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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Insect nematodes Molecular genetics

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Academic literature on the topic 'Insect nematodes Molecular genetics'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Insect nematodes Molecular genetics"

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Clarke, David J. "Photorhabdus: a tale of contrasting interactions." Microbiology 166, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 335–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.000907.

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Different model systems have, over the years, contributed to our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning the various types of interaction between bacteria and their animal hosts. The genus Photorhabdus comprises Gram-negative insect pathogenic bacteria that are normally found as symbionts that colonize the gut of the infective juvenile stage of soil-dwelling nematodes from the family Heterorhabditis. The nematodes infect susceptible insects and release the bacteria into the insect haemolymph where the bacteria grow, resulting in the death of the insect. At this stage the nematodes feed on the bacterial biomass and, following several rounds of reproduction, the nematodes develop into infective juveniles that leave the insect cadaver in search of new hosts. Therefore Photorhabdus has three distinct and obligate roles to play during this life-cycle: (1) Photorhabdus must kill the insect host; (2) Photorhabdus must be capable of supporting nematode growth and development; and (3) Photorhabdus must be able to colonize the gut of the next generation of infective juveniles before they leave the insect cadaver. In this review I will discuss how genetic analysis has identified key genes involved in mediating, and regulating, the interaction between Photorhabdus and each of its invertebrate hosts. These studies have resulted in the characterization of several new families of toxins and a novel inter-kingdom signalling molecule and have also uncovered an important role for phase variation in the regulation of these different roles.

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Rosenzweig, W. D., D. Premachandran, and D. Pramer. "Role of trap lectins in the specificity of nematode capture by fungi." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 31, no. 8 (August 1, 1985): 693–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m85-131.

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Seven adhesive-producing nematode-trapping fungi were tested for their ability to capture nine different nematodes. The nematodes included species that are free living as well as plant and insect parasites. The fungi displayed no selectivity. Each fungus was able to trap and consume all of the different nematodes tested. A study of cuticle surface saccharides of five of the nematodes revealed the presence on all the nematodes of glucose–mannose and N-acetylgalactosamine residues. L-Fucose residues were not found on any of the nematodes. The involvement of lectins in the capture of prey by nematode-trapping fungi is discussed.

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Ciche, Todd A., and Jerald C. Ensign. "For the Insect Pathogen Photorhabdus luminescens, Which End of a Nematode Is Out?" Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 4 (April 2003): 1890–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.4.1890-1897.2003.

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ABSTRACT The nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora is the vector for transmitting the entomopathogenic bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens between insect larvae. The dauer juvenile (DJ) stage nematode selectively retains P. luminescens in its intestine until it releases the bacteria into the hemocoel of an insect host. We report the results of studying the transmission of the bacteria by its nematode vector. Cells of P. luminescens labeled with green fluorescent protein preferentially colonized a region of the DJ intestine immediately behind the basal bulb, extending for various distances toward the anus. Incubation of DJ nematodes in vitro in insect hemolymph induced regurgitation of the bacteria. Following a 30-min lag, the bacteria migrated in a gradual and staggered movement toward and ultimately exited the mouth. This regurgitation reaction was induced by a low-molecular-weight, heat- and protease-stable, anionic component present in arthropod hemolymph and in supernatants from insect cell cultures. Nematodes anesthetized with levamisole or treated with the antihelmenthic agent ivermectin did not release their bacteria into hemolymph. The ability to visualize P. luminescens in the DJ nematode intestine provides the first clues to the mechanism of release of the bacteria during infection of insect larvae. This and the partial characterization of a component of hemolymph triggering release of the bacteria render this fascinating example of both a mutualistic symbiosis and disease transmission amenable to future genetic and molecular study.

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FALAHZADAH, MOHAMMAD HUSSAIN, EBRAHIM SHOKOOHI, GHOLAM HOSSEIN MORAVEJ, PHATU WILLIAM MASHELA, ABDUL KHALID MADADI, and JAVAD KARIMI. "Entomophilic nematodes, Diploscapter coronatus and Oscheius tipulae from Afghanistan." Zootaxa 4926, no. 3 (February 9, 2021): 401–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4926.3.5.

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Several soil samples from different habitats in Badakhshan province of Afghanistan were collected to isolate and characterize bacteria feeding nematodes. The Galleria mellonella-baiting method was used for the isolation of the Afghan insect-associated nematodes. The nematodes were studied using morphological and morphometric data. The Oscheius specimen was characterized by a longer body (630–820 µm) and shorter pharynx (125–145 µm), whereas other morphological characters were not unusual. The Diploscapter specimen had an annulated cuticle, with lip region width 1.5 times shorter than the stoma, and had separated pharyngeal corpus from the isthmus and vulva located in the middle of the body. The molecular data were derived using three loci; 18S, 28S (D2/D3 segment), and ITS rRNA region, which were utilized to measure the genetic distance. The phylogenetic analysis was conducted to reconstruct the relationship tree. Both morphological and molecular approaches confirmed the identity of nematode isolates as Oscheius tipulae and Diploscapter coronatus. This is the first report of insect-associated nematodes from the soil of Afghanistan. Both species were capable of infecting and killing G. mellonella larvae in less than 96 h.

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Parks, Sophia C., Susan Nguyen, Shyon Nasrolahi, Chaitra Bhat, Damian Juncaj, Dihong Lu, Raghavendran Ramaswamy, et al. "Parasitic nematode fatty acid- and retinol-binding proteins compromise host immunity by interfering with host lipid signaling pathways." PLOS Pathogens 17, no. 10 (October 29, 2021): e1010027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1010027.

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Parasitic nematodes cause significant morbidity and mortality globally. Excretory/secretory products (ESPs) such as fatty acid- and retinol- binding proteins (FARs) are hypothesized to suppress host immunity during nematode infection, yet little is known about their interactions with host tissues. Leveraging the insect parasitic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae, we describe here the first in vivo study demonstrating that FARs modulate animal immunity, causing an increase in susceptibility to bacterial co-infection. Moreover, we show that FARs dampen key components of the fly immune response including the phenoloxidase cascade and antimicrobial peptide (AMP) production. Our data also reveal that FARs deplete lipid signaling precursors in vivo as well as bind to these fatty acids in vitro, suggesting that FARs elicit their immunomodulatory effects by altering the availability of lipid signaling molecules necessary for an efficient immune response. Collectively, these data support a complex role for FARs in immunosuppression in animals and provide detailed mechanistic insight into parasitism in phylum Nematoda.

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Grewal, P. S., S. Selvan, E. E. Lewis, and R. Gaugler. "Male insect-parasitic nematodes: a colonizing sex." Experientia 49, no. 6-7 (July 1993): 605–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01955173.

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Matuska-Łyżwa, Joanna, Paulina Żarnowiec, and Wiesław Kaca. "Comparison of Biological Activity of Field Isolates of Steinernema feltiae with a Commercial S. feltiae Biopesticide Product." Insects 12, no. 9 (September 12, 2021): 816. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12090816.

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Insect trap studies were carried out to determine the presence of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) from the family Steinernematidae in the soils of Poland and to compare the biological activities of field nematode isolates with nematodes from commercial biopesticide. The fauna of these organisms in central Poland is poorly studied in both taxonomic and biological terms. Tilled soils representative of this region were sampled from cultivated fields. EPN were isolated from soil samples under laboratory conditions and identified using a key for species identification and molecular analysis. Basic morphometric parameters of infective juveniles and adult males of the first generation were determined. The research showed that males and infective juveniles Steinernema feltiae from Łoniów were the largest. The smallest infective juveniles were found in the isolate from Oblasy, and the smallest males in the isolate from Danków. In Poland, new field isolates showed close genetic similarity to other S. feltiae isolates. The research showed that the field isolates from Poland had greater infectivity and rate of reproduction compared with nematodes from the commercial biopesticide. The findings indicate the potential use of field S. feltiae isolates from Poland (iso1Lon, iso1Dan and iso1Obl) to develop new biopesticide products.

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Marroquin, Lisa D., Dino Elyassnia, Joel S. Griffitts, Jerald S. Feitelson, and Raffi V. Aroian. "Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Toxin Susceptibility and Isolation of Resistance Mutants in the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans." Genetics 155, no. 4 (August 1, 2000): 1693–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/155.4.1693.

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Abstract The protein toxins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are the most widely used natural insecticides in agriculture. Despite successful and extensive use of these toxins in transgenic crops, little is known about toxicity and resistance pathways in target insects since these organisms are not ideal for molecular genetic studies. To address this limitation and to investigate the potential use of these toxins to control parasitic nematodes, we are studying Bt toxin action and resistance in Caenorhabditis elegans. We demonstrate for the first time that a single Bt toxin can target a nematode. When fed Bt toxin, C. elegans hermaphrodites undergo extensive damage to the gut, a decrease in fertility, and death, consistent with toxin effects in insects. We have screened for and isolated 10 recessive mutants that resist the toxin's effects on the intestine, on fertility, and on viability. These mutants define five genes, indicating that more components are required for Bt toxicity than previously known. We find that a second, unrelated nematicidal Bt toxin may utilize a different toxicity pathway. Our data indicate that C. elegans can be used to undertake detailed molecular genetic analysis of Bt toxin pathways and that Bt toxins hold promise as nematicides.

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Thanwisai, Aunchalee, Paramaporn Muangpat, Wipanee Meesil, Pichamon Janthu, Abdulhakam Dumidae, Chanakan Subkrasae, Jiranun Ardpairin, Sarunporn Tandhavanant, Timothy P. Yoshino, and Apichat Vitta. "Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Their Symbiotic Bacteria from the National Parks of Thailand and Larvicidal Property of Symbiotic Bacteria against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus." Biology 11, no. 11 (November 13, 2022): 1658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11111658.

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Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are insect parasitic nematodes of the genera Het-erorhabditis and Steinernema. These nematodes are symbiotically associated with the bacteria, Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus, respectively. National parks in Thailand are a potentially rich resource for recovering native EPNs and their symbiotic bacteria. The objectives of this study are to isolate and identify EPNs and their bacterial flora from soil samples in four national parks in Thailand and to evaluate their efficacy for controlling mosquito larvae. Using a baiting method with a Galleria mellonella moth larvae and a White trap technique, 80 out of 840 soil samples (9.5%) from 168 field sites were positive for EPNs. Sequencing of an internal transcribed spacer resulted in the molecular identification of Heterorhabditis nematode isolates as H. indica, H. baujardi and Heterorhabditis SGmg3, while using 28S rDNA sequencing, Steinernema nematode species were identified as S. guang-dongense, S. surkhetense, S. minutum, S. longicaudum and one closely related to S. yirgalemense. For the symbiotic bacterial isolates, based on recA sequencing, the Photorhabdus spp. were identified as P. luminescens subsp. akhurstii, P. luminescens subsp. hainanensis and P. luminescens subsp. australis. Xenorhabdus isolates were identified as X. stockiae, X. indica, X. griffiniae, X. japonica and X. hominickii. Results of bioassays demonstrate that Photorhabdus isolates were effective on both Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. Therefore, we conclude that soil from Thailand’s national parks contain a high diversity of entomopathogenic nematodes and their symbiotic bacteria. Photorhabdus bacteria are larvicidal against culicine mosquitoes and may serve as effective biocontrol agents.

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Chung, Matthew, Preston J. Basting, Rayanna S. Patkus, Alexandra Grote, Ashley N. Luck, Elodie Ghedin, Barton E. Slatko, et al. "A Meta-Analysis of Wolbachia Transcriptomics Reveals a Stage-Specific Wolbachia Transcriptional Response Shared Across Different Hosts." G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics 10, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 3243–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.120.401534.

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Abstract Wolbachia is a genus containing obligate, intracellular endosymbionts with arthropod and nematode hosts. Numerous studies have identified differentially expressed transcripts in Wolbachia endosymbionts that potentially inform the biological interplay between these endosymbionts and their hosts, albeit with discordant results. Here, we re-analyze previously published Wolbachia RNA-Seq transcriptomics data sets using a single workflow consisting of the most up-to-date algorithms and techniques, with the aim of identifying trends or patterns in the pan-Wolbachia transcriptional response. We find that data from one of the early studies in filarial nematodes did not allow for robust conclusions about Wolbachia differential expression with these methods, suggesting the original interpretations should be reconsidered. Across datasets analyzed with this unified workflow, there is a general lack of global gene regulation with the exception of a weak transcriptional response resulting in the upregulation of ribosomal proteins in early larval stages. This weak response is observed across diverse Wolbachia strains from both nematode and insect hosts suggesting a potential pan-Wolbachia transcriptional response during host development that diverged more than 700 million years ago.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Insect nematodes Molecular genetics"

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Pinyon, Rebecca A. "Isolation and characterisation of novel non-ribosomal peptide synthetase genes from the entomopathogenic Xenorhabdus bovienii T228." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2002. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09php659.pdf.

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Saeb, Amr. "Phylogenetic and population genetic studies on some insect and plant associated nematodes." The Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1158348092.

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Saeb, Amr T. M. "Phylogenetic and population genetic studies on some insect and plant associated nematodes." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1158348092.

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Cameron, Janet. "An assessment of the use of molecular techniques in insect conservation." Thesis, Keele University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309765.

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Swasdipan, Nicharat. "Molecular-genetics of olfaction and its roles in social insect behaviour /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2002. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16457.pdf.

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Earp, David John. "Molecular genetics and biochemistry of mosquitocidal delta-endotoxins of Bacillus thuringiensis." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.238652.

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Blackburn, Dana. "Virulence of Photorhabdus spp.: Examining the Roles of Environment, Evolution, and Genetics in Insect Mortality." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2015. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6163.

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Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) (genera Heterorhabditis and Steinernema) kill their invertebrate hosts with the aid of a mutualistic bacterium. The bacteria (Xenorhabdus spp. for steinernematids and Photorhabdus spp. for heterorhabditids) are primarily responsible for killing the host and providing the nematodes with nutrition and defense against secondary invaders. Photorhabdus is a Gram-negative bacterium in the Enterobacteriaceae family with high virulence towards their insect hosts. To achieve high mortality rates Photorhabdus produces a variety of virulence factors such as toxins, lipases, proteases, secretion systems, and fimbriae. EPNs are amenable to laboratory rearing and mass production for biocontrol applications against insects using in vivo or in vitro methods; however, in vitro liquid culture is considered to be the most efficient. In this method the symbiotic bacteria are cultured prior to the addition of their partner EPN. This can leave the bacteria susceptible to a number of problems such as genetic drift and inadvertent selection. Regardless of the culture method the symbiotic bacteria exhibit trait deterioration or changes due to laboratory rearing. This project had three primary aims: 1) investigate the role of nutrition in trait deterioration, 2) examine virulence evolution using a phylogenetic context, and 3) identify genes that are necessary for survival and virulence inside the insect host. Prior to studying these objectives we first determined the optimal conditions for growing and counting viable cells of Photorhabdus. We discovered that growth is enhanced by the addition of pyruvate to growth media. To determine the role of nutrition in trait deterioration we repeatedly sub-cultured Photorhabdus in three different media types. Throughout this study we found that, in contrast to previous studies, trait deterioration does not always happen and the environment influences trait deterioration. Furthermore, based on our phylogenetic studies we found that Photorhabdus spp. are evolving to an increase in insect virulence. Lastly, using Tn-seq we determined a list of 84 genes that are needed for efficient virulence inside the insect host and provide suggestions for ongoing research efforts.

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Beck, Markus Hans. "Molecular genetics of host manipulation and competition in an insect parasitoid system." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ACP/09acpb393.pdf.

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Bibliography: leaves 108-128. Maternal protein secretions from the parthenogenetic endoparasitoid wasp Venturia canescens Gravenhorst (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) were analysed regarding their ability to protect the parasitoid egg against the host immune system. These secretions include nucleic acid-free glycoproteins, called virus-like particles (VLPs) that are produced in the ovarian calyx gland. Results found that VLP-free calyx fluid has the ability to actively suppress host defence reactions, rather than VLPs on the egg surface being solely responsible for the protection of the egg. It was shown the VLP-free calyx fluid contains serine protease-inhibitor activity capable of transiently inhibiting melanogenisis and hemocyte spreading in the host. This indicates that immediately after oviposition the egg surface is not fully protected against host defence reactions. However, at later stages the egg seems to have acquired an immunologically inert surface, and is therefore protected after the suppressive activity of the calyx fluid has disappeared.

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Saunders, Robert David Comrie. "Molecular analysis of a female-sterile mutation in Drosophila melanogaster." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/12900.

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Wilkie, Hazel Evelyn. "Identifying and exploiting the molecular basis of resistance to gastro-intestinal nematodes in sheep." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/22920.

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Teladorsagia circumcincta is a common parasitic nematode of the sheep abomasum, causing reduced growth in young lambs. The widespread development of anthelmintic resistant parasites has driven the need for alternative control strategies. Resistant immunity is acquired through repeated exposure to the parasite. The immune response and clinical outcome vary greatly between animals, but resistance is heritable. The aims of this project were: 1) understand how sheep respond to nematode infection; 2) understand and identify genes associated with the response; 3) identify variation within those genes which may contribute to resistance. Using an artificially infected animal model, transcriptomic analysis in resistant and susceptible lambs identified genes involved in T helper cell polarization as integral to disease outcome. T helper cell (Th)1 and Th17 activation was associated with susceptibility (low antibody, high worm numbers) while a Th2 response was associated with resistance (high antibody levels and clearance of infection). The Th cell transcription factors (GATA3, TBX21, RORC2 and RORA) were sequenced with splice variants and SNPs identified. Analysis of gene expression in the abomasal lymph node identified RORAv2 as associated with susceptibility and RORAv5 as associated with resistance. In the abomasal mucosa, GATA3 expression was linked to resistance. Expression analysis of cytokine receptors expressed by Th cells identified IL17RB and IL17RBv2 as associated with resistance in the abomasal mucosa. Analysis of the SNPs within these genes in 3 naturally infected populations identified a significant association between SNPs in IL23R with weight and FEC. This project has provided an in-depth analysis of the ovine transcriptome and identified several genes associated with the development of resistance to nematodes.

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Books on the topic "Insect nematodes Molecular genetics"

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International Symposium on Molecular Insect Science (1989 Tucson, Ariz.). Molecular insect science. New York: Plenum Press, 1990.

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Insect molecular genetics: An introduction to principles and applications. 2nd ed. Amsterdam: Academic Press, 2003.

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Hoy, Marjorie A. Insect molecular genetics: An introduction to principles and applications. San Diego: Academic Press, 1994.

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Gilbert, Lawrence I. Insect Molecular Biology and Biochemistry. San Diego: Academic Press [Imprint], 2011.

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Yamamoto, Daisuke. Molecular dynamics in the developing Drosophila eye. Austin: R.G. Landes Co., 1996.

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Royal Entomological Society of London. Symposium. Insect molecular science: 16th symposium of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 12-13 September 1991, at Imperial College, London. London: Academic Press, 1992.

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Royal Entomological Society of London. Symposium. Insect molecular science: 16th Symposium of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 12-13 September 1991, at Imperial College, London. London: Academic, 1992.

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Perry, Roland N., David J. Hunt, and Sergei A. Subbotin, eds. Techniques for work with plant and soil nematodes. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786391759.0000.

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Abstract This book is extensively illustrated, and addresses both fundamental traditional techniques and new methodologies. The chapters aim to provide an introduction to basic techniques for laboratory and field work with plant-parasitic and free-living soil-dwelling nematodes. The coverage highlights areas that have expanded and/or become more widespread over recent years, such as techniques used in diagnostic laboratories, including computerized methods to count and identify nematodes, and the use of entomopathogenic nematodes as environmentally acceptable control systems for some insect pests. The use of molecular techniques is relevant to many areas of work on nematodes and basic information on current molecular methodologies and their various applications is included.

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Insect Molecular Genetics. Elsevier, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/c2009-0-03529-6.

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Insect Molecular Genetics. Elsevier, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-357031-4.x5018-3.

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Book chapters on the topic "Insect nematodes Molecular genetics"

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Sobczak, Miroslaw, and Wladyslaw Golinowski. "Cyst Nematodes and Syncytia." In Genomics and Molecular Genetics of Plant-Nematode Interactions, 61–82. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0434-3_4.

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Bert, Wim, Gerrit Karssen, and Johannes Helder. "Phylogeny and Evolution of Nematodes." In Genomics and Molecular Genetics of Plant-Nematode Interactions, 45–59. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0434-3_3.

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Jacob, Joachim, and Makedonka Mitreva. "Transcriptomes of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes." In Genomics and Molecular Genetics of Plant-Nematode Interactions, 119–38. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0434-3_7.

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Smant, Geert, and John Jones. "Suppression of Plant Defences by Nematodes." In Genomics and Molecular Genetics of Plant-Nematode Interactions, 273–86. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0434-3_13.

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Sobczak, Miroslaw, Sylwia Fudali, and Krzysztof Wieczorek. "Cell Wall Modifications Induced by Nematodes." In Genomics and Molecular Genetics of Plant-Nematode Interactions, 395–422. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0434-3_19.

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Jones, Michael G. K., and Derek B. Goto. "Root-knot Nematodes and Giant Cells." In Genomics and Molecular Genetics of Plant-Nematode Interactions, 83–100. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0434-3_5.

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Abad, Pierre, and James P. McCarter. "Genome Analysis of Plant Parasitic Nematodes." In Genomics and Molecular Genetics of Plant-Nematode Interactions, 103–17. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0434-3_6.

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Maule, Aaron G., and Rosane Curtis. "Parallels Between Plant and Animal Parasitic Nematodes." In Genomics and Molecular Genetics of Plant-Nematode Interactions, 221–51. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0434-3_11.

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McKenzie, John A. "Pesticide Resistance." In Evolutionary Ecology. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195131543.003.0034.

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Biological control, sterile insect release, autocidal control and genetically modified crops have made, and will continue to make, important contributions to specific programs of integrated pest management. However, at least into the immediate future, the effective management of agricultural ecosystems will depend on the judicious use of chemical pesticides to control fungal pathogens, weeds, nematodes, or arthropods that damage crops or livestock and lead to lower productivity. Similar conclusions can be drawn with respect to the control of insect pests that play key roles as vectors in the transmission of diseases that have devastating impact on the health of humans and animals, particularly in the developing countries of Africa and Asia. If pesticides are used inappropriately, their effectiveness can be short-lived, and the residues of the chemicals can be harmful to the environment. Typically, resistance to the pesticide develops, often resulting in increased chemical usage at higher concentrations. This, in turn, produces higher levels of pesticide residues in the environment, with greater deleterious effect on nontargeted species through direct, unintentional exposure or through the incorporation of chemical residues into food chains. Unfortunately, this outcome has not been uncommon. The list of pests and the chemicals to which they have developed resistance is depressingly impressive (Georghiou 1986; Bergelson and Purrington 1996; Denholm et al. 1999). The development of resistance causes significant problems. The phenomenon does, however, provide a rare opportunity: the chance to study natural selection where fundamental research on ecology, genetics, molecular, and developmental biology and physiology can be integrated. An understanding of the microevolutionary processes that lead to the development of resistance enables the derivation of better strategies of pesticide usage that minimize the evolution of resistance to future pesticides. The task of measuring selection in natural populations is not, however, trivial (Fairbairn and Reeve, this volume). In essence, to demonstrate unambiguously that selection is occurring we must: …1. Identify the selective agent(s). 2. Mechanistically associate the action of the selective agent on the phenotype(s) with the product(s) of the genotype(s). 3. Gain predictable results after using our knowledge of the mechanism to manipulate experimental populations….

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"Front Matter." In Insect Molecular Genetics, iii. Elsevier, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-357490-9.50001-8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Insect nematodes Molecular genetics"

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Zamorzaeva, Irina, and Aighiuni Bahsiev. "Phytoplasma testing in sweet pepper in Moldova." In VIIth International Scientific Conference “Genetics, Physiology and Plant Breeding”. Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/gppb7.2021.29.

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Abstract:

Phytoplasma infects a wide variety of crops, causing considerable economic losses. About half of the vegetable crops damaged by phytoplasma belong to the Solanaceae family including tomato, eggplant and pepper which play an important role in the agriculture economics of Moldova. Our previous research confirmed the presence of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ (16SrXII-A subgroup) in tomatoes and also identified insect vectors. In this communication, we present for the first time in Moldova the results of molecular diagnosis of association of ‘Ca. P. solani’ in 4% of the analyzed sweet pepper samples. ‘Ca. P. asteris’ group was absent in the pepper field.

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Reports on the topic "Insect nematodes Molecular genetics"

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Ehrlich, Marcelo, John S. Parker, and Terence S. Dermody. Development of a Plasmid-Based Reverse Genetics System for the Bluetongue and Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Viruses to Allow a Comparative Characterization of the Function of the NS3 Viroporin in Viral Egress. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699840.bard.

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Project Title: "Development of a plasmid-based reverse genetics system for the Bluetongue and Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease viruses to allow comparative characterization of the function of the NS3 viroporin in viral egress". Project details: No - IS-4192-09; Participants – Ehrlich M. (Tel Aviv University), Parker J.S. (Cornell University), DermodyT.S. (Vanderbilt University); Period - 2009-2013. Orbiviruses are insect-borne infectious agents of ruminants that cause diseases with considerable economical impact in Israel and the United States. The recent outbreaks of BTV in Europe and of Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus (EHDV) in Israel, underscore the need for: (i) a better comprehension of the infection process of orbiviruses, (ii) the identification of unique vs. common traits among different orbiviruses, (iii) the development of novel diagnosis and treatment techniques and approaches; all aimed at the achievement of more effective control and treatment measures. It is the context of these broad goals that the present project was carried out. To fulfill our long-term goal of identifying specific viral determinants of virulence, growth, and transmission of the orbiviruses, we proposed to: (i) develop reverse genetics systems for BTV and EHDV2-Ibaraki; and (ii) identify the molecular determinants of the NS3 nonstructural protein related to viroporin/viral egress activities. The first objective was pursued with a two-pronged approach: (i) development of a plasmid-based reverse genetics system for BTV-17, and (ii) development of an "in-vitro" transcription-based reverse genetics system for EHDV2-Ibaraki. Both approaches encountered technical problems that hampered their achievement. However, dissection of the possible causes of the failure to achieve viral spread of EHDV2-Ibaraki, following the transfection of in-vitro transcribed genomic segments of the virus, revealed a novel characteristic of EHDV2-Ibaraki infection: an uncharacteristically low fold increase in titer upon infection of different cell models. To address the function and regulation of NS3 we employed the following approaches: (i) development (together with Anima Cell Metrology) of a novel technique (based on the transfection of fluorescently-labeledtRNAs) that allows for the detection of the levels of synthesis of individual viral proteins (i.e. NS3) in single cells; (ii) development of a siRNA-mediated knockdown approach for the reduction in levels of expression of NS3 in EHDV2-Ibaraki infected cells; (iii) biochemical and microscopy-based analysis of the localization, levels and post-translational modifications of NS3 in infected cells. In addition, we identified the altered regulation and spatial compartmentalization of protein synthesis in cells infected with EHDV2-Ibaraki or the mammalian reovirus. In EHDV2-Ibaraki-infected cells such altered regulation in protein synthesis occurs in the context of a cell stress reponse that includes the induction of apoptosis, autophagy and activation of the stressrelated kinase c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK). Interestingly, inhibition of such stress-related cellular processes diminishes the production of infectious virions, suggesting that EHDV usurps these responses for the benefit of efficient infection. Taken together, while the present project fell short of the generation of novel reverse genetics systems for orbiviruses, the development of novel experimental approaches and techniques, and their employment in the analysis of EHDV-infected cells, yielded novel insights in the interactions of orbiviruses with mammalian cells.

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