Relevant bibliographies by topics / Insect populations

Academic literature on the topic 'Insect populations'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Insect populations"

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Pimentel, David. "Insect population responses to environmental stress and pollutants." Environmental Reviews 2, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a94-001.

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Insects and other related arthropods make up about 90% of all plant and animal species in the world. They are vital to the functioning of the ecosystem and biosphere, and neither of these systems can operate effectively without insect interactions. Because of their major ecological and economic roles in nature and society, the beneficial and pest activities of insects need to be clearly understood. Insect populations are being stressed directly by the action of temperature, moisture, and a wide array of chemical Ö öpollutants (pesticides, fertilizers, air pollutants, and numerous other chemicals) that are dispersed through air, water, and soil. Insects are affected by this same group of stresses indirectly, through their food plants, parasites, and predators. Depending on the species and the particular stress affecting it, insect populations respond by increasing or decreasing in numbers. The responses of insect populations to various direct and indirect environmental stresses and chemical pollutants are assessed. Some insect populations increase, while others decline. The responses were determined by the particular environmental stress, the insect species, and the stage at which they were exposed to the stress.Key words: insects, environment, pollutants, stress, water, herbicides.
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Lancaster, Jill, and Barbara Downes. "Aquatic versus Terrestrial Insects: Real or Presumed Differences in Population Dynamics?" Insects 9, no. 4 (November 1, 2018): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects9040157.

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The study of insect populations is dominated by research on terrestrial insects. Are aquatic insect populations different or are they just presumed to be different? We explore the evidence across several topics. (1) Populations of terrestrial herbivorous insects are constrained most often by enemies, whereas aquatic herbivorous insects are constrained more by food supplies, a real difference related to the different plants that dominate in each ecosystem. (2) Population outbreaks are presumed not to occur in aquatic insects. We report three examples of cyclical patterns; there may be more. (3) Aquatic insects, like terrestrial insects, show strong oviposition site selection even though they oviposit on surfaces that are not necessarily food for their larvae. A novel outcome is that density of oviposition habitat can determine larval densities. (4) Aquatic habitats are often largely 1-dimensional shapes and this is presumed to influence dispersal. In rivers, drift by insects is presumed to create downstream dispersal that has to be countered by upstream flight by adults. This idea has persisted for decades but supporting evidence is scarce. Few researchers are currently working on the dynamics of aquatic insect populations; there is scope for many more studies and potentially enlightening contrasts with terrestrial insects.
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Choo, Juanita. "Potential ecological implications of human entomophagy by subsistence groups of the Neotropics." Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews 1, no. 1 (2008): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187498308x345442.

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AbstractThe practice of human entomophagy is important to the livelihood of many subsistence cultures. Insect foods are a source of protein in traditional diets and are often considered delicacies. While considerable research has been conducted on the nutritional benefits of insects to human welfare, there has been little focus on understanding how harvests of insect foods can potentially impact local ecology. In this paper, I address the potential ecological consequences of insect harvesting activities with a focus on Neotropical subsistence communities. I confine my discussion to four insect foods - palm weevils, bruchid beetles, ants, and termites. Insect harvesting has the potential to not only influence insect populations but also to alter ecological interactions between plant and insects. I propose that rigorous studies on insect harvest intensity, in space and time, are necessary steps in understanding the full effects of harvesting activities on insect populations and broader forest communities. Research on the ecological implications of insect harvests are important in the face of potential increases in the demand for insect food as a result of rapid population growth within indigenous communities and increased hunting pressures on wild game.
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Okeke, T.E., Ewuim, S.C., Ononye, B.U., Chukwudebelu, A.E., and Mbelede, K.C. "Efficiency of Different Techniques in Collecting Insects in Environments Exposed to Palm Oil and Spent Engine Oil Effluents in Abakiliki, Ebonyi State." Asian Journal of Research in Zoology 7, no. 1 (February 5, 2024): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajriz/2024/v7i1139.

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This study investigates the ecological consequences of palm oil and spent engine oil effluents on insect populations, employing a comparative analysis of two widely used collection techniques: pitfall traps and sweep netting. The aim was to assess the effectiveness of these methods in capturing and quantifying insect diversity and abundance in polluted environments. The research was conducted in selected sites exposed to palm oil and spent engine oil effluents, with corresponding control sites for comparison. Pitfall traps and sweep netting were deployed simultaneously to collect insects across various habitats impacted by the aforementioned effluents. The collected specimens were then identified to the lowest taxonomic level possible, and population data were analyzed to evaluate the relative impact of each effluent type on insect communities. Furthermore, statistical analyses were employed to compare the efficiency of pitfall traps and sweep netting in detecting changes in insect populations. The study revealed that pitfall traps recorded significantly higher number of insects (72.93%) than sweep nets (27.07%) in sites exposed to palm oil effluent (P<0.05). The result obtained in the site exposed to spent engine oil effluent showed that pitfall traps recorded significantly higher number of insects (80.61%) than sweep nets (19.39%) (P<0.05). This study contributes to the ecological repercussions of industrial effluents on insect populations, offering a methodological comparison that can enhance the precision of future insect-related environmental assessments.
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Quan, Yudong, Jing Yang, Yueqin Wang, Patricia Hernández-Martínez, Juan Ferré, and Kanglai He. "The Rapid Evolution of Resistance to Vip3Aa Insecticidal Protein in Mythimna separata (Walker) Is Not Related to Altered Binding to Midgut Receptors." Toxins 13, no. 5 (May 20, 2021): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13050364.

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Laboratory selection for resistance of field populations is a well-known and useful tool to understand the potential of insect populations to evolve resistance to insecticides. It provides us with estimates of the frequency of resistance alleles and allows us to study the mechanisms by which insects developed resistance to shed light on the mode of action and optimize resistance management strategies. Here, a field population of Mythimna separata was subjected to laboratory selection with either Vip3Aa, Cry1Ab, or Cry1F insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis. The population rapidly evolved resistance to Vip3Aa reaching, after eight generations, a level of >3061-fold resistance, compared with the unselected insects. In contrast, the same population did not respond to selection with Cry1Ab or Cry1F. The Vip3Aa resistant population did not show cross resistance to either Cry1Ab or Cry1F. Radiolabeled Vip3Aa was tested for binding to brush border membrane vesicles from larvae from the susceptible and resistant insects. The results did not show any qualitative or quantitative difference between both insect samples. Our data, along with previous results obtained with other Vip3Aa-resistant populations from other insect species, suggest that altered binding to midgut membrane receptors is not the main mechanism of resistance to Vip3Aa.
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Singh, Sujata, Archana Singh, Varsha Baweja, Amit Roy, Amrita Chakraborty, and Indrakant Kumar Singh. "Molecular Rationale of Insect-Microbes Symbiosis—From Insect Behaviour to Mechanism." Microorganisms 9, no. 12 (November 24, 2021): 2422. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9122422.

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Insects nurture a panoply of microbial populations that are often obligatory and exist mutually with their hosts. Symbionts not only impact their host fitness but also shape the trajectory of their phenotype. This co-constructed niche successfully evolved long in the past to mark advanced ecological specialization. The resident microbes regulate insect nutrition by controlling their host plant specialization and immunity. It enhances the host fitness and performance by detoxifying toxins secreted by the predators and abstains them. The profound effect of a microbial population on insect physiology and behaviour is exploited to understand the host–microbial system in diverse taxa. Emergent research of insect-associated microbes has revealed their potential to modulate insect brain functions and, ultimately, control their behaviours, including social interactions. The revelation of the gut microbiota–brain axis has now unravelled insects as a cost-effective potential model to study neurodegenerative disorders and behavioural dysfunctions in humans. This article reviewed our knowledge about the insect–microbial system, an exquisite network of interactions operating between insects and microbes, its mechanistic insight that holds intricate multi-organismal systems in harmony, and its future perspectives. The demystification of molecular networks governing insect–microbial symbiosis will reveal the perplexing behaviours of insects that could be utilized in managing insect pests.
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Styer, E. L., and J. J. Hamm. "Detection and Identification of Viruses in Economically Important Insects." Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, S2 (August 2000): 666–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600035820.

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Economically important insects include pests of plants, animals and stored products as well as insects produced commercially (honey bees, silkworms, insects for fish bait and food for birds and zoo animals). Other insects are produced in large numbers for experimental purposes, biological control of insect pests and weeds and the production of sterile insects for population suppression. Insect viruses may affect morphology, physiology and behavior, often reducing longevity and reproductive potential. Thus insect viruses can be used as biological control agents of pest insects. Insect viruses may also interfere with the production or function of biological control agents (e.g., parasitoids and predators) and insects used for research purposes. Therefore, it is advantageous to screen commercial and research colonies and imported insects for viruses.Electron microscopy of negatively stained specimens (NS EM) offers a relatively rapid and inexpensive means of screening populations of insects for the presence of viruses or viruslike particles and to monitor the progress of virus control programs.
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Wang, Zhengyan, Zhenzhen Chang, Zhiyuan Liu, and Shan Zhang. "Influences of Microbial Symbionts on Chemoreception of Their Insect Hosts." Insects 14, no. 7 (July 14, 2023): 638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects14070638.

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Chemical communication is widespread among insects and exploited to adjust their behavior, such as food and habitat seeking and preferences, recruitment, defense, and mate attraction. Recently, many studies have revealed that microbial symbionts could regulate host chemical communication by affecting the synthesis and perception of insect semiochemicals. In this paper, we review recent studies of the influence of microbial symbionts on insect chemoreception. Microbial symbionts may influence insect sensitivity to semiochemicals by regulating the synthesis of odorant-binding proteins or chemosensory proteins and olfactory or gustatory receptors and regulating host neurotransmission, thereby adjusting insect behavior. The manipulation of insect chemosensory behavior by microbial symbionts is conducive to their proliferation and dispersal and provides the impetus for insects to change their feeding habits and aggregation and dispersal behavior, which contributes to population differentiation in insects. Future research is necessary to reveal the material and information exchange between both partners to improve our comprehension of the evolution of chemoreception in insects. Manipulating insect chemoreception physiology by inoculating them with microbes could be utilized as a potential approach to managing insect populations.
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Drake, VA. "The influence of weather and climate on agriculturally important insects: an Australian perspective." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 45, no. 3 (1994): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9940487.

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Weather and climate affect insects and other arthropods of importance to agriculture in a wide variety of ways. Pest and beneficial insects, and insect vectors of plant and animal diseases, are all influenced both directly and indirectly by temperature, rainfall, wind, etc. These influences can be immediate or cumulative, and they can act either at the production site or, in the case of migrant species, at locations distant from it. Weather and climate influence, often very significantly, the development rate, survival, fitness, and level of activity of individual insects; the phenology, distribution, size, and continuity of insect populations; migration and the re-establishment of populations following local extinction; the initiation of outbreaks; the susceptibility of crops and stock to insect attack; and the capacity of producers to manage insect populations. In Australia, the high variability of rainfall is of particular significance in determining the size and quality of insect populations. Windborne migration can be important for transporting these populations into agricultural regions, and low winter temperatures in the south of the continent limit the distribution of tropical species. Current Australian research on these topics is directed mainly at the development of pest-forecasting systems, and at estimating the impact of global greenhouse warming.
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Doberski, Julian. "Analysing insect populations: what limits insect abundance?" Journal of Biological Education 26, no. 4 (December 1992): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00219266.1992.9655286.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Insect populations"

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Banks, John E. "The effects of landscape heterogeneity on insect populations : a study of pattern and scale /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5166.

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Higgins, Charlene J. "Spatial distribution and reproductive biology of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera : Thripidae)." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29873.

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Western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), are haplodiploids. Virgin females produce sons parthenogenetically but must be mated to produce daughters. As a result, primary and secondary (adult) sex ratios can diverge from the 1:1 ratio commonly observed in diploid systems. Field studies were conducted to examine the spatial distribution of WFT on two greenhouse crops, Bell peppers, Capsicum annuum (Linn.) and Long English cucumbers, Cucumis sativus (Linn.) to determine if there was a correlation between sex ratio and density. Leaf and flower samples were taken weekly. All adult and immature WFT were counted and sex of adults determined. Yellow sticky traps were used to monitor density and sex ratio of the dispersing adult population. Lab studies were also done to investigate if male availability affected the sex ratio and number of offspring produced by individual females. Laboratory experiments were done to assess the effects of sperm availability and maternal age on sex ratio of progeny produced. On both crops, 84 to 95 % of adult WFT in flowers were females and most larvae (> 85 %) were found on leaves. Male WFT were rare on all plant parts even when caught in high numbers on traps. Approximately 75 % of females found on plants in the greenhouse were mated. Most (70 - 90 %) WFT on traps at low densities (< 200 individuals/trap) were males. This suggests that WFT populations are initiated by virgin females that likely overwintered as pseudopupae in the greenhouse. These females initially produce only sons, and may have to wait for these to emerge before they mate and produce daughters. As WFT density within a greenhouse increases, females are probably mated soon after emergence. Sex ratio of adults on traps becomes more female biased as density increases within a greenhouse. Heavily female biased (> 65 %) sex ratios were found on traps at high population densities (> 200 individuals/trap). Sex ratio of adults on traps remained male biased in the pepper greenhouse (WL) where the population density of WFT remained low. Information regarding within-plant distribution of thrips is essential for population monitoring and control. Used together, regular examination of flowers and counts of adults on sticky traps allow quick detection of potential "hot spots" of WFT density. Sex ratio and density are highly correlated. Sex ratio of the dispersing adult population is a good predictor of outbreak potential of the extant WFT population. Two WFT predators found in greenhouses were also monitored to document their effects on WFT population density and sex ratio. Mass introductions of the predatory mite, Amblysieus cucumeris, did not successfully control WFT in most greenhouses monitored. A natural infestation of pirate bugs, Orius tristicolor occurred in the only pepper house monitored. WFT density remained low throughout the growing season. O. tristicolor shows promise for future use in integrated pest management programs designed to control F. occidentalis in commercial greenhouses. Lab studies showed that sex ratio of offspring produced by mated females was influenced by sperm supply and maternal age. Mated females produced sons and daughters which suggests that females control sex of offspring produced through selective fertilization. Once mated, two-thirds of offspring produced are females. Older females produced fewer daughters than younger females. A principle conclusion from this study is that sex ratio of the WFT population within a greenhouse can be used to predict future population dynamics. Male availability may be the most important factor affecting the number of daughters produced by individual females which in turn may determine the potential of WFT populations to increase.
Science, Faculty of
Zoology, Department of
Graduate
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Hitchman, Richard B. "Pathogen variability and dynamics in insect populations." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247600.

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Latto, John. "The analysis of density dependence in insect populations." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/47531.

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McNamee, Peter James. "The equilibrium structure and behavior of defoliating insect systems." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27439.

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Defoliating insect systems, defined for the purposes of this thesis as being composed of insects which defoliate forest trees and the species with which they interact, such as their host trees and their natural enemy complexes, exhibit a wide variety of population behaviors. Similarly, a number of theories and models have been proposed to explain these behaviors. These theories emphasize the importance of different ecological processes, often concentrate on the defoliator and overlook the importance of other components. Also, much of the current understanding of the dynamics of these systems has come from forest pest research and management programs, tailored towards specific pest problems and often very short term in nature. This thesis develops and begins to test a general approach for the local dynamics of defoliating insect systems. This framework outlines the system components that are necessary to predict the behavior of defoliating insect systems. It includes ways in which the equilibrium structure of defoliating insect systems, defined as the number of equilibria for each system component, the population levels at which the equilibria occur, and the processes creating the equilibria, might be found. The framework also includes methods of inducing the qualitative behavior of these sys- terns, defined as the periodicity of defoliator outbreaks, the length of outbreaks, and the dynamics of other important system components between, during, and in the decline of defoliator outbreaks. The study begins with a detailed literature review of historical theories of defoliating insect system behavior and of the documented behavior patterns of these systems. Major classes of behavior are identified, as well as the various ecological processes which have been invoked to explain these behaviors. An analysis and documentation of the equilibrium structure and behavior of three defoliating defoliating insect systems, the eastern blackheaded budworm, the eastern spruce budworm, and the jack pine sawfly, are then used to develop general rules about how equilibrium structure and behavior can be explained. This analysis, coupled with the literature review, is used to develop the framework. The framework is then tested against historical defoliator population data and general syntheses of defoliating insect system research to assess its utility and predictability. The major results of the thesis are as follows. First, it appears that the structure and behavior of a defoliating insect system can be explained with five dynamic variables: the abundances of the defoliator; the foliage; the forest; the parasitoid; and the disease; and the effects of weather acting on the defoliator. Second, there appear to be 4 classes of defoliating insect system behavior. Third, the behavior that a defoliating insect system will exhibit seems to be determined by the magnitude of weather effects on defoliator survival and recruitment, the parasitoid numerical response to changing defoliator densities, the disease numerical response to changing defoliator densities, and the vulnerability of the forest to defoliation. Fourth, there seem to be four equilibrium structures the defoliator can exhibit, and one each for the parasitoid, the foliage, the forest, and the disease. Finally, the framework suggests that defoliating insect system structure and behavior can be induced with a particular, well-defined set of information. The framework is successful when applied to particular defoliating insect systems for explaining their behavior, but less successful in explaining defoliator equilibrium structure for other systems. Opportunities for more thorough testing of the framework exist if the particular types of data outlined above are gathered for defoliating insect systems. This lack of data for testing the framework make it currently difficult to clearly define those systems in which the framework is useful and those systems in which it is not. Experiments to test the framework are described and suggestions for future types of applied research on defoliating insect systems are presented.
Science, Faculty of
Zoology, Department of
Graduate
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Ballard, Meg. "Insect populations on early successional native and alien plants." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 50 p, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1203553531&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Gaston, K. J. "Patterns in the dynamics and distribution of insect populations." Thesis, University of York, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235013.

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Wilcock, Helen Rachel. "Geographic and genetic structure of highly fragmented freshwater insect populations." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.481520.

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Morrison, Peter D. S. "Host plant variation and population limitation of two introduced insects." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27464.

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The response to host plant variation shapes the long-term success of phytophagous insects. Two gall-forming tephritid flies, Urophora affinis and U. quadrifasciata, oviposit in flower buds of Centaurea diffusa and C. maculosa (Asteraceae). Females of both fly species chose among plants, among groups of buds on plants, and among buds. Among plant choices were correlated with buds per plant. Among bud choices corresponded to larval developmental requirements. Insect attack led to gall formation, bud abortion, and reduced seed production. Bud abortion, caused by probing females, limited gall densities. Increased densities of U. affinis females relative to oviposition sites led to more U. affinis galls, increased bud abortion, fewer U. quadrifasciata galls, and fewer seeds. A temporal refuge for seed production was observed. Plants compensated only slightly for aborted buds. Bud abortion may increase the search time between successful ovipositions. A simulation model based on this premise implied that bud abortion may dramatically reduce total gall formation. Plant quality was manipulated in an attempt to shift three population limiting factors. Plants responded to fertilization and watering with an increase in bud numbers. Except for two year-site-treatment combinations, galls per developed bud did not differ significantly between treatments. Treated plants did not differ in their propensity to abort buds. U. affinis larvae developed faster in fertilized plants. Among year comparisons showed that the density of buds available for oviposition was limited by precipitation, non-random insect attack, and, in the longer term, by the reduction in seed production due to fly attack. Bud densities, in turn, limited gall densities.
Science, Faculty of
Zoology, Department of
Graduate
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10

Chu, C. C., and T. J. Henneberry. "Cultural Control and Pink Bollworm Populations." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/210914.

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A cotton management program in the Imperial Valley, CA was designed to reduce pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), populations. The program established I March as the earliest planting date, 1 September for defoliant or plant growth regulator application and 1 November for cotton stalk destruction and plowdown. In-season gossyplure-baited pink bollworm male moth activity monitoring and immature green cotton boll inspections for larval infestation were encouraged as decision making aids to determine the need for additional control action. Male pink bollworm moth catches in gossyplure-baited Lingren and delta sticky traps were significantly reduced each year from 1990 to 1994 following the initiation of the management program in 1989. Fewer larvae per cotton boll occurred in the years from 1990 to 1992. Fiber quality of commercial cotton sampled was also improved from 1989 to 1994, as compared to the 1984 to 1988 average. Cotton production, in general, was reduced during 1989 to 1994 in areas surrounding Imperial Valley and may have contributed partially to reduced populations in Imperial Valley.
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Books on the topic "Insect populations"

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1944-, Barbosa Pedro, and Schultz Jack C, eds. Insect outbreaks. San Diego: Academic Press, 1987.

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Berryman, Alan A., ed. Dynamics of Forest Insect Populations. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0789-9.

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V, Revin I͡U︡, and Institut biologii (Akademii͡a︡ nauk SSSR. I͡A︡kutskiĭ filial), eds. Nasekomye lugovo-taezhnykh biot͡s︡enozov I͡A︡kutii: Sbornik nauchnykh trudov. I͡A︡kutsk: I͡A︡kutskiĭ filial SO AN SSSR, 1988.

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S, Zolotarenko G., and Biologicheskiĭ institut (Akademii͡a︡ nauk SSSR), eds. Landshaftnai͡a︡ ėkologii͡a︡ nasekomykh: Sbornik nauchnykh trudov. Novosibirsk: "Nauka," Sibirskoe otd-nie, 1988.

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McDonald, Lyman L., Bryan F. J. Manly, Jeffrey A. Lockwood, and Jesse A. Logan, eds. Estimation and Analysis of Insect Populations. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3664-1.

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Price, Peter W. Insect Ecology: Behavior, Populations and Communities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

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A. Moral, Rafael, and Wesley A. C. Godoy, eds. Modelling Insect Populations in Agricultural Landscapes. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43098-5.

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A, Barlow C., and Research Signpost (Trivandrum India), eds. Insect population growth and the environment. Trivandrum: Research Signpost, 1999.

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J, Gaston Kevin, New T. R, and Samways Michael J, eds. Perspectives on insect conservation. Andover: Intercept, 1993.

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Isaev, A. S. Populjacionnaja dinamika lesnyh nasekomyh. Moskva: Nauka, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Insect populations"

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New, Tim R. "Insect Populations." In ‘In Considerable Variety’: Introducing the Diversity of Australia’s Insects, 129–37. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1780-0_9.

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Powell, W., M. P. Walton, and M. A. Jervis. "Populations and Communities." In Insect Natural Enemies, 223–92. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0013-7_4.

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Tobin, Patrick C., Kyle J. Haynes, and Allan L. Carroll. "Spatial Dynamics of Forest Insects." In Forest Entomology and Pathology, 647–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11553-0_18.

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AbstractThe study of the spatial dynamics of forest insects has a long history, and many forest insect species have served as model systems for studying conceptual processes of population biology and ecology. Because forest insect population data were often collected from georeferenced locations, even prior to the development of geodatabases and spatial statistical software, they provide an important historical resource for understanding insect population dynamics and changes in those dynamics through time. Advances in spatial statistics have furthermore enabled forest entomologists to consider forest insect dynamics over multiple spatial and temporal scales, and vast spatial and temporal extents. In this chapter, we first introduce the importance of scaling in studies of spatial dynamics, and review spatial pattern formation in forest insect populations. We conclude the chapter by addressing metapopulation dynamics, and the concept of spatial synchrony in outbreaking forest insects.
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Ratcliffe, N. A. "Isolation of Pure Populations of Insect Haemocytes." In Insect Immunity, 33–45. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1618-3_3.

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Davies, R. G. "The biology of insect populations." In Outlines of Entomology, 248–89. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1189-5_7.

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Davies, R. G. "The biology of insect populations." In Outlines of Entomology, 248–89. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0508-0_7.

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Liebhold, Andrew M., Eckehard G. Brockerhoff, and Deborah G. McCullough. "Forest Insect Invasions and Their Management." In Forest Entomology and Pathology, 789–810. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11553-0_23.

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AbstractAs a result of increasing globalization, hundreds of forest insect species have been accidentally transported among continents. The most common invasion pathways by which non-native forest insects are transported globally are wood packaging material and live plants. While most non-native forest insect species have no noticeable impacts in their non-native ranges, several species have had serious or even catastrophic effects on tree health, forest resources and ecosystem functions. Approaches to preventing and managing forest insect invasions correspond to the four phases of biological invasions: arrival, establishment, spread and widespread established populations. Biosecurity agencies manage arrival through commodity entry prohibitions, port inspections and mandatory phytosanitary procedures designed to reduce transport of non-native species. Biosecurity measures to prevent establishment focus on surveillance (e.g. traps) to detect new populations that sometimes can be eradicated if populations are discovered early and their occurrence is limited. In very few cases, spread of invasions may be slowed or stopped using containment or barrier zone management. Finally, once populations are established and widespread, methods such as biological control, host resistance breeding, silviculture and pesticides may be needed to mitigate damage caused by non-native pests. As the world becomes increasing interconnected, more insect species are likely to become established in new regions, further increasing the problems associated with non-native forest pests.
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Roques, Alain. "The Larch Cone Fly in the French Alps." In Dynamics of Forest Insect Populations, 1–28. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0789-9_1.

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Mason, Richard R., and Boyd E. Wickman. "The Douglas-Fir Tussock Moth in the Interior Pacific Northwest." In Dynamics of Forest Insect Populations, 179–209. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0789-9_10.

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Bejer, Broder. "The Nun Moth in European Spruce Forests." In Dynamics of Forest Insect Populations, 211–31. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0789-9_11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Insect populations"

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Alekseev, M. A. "SUSCEPTIBILITY OF INSECT POPULATIONS TO AVERMECTINS." In V International Scientific Conference CONCEPTUAL AND APPLIED ASPECTS OF INVERTEBRATE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND BIOLOGICAL EDUCATION. Tomsk State University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/978-5-94621-931-0-2020-61.

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Brief review on avermectin resistance in insects of sanitary and hygienic and medical value is given. In our country, avermectins upon their rational use will be an important component in the system of measures of non-specific prevention of human infectious diseases.
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Jakubec, Pavel. "IMPACT OF DROUGHTS ON INSECT POPULATIONS: A REVIEW." In 14th SGEM GeoConference on ECOLOGY, ECONOMICS, EDUCATION AND LEGISLATION. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2014/b51/s20.050.

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Blunt, Takeria, Chalece Delacoudray, and Isabel Newsome. "Planet Bug: Promoting Awareness of Declining Insect Populations." In CHI '20: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3334480.3381654.

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De Causmaecker, L., L. Segers, B. Vanschoenwinkel, V. Jacobs, P. Van den Bossche, and A. Mentens. "TOWARDS PUBLIC LED LIGHTING WITH MINIMAL IMPACT ON INSECT MOVEMENT." In CIE 2023 Conference. International Commission on Illumination, CIE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25039/x50.2023.op044.

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Over the last decades, a decline in insect populations has been observed. Public lighting infrastructure is both expanding to previously unlit areas, and already existing infrastructure is being replaced LED lighting. Consequently, there is a growing imperative to investigate the impact of artificial light at night (ALAN) on nocturnal insect communities. As the correlated colour temperature (CCT) of LEDs is a customisable industry standard, this paper studies its impact on the abundance of attracted nocturnal insects. Data were collected using three LED light sources switching subsequently between 2700K and 6500K, with a similar luminous flux of 6696 lm and 7440 lm, respectively. A vertically positioned white surface gathers attracted insects and facilitates the image-based assessments. Observations during a pilot experiment of four nights in the Belgian Famenne-Ardenne region currently show that the number of attracted insects was 13% higher at 2700K than at 6500K. Broader tests across a wide range of ecosystems and light characteristics will be performed to confirm to which extent these results may be generalized and can inform the development of insect-friendly lighting.
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Thomas Tate, Ann. "Mathematical modeling of immune priming in infected insect populations." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.94142.

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Newsome, Isabel. "An Educational Game Bringing Awareness to Declining Insect Populations." In CHI PLAY '20: The Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3383668.3419912.

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Davlianidze, T. A., and O. Yu Eremina. "CHLORPHENAPYR AND INDOXACARB - NEW INSECTICIDES IN THE CONTROL OF FLIES." In V International Scientific Conference CONCEPTUAL AND APPLIED ASPECTS OF INVERTEBRATE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND BIOLOGICAL EDUCATION. Tomsk State University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/978-5-94621-931-0-2020-68.

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At the moment, the actual problem is the search for new insecticides. The use of the same insecticides over the years has led to the emergence of resistant insect populations. Every year the number of resistant populations increases. However, the most dangerous and economically significant species are usually resistant to a large number of pesticides over a large area. There is a need to introduce new groups of chemical compounds into IPM. Indoxacarb and chlorfenapyr-based products are highly effective broad-spectrum drugs. Both insecticides have a strong effect on insects in the form of bait.
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Stingaci, Aurelia, and Leonid Volosciuc. "Biotehnologii avansate de obținere a preparatului biologic în scopul combaterii dăunătorilor." In International Scientific Symposium "Plant Protection – Achievements and Prospects". Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/9789975347204.30.

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Biopesticides have also attracted great interest in the international research community, with a significant increase in the number of publications devoted to the subject. At Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection are prepared the bioinsecticides for use in Republic Moldova, mostly for the control In order to reduce the population of insect it is recommended utilization inoffensive preparations baculoviruses highly-pathogenic for the leaf-champing vermis of the H.cunea,were selected from the insect natural populations which is an efficient preparation for combating this pest in agricultural, onamental and forest biocenosis. This study aimed to highlight new agents for biological control of pest..
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Timuş, Asea, and Elena Baban. "Entomofauna speciei Rosa canina l. din zona de centru a Republicii Moldova." In International symposium ”Actual problems of zoology and parasitology: achievements and prospects” dedicated to the 100th anniversary from the birth of academician Alexei Spassky. Institute of Zoology, Republic of Moldova, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.53937/9789975665902.79.

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In the work are exposed investigations in 2007-2017 of entomofauna with development on the species Rosa canina L. from various urban and rural biotopes in the center of the Republic of Moldova. In total, were recorded 52 species of insects in 9 orders (Orthoptera, Homoptera, Hemiptera, Thysanoptera, Coleoptera, Neuroptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera) and 1 mite (Trombidiformes). Of these, 17 species of insects have developed large populations and impact on the rose, 12 insect species developed annual faunistic populations, 12 solitary and rare individuals, 2 species one individual. At the same time, 4 species have been recorded recently: Harmonia axiridis (predators afidophagus), Polygonia c-album (nectar consumer and pollinator), Blenocampa phyllocopa (phytophagus in the larval stage) and Dasineura rosae (gallicol in the larval stage). The species Epicometis hirta was affected by the calamity of 21-23 April 2017, after which it was not recorded in the center of the republic, including the usual host plants, thus being considered an ecological indicator.
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Stîngaci, Aurelia. "Abordări noi privitor la controlul calității populațiilor de insecte dăunătoare Hyphantria cunea drury in condiții controlate." In International symposium ”Actual problems of zoology and parasitology: achievements and prospects” dedicated to the 100th anniversary from the birth of academician Alexei Spassky. Institute of Zoology, Republic of Moldova, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.53937/9789975665902.76.

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In the paper there are presented the results of the researches of existing methods of quality control for cultures of insects for rearing is presented. It is shown that there is a need to search for new approaches to solving this problem. Testing of new methods of control and prediction of biological material viability was carried out on a laboratory culture of the fall webworm moth (Hyphantria cunea Drury). It was found that intensity of taxis manifestation can be considered as a criterion of population condition. This selection method can be used also for assessment of culture viability. A new express-method of biological material selection for H. cunea establishment has been approbated. It is based on the positive correlation between insect viability parameters and their trophotaxis intensity. This method may be suitable for monitoring of natural populations condition in systems of integrated plant protections of different agricultural, ornamental and forest crops with intensive anthropogenic loading.
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Reports on the topic "Insect populations"

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Naqvi, Qaim, Patrick Wolff, Brenda Molano-Flores, and Jinelle Sperry. Camera traps are an effective tool for monitoring insect–plant interactions. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), May 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/48496.

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Insect and pollinator populations are vitally important to the health of ecosystems, food production, and economic stability, but are declining worldwide. New, cheap, and simple monitoring methods are necessary to inform management actions and should be available to researchers around the world. Here, we evaluate the efficacy of a commercially available, close-focus automated camera trap to monitor insect–plant interactions and insect behavior. We compared two video settings—scheduled and motion-activated—to a traditional human observation method. Our results show that camera traps with scheduled video settings detected more insects overall than humans, but relative performance varied by insect order. Scheduled cameras significantly outperformed motion-activated cameras, detecting more insects of all orders and size classes. We conclude that scheduled camera traps are an effective and relatively inexpensive tool for monitoring interactions between plants and insects of all size classes, and their ease of accessibility and set-up allows for the potential of widespread use. The digital format of video also offers the benefits of recording, sharing, and verifying observations.
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Chejanovsky, Nor, and Bruce A. Webb. Potentiation of Pest Control by Insect Immunosuppression. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7592113.bard.

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The restricted host range of many baculoviruses, highly pathogenic to Lepidoptera and non-pathogenic to mammals, limits their use to single or few closely related Lepidopteran species and is an obstacle to extending their implementation for pest control. The insect immune response is a major determinant of the ability of an insect pathogen to efficiently multiply and propagate. We have developed an original model system to study the Lepidopteran antiviral immune response based on Spodoptera littoralis resistance to AcMNPV (Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus) infection and the fascinating immunosuppressive activity of polydnaviruses .Our aim is to elucidate the mechanisms through which the immunosuppressive insect polydnaviruses promote replication of pathogenic baculoviruses in lepidopteran hosts that are mildly or non-permissive to virus- replication. In this study we : 1- Assessed the extent to which and the mechanisms whereby the immunosuppressive Campoletis sonorensis polydnavirus (CsV) or its genes enhanced replication of a well-characterized pathogenic baculovirus AcMNPV, in polydnavirus-immunosuppressedH. zea and S. littoralis insects and S. littoralis cells, hosts that are mildly or non-permissive to AcMNPV. 2- Identified CsV genes involved in the above immunosuppression (e.g. inhibiting cellular encapsulation and disrupting humoral immunity). We showed that: 1. S. littoralis larvae mount an immune response against a baculovirus infection. 2. Immunosuppression of an insect pest improves the ability of a viral pathogen, the baculovirus AcMNPV, to infect the pest. 3. For the first time two PDV-specific genes of the vankyrin and cystein rich-motif families involved in immunosuppression of the host, namely Pvank1 and Hv1.1 respectively, enhanced the efficacy of an insect pathogen toward a semipermissive pest. 4. Pvank1 inhibits apoptosis of Spodopteran cells elucidating one functional aspect of PDVvankyrins. 5. That Pvank-1 and Hv1.1 do not show cooperative effect in S. littoralis when co-expressed during AcMNPV infection. Our results pave the way to developing novel means for pest control, including baculoviruses, that rely upon suppressing host immune systems by strategically weakening insect defenses to improve pathogen (i.e. biocontrol agent) infection and virulence. Also, we expect that the above result will help to develop systems for enhanced insect control that may ultimately help to reduce transmission of insect vectored diseases of humans, animals and plants as well as provide mechanisms for suppression of insect populations that damage crop plants by direct feeding.
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Rishel, Jeremy P., Elaine G. Chapman, Frederick C. Rutz, and K. Jerry Allwine. Using DUSTRAN to Simulate Fog-Oil Dispersion and Its Impacts on Local Insect Populations at Ft. Hood: Final Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/901189.

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Morin, S., L. L. Walling, Peter W. Atkinson, J. Li, and B. E. Tabashnik. ets for CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene drive in Bemisia tabaci. Israel: United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2021.8134170.bard.

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The goal of our BARD proposal was to build both the necessary infrastructure and knowledge for using the CRISPR/Cas9-based gene drive system to control the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Our research focused on achieving three main goals: (1) establishing a CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing system for producing genetically-edited B. tabaci; (2) generating and testing CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutations targeting genes that represent two gene drive strategies: population replacement and population suppression; (3) using computer modeling to optimize strategies for applying CRISPR/Cas9 to control B. tabaci populations in the field. CRISPR gene drive is one of the most promising strategies for diminishing the negative impacts of harmful insects. This technique can introduce mutations into wild populations of pests that reduce their ability to cause damage, reduce their population size, or both. In principle, this can be selfsustaining because mutations carried by relatively few insects can increase in frequency and spread quickly throughout wild populations. Because of this sustainability and the potential benefits to society, agricultural gene-drive systems are most likely to be funded by government agencies, foundations, and grower associations; as with sterile insect releases and most biocontrol programs. Although gene drives have received intensive study in Drosophila and mosquito vectors of human disease, we were one of the first teams pursuing this approach for crop pests. Our project was also one of the first to address CRISPR gene drive in the Hemiptera, an insect order that includes hundreds of pest species. We focused on developing and implementing CRISPR gene drive to reduce the massive damage caused by B. tabaci. This haplodiploid insect is one of the world's most devastating crop pests. Whereas extensive work by others explored CRISPR in diploid species, our project pioneered application of this revolutionary technology to haplodiploids, which have a distinct system of inheritance that presents special challenges and opportunities. Our project has achieved several breakthroughs, including publication of the first paper analyzing CRISPR gene drive in haplodiploids (Li et al. 2020, see next section). Our modeling results from this landmark study demonstrate that CRISPR gene drive can work in haplodiploids, especially if fitness costs associated with the driver allele are low or nil. Our paper was the first to provide a conceptual framework for evaluating and optimizing CRISPR gene drive strategies for managing B. tabaci and other haplodiploid pests. Our breakthroughs in the laboratory have created the infrastructure needed to develop CRISPR for controlling B. tabaci. We established a microinjection system enabling us to introduce CRISPR-derived mutations into B. tabaci embryos. We have used this system to generate and track inherited eye-color mutants of B. tabaci. We have identified and cloned germline promoters, and demonstrated their function in transgenic B. tabaci embryos and other hemipteran insects. We have also developed a tool to easily identify B. tabaci harboring CRISPR-mediated mutations by tagging target genes using a transgenic fluorescent marker. The successful completion of our project provides all the knowledge and infrastructure essential for developing a novel genetic approach for B. tabaci control, which can serve as a non-chemical "green" alternative for managing this global pest. We predict that our discoveries will accelerate the development of the CRISPR gene drive technique for reducing the numbers of this pest and the damage it causes. Still, realization of the benefits of gene-drive technology for pest control will require sustained attention to potential environmental and societal impacts, as well as regulatory and implementation challenges. Given the great promise of this technology and the urgent need for better control methods, we expect that guidance documents and regulations will be in place to allow the scientific community to safely move gene drives for pest control from the laboratory to field trials.
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Glazer, Itamar, Randy Gaugler, Yitzhak Spiegel, and Edwin Lewis. Host Adaptation in Entomopathogenic Nematodes: An Approach to Enhancing Biological Control Potential. United States Department of Agriculture, April 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7613023.bard.

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The overall objective of our research was to develop methods to match species of entomopathogenic nematodes against the insect pests which they would be best adapted to control. The underlying hypothesis for this work was that entomopathogenic nematodes should be most effective when used against insect species to which they are naturally adapted to parasitize. Toward this end, we undertook a number of related studies focusing primarily on nematode foraging strategies. We found that foraging strategies affected host associations directly and indirectly. Nematodes' responses to host cues, and the role of their sensory organs based on lectin binding, led to new approaches to determining host range for these parasites. Based on this work, we developed a laboratory bioassay of host recognition behavior designed to predict field results. We also determined that nematodes that forage in a stationary manner (ambushers) have a slower metabolic rate than do active forgers (cruisers), thus their infective stage juveniles are longer lived. This study helps predict the duration of field activity after application and may partially explain field distributions of natural populations of entomopathogenic nematodes. The common thread linking all of these studies was that they led to a deeper understanding of the associations between entomopathogenic nematodes and insects as hosts.
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Jurkevitch, Edouard, Carol Lauzon, Boaz Yuval, and Susan MacCombs. role of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in survival and reproductive success of Ceratitis capitata, the Mediterranean fruit fly. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7695863.bard.

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Objectives: to demonstrate nitrogen fixation in the gut of Ceratitiscapitata, the Mediterranean fruit fly and that fixed nitrogen is important for the fly. Background: Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are a highly successful, widespread group of insects causing enormous economic damage in agriculture. They are anautogenous, i.e. the acquisition of nitrogenous compounds by both male and female is essential for the realization of their reproductive potential. Nitrogen, although abundant in the atmosphere, is paradoxically a limiting resource for multicellular organisms. In the Animalia, biological nitrogen fixation has solely been demonstrated in termites. Major achievements and conclusions: We found that all individuals of field-collected medflies harbor large diazotrophicenterobacterial populations that express dinitrogenreductase in the gut. Moreover, nitrogen fixation was demonstrated in isolated guts and in live flies and may significantly contribute to the fly’s nitrogen intake. Specific components of these communities were shown to be transmitted vertically between flies. Moreover, we found that the gut bacterial community changes during the fly’s active season both in composition and complexity. Moreover, strong changes in community structure were also observed between the fly's various developmental stages. An initial analysis using SuPERPCR, a technology enabling the detection of minor populations by selective elimination of the dominant 16S rDNA sequences revealed that Pseudomonasspp. may also be part of the gut community. Implications: The presence of similar bacterial consortia in additional insect orders suggests that nitrogen fixation occurs in vast pools of terrestrial insects. On such a large scale, this phenomenon may have a considerable impact on the nitrogen cycle.
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Gallego Sánchez, Gerardo J., Patricia Zapata, Oscar Castañeda, Harold Suárez Baron, Ana Elizabeth Díaz Montilla, Wilson Vásquez, and Joseph M. Tohme. Use of DNA sequences for identification of possible biotypes of the fruit borer Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), an important pest of Andean solanaceous fruits. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/agrosavia.poster.2015.1.

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In Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Brazil and Honduras, the tomato borer, Neoleucinodes elegantalis, is the most important fruit-related plague of the Solanaceae family. A suitable molecular characterization using a DNA barcoding system is necessary to clarify different issues inside the taxonomy of Neoleucinodes genus. Additionally, other DNA sequences used for molecular identification and phylogenetics studies, can be implemented to obtain a better understanding of the genetic variability across different animal groups and allows to acquire a enhanced description of the population s genetic variation. The main objectives of this study are: 1. Evaluate the performance of DNA barcoding sequences (COI gen and 18S rDNA gene), in the genetic characterization of populations of N. elegantalis, collected in different wild and cultivated solanaceous plants in Colombia and Ecuador. 2. Determination of possible haplotypes related with each population belonging to this species. 3.Identification of geographical patterns associated with the distribution of this insect.
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Ullman, Diane E., Benjamin Raccah, John Sherwood, Meir Klein, Yehezkiel Antignus, and Abed Gera. Tomato Spotted Wilt Tosporvirus and its Thrips Vectors: Epidemiology, Insect/Virus Interactions and Control. United States Department of Agriculture, November 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7573062.bard.

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Objectives. The major aim of the proposed research was to study thrips-TSWV relationships and their role in the epidemiology of the virus with the aim of using this knowledge to reduce crop losses occurring due to epidemics. Our specific objectives were: To determine the major factors involved in virus outbreaks, including: a) identifying the thrips species involved in virus dissemination and their relative role in virus spread; b) determining the virus sources among wild and cultivated plants throughout the season and their role in virus spread, and, c) determining how temperature and molecular variations in isolates impact virus replication in plants and insects and impact the transmission cycle. Background to the topic. Tospoviruses are among the most important emerging plant viruses that impact production of agricultural and ornamental crops. Evolution of tospoviruses and their relationships with thrips vector species have been of great interest because of crop damage caused world wide and the complete absence of suitable methods of control. Tospoviruses threaten crops in Israel and the United States. By understanding the factors contributing to epidemics and the specific relationships between thrips species and particular tospoviruses we hope that new strategies for control can be developed that will benefit agriculture in both Israel and the United States. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements. We determined that at least three tospoviruses were involved in epidemics in Israel and the United States, tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) and iris yellow spot virus (IYSV). We detected and characterized INSV for the first time in Israel and, through our efforts, IYSV was detected and characterized for the first time in both countries. We demonstrated that many thrips species were present in commercial production areas and trap color influenced thrips catch. Frankliniella occidentalis was the major vector species of INSV and TSWV and populations varied in transmission efficiency. Thrips tabaci is the sole known vector of IYSV and experiments in both countries indicated that F. occidentalis is not a vector of this new tospovirus. Alternate plant hosts were identified for each virus. A new monitoring system combining sticky cards and petunia indicator plants was developed to identify sources of infective thrips. This system has been highly successful in the U.S. and was used to demonstrate to growers that removal of plant sources of infective thrips has a dramatic impact on virus incidence. Finally, a putative thrips receptor mediating acquisition of TSWV was discovered. Implications, scientific and agricultural. Our findings have contributed to new control measures that will benefit agriculture. Identification of a putative thrips receptor for TSWV and our findings relative to thrips/tospovirus specificity have implications for development of innovative new control strategies.
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Zchori-Fein, Einat, Judith K. Brown, and Nurit Katzir. Biocomplexity and Selective modulation of whitefly symbiotic composition. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7591733.bard.

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Whiteflies are sap-sucking insects that harbor obligatory symbiotic bacteria to fulfill their dietary needs, as well as a facultative microbial community with diverse bacterial species. The sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is a severe agricultural pest in many parts of the world. This speciesconsists of several biotypes that have been distinguished largely on the basis of biochemical or molecular diagnostics, but whose biological significance is still unclear. The original objectives of the project were (i) to identify the specific complement of prokaryotic endosymbionts associated with select, well-studied, biologically and phylogeographically representative biotypes of B. tabaci, and (ii) to attempt to 'cure’ select biotypes of certain symbionts to permit assessment of the affect of curing on whitefly fitness, gene flow, host plant preference, and virus transmission competency.To identify the diversity of bacterial community associated with a suite of phylogeographically-diverseB. tabaci, a total of 107 populations were screened using general Bacteria primers for the 16S rRNA encoding gene in a PCR. Sequence comparisons with the available databases revealed the presence of bacteria classified in the: Proteobacteria (66%), Firmicutes (25.70%), Actinobacteria (3.7%), Chlamydiae (2.75%) and Bacteroidetes (<1%). Among previously identified bacteria, such as the primary symbiont Portiera aleyrodidarum, and the secondary symbionts Hamiltonella, Cardinium and Wolbachia, a Rickettsia sp. was detected for the first time in this insect family. The distribution, transmission, and localization of the Rickettsia were studied using PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Rickettsia was found in all 20 Israeli B. tabaci populations screened as well as some populations screened in the Arizona laboratory, but not in all individuals within each population. FISH analysis of B. tabaci eggs, nymphs and adults, revealed a unique concentration of Rickettsia around the gut and follicle cells as well as its random distribution in the haemolymph, but absence from the primary symbiont housing cells, the bacteriocytes. Rickettsia vertical transmission on the one hand and its partial within-population infection on the other suggest a phenotype that is advantageous under certain conditions but may be deleterious enough to prevent fixation under others.To test for the possible involvement of Wolbachia and Cardiniumin the reproductive isolation of different B. tabacibiotypes, reciprocal crosses were preformed among populations of the Cardinium-infected, Wolbachia-infected and uninfected populations. The crosses results demonstrated that phylogeographically divergent B. tabaci are reproductively competent and that cytoplasmic incompatibility inducer-bacteria (Wolbachia and Cardinium) both interfered with, and/or rescued CI induced by one another, effectively facilitating bidirectional female offspring production in the latter scenario.This knowledge has implications to multitrophic interactions, gene flow, speciation, fitness, natural enemy interactions, and possibly, host preference and virus transmission. Although extensive and creative attempts undertaken in both laboratories to cure whiteflies of non-primary symbionts have failed, our finding of naturally uninfected individuals have permitted the establishment of Rickettsia-, Wolbachia- and Cardinium-freeB. tabaci lines, which are been employed to address various biological questions, including determining the role of these bacteria in whitefly host biology.
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Chiel, Elad, and Christopher J. Geden. Development of sustainable fly management tools in an era of global warming. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598161.bard.

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House flies (Muscadomestica) are global pests of animal agriculture, causing major annoyance, carrying pathogens among production facilities and humans and thus have profound impacts on animal comfort and productivity. Successful fly control requires an integrated pest management (IPM) approach that includes elements of manure management, mass trapping, biological control, and selective insecticide use. Insecticidal control of house flies has become increasingly difficult due to the rapidity with which resistance develops, even to new active ingredients. Global climate change poses additional challenges, as the efficacy of natural enemies is uncertain under the higher temperatures that are predicted to become more commonplace in the future. The two major objectives of this research project were: 1) to develop a cost-effective autodissemination application method of Pyriproxifen (PPF), an insect growth regulator, for controlling house flies; 2) to study the effect of increasing temperatures on the interactions between house flies and their principal natural enemies. First, we collected several wild house fly populations in both countries and established that most of them are susceptible to PPF, although one population in each country showed initial signs of PPF-resistance. An important finding is that the efficacy of PPF is substantially reduced when applied in cows’ manure. We also found that PPF is compatible with several common species of parasitoids that attack the house fly, thus PPF can be used in IPM programs. Next, we tried to develop “baited stations” in which house flies will collect PPF on their bodies and then deliver and deposit it in their oviposition sites (= autodissemination). The concept showed potential in lab experiments and in outdoor cages trials, but under field conditions the station models we tested were not effective enough. We thus tested a somewhat different approach – to actively release a small proportion of PPF-treated flies. This approach showed positive results in laboratory experiments and awaits further field experiments. On the second topic, we performed two experimental sets: 1) we collected house flies and their parasitoids from hot temperature and mild temperature areas in both countries and, by measuring some fitness parameters we tested whether the ones collected from hot areas are better adapted to BARD Report - Project 4701 Page 2 of 16 heat. The results showed very little differences between the populations, both of flies and parasitoids. 2) A “fast evolution” experiment, in which we reared house flies for 20 generations under increasing temperatures. Also here, we found no evidence for heat adaptation. In summary, pyriproxyfen proved to be a highly effective insect growth regulator for house flies that is compatible with it’s natural enemies. Although our autodissemination stations yielded disappointing results, we documented the proportion of flies in a population that must be exposed to PPF to achieve effective fly control. Both the flies and their principal parasitoids show no evidence for local adaptation to high temperatures. This is an encouraging finding for biological control, as our hypothesis was that the fly would be adapting faster to high temperatures than the parasitoids. BARD Report - Project 4701 Page 3 of 16
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