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Journal articles on the topic 'Insect microflora'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Mrázek, J., L. Štrosová, K. Fliegerová, T. Kott, and J. Kopečný. "Diversity of insect intestinal microflora." Folia Microbiologica 53, no. 3 (May 2008): 229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12223-008-0032-z.

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2

White, N. D. G., and D. S. Jayas. "Factors affecting the deterioration of stored flaxseed including the potential of insect infestation." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 71, no. 2 (April 1, 1991): 327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps91-047.

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Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L. 'McGregor') stored at 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 °C and 35, 50, 60, and 70% relative humidity (RH) for up to 12 mo deteriorated in quality in < 1–3 mo at the two highest temperatures, although the seed was stored "dry" (≤ 10% moisture content, MC). Initial fatty acid values (FAV) of 41.1 mg KOH 100 g−1 dry seed (0.51% free fatty acids in oil) rarely increased more than 1.5-fold over 12 mo at 10 or 20 °C and up to 10% MC, or at 30 °C and 7 to 8% MC. Using FAV as a storage quality-loss criterion, flaxseed at 8–9% MC could be stored for 6 mo at 30 °C, 1–2 mo at 40 °C, or a few weeks at 50 °C with less than a 1.5-fold increase. A twofold increase in FAV was correlated to a discoloured or charred appearance of seeds and a rapid loss in seed germination. Seed germination did not decrease during 12 mo at 10 or 20 °C and 70% RH, or at 30 °C and 60% RH. The fungi Aspergillus glaucus group, A. candidus Link, and Penicillium spp. infected seed at some temperatures and relative humidities with low frequency by 6 mo, and A. flavus Link also occurred at 12 mo. Visible microflora were absent after 6 mo on seed at 40 and 50 °C. The beetles Oryzaephilus mercator (Fauvel), O. surinamensis L., Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), and T. confusum J. duVal survived and produced some larvae on both whole and ground flaxseed in 2 mo. McGregor was slightly more suitable for insect reproduction than NorMan or NorLin. Five other insect species could not survive. Extensive infestation of flaxseed by stored-product insects is unlikely. Key words: Flaxseed, storage, free fatty acids, germination, microflora, insects

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3

Whitten, Miranda M. A., Paul D. Facey, Ricardo Del Sol, Lorena T. Fernández-Martínez, Meirwyn C. Evans, Jacob J. Mitchell, Owen G. Bodger, and Paul J. Dyson. "Symbiont-mediated RNA interference in insects." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1825 (February 24, 2016): 20160042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0042.

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RNA interference (RNAi) methods for insects are often limited by problems with double-stranded (ds) RNA delivery, which restricts reverse genetics studies and the development of RNAi-based biocides. We therefore delegated to insect symbiotic bacteria the task of: (i) constitutive dsRNA synthesis and (ii) trauma-free delivery. RNaseIII-deficient, dsRNA-expressing bacterial strains were created from the symbionts of two very diverse pest species: a long-lived blood-sucking bug, Rhodnius prolixus , and a short-lived globally invasive polyphagous agricultural pest, western flower thrips ( Frankliniella occidentalis ). When ingested, the manipulated bacteria colonized the insects, successfully competed with the wild-type microflora, and sustainably mediated systemic knockdown phenotypes that were horizontally transmissible. This represents a significant advance in the ability to deliver RNAi, potentially to a large range of non-model insects.

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4

O'Callaghan, M., E. M. Gerard, G. H. J. Heilig, H. Zhang, T. A. Jackson, and T. R. Glare. "Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis a tool for plant protection research." New Zealand Plant Protection 56 (August 1, 2003): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2003.56.6056.

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Analysis of microbial communities associated with plants insects and soil has been a significant challenge for plant protection researchers because of the lack of techniques with which to access these populations A new molecular community profiling technique 16S rRNA genebased PCR followed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) has been used to analyse microbial communities in a number of environments and has many potential uses in plant protection research The technique is currently being used for the analysis of insect gut microflora characterisation of phylloplane and rhizosphere microbial populations and in environmental assessment of the effects of biopesticides and new technologies on indigenous soil microbes

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5

Jarosz, J. "Ecology of anti-microbials produced by bacterial associates ofSteinernema carpocapsaeandHeterorhabditis bacteriophora." Parasitology 112, no. 6 (June 1996): 545–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000066129.

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SUMMARYBased on the ability of bacterial associates of entomopathogenic nematodes to produce antibiotic compounds on artificial media, it has been commonly accepted thatXenorhabdussp. andPhotorhabdussp. inhibit a wide range of invading microorganisms in insects infected withSteinernemaspp. orHeterorhabditisspp. Therefore, the question of whether antibiotic compounds produced by the primary form of bacterial symbionts associated mutualistically withS. carpocapsaeandH. bacteriophoraexplain why insect carcasses do not putrefy but provide nutritional requirements for insect parasitic rhabditoid nematodes to complete their life-cycle was examined. Laboratory bioassays of anti-bacterial activity on nutrient agar and during parasitism in larvae ofGalleria mellonellahave confirmed earlier observations thatin vitrocolonies of the primary form ofX. nematophilusandP. luminescensproduced agar-diffusible antibiotic compounds of a broad spectrum of anti-bacterial activity; their role in parasitism seems doubtful, however. This hypothesis is supported by a low antibiotic potency of a limited spectrum of anti-bacterial activity throughout the life-cycle of the parasites, principally inGalleriainfected withS. carpocapsae. Since the lack of putrefaction cannot be explained simply by antibiotic inhibition of contaminating bacterial microflora, other competition mechanisms must be operating in parasitized insects. I postulated that a rapid and massive colonization of the insect body by nematophilic bacteria creates unfavourable conditions for the growth and multiplication of bacterial (proteolytic) contaminators making the insect carcass decay-resistant. In the case ofH. bacteriophora, low antibiotic activity at an early stage of parasitism could support the colonization byP. luminescensof the host.

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6

Dukuh, Isaac K., and Yaw Opoku-Asiamah. "Studies on the Microflora of Ripe Pawpaw (Carica papaya) Fruits in Ghana." International Journal of Technology and Management Research 1, no. 2 (March 12, 2020): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.47127/ijtmr.v1i2.18.

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The aim of the study is to identify fungi associated with fruit rot of pawpaw both in the field and in storage. Three experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, fungi growing on ripe pawpaw fruits randomly collected from plants on the UCC campus were identified in the laboratory. The position on the fruit the fungi appeared was recorded. The second experiment involved the storage of fruits in insect proof containers in the laboratory to indentify fungi growing onthe fruits and the position on the fruit the fungi appeared. In the third experiment, fruits were washed with 10% solution of Milton 2 before they were stored in insect proof containers. Fungi which grew on them and the position on the fruit the fungi appeared were identified. The survey revealed that Collectotricum gloesporiodes which cause anthracnose was the most frequently occurring fungi in the field in the study area. The most serious fungi diseases of pawpaw in storage were found to be anthracnose, stem end rot and black rot which were caused by Collectotricum gloesporiodes, Phomopsis caricae-papayae andPhoma caricae-papayae. It was demonstrated that surface sterilization with 10% Milton 2 solution increased the shelf life of the stored fruits for 2-3 days. Keywords: Carica papaya; Microflora; Milton 2; Surface sterilization; Frequency of occurrence.

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7

Lewis, David L., and William A. Said. "Special applications of insect gut microflora in kinetic studies of microbial substrate removal rates." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 8, no. 7 (July 1989): 563–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620080703.

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8

Rada, V., M. Máchová, J. Huk, M. Marounek, and D. Dušková. "Microflora in the honeybee digestive tract: counts, characteristics and sensitivity to veterinary drugs." Apidologie 28, no. 6 (1997): 357–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/apido:19970603.

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9

Zettler, J. L., S. Navarro, Maria Fernanda Penteado M. de Castro, J. O. do Vale, Neura Bragnolo, M. F. F. Leitao, Eliane Salvadego Anichiareo, and K. A. Mills. "Biological responses of microflora to treatment with CA and/or fumigation." Phytoparasitica 29, S1 (February 2001): S17—S20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02981876.

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10

Femi-Ola, T. O., and E. Y. Aderibigbe. "Effects of Seasonal Changes on the Microflora In the Hindgut of Wood-Eating Termites." Journal of Entomology 6, no. 1 (December 15, 2008): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/je.2009.67.71.

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11

Park, Jong Myong, Young-Hyun You, Jong-Han Park, Hyeong-Hwan Kim, Sa-Youl Ghim, and Chang-Gi Back. "Cutaneous Microflora from Geographically Isolated Groups ofBradysia agrestis, an Insect Vector of Diverse Plant Pathogens." Mycobiology 45, no. 3 (September 2017): 160–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5941/myco.2017.45.3.160.

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12

Kalpana, S., A. A. M. Hatha, and P. Lakshmanaperumalsamy. "Gut microflora of the larva of silkworm, Bombyx mori." International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 15, no. 4-5 (October 1994): 499–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742758400015873.

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13

Goerzen, D. W. "Microflora associated with the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata (Fab) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) in Saskatchewan, Canada." Apidologie 22, no. 5 (1991): 553–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/apido:19910508.

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14

Canullo, G. H., R. Rodríguez‐kábana, and J. W. Kloepper. "Changes in soil microflora associated with control ofSclerotium Rolfsiiby Furfuraldehyde." Biocontrol Science and Technology 2, no. 2 (January 1992): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09583159209355229.

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15

Gesheva, Victoria. "Rhizoshere microflora of some citrus as a source of antagonistic actinomycetes." European Journal of Soil Biology 38, no. 1 (February 2002): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1164-5563(01)01125-6.

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16

Maclennan, K. E., Garrick McDonald, and S. A. Ward. "Soil microflora as hosts of redlegged earth mite (Halotydeus destructor)." Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 86, no. 3 (March 1998): 319–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1570-7458.1998.00295.x.

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17

Wilson, David M., Edward Jay, and Robert A. Hill. "Microflora changes in peanuts (groundnuts) stored under modified atmospheres." Journal of Stored Products Research 21, no. 1 (February 1985): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-474x(85)90060-8.

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18

Takayoshi, Juri, Yong-Lin Huang, Yosuke Matsuo, Yoshinori Saito, Dian-Peng Li, and Takashi Tanaka. "Ellagitannin Digestion in Moth Larvae and a New Dimeric Ellagitannin from the Leaves of Platycarya strobilacea." Molecules 26, no. 14 (July 7, 2021): 4134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26144134.

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Ellagitannins (ETs) are plant polyphenols with various health benefits. Recent studies have indicated that the biological activities of ETs are attributable to their degradation products, including ellagic acid and its gut microflora metabolites, such as urolithins. Insect tea produced in the Guangxi region, China, is made from the frass of moth larvae that feed on the ET-rich leaves of Platycarya strobilacea. Chromatographic separation of the Guangxi insect tea showed that the major phenolic constituents are ellagic acid, brevifolin carboxylic acid, gallic acid, brevifolin, and polymeric polyphenols. Chemical investigation of the feed of the larvae, the fresh leaves of P. strobilacea, showed that the major polyphenols are ETs including pedunculagin, casuarictin, strictinin, and a new ET named platycaryanin E. The new ET was confirmed as a dimer of strictinin having a tergalloyl group. The insect tea and the leaves of P. strobilacea contained polymeric polyphenols, both of which were shown to be composed of ETs and proanthocyanidins by acid hydrolysis and thiol degradation. This study clarified that Guangxi insect tea contains ET metabolites produced in the digestive tract of moth larvae, and the metabolites probably have higher bioavailabilities than the original large-molecular ETs of the leaves of P. strobilacea.

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19

Waller, J. M., and D. M. Masaba. "The microflora of coffee surfaces and relationships to coffee berry disease." International Journal of Pest Management 52, no. 2 (April 2006): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09670870600568311.

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20

Nedělník, J., H. Lindušková, and M. Kmoch. "Influence of growing Bt maize on Fusarium infection and mycotoxins content – a review." Plant Protection Science 48, Special Issue (December 12, 2012): S18—S24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/36/2012-pps.

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The literature linking Bt maize versus non-Bt maize and the changes in the fungal microflora spectrum and in the mycotoxins content have been summarised. The European corn borer reportedly promotes the infection of maize by Fusarium spp. Stalk and ear rots caused by Fusarium spp. are often related to mycotoxin accumulation in maize kernels. As a result, food and animal feed from maize are more severely contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins: e.g. fumonisins (FUM), deoxynivalenol (DON), and zearalenone (ZEA). Mycotoxins in field maize lead annually economic losses of hundreds of millions of dollars in all regions of the world. The insecticidal proteins in genetically modified hybrid Bt maize reduce insect damage caused by certain Lepidopteran larvae, which in turn can reduce the infection of the grain by the mycotoxigenic fungi. Where such insect damage is a major factor in mycotoxin contamination, Bt maize can lower mycotoxin levels in many cases. The protection of maize plants against insect damage (European corn borer) through the use of Bt technology seems to be one of the ways to reduce the contamination of maize by Fusarium species and mycotoxins.

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21

Scheper, R. W. A., D. J. Rogers, J. T. S. Walker, M. A. Manning, and P. N. Wood. "The incidence of storage rots after postharvest apple washing." New Zealand Plant Protection 60 (August 1, 2007): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2007.60.4626.

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The effect of four postharvest apple washing treatments and two unwashed treatments on fruit surface microflora and the development of storage rots in punctured and uninjured fruit were assessed A significantly higher incidence of storage rot was observed in punctured apples (1635) than in uninjured apples (13) after washing in water with high fungal populations (P

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22

BORSA, J., W. S. CHELACK, R. R. MARQUARDT, and A. A. FROHLICH. "Comparison of Irradiation and Chemical Fumigation Used in Grain Disinfestation on Production of Ochratoxin A by Aspergillus alutaceus in Treated Barley." Journal of Food Protection 55, no. 12 (December 1, 1992): 990–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-55.12.990.

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Effects of irradiation and fumigation on ochratoxin A production by Aspergillus alutaceus in barley were compared. Ochratoxin A production was enhanced relative to untreated controls, if the toxigenic fungus was inoculated into the grain following irradiation or fumigation with either methyl bromide or phosphine. Ochratoxin A production was diminished, if the toxigenic fungus was inoculated into the grain prior to treatment by irradiation or fumigation. The results are consistent with the interpretation that the perturbative effects of irradiation and fumigation on ochratoxin A production by A. alutaceus in this system are very similar and are mediated by a common mechanism. This mechanism involves disturbance of the competition between the toxigenic inoculum and the endogenous microflora of the grain. Reduction or elimination of the competitive microflora, by whatever treatment, allows production of greater amounts of toxin than would occur in the presence of effective competition. These findings suggest that the potential hazard associated with the possible enhancement of ochratoxin A (and probably other mycotoxin) production in treated grain is similar for irradiation or fumigation treatment. Fumigation for purposes of insect disinfestation of grain has been used for decades, with no evidence of any significant hazard vis-a-vis enhanced mycotoxin production.

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23

Kaznowski, Adam, Bozena Szymas, Ewa Jazdzinska, Magdalena Kazimierczak, Halina Paetz, and Joanna Mokracka. "The effects of probiotic supplementation on the content of intestinal microflora and chemical composition of worker honey bees (Apis mellifera)." Journal of Apicultural Research 44, no. 1 (January 2005): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2005.11101139.

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24

Perelló, A., M. R. Simón, A. M. Arambarri, and C. A. Cordo. "Greenhouse screening of the saprophytic resident microflora for control of leaf spots of wheat (Triticum aestivum)." Phytoparasitica 29, no. 4 (August 2001): 341–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02981848.

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25

Hu, Gang, and Raymond J. St. Leger. "Field Studies Using a Recombinant Mycoinsecticide (Metarhizium anisopliae) Reveal that It Is Rhizosphere Competent." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, no. 12 (December 2002): 6383–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.12.6383-6387.2002.

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ABSTRACT In the summer of 2000, we released genetically altered insect-pathogenic fungi onto a plot of cabbages at a field site on the Upper Marlboro Research Station, Md. The transformed derivatives of Metarhizium anisopliae ARSEF 1080, designated GPMa and GMa, carried the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein (gfp) gene alone (GMa) or with additional protease genes (Pr1) (GPMa). The study (i) confirmed the utility of gfp for monitoring pathogen strains in field populations over time, (ii) demonstrated little dissemination of transgenic strains and produced no evidence of transmission by nontarget insects, (iii) found that recombinant fungi were genetically stable over 1 year under field conditions, and (iv) determined that deployment of the transgenic strains did not depress the culturable indigenous fungal microflora. The major point of the study was to monitor the fate (survivorship) of transformants under field conditions. In nonrhizosphere soil, the amount of GMa decreased from 105 propagules/g at depths of 0 to 2 cm to 103 propagules/g after several months. However, the densities of GMa remained at 105 propagules/g in the inner rhizosphere, demonstrating that rhizospheric soils are a potential reservoir for M. anisopliae. These results place a sharp focus on the biology of the soil/root interphase as a site where plants, insects, and pathogens interact to determine fungal biocontrol efficacy, cycling, and survival. However, the rhizospheric effect was less marked for GPMa, and overall it showed reduced persistence in soils than did GMa.

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26

Scheper, R. W. A., and D. J. Rogers. "Effect of postharvest dips on apple surface microflora and Dasineura mali removal." New Zealand Plant Protection 61 (August 1, 2008): 394. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2008.61.6872.

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The effectiveness of six prewashing and nine postwashing dips on loosening apple leaf curling midge (ALCM) cocoons and reducing fruit surface microflora respectively was examined In the laboratory fungal populations were significantly reduced (1217 cfu/cm2) after 10min dips in medium or high concentration Nylate (5 ppm or 10 ppm free Cl2) or SteriMaxTM (008) compared with controls (5367 cfu/cm2) An ethanol dip (1 min 50) significantly reduced fungal and yeast populations compared with all other treatments Dips in low concentration controlledrelease chlorine products (10 min) and in sodium hypochlorite (1 min 100 ppm free Cl2) did not affect fungal populations significantly The same products except ethanol which was replaced by an antifoam solution (075) were tested on ALCM cocoons but none loosened cocoons effectively compared with the control In a packhouse a 6min postwashing dip in high concentration Nylate (75 ppm free Cl2) significantly reduced fungal (25 cfu/cm2) and yeast (12 103 cfu/cm2) populations compared with washed and unwashed apples (274 fungal cfu/cm2 and 23 104 yeast cfu/cm2) Both laboratory and packhouse studies indicated that postwashing dips can lower the apple surface microflora which may reduce storage rot incidence However the prewashing dips did not appear to loosen ALCM cocoons

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27

Bidochka, Michael J., Raymond J. St. Leger, and Donald W. Roberts. "MECHANISMS OF DEUTEROMYCETE FUNGAL INFECTIONS IN GRASSHOPPERS AND LOCUSTS: AN OVERVIEW." Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 129, S171 (1997): 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/entm129171213-1.

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AbstractSeveral species of entomopathogenic deuteromycetous fungi can produce epizootics in populations of grasshoppers and locusts. Consequently there is considerable interest in development of these fungi as biocontrol agents. To this end we need information about the genetic and molecular basis of deuteromycete pathogenesis in acridids to develop a rational plan for strain improvement. Herein we present an overview of the infection processes of deuteromycetous fungi in acridids. These fungi penetrate through the cuticle which is composed primarily of proteins. Hydrophobic interactions, appressoria formation, and mucus production by the fungus are involved in fungal adhesion to the acridid cuticle. Extracellular proteases produced by Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin solubilize cuticle proteins, which assists penetration and provides nutrients for further growth. Fungal infection through the locust gut is rare because indigenous gut microflora produce antifungal metabolites. Little is known of the events providing host specificity or those that lead to insect death once the cuticle is breached by the fungus; however, mechanical damage, nutrient deprivation, and toxic metabolites may be involved.

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28

D Marsh, Philip. "Do dental diseases resemble ecological catastrophes?" Microbiology Australia 26, no. 3 (2005): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma05102.

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Ecological catastrophes can take many forms, and can come in all shapes and sizes! Nitrogenous fertilisers can be washed off farm-land into lakes and ponds, resulting in overgrowth by algae. Such an overgrowth can lead to secondary effects to the ecosystem; the algae can consume dissolved oxygen in the water leading to the loss of aerobic microbial, plant and insect life (eutrophication). Similarly, atmospheric pollution with sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides can produce acid rain causing damage to plants and trees and loss of aquatic life. On a larger scale, it has been postulated that the extinction of the dinosaurs followed climate change resulting from the impact of a meteorite. At the other end of the spectrum, it will be argued in this article that the key to a more complete understanding of the role of micro-organisms in dental diseases depends on a paradigm shift away from concepts that have evolved from studies of diseases with a simple and specific (e.g. single species) aetiology to an appreciation of ecological principles similar to those outlined above, where a substantial change to a key parameter influencing the habitat can disrupt the natural balance of the resident oral microflora. Acceptance of such principles can more readily explain the transition of the oral microflora from having a benign to a pathogenic relationship with the host, while opening up new opportunities for the control of dental plaque-mediated diseases.

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29

Nout, M. J. R., C. E. Platis, and D. T. Wicklow. "Biodiversity of yeasts from Illinois maize." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 43, no. 4 (April 1, 1997): 362–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m97-050.

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Microflora in wound sites of preharvest maize (including bacteria, yeasts, and filamentous fungi) may play a role in attracting insects to maize plants and may also interact with growth and mycotoxin production by filamentous fungi. As little data are available about the yeasts occurring on maize from the U.S. corn belt, samples of milled maize from experimental plantings at the University of Illinois River Valley Sand Field were analyzed. Yeast counts showed slight yearly fluctuation and varied between 3.60 and 5.88 (log cfu/g maize). The majority of the yeasts were Candida guilliermondii (approximately 55%), Candida zeylanoides (24 %), Candida shehatae (11%), and Debaryomyces hansenii (3%). Also present were Trichosporon cutaneum, Cryptococcus albidus var. aerius, and Pichia membranifaciens. The occurrence of killer yeasts was also evaluated. Killer yeasts were detected in maize for the first time and were identified as Trichosporon cutaneum and Candida zeylanoides. These were able to kill some representative yeasts isolated from maize, including Candida guilliermondii, Candida shehatae, and Cryptococcus albidus var. aerius. Other maize yeasts (Candida zeylanoides, Debaryomyces hansenii, Pichia membranifaciens) were not affected. The majority of yeasts found on maize were unable to ferment its major sugars, i.e., sucrose and maltose. Some (e.g., Candida zeylanoides) were not even able to assimilate these sugars. The importance of these properties in relation to insect attraction to preharvest ears of maize is discussed.Key words: corn, maize, yeast, killer.

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30

Knapp, B. A., J. Seeber, S. M. Podmirseg, E. Meyer, and H. Insam. "Application of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis for analysing the gut microflora ofLumbricus rubellusHoffmeister under different feeding conditions." Bulletin of Entomological Research 98, no. 3 (April 28, 2008): 271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485308006056.

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AbstractThe earthworm,Lumbricus rubellus, plays an essential role in soil ecosystems as it affects organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling. By ingesting a mixture of organic and mineral material, a variety of bacteria and fungi are carried to the intestinal tract of the earthworm. To get a better understanding of the interactions betweenL. rubellusand the microorganisms ingested, this study tried to reveal if the diet affects the composition of the gut microflora ofL. rubellusor if its intestinal tract hosts an indigenous, species-specific microbiota. A feeding experiment withL. rubelluswas set up; individuals were collected in the field, transferred to a climate chamber and fed with food sources of different quality (dwarf shrub litter, grass litter or horse dung) for six weeks. DNA was extracted from the guts of the earthworms, as well as from the food sources and the surrounding soil, and further analysed by a molecular fingerprinting method, PCR-DGGE (Polymerase Chain Reaction – Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis). We were able to demonstrate that the gut microbiota was strongly influenced by the food source ingested and was considerably different to that of the surrounding soil. Sequencing of dominant bands of the bacterial DGGE fingerprints revealed a strong occurrence of y-Proteobacteria in all gut samples, independent of the food source. A specific microflora in the intestinal tract ofL. rubellus, robust against diet changes, could not be found.

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31

Naiman, Andres D., Alejandra Latrónico, and Inés E. García de Salamone. "Inoculation of wheat with Azospirillum brasilense and Pseudomonas fluorescens: Impact on the production and culturable rhizosphere microflora." European Journal of Soil Biology 45, no. 1 (January 2009): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2008.11.001.

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32

Domash, V. I., M. A. Belozersky, Y. E. Dunaevsky, O. A. Ivanov, T. P. Sharpio, S. A. Zabreiko, and T. G. Shabashova. "Antifungal potential of some proteins agricultural plants." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Biological Series 65, no. 1 (February 11, 2020): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1029-8940-2020-65-1-50-58.

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The results of studies on the presence in the seeds of legumes and cereals of protein inhibitors that are active against animal proteinases (trypsin) and exogenous peptidases of phytopathogenic microorganisms are presented. It has been shown that secreted proteolytic enzymes of the studied phytopathogens are mainly represented by cysteine proteinases, to a lesser extent, serine and aspartane proteinases are present. It has been established that a close positive correlation between plant resistance to pathogens is observed not with well-known and widespread trypsin inhibitors, but with the activity of inhibitors directed against exogenous peptidases secreted by fungal pathogens of the genus Fusarium, Colletotrichum and Helminthosporium. The results obtained in the course of the work can be used in breeding and genetic studies on the creation of varieties and types of crops with increased resistance to pathogenic microflora and insect pests, as well as to create protective preparations.

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Mancini, S., F. Fratini, T. Tuccinardi, B. Turchi, R. Nuvoloni, and G. Paci. "Effects of different blanching treatments on microbiological profile and quality of the mealworm (Tenebrio molitor)." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 5, no. 3 (July 10, 2019): 225–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2018.0034.

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Safety and quality of edible insects are among the primary aspects which heavily affect edible insect acceptance by the consumers. In this study, the effects of different blanching treatments on the microbiological profile, pH and colour of mealworm larvae were evaluated. The effect of 10 combinations of temperature (50, 60, 70, 80 and 90 °C) and time (2.5 and 5 min) were compared to fresh larvae and oven cooked larvae (10 min at 150 °C). Moreover, the effect of 24 h starvation on the microbiological profile was evaluated. Total viable aerobic count, Enterobacteriaceae, staphylococci, yeasts and moulds, lactic acid bacteria, aerobic bacterial endospores, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. were determined. Starvation only marginally affected the microflora, furthermore, in all samples E. coli, B. cereus, L. monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. were never detected. A blanching treatment at 60 °C for 5 min seems to be the lower time-temperature combination in order to achieve a significant decrease of microbial loads. Blanching treatments also played a role in pH and colour modifications: larvae blanched at least at 60 °C stopped browning, possibly in relation to an enzymatic inhibition. Among the tested blanching treatments, 60 °C for 5 min seems to be the most feasible application in order to achieve the fixed goals. Lower temperature or time combinations were unable to reduce microbial loads or stop the browning effect, on the other hand, higher temperatures did not allow to improve the product quality and microbiological parameters.

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Vargas-Ayala, Roberto, Rodrigo Rodrı́guez-Kábana, Gareth Morgan-Jones, John A. McInroy, and Joseph W. Kloepper. "Shifts in Soil Microflora Induced by Velvetbean (Mucuna deeringiana) in Cropping Systems to Control Root-Knot Nematodes." Biological Control 17, no. 1 (January 2000): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bcon.1999.0769.

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Seniczak, Anna, Anna Ligocka, Stanisław Seniczak, and Zbigniew Paluszak. "The influence of cadmium on life-history parameters and gut microflora of Archegozetes longisetosus (Acari: Oribatida) under laboratory conditions." Experimental and Applied Acarology 47, no. 3 (November 1, 2008): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10493-008-9210-6.

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Paramasiva, Inakarla, Yogesh Shouche, Girish Jayant Kulkarni, Pulipaka Venkata Krishnayya, Shaik Mohammed Akbar, and Hari Chand Sharma. "DIVERSITY IN GUT MICROFLORA OFHelicoverpa armigeraPOPULATIONS FROM DIFFERENT REGIONS IN RELATION TO BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OFBacillus thuringiensisδ-ENDOTOXIN Cry1Ac." Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 87, no. 4 (September 4, 2014): 201–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.21190.

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Norton, Roy A., and Elizabeth Franklin. "Paraquanothrus n. gen. from freshwater rock pools in the USA, with new diagnoses of Aquanothrus, Aquanothrinae, and Ameronothridae (Acari, Oribatida)." Acarologia 58, no. 3 (June 1, 2018): 557–627. http://dx.doi.org/10.24349/acarologia/20184258.

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Many taxa of mites inhabit long-lived freshwater environments, but the few known to live in small, ephemeral rock pools (lithotelmata) are brachypyline Oribatida. One of these is in the South African genus Aquanothrus (Ameronothridae). We describe adults and juveniles of two new rock-pool species from the USA and propose the sister-genus Paraquanothrus n. gen. to include them. The type-species, Paraquanothrus grahami n. sp., inhabits shallow weathering-depressions (‘pans’) on barren sandstone in the Colorado Plateau, especially southeastern Utah, where it seems to be an opportunistic grazer on microflora and rotifers. Paraquanothrus spooneri n. sp. inhabits rock pools on granite outcrops, is known only from the type-locality in eastern Georgia and appears to ingest mostly plant fragments. Like Aquanothrus, these mites are active only when free water exists. Paraquanothrus shares multiple apomorphic traits with Aquanothrus, for which a new diagnosis is based on corrected information on the type-species, A. montanus, and two undescribed species (one of which is represented in the paratype series). After reviewing historical concepts of Ameronothridae, we propose a new diagnosis (excluding Podacaridae) and propose a new rank and diagnosis for the subfamily Aquanothrinae, which includes Aquanothrus and Paraquanothrus. Molecular studies that have revealed links among Ameronothroidea, Cymbaeremaeoidea and Licneremaeoidea—in ways that question the monophyly of all three superfamilies—are reviewed, and a preliminary evaluation shows morphology to have a modest level of congruence with these results.

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Idowu, A. B., M. O. Edema, and M. T. Oyedepo. "Extracellular enzyme production by microflora from the gut region of the variegated grasshopper Zonocerus variegatus (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae)." International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 29, no. 04 (December 2009): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742758409990312.

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Kowalczewski, Przemysław Łukasz, Małgorzata Gumienna, Iga Rybicka, Barbara Górna, Paulina Sarbak, Krzysztof Dziedzic, and Dominik Kmiecik. "Nutritional Value and Biological Activity of Gluten-Free Bread Enriched with Cricket Powder." Molecules 26, no. 4 (February 23, 2021): 1184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26041184.

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Cricket powder, described in the literature as a source of nutrients, can be a valuable ingredient to supplement deficiencies in various food products. Work continues on the implementation of cricket powder in products that are widely consumed. The aim of this study was to obtain gluten-free bread with a superior nutritional profile by means of insect powder addition. Gluten-free breads enriched with 2%, 6%, and 10% of cricket (Acheta domesticus) powder were formulated and extensively characterized. The nutritional value, as well as antioxidant and β-glucuronidase activities, were assessed after simulated in vitro digestion. Addition of cricket powder significantly increased the nutritional value, both in terms of the protein content (exceeding two-, four-, and seven-fold the reference bread (RB), respectively) and above all mineral compounds. The most significant changes were observed for Cu, P, and Zn. A significant increase in the content of polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in the enriched bread was also demonstrated; moreover, both values additionally increased after the digestion process. The total polyphenolic compounds content increased about five-fold from RB to bread with 10% CP (BCP10), and respectively about three-fold after digestion. Similarly, the total antioxidant capacity before digestion increased about four-fold, and after digestion about six-fold. The use of CP also reduced the undesirable activity of β-glucuronidase by 65.9% (RB vs. BCP10) in the small intestine, down to 78.9% in the large intestine. The influence of bread on the intestinal microflora was also evaluated, and no inhibitory effect on the growth of microflora was demonstrated, both beneficial (Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus) and pathogenic (Enterococcus and Escherichia coli). Our results underscore the benefits of using cricket powder to increase the nutritional value and biological activity of gluten-free food products.

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Wang, Haibin, Jianhai Ding, Shiwei Liu, Xiaochao Bai, and Lei Xue. "Different carbonic supplements induced changes of microflora in two types of compost teas and biocontrol efficiency against Pythium aphanidermatum." Biocontrol Science and Technology 29, no. 10 (May 28, 2019): 924–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2019.1625027.

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Patel, Dhara, and Meenu Saraf. "Influence of soil ameliorants and microflora on induction of antioxidant enzymes and growth promotion of Jatropha curcas L. under saline condition." European Journal of Soil Biology 55 (March 2013): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2012.12.004.

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Menta, Cristina, and Sara Remelli. "Soil Health and Arthropods: From Complex System to Worthwhile Investigation." Insects 11, no. 1 (January 16, 2020): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11010054.

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The dramatic increase in soil degradation in the last few decades has led to the need to identify methods to define not only soil quality but also, in a holistic approach, soil health. In the past twenty years, indices based on living communities have been proposed alongside the already proven physical-chemical methods. Among them, some soil invertebrates have been included in monitoring programs as bioindicators of soil quality. Being an important portion of soil fauna, soil arthropods are involved in many soil processes such as organic matter decomposition and translocation, nutrient cycling, microflora activity regulation and bioturbation. Many studies have reported the use of soil arthropods to define soil quality; among taxa, some have been explored more in depth, typically Acari and Collembola, while generally less abundant groups, such as Palpigradi or Embioptera, have not been investigated much. This paper aims to evaluate and compare the use of different soil microarthropod taxa in soil degradation/quality studies to highlight which groups are the most reported for soil monitoring and which are the most sensitive to soil degradation. We have decided not to include the two most present and abundant taxa, Acari and Collembola, in this paper in consideration of the vast amount of existing literature and focus the discussion on the other microarthropod groups. We reported some studies for each taxon highlighting the use of the group as soil quality indicator. A brief section reporting some indices based on soil microarthropods is proposed at the end of this specific discussion. This paper can be considered as a reference point in the use of soil arthropods to estimate soil quality and health.

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Marzorati, Massimo, Alberto Alma, Luciano Sacchi, Massimo Pajoro, Simona Palermo, Lorenzo Brusetti, Noura Raddadi, et al. "A Novel Bacteroidetes Symbiont Is Localized in Scaphoideus titanus, the Insect Vector of Flavescence Dorée in Vitis vinifera." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 2 (February 2006): 1467–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.72.2.1467-1475.2006.

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ABSTRACT Flavescence dorée (FD) is a grapevine disease that afflicts several wine production areas in Europe, from Portugal to Serbia. FD is caused by a bacterium, “Candidatus Phytoplasma vitis,” which is spread throughout the vineyards by a leafhopper, Scaphoideus titanus (Cicadellidae). After collection of S. titanus specimens from FD-contaminated vineyards in three different areas in the Piedmont region of Italy, we performed a survey to characterize the bacterial microflora associated with this insect. Using length heterogeneity PCR with universal primers for bacteria we identified a major peak associated with almost all of the individuals examined (both males and females). Characterization by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis confirmed the presence of a major band that, after sequencing, showed a 97 to 99% identity with Bacteroidetes symbionts of the “Candidatus Cardinium hertigii” group. In addition, electron microscopy of tissues of S. titanus fed for 3 months on phytoplasma-infected grapevine plants showed bacterial cells with the typical morphology of “Ca. Cardinium hertigii.” This endosymbiont, tentatively designated ST1-C, was found in the cytoplasm of previtellogenic and vitellogenic ovarian cells, in the follicle cells, and in the fat body and salivary glands. In addition, cell morphologies resembling those of “Ca. Phytoplasma vitis” were detected in the midgut, and specific PCR assays indicated the presence of the phytoplasma in the gut, fat body and salivary glands. These results indicate that ST1-C and “Ca. Phytoplasma vitis” have a complex life cycle in the body of S. titanus and are colocalized in different organs and tissues.

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Cox, Christopher R., and Michael S. Gilmore. "Native Microbial Colonization of Drosophila melanogaster and Its Use as a Model of Enterococcus faecalis Pathogenesis." Infection and Immunity 75, no. 4 (January 12, 2007): 1565–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01496-06.

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ABSTRACT Enterococci are commensal organisms of the gastrointestinal (GI) tracts of a broad range of mammalian and insect hosts, but they are also leading causes of nosocomial infection. Little is known about the ecological role of enterococci in the GI tract consortia. To develop a tractable model for studying the roles of these organisms as commensals and pathogens, we characterized the Drosophila melanogaster microflora and examined the occurrence of enterococci in the gastrointestinal consortium of Drosophila. In a survey of laboratory-reared Drosophila and wild-captured flies, we found that Drosophila was naturally colonized by representatives of five bacterial phyla. Among these organisms were several species of enterococci, including Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus gallinaraum, and Enterococcus durans, as well as a previously detected but uncultured Enterococcus species. Drosophila could be cured of enterococcal carriage by antibiotic treatment and could be reassociated with laboratory strains. High-level colonization by a well-characterized strain expressing the enterococcal cytolysin was found to be detrimental to Drosophila compared to the effect of an isogenic, noncytolytic control. The anatomical distribution of enterococci in the Drosophila GI tract was determined by immunohistochemical staining of thin sections of naturally colonized and reassociated flies.

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Mercier, J., and C. L. Wilson. "Colonization of Apple Wounds by Naturally Occurring Microflora and Introduced Candida oleophila and Their Effect on Infection by Botrytis cinerea during Storage." Biological Control 4, no. 2 (June 1994): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bcon.1994.1022.

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Horb, K. O. "Biochemical parameters of blood serum of dogs for ctenocephalidosis." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 22, no. 97 (May 7, 2020): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet9701.

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One of the most common ectoparasitic diseases of domestic carnivorous animals is ctenocephalidosis caused by fleas of the genus Ctenocephalides. The peculiarity of this invasion is a chronic course associated with the constant attack of parasitic insects on the animal, accompanied by severe itching, the occurrence of alopecia, the development of eczema, dermatitis and the subsequent introduction of pathogenic microflora into the damaged tissue. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of fleas of the genus Ctenocephalides on the biochemical parameters of the blood serum of invaded dogs. Three groups of animals were formed: a control (clinically healthy dog) and two experimental animals (infected by the parasitic insect Ctenocephalides spp.) with different intrusion rates. In blood serum determined: the content of total protein, albumin, total bilirubin, creatinine, urea, glucose, cholesterol, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, alanine aminotransferase activity, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphate. Conducted studies found that rates the intensity of infestation significantly influence the changes that occur in blood serum infested dogs. The intensity of ctenocephalidosic infestation of up to 15 specimens of fleas in the animal in their blood serum showed a significant decrease in albumin content (by 22.37 %) compared to that in clinically healthy dogs. The intensities of xenophalphalous infestation of 16–47 specimens of fleas per animal in the serum of the infected animals showed a significant decrease in albumin (by 29.28 %), glucose (by 25.29 %), and cholesterol (by 35.59 %) relative to similar indicators clinically healthy animals. At the same time in the serum of the infested dogs the content of total bilirubin (by 15.73 %), as well as the activity of alanine aminotransferase (1.4 times), aspartate aminotransferase (1.4 times) and alkaline phosphatase (2 times). The results of the experimental data extend the already existing data on the pathogenesis of fleas parasites in dogs, and will also allow the effective treatment of diseased animals.

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Shen, Zongzhuan, Beibei Wang, Nana Lv, Yifei Sun, Xinyi Jiang, Rong Li, Yunze Ruan, and Qirong Shen. "Effect of the combination of bio-organic fertiliser withBacillus amyloliquefaciensNJN-6 on the control of bananaFusariumwilt disease, crop production and banana rhizosphere culturable microflora." Biocontrol Science and Technology 25, no. 6 (March 12, 2015): 716–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2015.1010482.

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Konstantopoulou, M. A., D. G. Raptopoulos, N. G. Stavrakis, and B. E. Mazomenos. "Microflora Species and Their Volatile Compounds Affecting Development of an Alcohol Dehydrogenase Homozygous Strain (Adh-I) of Bactrocera (Dacus) oleae (Diptera: Tephritidae)." Journal of Economic Entomology 98, no. 6 (December 1, 2005): 1943–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-98.6.1943.

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Özdal, Özlem Gür, Murat Özdal, Ömer Faruk Algur, and Alev Sezen. "Böcek Mikroflorasından α-Endosülfanı Parçalayabilen Bakterilerin İzolasyonu ve Tanısı." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 4, no. 4 (April 13, 2016): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v4i4.248-254.472.

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Increasing of industrialization and population has resulted in the accumulation of a wide variety of chemicals. Especially, widespread use of synthetic and toxic chemicals have led to an effort to improve new technologies to reduce or eliminate these contaminants from the environment. Chemical methods that used for the treatment of toxic materials are expensive, time-consuming and difficult, especially in extensive agricultural areas. Furthermore these methods led to formation of new chemical pollutants. Recent years, one promising alternative treatment method is to use of microorganisms for the biodegradation of these toxic chemicals. This method is effective, minimally hazardous, economical, versatile and environment friendly. In this study, we thought that microflora of insecticide resistant insects may be a potential reservoir for the isolation of new bacteria that can be used for the biodegradation of insecticides. In this research work, totally 24 bacterial isolates capable of biodegradation α-endosulsan were isolated from the body microflora of insects belong to Orthoptera, Dermaptera, Mantodea and Hymenoptera orders. Based on the some morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics and fatty acid profiles they were identified as Stenotrophomonas, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Brevibacillus, Flavimonas and Rhodococcus. As a result, these isolates can be used for the treatment of α-endosulfan residues at different environments.

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Kurbangaleev, Ya M., K. N. Vagin, T. R. Gaynutdinov, A. M. Idrisov, K. T. Ishmuhametov, and D. N. Mingaleev. "DETERMINATION OF THE SAFETY OF IRRADIATED PRODUCTS BY THE CONTENT OF QUINONES." Scientific Notes Kazan Bauman State Academy of Veterinary Medicine 246, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31588/2413-4201-1883-246-2-122-127.

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The result of research, conducted using our immuno-chemical testing system (Reaction of Indirect Hemaglutination) shows that application of radiation exposure to farming and agro products in dosages needed for prolongation of their storage lifetime, for prevention of rotting and germination or for decontamination of feed-stuff from natural microflora and insects; leads to increase in radiotoxins contents thereof with maximums reached on 7-15 days. Besides, traces of radiotoxins in reaction of indirect hemaglutination depend on type of product, radiation dosage and time of product storage after radiation treatment.

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