall suitability values, and they are potentially the most vulnerable period for the species to suffer yearly bottlenecks. In summary, we demonstrate the potential of the proposed niche modelling strategy to investigate migratory movements of insects.

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Rix, R. R., and G. C. Cutler. "Neonicotinoid Exposures that Stimulate Predatory Stink Bug, Podisus maculiventris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), Reproduction Do Not Inhibit Its Behavior." Journal of Economic Entomology 114, no. 4 (May 11, 2021): 1575–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toab085.

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Abstract Exposure to sublethal amounts of pesticide can compromise life-history traits and behavior of natural enemies thereby reducing their effectiveness as predators. However, sublethal exposures to pesticides and other stressors may also stimulate insects, a dose–response phenomenon known as hormesis. We previously reported stimulatory effects on reproduction in the beneficial insect predator Podisus maculiventris (Say) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) following exposure to sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid. Here we examined whether these same treatments stimulated behavior and/or predation of P. maculiventris. Stimulation of some behaviors occurred at a reproductively hormetic concentration and two additional sublethal concentrations, depending upon bioassay design and sex. We observed no substantial inhibition of behavior or predation at a reproductively hormetic concentration, demonstrating that reproductive fitness in P. maculiventris may be stimulated without compromising behaviors important in its effectiveness as a natural enemy.

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Krüger, Alexandra P., Daniele C. H. Schlesener, Liliane N. Martins, Jutiane Wollmann, Maríndia Deprá, and Flávio R. M. Garcia. "Radiation effects on Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) reproductive behaviour." Journal of Applied Entomology 143, no. 1-2 (August 26, 2018): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jen.12563.

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Kron, Paul, Steven C. Stewart, and Allison Back. "Self-compatibility, autonomous self-pollination, and insect-mediated pollination in the clonal species Iris versicolor." Canadian Journal of Botany 71, no. 11 (November 1, 1993): 1503–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b93-182.

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In clonal species, sexual and asexual systems interact to create a hierarchy of reproduction. For example, self-pollination can occur within pollination units, flowers, ramets, or clones. We investigated the reproductive biology of a natural population of Iris versicolor using pollination manipulations and observations of pollinator behaviour. We found that (i) individuals were completely self-compatible, (ii) selfing rates were close to 100%, (iii) autonomous self-pollination can occur through stigma–anther contact or wind action, (iv) most seed and fruit set can be accounted for by insect pollination, and (v) facilitated self-pollination likely occurs because pollinators frequently visit more than one pollination unit within a flower. Our observations showed that flowers pass through three stages: (i) a male stage (in which pollen is freely available, but stigmas are inaccessible, preventing autogamy); (ii) a female stage (in which stigma flaps have reflexed and are receptive, but pollinators may have already removed most pollen grains, structuring opportunities for geitonogamy); and (iii) a strongly autogamous stage (in which stigma flaps have curled back to contact anthers, leading to delayed autonomous self-pollination). This hierarchy of relatedness among mates determines the genetic consequences of vegetative and sexual reproduction in clonal plants and influences their evolution. Key words: Iris, self-incompatibility, reproductive biology, clonal, pollination.

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McKee, Fraser R., Dezene P. W. Huber, B. Staffan Lindgren, Robert S. Hodgkinson, and Brian H. Aukema. "Effect of natal and colonised host species on female host acceptance and male joining behaviour of the mountain pine beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) using pine and spruce." Canadian Entomologist 147, no. 1 (April 30, 2014): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2014.22.

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AbstractThe mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), outbreak in British Columbia and Alberta, Canada, currently extends over 18.3 million ha of pine forest. The principal host of the insect is lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta var. latifolia Englemann (Pineaceae) although it is a generalist herbivore on pines. Mountain pine beetles do not typically colonise spruce. However, during the current outbreak, several instances of mountain pine beetle attack on interior hybrid spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss×Picea engelmannii Parry ex. Engelmann (Pinaceae) have been noted in areas where severe lodgepole pine mortality has occurred. Occasionally, beetle reproduction within spruce has been successful. Reproductive behaviours of mountain pine beetles reared from pine and spruce, such as female host acceptance and male joining behaviour, were studied on bolts of pine and spruce in laboratory bioassays. Females more readily accepted spruce host material relative to pine. Females that developed in spruce had higher rates of host acceptance of both pine and spruce host material than females that had developed in pine. We interpret these latter results with caution, however, as inference is partially restricted by sourcing viable insects from one spruce in this study. Implications of these findings to the concepts of host adaptation and population dynamics of this eruptive herbivore are discussed.

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Corbet, Philip S. "Reproductive behaviour of Odonata: the history of a mystery." International Journal of Odonatology 6, no. 2 (January 2003): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13887890.2003.9748386.

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Keller, Laurent. "Adaptation and the genetics of social behaviour." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1533 (November 12, 2009): 3209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0108.

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In recent years much progress has been made towards understanding the selective forces involved in the evolution of social behaviour including conflicts over reproduction among group members. Here, I argue that an important additional step necessary for advancing our understanding of the resolution of potential conflicts within insect societies is to consider the genetics of the behaviours involved. First, I discuss how epigenetic modifications of behaviour may affect conflict resolution within groups. Second, I review known natural polymorphisms of social organization to demonstrate that a lack of consideration of the genetic mechanisms involved may lead to erroneous explanations of the adaptive significance of behaviour. Third, I suggest that, on the basis of recent genetic studies of sexual conflict in Drosophila , it is necessary to reconsider the possibility of within-group manipulation by means of chemical substances (i.e. pheromones). Fourth, I address the issue of direct versus indirect genetic effects, which is of particular importance for the study of behaviour in social groups. Fifth, I discuss the issue of how a genetic influence on dominance hierarchies and reproductive division of labour can have secondary effects, for example in the evolution of promiscuity. Finally, because the same sets of genes (e.g. those implicated in chemical signalling and the responses that are triggered) may be used even in species as divergent as ants, cooperative breeding birds and primates, an integration of genetic mechanisms into the field of social evolution may also provide unifying ideas.

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Denlinger, David L., Daniel A. Hahn, Christine Merlin, Christina M. Holzapfel, and William E. Bradshaw. "Keeping time without a spine: what can the insect clock teach us about seasonal adaptation?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1734 (October 9, 2017): 20160257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0257.

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Seasonal change in daylength (photoperiod) is widely used by insects to regulate temporal patterns of development and behaviour, including the timing of diapause (dormancy) and migration. Flexibility of the photoperiodic response is critical for rapid shifts to new hosts, survival in the face of global climate change and to reproductive isolation. At the same time, the daily circadian clock is also essential for development, diapause and multiple behaviours, including correct flight orientation during long-distance migration. Although studied for decades, how these two critical biological timing mechanisms are integrated is poorly understood, in part because the core circadian clock genes are all transcription factors or regulators that are able to exert multiple effects throughout the genome. In this chapter, we discuss clocks in the wild from the perspective of diverse insect groups across eco-geographic contexts from the Antarctic to the tropical regions of Earth. Application of the expanding tool box of molecular techniques will lead us to distinguish universal from unique mechanisms underlying the evolution of circadian and photoperiodic timing, and their interaction across taxonomic and ecological contexts represented by insects. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Wild clocks: integrating chronobiology and ecology to understand timekeeping in free-living animals’.

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Rajak, Jitendra. "Qualitative detection of different enzymes from the gut and salivary glands of Nezara viridula Linn. using the chemical inference." Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science 5, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 530–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26832/24566632.2020.0504015.

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Globally the crop insect pests damage the 30% of agriculture production due to insect spoil, and the situation is very awful in particularly developing countries such as India. There are large number of insect pest families are well known which induce the critical destroy to agriculture crops. Crop insect pest’s harm is one of the significant features that ruin the agriculture crop productivity, although the large-scale utilization of chemical pesticides. The successfulness of the pesticides depends upon the interaction of chemicals with the physiology of the insect of the pests. In India, the Nezara viridula Linn, is one of the critical insects because of its destructive feeding on major crop which is the utmost source of economic deprivation in agriculture. The enzymes present in the gut and salivary glands of the N. Viridula play key role in the feeding behaviour. Presently very little is investigated about the gut and salivary glands of the N. Viridula at minute level. We first time investigated the different enzymes existing in the gut and salivary gland using the chemical inference. This research work is carried out to analysis the enzymes for digestive and feeding behaviour of N. Viridula which will assist the biologists to manage the challenges are created by their resistance to the traditional chemical insecticides used for prevention of N. Viridula (a type of southern green stink bug) inhabitants and high reproductive amplitude. The extensive statistics of invertase enzymes, maltase, alpha galactosidase, amylase, esterase, proteinase and polypeptidase enzymes for the N. Viridula in salivary glands and gut inspired by this research imparts supplementary resource for further understanding of the biology of this Pentatomidae (Heteroptera) species.

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Oriani, Aline, Paulo T. Sano, and Vera L. Scatena. "Pollination biology of Syngonanthus elegans (Eriocaulaceae - Poales)." Australian Journal of Botany 57, no. 2 (2009): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt08119.

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Studies on the pollination biology of Eriocaulaceae are scarce although particularly interesting because of its inclusion in the Poales, a predominantly wind-pollinated order. The pollination biology of Syngonanthus elegans (Bong.) Ruhland was studied during two annual flowering periods to test the hypothesis that insect pollination was its primary pollination system. A field study was carried out, including observations of the morphology and biology of the flowers, insect visits and pollinator behaviour. We also evaluated seed set, seed germination and seedling development for different pollination modes. Although seeds were produced by self-pollination, pollination by small insects contributed most effectively to the reproductive success of S. elegans, resulting in the greatest seed set, with the highest germination percentage and optimum seedling vigour. The floral resources used by flower visitors were pollen and nectar that was produced by staminate and pistillate flowers. Self-pollination played a minor role and its consequence was inbreeding depression.

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Saleh, Nicholas W., and Santiago R. Ramírez. "Sociality emerges from solitary behaviours and reproductive plasticity in the orchid bee Euglossa dilemma." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1906 (July 10, 2019): 20190588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0588.

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The evolution of eusociality and sterile worker castes represents a major transition in the history of life. Despite this, little is known about the mechanisms involved in the initial transition from solitary to social behaviour. It has been hypothesized that plasticity from ancestral solitary life cycles was coopted to create queen and worker castes in insect societies. Here, we tested this hypothesis by examining gene expression involved in the transition from solitary to social behaviour in the orchid bee Euglossa dilemma . To this end, we conducted observations that allowed us to classify bees into four distinct categories of solitary and social behaviour. Then, by sequencing brain and ovary transcriptomes from these behavioural phases, we identified gene expression changes overlapping with socially associated genes across multiple eusocial lineages. We find that genes involved in solitary E. dilemma ovarian plasticity overlap extensively with genes showing differential expression between fertile and sterile workers—or between queens and workers in other eusocial bees. We also find evidence that sociality in E. dilemma reflects gene expression patterns involved in solitary foraging and non-foraging nest care behaviours. Our results provide strong support for the hypothesis that eusociality emerges from plasticity found across solitary life cycles.

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KUDO, SHIN-ICHI, EIJI ISHIBASHI, and SHUN'ICHI MAKINO. "Reproductive and subsocial behaviour in the ovoviviparous leaf beetle Gonioctena sibirica (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)." Ecological Entomology 20, no. 4 (November 1995): 367–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1995.tb00469.x.

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Clausnitzer, Viola. "Reproductive behaviour and ecology of the dendrolimneticHadrothemis scabrifrons(Odonata: Libellulidae)." International Journal of Odonatology 5, no. 1 (April 2002): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13887890.2002.9748174.

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Orr, Albert G. "Reproductive behaviour ofLibellago semiopacaon a Bornean rainforest stream (Odonata: Chlorocyphidae)." International Journal of Odonatology 12, no. 2 (October 2009): 157–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13887890.2009.9748337.

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Imperatriz-Fonseca, V. L., C. Cruz-Landim, and R. L. M. Silva de Moraes. "Dwarf gynes in Nannotrigona testaceicornis (Apidae, Meliponinae, Trigonini). Behaviour, exocrine gland morphology and reproductive status." Apidologie 28, no. 3-4 (1997): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/apido:19970302.

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SU, WANG, J. P. MICHAUD, ZHANG RUNZHI, ZHANG FAN, and LIU SHUANG. "Seasonal cycles of assortative mating and reproductive behaviour in polymorphic populations ofHarmonia axyridisin China." Ecological Entomology 34, no. 4 (August 2009): 483–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.2008.01075.x.

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Eady, Paul E., and Denise V. Brown. "Male–female interactions drive the (un)repeatability of copula duration in an insect." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 2 (February 2017): 160962. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160962.

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Across the animal kingdom the duration of copulation varies enormously from a few seconds to several days. Functional explanations for this variation are largely embedded within sperm competition theory in which males modulate the duration of copula in order to optimize their fitness. However, copulation is the union of two protagonists which are likely to have separate and often conflicting reproductive interests, yet few experimental designs specifically assess the effect of male–female interactions on the duration of copulation. This can result in inexact assertions over which sex controls copulatory behaviour. Here we analyse the repeatability of copulatory behaviour in the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus to determine which sex exerts primary influence over copulation duration. In C. maculatus , copulation follows two distinct phases: an initial quiescent phase followed by a period of vigorous female kicking behaviour that culminates in the termination of copulation. When males or females copulated with several novel mates, copulatory behaviour was not significantly repeatable. By contrast, when males or females mated repeatedly with the same mate, copula duration was repeatable. These data suggest copulatory behaviour in C. maculatus to be largely the product of male–female interactions rather than the consistent, sex-specific modulation of copula duration of one protagonist in response to the phenotypic variation presented by the other protagonist.

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Mazzoni, Valerio, Andrea Lucchi, Andrej Čokl, Janez Prešern, and Meta Virant-Doberlet. "Disruption of the reproductive behaviour ofScaphoideus titanusby playback of vibrational signals." Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 133, no. 2 (September 25, 2009): 174–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.2009.00911.x.

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D�ssmann, O., C. Peeters, and B. H�lldobler. "Morphology and reproductive behaviour of intercastes in the ponerine antPachycondyla obscuricornis." Insectes Sociaux 43, no. 4 (December 1996): 421–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01258414.

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Rose, Uwe, Michael Ferber, and Reinhold Hustert. "Maturation of muscle properties and its hormonal control in an adult insect." Journal of Experimental Biology 204, no. 20 (October 15, 2001): 3531–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.204.20.3531.

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SUMMARY The oviposition of female locusts requires longitudinal muscles to tolerate remarkable lengthening. Whether this ability together with concomitant properties develops during maturation or is present throughout life was investigated. The properties of the locust abdominal muscles involved in oviposition behaviour were investigated with respect to their maturation, segment- and gender-specificity and regulation by juvenile hormone (JH). Muscles from the sixth abdominal segment (an oviposition segment) of mature females (>18 days old) were able to tolerate large extensions (>8 mm). At this length, muscles were still able to generate considerable neurally evoked twitch tension. In contrast, muscle fibres from females less than 5 days old did not tolerate extension of more than 4 mm. At this length, tension generation was negligible. The maximum tension generated at different stimulus frequencies was significantly higher in muscles of females more than 18 days old than in females less than 5 days old. Furthermore, the cross-sectional area of muscle fibres increased significantly during reproductive development. Current-clamp recordings from denervated muscle fibres of females more than 18 days old revealed their ability to generate overshooting action potentials. The potentials were tetrodotoxin (TTX)-insensitive (0.5 μmol l–1 TTX), but were blocked by Cd2+ (50 μmol l–1) or nifedipine (50 μmol l–1), which suggests the involvement of L-type Ca2+ channels. Action potentials recorded from females less than 5 days old differed considerably in amplitude and shape from those recorded from females more than 18 days old, suggesting their maturation during the first 2 weeks of adult life. Inactivation of the corpora allata (CA) by precocene inhibited the maturation of these muscle properties, whereas injection of JH into precocene-treated females reversed this effect. Homologous muscles from the third abdominal segment (a non-oviposition segment, M169) and muscles from males (M214) revealed no comparable changes, although some minor changes occurred during reproductive development. The results suggest a gender- and segment-specific maturation of muscle properties that is related to reproductive behaviour and controlled by JH.

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Sahota, T. S., I. Leal, E. White, J. F. Manville, A. Ibaraki, and J. Hollmann. "ACETONE AFFECTS FLIGHT BEHAVIOUR AND EXPRESSION OF THE VITELLOGENIN GENE OF PISSODES STROBI." Canadian Entomologist 130, no. 3 (June 1998): 383–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent130383-3.

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During their reproductive period, white pine weevils, Pissodes strobi Peck., remain on susceptible Sitka spruce trees, Picea sitchensis (Bong) Carr., that are suitable for their reproduction and progeny development. Weevils depart from resistant Sitka spruce trees, where weevil reproduction is inhibited or blocked by resistance (Sahota et al. 1994). This resistance appears to work by interfering with the juvenile hormone (JH) system of the weevil (Sahota et al. 1994; Leal et al. 1997). In our experiments to investigate whether or not interference with JH could also account for the weevils' domicile at susceptible trees and their departure from resistant trees (see Sahota et al. 1994), we routinely treat weevils with hormones and study their flight behaviour in the laboratory and field.

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Gloag, Ros, and Madeleine Beekman. "The brood parasite's guide to inclusive fitness theory." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1769 (February 11, 2019): 20180198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0198.

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Hamilton's theory of inclusive fitness provides a framework for understanding the evolution of social behaviour between kin, including parental and alloparental care. Brood parasitism is a reproductive tactic in which parasites exploit the care of other individuals of the same species (conspecific parasitism) or different species (interspecific parasitism) to rear their brood. Here, drawing from examples in birds and social insects, we identify two insights into brood parasitism that stem from inclusive fitness theory. First, the kin structure within nests, or between neighbouring nests, can create a niche space favouring the evolution of conspecific parasitism. For example, low average relatedness within social insect nests can increase selection for reproductive cheats. Likewise, high average relatedness between adjacent nests of some birds can increase a female's tolerance of parasitism by her neighbour. Second, intrabrood conflict will be high in parasitized broods, from the perspective of both parasite and host young, relative to unparasitized broods. We also discuss offspring recognition by hosts as an example of discrimination in a kin-selected social behaviour. We conclude that the inclusive fitness framework is instructive for understanding aspects of brood parasite and host evolution. In turn, brood parasites present some unique opportunities to test the predictions of inclusive fitness theory.This article is part of the theme issue ‘The coevolutionary biology of brood parasitism: from mechanism to pattern’.

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Palestrini, Barbero, and Roggero. "Male Horn Lack of Allometry May be Tied to Food Relocation Behaviour in Lifting Dung Beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Eucraniini)." Insects 10, no. 10 (October 18, 2019): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10100359.

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The small dung beetle tribe Eucraniini includes extremely specialized species that have been defined as “lifters” according to their food relocation behaviour. They are characterized by the presence of well-developed expansions on the head and pronotum, which can be included in the large and varied group of horns, whose presence is usually related to complex reproductive tactics. In this study, two closely related species, Anomiopsoides cavifrons and A. heteroclyta, were examined employing traditional and geometric morphometrics to test whether the Eucraniini has polymorphic males that might exhibit different reproductive tactics, as in the sister tribe Phanaeini, for which a male trimorphism was demonstrated. If also present in Eucraniini polyphenism could be considered a plesiomorphy common to the two clades. The inter- and intraspecific shape variation and object symmetry of the head and the scaling relationships between body size and traits were evaluated. Marked interspecific and small intraspecific differences in shape variation, high symmetry, and similar isometric growth patterns were shown in both species. The hypothesis of male polymorphism in Anomiopsoides was thus rejected. Instead, the results supported the alternative hypothesis that Eucraniini lacks male polymorphism, perhaps due to functional constraints affecting the shape of the structures involved in their peculiar food relocating behaviour.

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Rammell, N. F., S. D. Gillespie, and E. Elle. "Visiting insect behaviour and pollen transport for a generalist oak-savannah wildflower, Camassia quamash (Asparagaceae)." Canadian Entomologist 151, no. 1 (December 6, 2018): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2018.58.

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AbstractMany studies have investigated plant-pollinator interactions using visit records of insects contacting floral reproductive organs. However, these studies may not reflect the effectiveness of visits, since factors such as visitor behaviour and the composition of pollen on their bodies may influence conspecific pollen transfer required for fertilisation in plants. Here we study how pollen transport to a generalist wildflower, Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene (Asparagaceae), is influenced by the behaviour and body pollen of five functional visitor groups (Andrena Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae)/Halictidae (Hymenoptera), Apis mellifera Linnaeus (Hymenoptera: Apidae), Bombus Latreille (Hymenoptera: Apidae), Osmia Panzer (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), and Syrphidae (Diptera). We found that functional visitor groups differed in their behaviour (Bombus and Osmia were legitimate visitors, contacting both anthers and stigmas) and in the amount of conspecific pollen on their bodies (A. mellifera had the highest levels and Andrena/Halictidae the lowest). Conspecific pollen receipt by C. quamash stigmas was high (>80%), and best explained by visitor behaviour rather than the proportion of visitors with high amounts of conspecific body pollen. Our findings highlight the utility of pollen analyses for understanding pollinator effectiveness.

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Bind, Raj Bahadur. "Reproductive behaviour of a generalist aphidophagous ladybird beetle Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)." International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 27, no. 02 (June 2007): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742758407814688.

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James, B. E. "Reproductive behaviour of an aphidophagous ladybeetle Coccinella transversalis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)." International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 25, no. 2 (June 1, 2005): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ijt200556.

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Baird, Ian R. C. "Mate guarding and other aspects of reproductive behaviour inPetalura gigantea(Odonata: Petaluridae)." International Journal of Odonatology 17, no. 4 (October 2, 2014): 223–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13887890.2014.979333.

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Marquardt, Tomasz, and Sławomir Kaczmarek. "Mating behaviour ofTrichouropoda ovalis(Acari: Mesostigmata: Uropodina: Trematuridae) with notes on phylogeny of reproductive biology in the Parasitiformes." International Journal of Acarology 39, no. 5 (July 31, 2013): 369–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01647954.2013.800133.

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Labeyrie, Vincent. "EFFETS MATERNELS ET BIOLOGIE DES POPULATIONS D'INSECTES." Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 120, S146 (1988): 153–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/entm120146153-1.

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AbstractMaternal influences on an insect population must be assessed within a numerically and spatially restricted enclave; it is difficult to demonstrate the impact within a large polymorphic group whose qualitative and quantitative evolution is subject to a number of conflicting influences. When a variety of selective factors is involved, the problem is to isolate, from the polymorphism, the portion that can be attributed to maternal effects.In short-lived organisms such as insects, direct maternal effects on the progeny have an advantage over slower, indirect responses to selective pressures. Direct effects allow progeny to adapt sooner to ecological trends that began or were operating during the parental generation. The peculiarities of insect embryonic development allow maternal influences to act directly on the F1 adults through their deferred effects on the imaginal discs. Species that deposit organized egg masses provide the best material for studying maternal effects.Behaviour at oviposition can lead to special types of progeny distributions that affect the offspring's survival. In parasitoids, for example, maternal behaviour can introduce a kind of "arena selection" generating superparasitism by aggregative oviposition.The next generation's ecological response that is produced by maternal effects is mediated by changes at the behavioural, metabolic and ovarian levels during the mother's reproductive activity. In this way, she provides a key part of the next generation's functional polymorphism.

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LAUMANN, RAÚL A., ANDREJA KAVČIČ, MARIA C. B. MORAES, MIGUEL BORGES, and ANDREJ ČOKL. "Reproductive behaviour and vibratory communication of the neotropical predatory stink bugPodisus nigrispinus." Physiological Entomology 38, no. 1 (February 27, 2013): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/phen.12005.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Insect reproductive behaviour'

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