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Patouma, Lewa, Elias Nchiwan Nukenine, Ibrahima Adamou, and Champlain Djieto-Lordon. "Caractérisation de l’entomofaune de la tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) en champ dans la localité de Meskine, région de l’Extrême-nord, Cameroun." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 14, no. 6 (October 6, 2020): 2069–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i6.11.
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La localité de Meskine à Maroua, longtemps considérée comme une zone céréalière de l’Extrême-nord du Cameroun, est devenue, de nos jours, une région de production de tomate par excellence. Les producteurs de cette culture font face à plusieurs contraintes parmi lesquelles les activités des insectes ravageurs. Dans le but de contribuer à l’amélioration de la production de cette culture, la présente étude a permis d’établir une liste des insectes ravageurs et utiles pullulant dans les champs de tomate. Les insectes, collectés par aspiration et par fauchage, ont été identifiés dans les laboratoires de Zoologie appliquée des universités de Ngaoundéré et Yaoundé I au Cameroun. L’inventaire a montré que les insectes inféodés à la culture de la tomate dans la localité de Meskine à Maroua sont représentés par huit (8) ordres, vingt-une (21) familles et vingt-deux (22) genres. Ces insectes. Bien que la majorité de ces insectes soit des ravageurs, on note la présence de quelques prédateurs et pollinisateurs. La détermination de l’entomofaune de la culture de tomate dans cette localité est un outil qui peut ainsi servir à la conception de stratégies de lutte contre les ravageurs.
Mots clés: Lycopersicon esculentum, insectes ravageurs, insectes prédateurs, Maroua.
English Title: Entomofauna associated to the tomato crops (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) in the locality of Meskine, Far North region, Cameroon
Meskine in the Far North region, Cameroon has long been considered as cereal zone production. This locality has become today a region of tomato production per excellence. Farmers in this locality are faced to many constrains among which activities of insect pests. In order to improve the production of this crop, the present study allows us to establish a list of potential insect pests and benefit insects of tomato crops. Insects collected using aspirator and sweep net were identified in the laboratories of applied Zoology at the Universities of Ngaoundéré and Yaoundé I, Cameroon. The results of our study showed that, insects associated to tomatoes in the locality of Meskine were from eight (8) orders, twenty-one (21) families and twenty-two (22) genera. Although the majority of these insects were represented by potential insect pests, some predators and pollinators were recorded. The establishment of the lists of harmful and benefits insects associated to the tomato crop in this locality can therefore be used to design strategies for the management of insect pests.Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum, insect pests, predator insects, Maroua
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Raloff, Janet. "Insects: Audubon's insect cafeteria." Science News 173, no. 18 (September 30, 2009): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/scin.2008.5591731817.
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Feyereisen, R. "Evolution of insect P450." Biochemical Society Transactions 34, no. 6 (October 25, 2006): 1252–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0341252.
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The first fully sequenced insect genomes were those of the fruitfly and the mosquito, both from the order Diptera. Now, with an increasing number and diversity of insect genomes becoming available, the diversity of insect P450 genes can be better appreciated and tentative ideas about the evolution of the CYP (cytochrome P450) superfamily in insects can be proposed. There are four large clades of insect P450 genes that existed before the divergence of the class Insecta and that are also represented by CYP families in vertebrates: the CYP2 clade, the CYP3 clade, the CYP4 clade and the mitochondrial P450 clade. P450s with known or suspected physiological functions are present in each of these clades and only a dozen genes appear to have orthologues or very close paralogues in each insect genome. P450 enzymes from each of these clades have been linked to insecticide resistance or to the metabolism of natural products and xenobiotics. In particular, insects appear to maintain a repertoire of mitochondrial P450 paralogues devoted to the response to environmental challenges.
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Ain, Nurul. "THEOREMS IN QURAN ABOUT THE CREATION OF INSECTS AND ITS DIVERSITY IN TAMAN UNDAAN SURABAYA." Journal Intellectual Sufism Research (JISR) 1, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.52032/jisr.v1i2.27.
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In the Al-quran there are many verses that explain the animals that exist in this universe, one of which is about Insect. The research on Insect diversity around the Surabaya Undaan Park aims to describe the diversity of Insects and compare the number of members of each order in the Insect class around the Surabaya Undaan Park and look for their relevance to the Qur'anic proposition about the creation of Insects. The method used in this research assignment was observation, which was to go directly to the field to catch Insects in 5 plots in the vicinity of Surabaya Undakan Park with 4 repetitions in each plot, then collect data to be identified. Based on the results of observations, collection and identification, it can be found that there are various Insects in the area. This was evidenced by the discovery of various orders from Insectas, among others: Order Lepidoptera, Order Odonata, Order Hymenoptera, Order Diptera, and Order Orthoptera. Comparison of the number of species from each order is different. The most dominant number of species is in the order of Lepidoptera which was then followed by the order Hymenoptera.
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Andreas, Peter, Anna Kisiala, R. J. Neil Emery, Rosemarie De Clerck-Floate, John F. Tooker, Peter W. Price, Donald G. Miller III, Ming-Shun Chen, and Edward F. Connor. "Cytokinins Are Abundant and Widespread among Insect Species." Plants 9, no. 2 (February 6, 2020): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9020208.
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Cytokinins (CKs) are a class of compounds that have long been thought to be exclusively plant growth regulators. Interestingly, some species of phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi have been shown to, and gall-inducing insects have been hypothesized to, produce CKs and use them to manipulate their host plants. We used high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) to examine concentrations of a wide range of CKs in 17 species of phytophagous insects, including gall- and non-gall-inducing species from all six orders of Insecta that contain species known to induce galls: Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera. We found CKs in all six orders of insects, and they were not associated exclusively with gall-inducing species. We detected 24 different CK analytes, varying in their chemical structure and biological activity. Isoprenoid precursor nucleotide and riboside forms of trans-zeatin (tZ) and isopentenyladenine (iP) were most abundant and widespread across the surveyed insect species. Notably, the observed concentrations of CKs often markedly exceeded those reported in plants suggesting that insects are synthesizing CKs rather than obtaining them from the host plant via tissue consumption, compound sequestration, and bioaccumulation. These findings support insect-derived CKs as means for gall-inducing insects to manipulate their host plant to facilitate cell proliferation, and for both gall- and non-gall-inducing insects to modify nutrient flux and plant defenses during herbivory. Furthermore, wide distribution of CKs across phytophagous insects, including non-gall-inducing species, suggests that insect-borne CKs could be involved in manipulation of source-sink mechanisms of nutrient allocation to sustain the feeding site and altering plant defensive responses, rather than solely gall induction. Given the absence of any evidence for genes in the de novo CK biosynthesis pathway in insects, we postulate that the tRNA-ipt pathway is responsible for CK production. However, the unusually high concentrations of CKs in insects, and the tendency toward dominance of their CK profiles by tZ and iP suggest that the tRNA-ipt pathway functions differently and substantially more efficiently in insects than in plants.
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O'Malley, Robert C., and William C. McGrew. "Primates, insects and insect resources." Journal of Human Evolution 71 (June 2014): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.02.010.
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Adamo, Shelley A. "Is it pain if it does not hurt? On the unlikelihood of insect pain." Canadian Entomologist 151, no. 6 (August 20, 2019): 685–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2019.49.
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AbstractWhether insects (Insecta) have the subjective experience of pain is difficult to answer. Recent work in humans demonstrated that the experience of pain occurs due to the activation of a “pain network” that integrates nociceptive sensory information, memory, emotion, cognition, and self-awareness. In humans, the processing of nociceptive sensory information alone does not produce the subjective experience of pain. Insect nociception is processed largely in parallel in two higher-order areas in the brain: the mushroom bodies and the central complex. There is little evidence of a coordinated pain network that would integrate these two areas with each other along with other traits thought to be important for a pain experience in humans. However, it is difficult to exclude the possibility that insects could have a modest pain experience using a less integrated neural circuit. This possibility seems unlikely, however, because even a modest experience would require some neuronal investment. It is unclear whether insects would benefit from such an investment. Recent work in artificial intelligence suggests that relatively simple, cost-efficient circuits can produce adaptive behaviours without subjective experience. Given our current understanding of insect behaviour, neurobiology, and evolution, the likelihood that insects experience pain is low.
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Lokeshwari, R. K., and T. Shantibala. "A Review on the Fascinating World of Insect Resources: Reason for Thoughts." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2010 (2010): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/207570.
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Insect resources are vast and diverse due to their enormous diversity. The exploitation and utilization of insect resources is broadly classified into four different categories. The first category is the insects of industrial resources. This level includes the utilization of silk worm, honeybee, lac insect, dye insect, and aesthetic insect. The second category is the utilization of insects for edible and therapeutic purposes. Insects are high in protein and many are rich sources of vitamins and minerals. The third category is the use of insects in forensic investigation. By analyzing the stages of succession of insects at first, rough estimation of the postmortem intervals can be done. The fourth category is the insects of ecological importance. Many insect species act as potential predators and parasites of destructive pests of insect order Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Orthoptera. Insects are also used as bioindicator to assess the cumulative effects of environmental stressors such as pollutants. Despites these fascinating benefits, insect resources are often neglected in India due to lack of proper documentation, less expertise, and advance enterprises in these fields. Hence, the paper reviews the different fascinating facets of insect resources in order to explore and utilize it in a sustainable way with reference to Indian region.
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Bear, Christopher. "Approaching Insect Death: Understandings and Practices of the UK’s Edible Insect Farmers." Society & Animals 27, no. 7 (December 11, 2019): 751–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685306-00001871.
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AbstractWhile insects are eaten by around two billion people globally, they are a relatively new addition to the UK’s culinary landscape. A domestic production sector has begun to emerge to supply this new appetite for insects. Social scientists have been quick to explore consumer attitudes to “edible insects” but insect farmers have thus far been largely ignored. This paper addresses this gap by drawing on interviews with the UK’s current and recent edible insect farmers to explore their understandings of, and approaches to, insect death, something about which all participants expressed concern. The paper examines: 1) reasons for farmers’ concerns around how they kill their insects, ranging from anxieties around insect pain to perceived consumer attitudes; and 2) farmers’ ideas about what constitutes a “good” death for insects, and how they incorporate this in their practices.
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Styer, E. L., and J. J. Hamm. "Detection and Identification of Viruses in Economically Important Insects." Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, S2 (August 2000): 666–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600035820.
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Economically important insects include pests of plants, animals and stored products as well as insects produced commercially (honey bees, silkworms, insects for fish bait and food for birds and zoo animals). Other insects are produced in large numbers for experimental purposes, biological control of insect pests and weeds and the production of sterile insects for population suppression. Insect viruses may affect morphology, physiology and behavior, often reducing longevity and reproductive potential. Thus insect viruses can be used as biological control agents of pest insects. Insect viruses may also interfere with the production or function of biological control agents (e.g., parasitoids and predators) and insects used for research purposes. Therefore, it is advantageous to screen commercial and research colonies and imported insects for viruses.Electron microscopy of negatively stained specimens (NS EM) offers a relatively rapid and inexpensive means of screening populations of insects for the presence of viruses or viruslike particles and to monitor the progress of virus control programs.
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Herbert Tran, Erin E., and Heidi Goodrich-Blair. "CpxRA Contributes to Xenorhabdus nematophila Virulence through Regulation of lrhA and Modulation of Insect Immunity." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 12 (April 17, 2009): 3998–4006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02657-08.
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ABSTRACT The gammaproteobacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila is a blood pathogen of insects that requires the CpxRA signal transduction system for full virulence (E. E. Herbert et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73:7826-7836, 2007). We show here that the ΔcpxR1 mutant has altered localization, growth, and immune suppressive activities relative to its wild-type parent during infection of Manduca sexta insects. In contrast to wild-type X. nematophila, which were recovered throughout infection, ΔcpxR1 cells did not accumulate in hemolymph until after insect death. In vivo imaging of fluorescently labeled bacteria within live insects showed that ΔcpxR1 displayed delayed accumulation and also occasionally were present in isolated nodes rather than systemically throughout the insect as was wild-type X. nematophila. In addition, in contrast to its wild-type parent, the ΔcpxR1 mutant elicited transcription of an insect antimicrobial peptide, cecropin. Relative to phosphate-buffered saline-injected insects, cecropin transcript was induced 21-fold more in insects injected with ΔcpxR1 and 2-fold more in insects injected with wild-type X. nematophila. These data suggest that the ΔcpxR1 mutant has a defect in immune suppression or has an increased propensity to activate M. sexta immunity. CpxR regulates, directly or indirectly, genes known or predicted to be involved in virulence (E. E. Herbert et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73:7826-7836, 2007), including lrhA, encoding a transcription factor necessary for X. nematophila virulence, motility, and lipase production (G. R. Richards et al., J. Bacteriol. 190:4870-4879, 2008). CpxR positively regulates lrhA transcript, and we have shown that altered regulation of lrhA in the ΔcpxR1 mutant causes this strain's virulence defect. The ΔcpxR1 mutant expressing lrhA from a constitutive lac promoter showed wild-type virulence in M. sexta. These data suggest that CpxR contributes to X. nematophila virulence through the regulation of lrhA, immune suppression, and growth in Insecta.
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Messersmith, Calvin G., and Steve W. Adkins. "Integrating Weed-feeding Insects and Herbicides for Weed Control." Weed Technology 9, no. 1 (March 1995): 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00023198.
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Literature concerning interactions between herbicides and insects is reviewed. Herbicides can be toxic to insects or can affect them indirectly, such as by destroying food supplies, but they usually can be used with proper application timing without affecting insects adversely. Herbicides and biocontrol insects can interact either favorably or unfavorably depending on the life cycle stage of weed and insect, effect on predatory insects, changes in food quality, mobility of the biocontrol insect, and impact of herbicides on weed growth. Thus, interactions between a biocontrol insect and herbicide can be antagonistic, additive, complementary, or synergistic. Split-plot techniques to evaluate these interactions at an early stage of insect establishment are proposed to improve weed biocontrol.
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Jeong, Kyoung Yong, and Jung-Won Park. "Insect Allergens on the Dining Table." Current Protein & Peptide Science 21, no. 2 (March 10, 2020): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389203720666190715091951.
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Edible insects are important sources of nutrition, particularly in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Recently, edible insects have gained considerable interest as a possible solution to global exhaustion of the food supply with population growth. However, little attention has been given to the adverse reactions caused by insect consumption. Here, we provide an overview of the food allergens in edible insects and offer insights for further studies. Most of the edible insect allergens identified to date are highly cross-reactive invertebrate pan-allergens such as tropomyosin and arginine kinase. Allergic reactions to these allergens may be cross-reactions resulting from sensitization to shellfish and/or house dust mites. No unique insect allergen specifically eliciting a food allergy has been described. Many of the edible insect allergens described thus far have counterpart allergens in cockroaches, which are an important cause of respiratory allergies, but it is questionable whether inhalant allergens can cause food allergies. Greater effort is needed to characterize the allergens that are unique to edible insects so that safe edible insects can be developed. The changes in insect proteins upon food processing or cooking should also be examined to enhance our understanding of edible insect food allergies.
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Houseman, Jon G., A. M. Larocque, and N. M. R. Thie. "INSECT PROTEASES, PLANT PROTEASE INHIBITORS, AND POSSIBLE PEST CONTROL." Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 123, S159 (1991): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/entm123159003-1.
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AbstractSince the first observation that plants contained protease inhibitors, as identified by their ability to inhibit vertebrate enzymes, it has been postulated that the presence of these substances was related to their phytoprotective abilities. However the following assumptions (1) that phytophagous insects use trypsin, and (2) that ingested inhibitors disrupt digestive proteolysis in insects, have not been adequately tested. Identification of non-tryptic enzymes, cathepsin B, D, and H in phytophagous Coleoptera and unique trypsin-like enzymes in Lepidoptera, indicates insect proteases may differ from their vertebrate counterparts. Putative inhibitor proteins inhibited vertebrate trypsin and chymotrypsin in vitro but had no effect on the trypsin- or chymotrypsin-like activity from the insect midgut. Feeding experiments with the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), indicate that ingestion of inhibitors may not disrupt digestive proteolysis in vivo and the vertebrate trypsin inhibitor in corn may be ineffective as a phytoprotective strategy for this insect. Limitations and implications of ingested inhibitors for future pest control may depend on the origin of the inhibitor, as well as the insect's response.
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Zielińska, E., D. Zieliński, M. Karaś, and A. Jakubczyk. "Exploration of consumer acceptance of insects as food in Poland." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 6, no. 4 (August 11, 2020): 383–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2019.0055.
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In the last decade, increasing attention has been focused on entomophagy in Europe. However, Western societies rarely experience insects as a food source. Depending on the country, the approach to entomophagy is variables. This study was performed to assess the perception of entomophagy in the Polish population and comparison with other European societies. An online survey was conducted with a final sample of 419 participants. Several variables were established, and their influence on the acceptance of insect was analysed by applying the Chi-square test of independence. We found that the respondents had limited knowledge about entomophagy; hence, willingness to eat insects is limited by unawareness and neophobia. The attitude towards insects is a strong predictor of the readiness to eat insects and buy insect-based products. The results have shown that processed insect products can increase consumers’ willingness to buy insect-based products. It should be noted that almost 60% of the 15.51% of the respondents who had eaten insects previously rated the insect taste as good and very good. We conclude that higher awareness of entomophagy is required to accept insects as food besides the willingness to try. Moreover, the future of insect consumption depends on the sensory characteristics (appearance, smell, taste) of insect-based products; hence, food industry should focus on processed foods with insect based food ingredients to make them familiar to consumers.
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Yan, Yan, and Julián F. Hillyer. "The immune and circulatory systems are functionally integrated across insect evolution." Science Advances 6, no. 48 (November 2020): eabb3164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb3164.
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The immune and circulatory systems of mammals are functionally integrated, as exemplified by the immune function of the spleen and lymph nodes. Similar functional integration exists in the malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, as exemplified by the infection-induced aggregation of hemocytes around the heart valves. Whether this is specific to mosquitoes or a general characteristic of insects remained unknown. We analyzed 68 species from 51 families representing 16 orders and found that infection induces the aggregation of hemocytes and pathogens on the heart of insects from all major branches of the class Insecta. An expanded analysis in the holometabolous mosquito, Aedes aegypti, and the hemimetabolous bed bug, Cimex lectularius, showed that infection induces the aggregation of phagocytic hemocytes on the hearts of distantly related insects, with aggregations mirroring the patterns of hemolymph flow. Therefore, the functional integration of the immune and circulatory systems is conserved across the insect tree of life.
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Stewart, Kenneth W. "Insect Life: Vibrational Communication in Insects." American Entomologist 43, no. 2 (1997): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ae/43.2.81.
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Falhy AL-Mrammathi, Majida Mohammed Abid, and Mohammed Ridha Anoun AL-Hasnawi. "Insects and Insect Pest Management System." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 735, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 012028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/735/1/012028.
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Dolanchapa Sikdar and Rosalin Nath, Avisikta Ghosh Dastidar, Swagatalakshmi Chakraborty. "Entomophagy: A Future Feed Security System." International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology 6, no. 12 (December 15, 2020): 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.46501/ijmtst061256.
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From the point of view of the current environmental situation which leads to non-availability of agricultural land, water resource, emission of greenhouse gases ultimately causing global warming, Entomophagy i.e. practice of eating edible insects comes as a rescue to the future feed security system. Edible insects, considered as an inexhaustible natural resource have larger food value with high content of fat, protein, crude fiber, vitamins and minerals making it nutritionally comparable with other protein sources. Some edible insects also have increased levels of omega-6 & 3 fatty acids. Studies have calculated that livestock rearing leads to about 18% greenhouse gas emission whereas barring a few insects like cockroaches, termites which produce small amount of CH4, others have practically no such harmful environmental impact. Socio- economic picture of edible insect trade comes clearly from South-East Asia with its well-established farms and trade routes. The market value for insects often exceeds from that of its other protein counterparts, as a result of which, insect farming can prove to be a rich source of income for farmers. Insect rearing requires very little technical knowledge and principal investment, so it can be taken on by anyone. In future, as prices of conventional protein rises, insects may well prove to be a cheaper source. Here in this review paper, Insect’s contribution to food security, solution to the problem of protein shortages, recent growth in demand for edible insects, consumer awareness and acceptance of insects as food has been discussed.
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Arsi, Arsi, Yulia Pujiastuti, Suparman Surya Hadi Kusuma, and Bambang Gunawan. "Eksplorasi, isolasi dan identifikasi Jamur entomopatogen yang menginfeksi serangga hama." Jurnal Proteksi Tanaman Tropis 1, no. 2 (July 23, 2020): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jptt.v1i2.18554.
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ABSTRACT
Entomopathogenic fungi are classified as a fungus that infects insect pests. Hyphae color that comes out of the insect's body depends on the type of entomopathogenic fungus that attacks it. The purpose of this research is to explore, isolate and identify entomopathogenic fungi that attack insect pests. Samples of dead insects were taken from vegetable crops in the highlands of Pagaralam City and the lowlands of Ogan Komering Ilir Regency. In addition, exploration is also carried out using insect bait methods. This method is carried out on soils taken from the highlands of the fencealam area and Pekanbaru area. Based on the results of entomopathogenic expolation in vegetable plants that infect insects in the field there are 2 types of fungi that attack the insect. Two types of entomapatogenic fungi were found to have characteristics, namely the first hyphal color is rather green which covers the entire body of the insect and the second is white hyphae. The fungus that attacks the insect, then isolated to the GYA media found two entomopathogenic fungi namely, Metarhizium sp. and Beauveria bassiana. Meanwhile, through insect bait using soil T. molitor larvae, one species of entomopathogenic fungus was found, namely Metarhizium sp. The most infected T. molitor larvae in the soil of origin of Pekanbaru in the 2nd and 4th weeks, namely, 21.90 and 29.33 tails.
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Keywords: Entomopathogenic Fungus, Insect Pest and Tenibrio molitor
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Bello, Jan E., J. Steven McElfresh, and Jocelyn G. Millar. "Isolation and determination of absolute configurations of insect-produced methyl-branched hydrocarbons." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 4 (January 12, 2015): 1077–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1417605112.
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Although the effects of stereochemistry have been studied extensively for volatile insect pheromones, little is known about the effects of chirality in the nonvolatile methyl-branched hydrocarbons (MBCHs) used by many insects as contact pheromones. MBCHs generally contain one or more chiral centers and so two or more stereoisomeric forms are possible for each structure. However, it is not known whether insects biosynthesize these molecules in high stereoisomeric purity, nor is it known whether insects can distinguish the different stereoisomeric forms of MBCHs. This knowledge gap is due in part to the lack of methods for isolating individual MBCHs from the complex cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) blends of insects, as well as the difficulty in determining the absolute configurations of the isolated MBCHs. To address these deficiencies, we report a straightforward method for the isolation of individual cuticular hydrocarbons from the complex CHC blend. The method was used to isolate 36 pure MBCHs from 20 species in nine insect orders. The absolute stereochemistries of the purified MBCHs then were determined by digital polarimetry. The absolute configurations of all of the isolated MBCHs were determined to be (R) by comparison with a library of synthesized, enantiomerically pure standards, suggesting that the biosynthetic pathways used to construct MBCHs are highly conserved within the Insecta. The development of a straightforward method for isolation of specific CHCs will enable determination of their functional roles by providing pure compounds for bioassays.
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Busse, Maria, Felix Zoll, Rosemarie Siebert, Annette Bartels, Anke Bokelmann, and Phillipp Scharschmidt. "How farmers think about insects: perceptions of biodiversity, biodiversity loss and attitudes towards insect-friendly farming practices." Biodiversity and Conservation 30, no. 11 (July 19, 2021): 3045–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-021-02235-2.
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AbstractAn alarming decrease of insects in number and variety calls for measures of protection and promotion, since insects are crucial for the functioning of ecosystems and provide multiple ecosystem services. Agricultural landscapes can provide vast insect habitats if they are managed accordingly. However, little is known about farmers’ problem awareness and attitudes toward insect biodiversity loss, related farming practises, or alternative acceptable insect-friendly solutions. To fill these research gaps, this paper aimed to reveal farmers’ perceptions and attitudes regarding these aspects in two German case studies. We conducted 23 semi-structured interviews with farmers in 2019 and qualitatively analysed them using semantic web analysis. Farmers mostly reported awareness of insects’ ecosystem services and disservices related to agricultural production rather than mentioning the holistic ecological importance of insects. About half of the farmers confirmed insect loss based on their own observations, whereas a similar number doubted there had been a decrease of insects. Most farmers are open-minded towards insect-friendly measures if financially compensated. The farmers also mentioned a joint societal responsibility for insects, economic pressure on farmers to use pesticides due to global market prices, and unbalanced agricultural policies. This study revealed in-depth insights into farmers’ thinking about insects and how farmers contextualise arguments. Our results identified overlaps in farmers’ mental models, which paves the way for co-designing insect-friendly farming practices in landscape labs. Local transformation efforts can also demonstrate new pathways for a shift on the higher levels.
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Siriyah, Siti Latifatus, Miftakhul B. R. Khamid, and Fawzy M. Bayfurqon. "Study of Insect Diversity in Rice Agroecosystem in Karawang West Java." Jurnal ILMU DASAR 19, no. 1 (February 23, 2018): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jid.v19i1.5619.
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Insects were collected from rice fields in Karawang West Java. Since insects are dominant in Rice field, their role in the ecosystem are important regarding the rice production. Therefore, the occurance of insect species and their role in ecosystem are important to understand. The aim of this reasearch was to study the insect occurance in rice field in Karawang to obtain the potential candidate for biological control agent. The insects were collected using sweep net, pit fall trap and light trap. Nine insect orders were collected and 49 morphospecies were identified including insect pest, parasitoids, predator, tourist and detritivore. Paederus sp., Cyrtohinus and Micraspis sp., were the most abundant entomophagous insect that is potential candidate for biological control agent in Karawang.
Keywords: insect, insect diversity, rice fields, karawang
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Hidayat, Cecep. "The Utilization of Insects as Feedstuff in Broiler Diet." Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences 28, no. 4 (February 21, 2019): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/wartazoa.v28i4.1875.
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<p>Insect meal is an unconventional feedstuff and is expected to be an alternative protein source in broiler diet in the future, as an impact of high price and a limited supply of a fish meal. The objective of this paper is to describe the potency of insects as a feedstuff in broiler diet. Some types of insects, i.e., bees, flies, crickets, grasshoppers, termites, ants, and cockroaches have the potential to be a feedstuff protein source. Several studies reported that insect has high protein content (10.3-76.2%). The use of insects as feedstuffs in broiler diet is constrained by several limiting factors, i.e. the presence of chitin, high crude fat content, and the presence of contaminants. Processing insects before being used as feedstuffs is necessary. Separation of chitin and crude fat content are highly recommended before using insect as protein source feedstuff in broiler diet. The use of insects in a broiler diet ranges from 4 to 29.65% depending on the type of insect, life phase of insect and the type of processing. Research and development to increase insect utilization in broiler diet are still needed.</p>
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Dupuis, M. Martin. "Le feu : agent de contrôle des insectes." Forestry Chronicle 70, no. 4 (August 1, 1994): 468–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc70468-4.
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For millenia, fire and insects have played an important role in forested land evolution. Understanding the roles they play can be important in helping us not only to control them, but to use them as an ecological tool. Also, we notice some important interactions between these two agents. As insects affect fire, fire may control insect pests. Controlled burning may provide excellent results, but allows a very slight margin for possible errors. Fire use as an insect mangement tool, requires a very precise and wide knowledge of weather conditions, fire intensity, insect's life cycle, available fuels, and type of ecosystem involved.After a long run of experiences and research, we notice that fire has been and will always be an important factor in equilibrium of some ecosystems. Since wild fire prevention campaigns and the emergence of insecticides, some forests have become excessively vulnerable to insect pests. Proper knowledge, and use of fire control, rather than immediate suppression of forest fires, would allow us to conserve various ecosystems in a healthy balance.
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Williams, Charles E. "CHECKLIST OF NORTH AMERICAN NUT-INFESTING INSECTS AND HOST PLANTS." Journal of Entomological Science 24, no. 4 (October 1, 1989): 550–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-24.4.550.
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Data on the biology and host plant relations of nut-infesting insects are widely scattered in the scientific literature. A checklist of North American nut-infesting insects and host plants is presented to provide a central source of information on this insect group. Organized alphabetically by insect taxa, the checklist contains 102 species of insects and 82 host plants. Nomenclature of listed insects and host plants follows current revisions and checklists.
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Groot, Peter de, Jean J. Turgeon, and Gordon E. Miller. "Status of cone and seed insect pest management in Canadian seed orchards." Forestry Chronicle 70, no. 6 (December 1, 1994): 745–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc70745-6.
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Many of Canada's conifer seed orchards are entering their productive phase. In most, if not all seed orchards, insect pest management will be required in order to meet the seed production targets. Canadian seed orchard managers will soon need to know the basic requirements and what information is available to implement an insect pest management program. In this review, a synthesis is provided of the major components of an integrated pest management program for cone and seed insects. A list of the insect pests of conifer cones and seeds in Canada as well as features of their life cycles and population dynamics that could influence pest management strategies is presented. Current and future needs for insect damage appraisal and insect monitoring techniques are discussed. Finally, the various strategies and tactics to control insects are reviewed. Key words: conifer seed orchards, cone insects, seed insects, pest management strategies, integrated pest management
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Mairawita, Mairawita, Trimurti Habazar, Ahsol Hasyim, and Nasril Nasir. "POTENSI TRIGONA SPP. SEBAGAI AGEN PENYEBAR BAKTERI RALSTONIA SOLANACEARUM PHYLOTIPE IV PENYEBAB PENYAKIT DARAH PADA TANAMAN PISANG." Jurnal Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Tropika 12, no. 1 (February 8, 2012): 92–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.11292-101.
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Banana blood disease (Blood Disease Bacteria, BDB) caused by Ralstonia solanacearum Phylotype IV is the most important banana disease in Indonesia. So far, information on the spread of disease by insects is very limited. The research was aimed to determine the role of insect as a disseminator of R. solanacearum Phylotype IV and to determine the amount of BDB inoculum carried by each individual insect. The experiment was conducted in May - September 2008. Samples of insects (adult insects, the young insects, larvae, eggs), nectar, and pollen were taken from a colony of Trigona spp. collected from BDB endemic area, Baso plateau (876 m asl) using purposive sampling method. Active adult insects were collected from the BDB infected banana flowers and healthy banana flowers. BDB on adult insects was isolated from the caput and abdomen, while for the young insects, larvae and pupae the isolation source were not differentiated. Each of the samples was rinsed, macerated, and cultured on medium containing Triphenyl Tetrazolium Chloride (TTC). BDB isolate characterization and identification were conducted through morphological, physiological, and pathogenicity tests. The parameter observed was the: population of BDB (cfu/ml) on each stage of insect development. The results showed that BDB can be isolated from the outside and the inside of the body of an adult, a young insect, pupa, larva also on pollen and nectar but it was not found in eggs. BDB population was higher in inside part fo the insect body in each phase of the development of the insect. From all phases, the BDB was higher in inner part of the body of adult insects which have visited infected banana flower.
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Hlongwane, Zabentungwa T., Rob Slotow, and Thinandavha C. Munyai. "Indigenous Knowledge about Consumption of Edible Insects in South Africa." Insects 12, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12010022.
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Consumption of edible insects is an indigenous practice that has played an essential role in human nutrition across Africa. The traditional use of insects forms an important part of food culture in Africa, and insects are consumed either as a delicacy, emergency, or staple source of food. However, indigenous knowledge about insect consumption is being lost because recent generations have adopted western methods and paid less attention to traditional practices. We conducted 500 questionnaires in five local municipalities in Kwazulu-Natal (KZN), and 122 questionnaires in four local municipalities in Vhembe district in Limpopo, South Africa, to document indigenous knowledge about edible insects’ consumption, collection, and preparation methods used in Limpopo and KZN. Eight insect species belonging to five insect orders were used as food in Limpopo and KZN, with mopane worms (94%) and termites (70%) being the most preferred species by respondents in Limpopo and KZN, respectively. Ninety-five percent of the respondents occasionally consumed insects in Limpopo, while only 28% did so in KZN. Nutritional benefits and tradition were the main reasons for consuming insects. Edible insects are a nutritious diet and play an important role in people’s livelihoods in rural areas. However, there was a notable decline in entomophagy, particularly in KZN. The decline may be related to occidental acculturation, discomfort associated with eating insects, and declining insect availability. To promote entomophagy, the authorities should encourage people to include edible insects in their diets because of their nutritional value. In addition, edible insect flour should be incorporated in food products such as biscuits, bread, energy bars, cereal, and cookies to promote acceptability.
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Amendt, Jens. "Insect Decline—A Forensic Issue?" Insects 12, no. 4 (April 6, 2021): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12040324.
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Recent reports have shown a dramatic loss in insect species and biomass. Since forensic entomology relies on the presence of insects, the question is whether this decline effects the discipline. The present review confirms that numerous studies document insect population declines or even extinction, despite the fact that the rates of decline and the methods used to demonstrate it are still much debated. However, with regard to a decline in necrophagous insects, there is little or only anecdotal data available. A hypothetical decrease in species diversity and population density in necrophagous insects could lead to a delayed colonization of dead bodies and a modified succession pattern due to the disappearance or new occurrence of species or their altered seasonality. Climate change as one of the drivers of insect decline will probably also have an impact on necrophagous insects and forensic entomology, leading to reduced flight and oviposition activity, modified growth rates and, therefore, an over- or underestimation of a minimum postmortem interval. Global warming with increased temperature and extreme weather requires a better understanding about necrophagous insect responses to environmental variations. Here, transgeneration effects in particular should be analysed in greater depth as this will help to understand rapid adaptation and plasticity in insects of forensic importance.
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Tanne, E., E. Boudon-Padieu, D. Clair, M. Davidovich, S. Melamed, and Meir Klein. "Detection of Phytoplasma by Polymerase Chain Reaction of Insect Feeding Medium and Its Use in Determining Vectoring Ability." Phytopathology® 91, no. 8 (August 2001): 741–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2001.91.8.741.
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A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method was developed for the detection of phytoplasma in insect feeding medium (sucrose). A correlation was established between the transmissibility of Flavescence dorée phytoplasma in the experimental leafhopper vector Euscelidius variegatus and its detection by PCR in the insect feeding medium. However, phytoplasma were detected in the insects' bodies 3 weeks before they began to transmit. Hence, PCR assays of the sucrose medium reflected phytoplasma vectoring ability probably by detecting it in the insect saliva, whereas detection of phytoplasma in the insect's body did not identify it as a vector. The assay was applied to two field-collected leafhoppers suspected of being phytoplasma vectors in Israel (Orosius albicinctus and Anaceratagallia laevis). The presence of phytoplasma in the body of specimens of the latter species was assayed by PCR in 1999. Phytoplasmas were detected in insects' bodies throughout the year, with no specific seasonal pattern. In the saliva, however, no phytoplasma could be detected in the autumn. This seasonal pattern supported the validity of the feeding-medium tests and their correlation to the insect's ability to transmit phytoplasma. Transmission assays indicated, to our knowledge for the first time, that O. albicinctus and A. laevis are vectors of phytoplasma in Israel. A simple PCR-based assay is thus provided, circumventing the need for tedious biological assays and enabling epidemiological studies of phytoplasma transmissibility on a large scale.
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Ramalingam, Balakrishnan, Rajesh Elara Mohan, Sathian Pookkuttath, Braulio Félix Gómez, Charan Satya Chandra Sairam Borusu, Tey Wee Teng, and Yokhesh Krishnasamy Tamilselvam. "Remote Insects Trap Monitoring System Using Deep Learning Framework and IoT." Sensors 20, no. 18 (September 15, 2020): 5280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20185280.
Full textAbstract:
Insect detection and control at an early stage are essential to the built environment (human-made physical spaces such as homes, hotels, camps, hospitals, parks, pavement, food industries, etc.) and agriculture fields. Currently, such insect control measures are manual, tedious, unsafe, and time-consuming labor dependent tasks. With the recent advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Internet of things (IoT), several maintenance tasks can be automated, which significantly improves productivity and safety. This work proposes a real-time remote insect trap monitoring system and insect detection method using IoT and Deep Learning (DL) frameworks. The remote trap monitoring system framework is constructed using IoT and the Faster RCNN (Region-based Convolutional Neural Networks) Residual neural Networks 50 (ResNet50) unified object detection framework. The Faster RCNN ResNet 50 object detection framework was trained with built environment insects and farm field insect images and deployed in IoT. The proposed system was tested in real-time using four-layer IoT with built environment insects image captured through sticky trap sheets. Further, farm field insects were tested through a separate insect image database. The experimental results proved that the proposed system could automatically identify the built environment insects and farm field insects with an average of 94% accuracy.
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Kauppi, Saara-Maria, Ida Nilstad Pettersen, and Casper Boks. "Consumer acceptance of edible insects and design interventions as adoption strategy." International Journal of Food Design 4, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 39–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/ijfd.4.1.39_1.
Full textAbstract:
Edible insects are regarded as one of the most sustainable animal protein sources for human consumption, but for western people insects are a rather unusual food ingredient. In the media, however, insect consumption is gaining increasing attention and people are starting to acknowledge insects as a potential source of protein. The eating of insects, ‘entomophagy’, is bringing new insect food companies, ‘ento-preneurs’ to the market, yet current research is still insufficient and relatively fragmented to support the commercialization of insect-based food products. Therefore, more systematic research approaches are needed in this area. This review article introduces the benefits and challenges of insect-eating, discusses the factors that are known to influence consumer acceptance, and categorizes factors including adoption strategies into a framework that can be applied in future consumer studies on entomophagy. In addition, the article introduces three distinctive examples of design interventions to illustrate how design can contribute as a strategy to support the general adoption of insect foods by western consumers.
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Coelho, Joseph R. "Sex, Bugs and Rock ‘n’ Roll: Insects in Music Videos." Insects 12, no. 7 (July 7, 2021): 616. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12070616.
Full textAbstract:
The appearance of insects in music videos was examined. The most common taxa observed were Lepidoptera, then Hymenoptera, with Coleoptera, Araneae, Diptera, and Orthoptera essentially tied for third most represented. Insect music videos have increased in frequency over time, probably as an artifact of industry growth. Swarms and infestations were common in insect videos (appearing in 26%), as were chimeric insectoid humans (19%), and, to a lesser extent, giant insects (5%), but not all of these representations were used to induce horror. Some insect music videos have garnered awards, and many of the songs associated with them have been very successful. There were many animated insect sequences, but also images of specimens that were sufficiently detailed to allow identification of the species. The insect groups observed reflect both positive and negative values. There is some indication that insects are not viewed in such a negative light as they once were, providing hope for improving attitudes of humans toward insects.
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Pimentel, David. "Insect population responses to environmental stress and pollutants." Environmental Reviews 2, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a94-001.
Full textAbstract:
Insects and other related arthropods make up about 90% of all plant and animal species in the world. They are vital to the functioning of the ecosystem and biosphere, and neither of these systems can operate effectively without insect interactions. Because of their major ecological and economic roles in nature and society, the beneficial and pest activities of insects need to be clearly understood. Insect populations are being stressed directly by the action of temperature, moisture, and a wide array of chemical Ö öpollutants (pesticides, fertilizers, air pollutants, and numerous other chemicals) that are dispersed through air, water, and soil. Insects are affected by this same group of stresses indirectly, through their food plants, parasites, and predators. Depending on the species and the particular stress affecting it, insect populations respond by increasing or decreasing in numbers. The responses of insect populations to various direct and indirect environmental stresses and chemical pollutants are assessed. Some insect populations increase, while others decline. The responses were determined by the particular environmental stress, the insect species, and the stage at which they were exposed to the stress.Key words: insects, environment, pollutants, stress, water, herbicides.
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Labandeira, Conrad C. "Diversity, diets and disparity: determining the effect of the terminal Cretaceous extinction on insect evolution." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200007346.
Full textAbstract:
A considerable amount of research has been devoted toward evaluating the impact of the Cretaceous/Tertiary extinction on terrestrial life. This research has focused primarily on terrestrial vertebrates (primarily dinosaurs), marine invertebrates (notably molluscs and foraminifera), and to a lesser extent, terrestrial vascular plants. Terrestrial arthropods, especially insects, have seldomly been investigated, principally because of an alleged depauperate fossil record. Nevertheless, within the past two decades, some of the most productive and taxonomically diverse insect faunas have originated from Cretaceous amber- and compression-fossil deposits from every continent. Whereas it was once thought that the Cretaceous represented an unknown void in the understanding of insect evolution, now it appears that many extant lineages are traceable to Cretaceous precursors.Three approaches are available for determining the extent of the effect of the terminal Cretaceous extinction event on insects. Assessed for the interval from the Early Cretaceous to the Early Paleogene, these approaches are: (1) establishing the secular pattern of familial- and generic-based taxonomic diversity (macroevolution); (2) recognizing the persistence or eradication of specific insect/vascular plant interactions, such as leaf-mining, wood-boring and pollination (behavior); and (3) establishing temporal trends in the range of mouthpart design, as an indicator of faunal disparity or structural diversity (morphology). These three operationally separate but complimentary approaches allow the advantage of using distinct data bases to bear on a common question. The body-fossil record of insects provides primary data for the taxonomic expansion, steady-state, or contraction of insect faunas. The trace-fossil record of those insect interactions that are coevolved with plant hosts reveals the temporal continuity of highly stereotyped and taxonomically obligate behaviors. Both of these are contrasted to an assessment of insectan structural disparity, herein determined from a robust data base of 30 modern insect mouthpart classes that are traced back in geologic time.A preliminary analysis of each of these three approaches indicates broad agreement–namely that insects were not dramatically affected by the terminal Cretaceous extinction event. First, insects experienced only a modest decline in diversity, about 9 percent at the family level. (The generic level is not yet analyzed.) Second, although the data base is limited, there is no indication of the extinction of major leaf-mining, wood-boring, pollinating or other plant-specific behaviors at the end of the Cretaceous. In fact, leaf-mine morphologies for three lepidopteran families with Cretaceous occurrences are apparently indistinguishable from their modern descendants. Last, of the 30 mouthpart classes occurring during the Paleogene, 28 are represented during the Cretaceous. These data provide strong evidence for a largely uninterrupted continuum of insect faunas across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary as measured by taxonomic diversity, coevolved behavior, and structural disparity.Because of abundant and often intimate associations between insects and flowering plants, these results are consistent with a gradual and not catastrophic change in terrestrial floras across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. Acceptance of a catastrophic extinction of flowering plants during the terminal Cretaceous would necessitate an unprecedented level of host-switching by coevolved insects on contemporaneous plants. This is unlikely, based on evidence from the prolific literature on modern insect/plant interactions. These studies indicate the ubiquity of obligate insect specificity for various secondary chemicals on many flowering plant species.
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Jing, Xiangfeng, and Spencer T. Behmer. "Insect Sterol Nutrition: Physiological Mechanisms, Ecology, and Applications." Annual Review of Entomology 65, no. 1 (January 7, 2020): 251–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-011019-025017.
Full textAbstract:
Insects, like all eukaryotes, require sterols for structural and metabolic purposes. However, insects, like all arthropods, cannot make sterols. Cholesterol is the dominant tissue sterol for most insects; insect herbivores produce cholesterol by metabolizing phytosterols, but not always with high efficiency. Many insects grow on a mixed-sterol diet, but this ability varies depending on the types and ratio of dietary sterols. Dietary sterol uptake, transport, and metabolism are regulated by several proteins and processes that are relatively conserved across eukaryotes. Sterol requirements also impact insect ecology and behavior. There is potential to exploit insect sterol requirements to ( a) control insect pests in agricultural systems and ( b) better understand sterol biology, including in humans. We suggest that future studies focus on the genetic mechanism of sterol metabolism and reverse transportation, characterizing sterol distribution and function at the cellular level, the role of bacterial symbionts in sterol metabolism, and interrupting sterol trafficking for pest control.
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van Huis, A. "Welfare of farmed insects." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 5, no. 3 (July 10, 2019): 159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2019.x004.
Full textAbstract:
When discussing insect welfare, the distinction is often made between nociception and pain, the first being a reflex response, while the second refers to a negative emotion perceived by the brain. There is some evidence that insects can experience emotions. Anthropomorphism may influence opinions on the question of how smart animals are. For insects, the precautionary principle is often used: give insects the benefit of the doubt and regard them as ‘sentient beings’. Considering the large number of farmed insects needed for food or feed, some articles discourage the consumption of insects, and favour plant-based diets. However, the protection of food plants also involves the killing of huge numbers of insects. I conclude that in insect farming we need to treat insects as sentient beings.
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van der Voort, Genevieve E., Manu E. Saunders, and Jasmine K. Janes. "Pan trapping in habitats supporting Platanthera (Orchidaceae) shows little difference in insect family-level diversity." Canadian Entomologist 153, no. 5 (May 11, 2021): 566–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2021.17.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe role of insects as pollinators within plant communities is well established, yet our knowledge of insect biodiversity in many habitats is lacking. Given the growing concern that insect biodiversity is declining, it is increasingly important to document insect assemblages from a wide range of geographic locations and habitats. Pan trapping is a common means of sampling local insect diversity. Many studies have found different insects associated with different-coloured pan traps. Here, eight different-coloured pan traps were used to sample local insect diversity in habitats supporting Platanthera (bog and rein) orchids on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. A total of 16 sites supporting seven orchid species resulted in 435 insects from 53 families being caught over 64.9 hours of pan trapping. Both Shannon and Simpson diversity index values were low despite sampling in markedly different habitats. Yellow traps caught higher numbers of insects, but no statistical difference was found among colours overall. No activity indicating pollination was recorded from a total of 254 insect observations over 21.5 hours. Our results contribute important baseline data on the diversity and behaviour of insect communities in orchid habitats of Vancouver Island and on the use of pan traps to characterise insect communities.
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Ruby, M. B., P. Rozin, and C. Chan. "Determinants of willingness to eat insects in the USA and India." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 1, no. 3 (August 2015): 215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2015.0029.
Full textAbstract:
One of the major, if not the major impediment to large scale increases of human insect consumption, is the strong rejection of insects as food by most of the world’s population. In an effort to understand this aversion, we surveyed online samples of adults living in the USA and India to participate in a study on ‘attitudes toward food’. A substantial proportion of both Americans (72%) and Indians (74%) were at least willing to consider eating some form of insect food. Men were more willing to try eating insects than were women, especially in the USA. Disgust seems to be the most common reaction of both groups at the prospect of eating insects. The most common perceived benefits of eating insects were related to nutrition and environmental sustainability, and the most common risks related to risk of disease and illness. Both groups find ants the most palatable of a set of seven possible insects, and cockroaches the most unpalatable. In both samples, participants were most amenable to eating low levels of insect flour in a favourite food, and most averse to consuming whole insects. The best predictors of insect acceptance were disgust at the thought of eating insects, beliefs about the benefits of eating insects, sensation seeking, and the enjoyment of telling others about consumption of unusual foods.
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Rumpold, B. A., and A. van Huis. "Education as a key to promoting insects as food." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 7, no. 6 (September 11, 2021): 949–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2021.x007.
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Children in tropical countries have always eaten insects but are now often discouraged from doing so. Recently, the idea of the consumption of insects has been re-introduced as an answer to malnutrition since edible insects are a potential alternative and sustainable protein and food source. However, in countries where the consumption of insects is not traditional, there is a lack of acceptance as well as skills when it comes to preparing a meal with insects. Examples of experiments from different parts of the world are given, where children in schools are educated about the nutritional and environmental benefits of eating insects. In general, after the experience, children are more positive about the idea of eating insects. It is stipulated that insects as food could be a very good entry point for the discussion about our future food supply. Furthermore, with the increasing commercial production of edible insects, there is an increasing demand for skilled workers in the insect production industry. Essential to the promotion of insect consumption are the development of curricula and educational materials for vocational education, training of insect farmers, and general education in primary and secondary schools as well as tertiary education.
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Ebenebe, C. I., M. I. Amobi, C. Udegbala, A. N. Ufele, and B. O. Nweze. "Survey of edible insect consumption in south-eastern Nigeria." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 3, no. 4 (November 30, 2017): 241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2017.0002.
Full textAbstract:
Edible insect consumption called entomophagy is very important in ensuring food security especially in a developing country like Nigeria, but promotion of entomophagy after a long period of adoption of western diets demands a comprehensive inventory of edible insect consumption in the past. At present, there is little or no repository of document with comprehensive information on edible insects consumed in the south eastern states of Nigeria and methods of use is also scarce in literature. It becomes imperative to assess edible insect consumption in the region as a background for promotion of entomophagy in the area. The study used questionnaires and oral interviews to obtain information on types of edible insects consumed, season of harvest, cooking methods, local dishes with edible insects, people’s reaction to edible insect consumption, challenges of entomophagy business and ethno-cultural beliefs on edible insect consumption. Of the 2,000 individuals sampled, 56.4% were males, 43.6% females, with 22.4% children, 19.6% teenagers, 24.2% young adults, 16.6% older adults and 17.2% aged above 60 years of age. The result showed that seventeen insect species belonging to six orders were consumed and harvesting is mainly during the rains, though some recorded year round availability. Restricted seasonal availability and high collecting costs are among the reported barriers to edible insect consumption The most common cooking methods documented in the study were frying or roasting. Six traditional dishes were found to include edible insects. Four ethno-cultural beliefs on some edible insects were also documented. Edible insect farming is therefore recommended as a strategy to bridge the gap between insect protein supply and demand in the region.
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Hotaling, Scott, Joanna L. Kelley, and Paul B. Frandsen. "Aquatic Insects Are Dramatically Underrepresented in Genomic Research." Insects 11, no. 9 (September 5, 2020): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11090601.
Full textAbstract:
Aquatic insects comprise 10% of all insect diversity, can be found on every continent except Antarctica, and are key components of freshwater ecosystems. However, aquatic insect genome biology lags dramatically behind that of terrestrial insects. If genomic effort was spread evenly, one aquatic insect genome would be sequenced for every ~9 terrestrial insect genomes. Instead, ~24 terrestrial insect genomes have been sequenced for every aquatic insect genome. This discrepancy is even more dramatic if the quality of genomic resources is considered; for instance, while no aquatic insect genome has been assembled to the chromosome level, 29 terrestrial insect genomes spanning four orders have. We argue that a lack of aquatic insect genomes is not due to any underlying difficulty (e.g., small body sizes or unusually large genomes), yet it is severely hampering aquatic insect research at both fundamental and applied scales. By expanding the availability of aquatic insect genomes, we will gain key insight into insect diversification and empower future research for a globally important taxonomic group.
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Sunada, Shigeru. "Flight Control of an Insect." Advances in Science and Technology 58 (September 2008): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.58.20.
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A butterfly's fore- and hindwings act as one low aspect ratio wing. The variation in the feathering angle is not as large as that of other insects such as a dragonfly and a damselfly. A butterfly varies the lead-lag angle of the forewing and the angle between the thorax and the abdomen at take-off. This implies the possibility that the insect moves all parts of its body to fly. This is an advantage that an insect has over a conventional aircraft. Moreover, a new method to investigate an insect’s flight control ability is introduced. An attached plate disturbs the insect, and a remarkable flight pattern can be observed. The flight control ability of the insect can be elucidated by analyzing the insect’s flight pattern.
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Pandey, Sonika, and Amrita Poonia. "Insects - An Innovative Source of Food." Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics 55, no. 1 (January 12, 2018): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.21048/ijnd.2018.55.1.16535.
Full textAbstract:
Edible insects are high in nutrition due to which they are eaten all around the world. Insect species that is used for human consumption should be selected, managed, and prepared by taking into account the required knowledge in countries where insect consumption is usual. Present evidence indicates that edible insects reared under controlled conditions are expected to cause no additional hazards compared with traditional animal products. They are also considered as a source of economy. Food safety research and regulatory issues should be considered by addressing the insect food chain, in view of species features, insect origins, farm management and environmental conditions.
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Veldkamp, T., and J. Eilenberg. "Insects in European feed and food chains." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 4, no. 3 (August 30, 2018): 143–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2018.x006.
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Insects or insect products are valuable feedstuffs for animal feeds but for further implementation more research is required. Different symposia contribute to sharing the obtained knowledge and in this special issue the activities of the EAAP study commission Insects are highlighted as well as five papers presented during the 2017 annual EAAP meeting in Tallinn, Estonia and one paper presented during the ‘Insectinov2 2017’ meeting in France. The papers highlight different aspects of the insect chain such as sustainability, insect health, bacterial contamination, nutritional value of insect meal and regulatory system.
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Takeda, Seiji, Tomoko Hirano, Issei Ohshima, and Masa H. Sato. "Recent Progress Regarding the Molecular Aspects of Insect Gall Formation." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 17 (August 30, 2021): 9424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179424.
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Galls are characteristic plant structures formed by cell size enlargement and/or cell proliferation induced by parasitic or pathogenic organisms. Insects are a major inducer of galls, and insect galls can occur on plant leaves, stems, floral buds, flowers, fruits, or roots. Many of these exhibit unique shapes, providing shelter and nutrients to insects. To form unique gall structures, gall-inducing insects are believed to secrete certain effector molecules and hijack host developmental programs. However, the molecular mechanisms of insect gall induction and development remain largely unknown due to the difficulties associated with the study of non-model plants in the wild. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing have allowed us to determine the biological processes in non-model organisms, including gall-inducing insects and their host plants. In this review, we first summarize the adaptive significance of galls for insects and plants. Thereafter, we summarize recent progress regarding the molecular aspects of insect gall formation.
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Ukuda-Hosokawa, Rie, Yasutsune Sadoyama, Misaki Kishaba, Takashi Kuriwada, Hisashi Anbutsu, and Takema Fukatsu. "Infection Density Dynamics of the Citrus Greening Bacterium “Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus” in Field Populations of the Psyllid Diaphorina citri and Its Relevance to the Efficiency of Pathogen Transmission to Citrus Plants." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 11 (March 27, 2015): 3728–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00707-15.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTHuanglongbing, or citrus greening, is a devastating disease of citrus plants recently spreading worldwide, which is caused by an uncultivable bacterial pathogen, “CandidatusLiberibacter asiaticus,” and vectored by a phloem-sucking insect,Diaphorina citri. We investigated the infection density dynamics of “Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus” in field populations ofD. citriwith experiments using field-collected insects to address how “Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus” infection density in the vector insect is relevant to pathogen transmission to citrus plants. Of 500 insects continuously collected from “Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus”-infected citrus trees with pathological symptoms in the spring and autumn of 2009, 497 (99.4%) were “Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus” positive. The infections were systemic across head-thorax and abdomen, ranging from 103to 107bacteria per insect. In spring, the infection densities were low in March, at ∼103bacteria per insect, increasing up to 106to 107bacteria per insect in April and May, and decreasing to 105to 106bacteria per insect in late May, whereas the infection densities were constantly ∼106to 107bacteria per insect in autumn. Statistical analysis suggested that several factors, such as insect sex, host trees, and collection dates, may be correlated with “Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus” infection densities in fieldD. citripopulations. Inoculation experiments with citrus seedlings using field-collected “Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus”-infected insects suggested that (i) “Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus”-transmitting insects tend to exhibit higher infection densities than do nontransmitting insects, (ii) a threshold level (∼106bacteria per insect) of “Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus” density inD. citriis required for successful transmission to citrus plants, and (iii)D. citriattaining the threshold infection level transmits “Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus” to citrus plants in a stochastic manner. These findings provide valuable insights into understanding, predicting, and controlling this notorious citrus pathogen.
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Feng, Y., M. Zhao, W. F. Ding, and X. M. Chen. "Overview of edible insect resources and common species utilisation in China." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 6, no. 1 (February 6, 2020): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2019.0022.
Full textAbstract:
The custom and culture of entomophagy in China has been preserved since ancient times, with a history going back at least 3,000 years. Presently, more than 300 species of insects with edible value have been taxonomically classified in China. These insect species belong to the orders Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Isoptera, Odonata, Megaloptera, Ephemeroptera, Diptera and Blattaria, with a majority of these species belonging to Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera. The most common include silkworm, tussah, Italian honeybee, oriental honeybee, mealworm, wasps, bamboo worm, locust, cicada, diving beetle and black ant. Since 2010, the number of patent applications for these edible insects has increased rapidly, indicating that the development and utilisation of edible insects in China is ongoing. The use of common edible insects primarily involves direct consumption of the insect body. In addition to fresh insects, frozen, canned and dried insects are also sold on the market. Derived extract products, such as protein, oil, chitin and insect health foods remain in the early research and experiment stages, and the current production scale is small. Bees, silkworm, mealworm and oriental migratory locust come from artificial farming, as farming techniques for these insects are well-developed. Although wasps, sand-crawling insects, bean hawkmoths and bamboo worms have been artificially cultured, the necessary technologies are underdeveloped. The majority of edible insects generally accepted by the public are still primarily collected from nature. In view of the current situation of utilisation, some suggestions have been put forward to strengthen the investigation and evaluation of edible insect resources, and research to focus on utilisation methods and artificial rearing technology in China.
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Eilenberg, J., J. M. Vlak, C. Nielsen-LeRoux, S. Cappellozza, and A. B. Jensen. "Diseases in insects produced for food and feed." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 1, no. 2 (January 1, 2015): 87–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2014.0022.
Full textAbstract:
Increased production of insects on a large scale for food and feed will likely lead to many novel challenges, including problems with diseases. We provide an overview of important groups of insect pathogens, which can cause disease in insects produced for food and feed. Main characteristics of each pathogen group (viruses, bacteria, fungi, protists and nematodes) are described and illustrated, with a selection of examples from the most commonly produced insect species for food and feed. Honeybee and silkworm are mostly produced for other reasons than as human food, yet we can still use them as examples to learn about emergence of new diseases in production insects. Results from a 2014 survey about insect diseases in current insect production systems are presented for the first time. Finally, we give some recommendations for the prevention and control of insect diseases.