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Journal articles on the topic 'Insect impact dynamics'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Martinez, Lili, Pushpa Soti, Jasleen Kaur, Alexis Racelis, and Rupesh R. Kariyat. "Impact of Cover Crops on Insect Community Dynamics in Organic Farming." Agriculture 10, no. 6 (June 8, 2020): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10060209.

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Manipulating cover crops as an integrated pest management strategy has recently gained popularity in both traditional and organic agroecosystems. However, little information is available for producers to make informed decisions about cover crop selection, management, and their potential use as a pest management tool. To address this, we conducted a two-year, four-season field experiment on the potential of various cover crops during the summer seasons of both years, followed by monocultures of cash crops during winters. We hypothesized that the cover crop treatments would attract beneficial insects and repel damaging herbivores in a species-specific manner, and the insect community dynamics would be bridged to the cash crops in the subsequent season. In addition, we hypothesized that cash crops would suffer lower herbivory damage following specific cover crop treatments. Our design comprised of three cover crops. Our results indicate that cover crops support beneficial insects during the early summer season, while the time of growing season doesnot affect herbivore abundance. Crop-specific effects were found for herbivore abundance with possible cascading effects on insect community as well as damage levels on the subsequent cash crop, but without any impact on the growth traits of the cash crop. Together, our data suggest that cover crops, when carefully selected, can be an integral part of a pest management strategy for sustainable agriculture.
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2

Nasrin, M., MR Amin, MRU Miah, AM Akanda, and MG Miah. "Impact of Foraging Insect Pollinators on Chili Production." Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 46, no. 3 (January 26, 2023): 297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v46i3.64130.

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The abundance, foraging behavior, and diurnal and seasonal dynamics of the pollinator insects in chili ecosystem, and the impact of the pollinator insects on chili production was studied at the Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, (BSMRAU) Gazipur, Bangladesh using the chili variety BARI Morich 2. The crop was cultivated in natural, supplemented insect and selfpollination conditions. The lime butterfly, honey bee, carpenter bee and sweat bee were found in the chili ecosystem. Honey bee depicted significantly the highest abundance and visitation frequency and carpenter bee was found as the most rapid forager. The diurnal and seasonal abundance of the pollinator insects was fluctuated and the peak abundance was found at 11.00 hour of the day. Abundance of lime butterfly, honey bee and carpenter bee revealed negative relationship with maximum and minimum temperatures, and positive relationship with relative humidity and rainfall. Abundance of sweat bee was positively correlated with maximum and minimum temperatures and rainfall, and negatively correlated with relative humidity. The chili plants exerted vulnerable response to insect pollination producing significantly the higher number of fruits per plant, fruit length, diameter and weight, number of seed per fruit, seed weight and yield. Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 46(3): 297-306, September 2021
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3

Ben Dhahbi, Anis, Yassine Chargui, Salah Mahmoud Boulaaras, Sana Ben Khalifa, Waleed Koko, and Faisal Alresheedi. "Mathematical Modelling of the Sterile Insect Technique Using Different Release Strategies." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (November 6, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8896566.

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We study simple mathematical models for the dynamics of interactive wild and sterile insect populations. As well as being mathematically tractable, these models can be used as first approximations to real situations occurring with the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) in which sterile males are released to reduce or eradicate a pest population. This is a method of biological control which can effectively help contain the spread of many pest insects such as the Red Palm Weevil (RPW). Models formulated in this paper are continuous-time, include a strong Allee effect that captures extinction events, and incorporate different strategies of releasing sterile insects. We perform basic studies of dynamical features of these models, with an emphasis on the condition of excitation, and the impact of the different release methods is investigated. Our findings are also demonstrated with some numerical examples.
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4

Ngouajio, Mathieu, and Milton E. McGiffen. "Going Organic Changes Weed Population Dynamics." HortTechnology 12, no. 4 (January 2002): 590–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.12.4.590.

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Organic agriculture is growing in importance worldwide. In the United States, the rate of increase of organic growers was estimated at 12% in 2000. However, many producers are reluctant to undertake the organic transition because of uncertainty of how organic production will affect weed population dynamics and management. The organic transition has a profound impact on the agroecosystem. Changes in soil physical and chemical properties during the transition often impact indirectly insect, disease, and weed dynamics. Greater weed species richness is usually found in organic farms but total weed density and biomass are often smaller under the organic system compared with the conventional system. The improved weed suppression of organic agriculture is probably the result of combined effects of several factors including weed seed predation by soil microorganisms, seedling predation by phytophagus insects, and the physical and allelopathic effects of cover crops.
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5

Bonsall, Michael B. "The impact of diseases and pathogens on insect population dynamics." Physiological Entomology 29, no. 3 (August 2004): 223–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0307-6962.2004.00389.x.

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6

Lähteenmäki-Uutela, A., L. Hénault-Ethier, S. B. Marimuthu, S. Talibov, R. N. Allen, V. Nemane, G. W. Vandenberg, and D. Józefiak. "The impact of the insect regulatory system on the insect marketing system." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 4, no. 3 (August 30, 2018): 187–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2017.0073.

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Taking the macromarketing approach to insect food and feed, we study how the global insect marketing system is impacted by the global insect regulatory system. As an illustration, we study how the regulations of the European Union, USA, Canada and Australia impact marketing strategies of individual companies, and how company-level behaviour combines into the dynamics of the whole insect marketing system. The output of the global insect marketing system is the global assortment of insect products. The regulatory system has its topics, content, and tools with differences between countries. Topics are the elements of the insect business that regulators care about. Content determines what insect products can be launched. Tools are the regulatory instruments and sanctions. Regulatory differences between countries are an important determinant in the geography of launch patterns and in the resulting global assortment of insect products available.
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7

Wu, Yangxue, Junjie Li, Huanhuan Liu, Gexia Qiao, and Xiaolei Huang. "Investigating the Impact of Climate Warming on Phenology of Aphid Pests in China Using Long-Term Historical Data." Insects 11, no. 3 (March 5, 2020): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11030167.

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Global climate warming has significant influence on individual development, population dynamics, and geographical distribution of many organisms, which has drawn much attention in recent years. As a large group of poikilotherms, insects whose life activities are closely linked with ambient temperature are supposed to be influenced by global warming. In order to test the consistency or difference of the effects of long-term climate warming on phytophagous insect pests in different geographical environments, this study collected historical data on the occurrence and population dynamics of three aphid pests (Myzus persicae, Aphis gossypii, and Sitobion avenae) in China, and systematically explored their phenological responses. We found that, during a period of about 60 years, in general, the first occurrence dates and the first migration dates of the three aphids almost moved earlier, while the end of the occurrence and the last migration dates were slightly delayed. However, these responses also represented geographical variation at a local scale. Basically, our results showed that the occurrence and migration seasons of these three aphid pests have been prolonged along with climate warming. This study based on historical literature data provides empirical evidence and valuable implications for understanding the impact of climate warming on insect pests and future management strategies.
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8

Guo, Jianglong, Xiaowei Fu, Shengyuan Zhao, Xiujing Shen, Kris A. G. Wyckhuys, and Kongming Wu. "Long-term shifts in abundance of (migratory) crop-feeding and beneficial insect species in northeastern Asia." Journal of Pest Science 93, no. 2 (January 3, 2020): 583–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10340-019-01191-9.

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AbstractVast numbers of insects annually engage in trans-latitudinal migration and thereby impact structure and functioning of natural and man-made ecosystems. In eastern Asia, long-distance migration has historically been studied for single insect species rather than diverse species complexes. Here, we assessed migration dynamics of multiple economically important migratory species on an island in the Bohai Strait, China. Drawing upon 15-year trapping records of > 2.5 million specimens, we unveil inter- and intra-annual shifts in the species composition and abundance of migrant individuals. Migrants belonged to 9 orders and 36 families, primarily consisting of Lepidoptera (79% individuals), Odonata (8%), and Coleoptera (4%). Seven crop-feeding noctuids, e.g., Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), Mythimna separata (Walker), represented 54% of the total trapping records. Trap catches exhibited marked seasonal variation, with the highest capture rate during early fall. Yearly abundance of migratory noctuids was coupled with that of their associated natural enemies. Although overall trap catches did not decrease over the monitoring period, the entire order of Odonata experienced a 14.1% annual rate of decline. Furthermore, 19 out of 108 species exhibited a progressively declining abundance over time, including the cosmopolitan cutworm Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) and the insectivorous dragonfly Pantala flavescens Fabricius. Our work provides unprecedented insights into insect migration dynamics in eastern Asia, helps fine-tune forecasting and early-warning systems of crop pests, and thereby guides integrated pest management within local agro-landscapes. Also, a long-term tracking of migrant insect populations can shine light on the fate of (insect-mediated) ecosystem services and trophic dynamic processes at a macroscale.
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9

Korell, Lotte, Martin Schädler, Roland Brandl, Susanne Schreiter, and Harald Auge. "Release from Above- and Belowground Insect Herbivory Mediates Invasion Dynamics and Impact of an Exotic Plant." Plants 8, no. 12 (November 26, 2019): 544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8120544.

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The enemy-release hypothesis is one of the most popular but also most discussed hypotheses to explain invasion success. However, there is a lack of explicit, experimental tests of predictions of the enemy-release hypothesis (ERH), particularly regarding the effects of above- and belowground herbivory. Long-term studies investigating the relative effect of herbivores on invasive vs. native plant species within a community are still lacking. Here, we report on a long-term field experiment in an old-field community, invaded by Solidago canadensis s. l., with exclusion of above- and belowground insect herbivores. We monitored population dynamics of the invader and changes in the diversity and functioning of the plant community across eight years. Above- and belowground insects favoured the establishment of the invasive plant species and thereby increased biomass and decreased diversity of the plant community. Effects of invertebrate herbivores on population dynamics of S. canadensis appeared after six years and increased over time, suggesting that long-term studies are needed to understand invasion dynamics and consequences for plant community structure. We suggest that the release from co-evolved trophic linkages is of importance not only for the effect of invasive species on ecosystems, but also for the functioning of novel species assemblages arising from climate change.
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10

Skendžić, Sandra, Monika Zovko, Ivana Pajač Živković, Vinko Lešić, and Darija Lemić. "The Impact of Climate Change on Agricultural Insect Pests." Insects 12, no. 5 (May 12, 2021): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12050440.

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Climate change and global warming are of great concern to agriculture worldwide and are among the most discussed issues in today’s society. Climate parameters such as increased temperatures, rising atmospheric CO2 levels, and changing precipitation patterns have significant impacts on agricultural production and on agricultural insect pests. Changes in climate can affect insect pests in several ways. They can result in an expansion of their geographic distribution, increased survival during overwintering, increased number of generations, altered synchrony between plants and pests, altered interspecific interaction, increased risk of invasion by migratory pests, increased incidence of insect-transmitted plant diseases, and reduced effectiveness of biological control, especially natural enemies. As a result, there is a serious risk of crop economic losses, as well as a challenge to human food security. As a major driver of pest population dynamics, climate change will require adaptive management strategies to deal with the changing status of pests. Several priorities can be identified for future research on the effects of climatic changes on agricultural insect pests. These include modified integrated pest management tactics, monitoring climate and pest populations, and the use of modelling prediction tools.
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11

Kok, M., E. F. Tobin, P. Zikmund, D. Raps, and T. M. Young. "Laboratory testing of insect contamination with application to laminar flow technologies, Part I: Variables affecting insect impact dynamics." Aerospace Science and Technology 39 (December 2014): 605–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2014.07.002.

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12

Диченко, О. Ю. "Просторово-часова динаміка рослинного покриву як фактора динаміки чисельності шкідливих комах." Вісник Полтавської державної аграрної академії, no. 1-2 (June 26, 2015): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31210/visnyk2015.1-2.10.

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У статті наведені дані щодо впливу динаміки рос-линного покриву на чисельність шкідливих комах.Встановлено, що динаміка рослинного покриву про-тягом попереднього та поточного років впливає нашвидкість приросту чисельності популяцій шкідниківу поточному році порівняно з минулим. Кількісно цейвплив оцінено за допомогою регресійного аналізу. Дляякісної оцінки характеру впливу динаміки рослиннос-ті на чисельність шкідників буряків цукрових запро-поновані динамічні карти наступних видів: листовоїпопелиці, звичайного та сірого бурякових довгоноси-ків, бурякової та лободової щитоносок. Цей інстру-мент дозволяє візуалізувати складний характер про-цесів, які визначають динаміку чисельності комах, утому числі шкідливих. The article presents data about the influence of vegetation dynamics on the number of harmful insects. It is established that vegetation dynamics during the previous and current years affects the rate of growth of pest populations in a present year compared to last year. Quantitatively this effect is estimated using regression analysis. For the qualitative assessment of the impact of vegetation dynamics on the number of pests of sugar beet dynamic maps of the following types are offered: Aphis fabae, Asproparthenis punctiventris, Cassida nebulosa, Cassida nobilis, Tanymecus palliates. This tool allows you to visualize the complex nature of the processes that determine the dynamics of insect populations, including harmful ones.
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13

Ghaffar, Hafsah. "ECOLOGICAL IMPACT OF PB-ROPES ON POPULATION OF THRIPS TABACI AND ITS NATURAL ENEMIES." Agricultural Sciences Journal 2, no. 1 (September 25, 2021): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.56520/asj.v2i1.36.

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Cotton is most important fiber crop of Pakistan. Cotton contributes 1.6% in GDP of Pakistan. The sucking and chewing insect pests attack on the cotton and cause yield reduction. Among sucking pests, Thrips tabaci is the major one. The study was conducted to observe the ecological impacts of PB ropes on population dynamics of T. tabaci as well as beneficial fauna on cotton. The study was conducted at MNS University of Agriculture Multan at experimental farm Multan on an area of 27 acres. The experimental plot was divided into 3 blocks and each block consisted of 3 acres. Cotton variety NIAB-878 was cultivated as test crop and data was recorded on weekly bases from 20 random selected plants in each sub-plot for sucking insect pests and 10 plants for beneficial insects. The results revealed that population of T. tabaci remained significantly lower in double application of PB-ropes in a season treated plots as compared to treatment i.e., one application of PB-ropes + insecticides, while higher population was recorded in untreated block, managed through use of pesticides. The study resulted that all recorded green lacewing and Geocoris were showed negative correlation with T. tabaci and kept its population at minimum level as compared with control.
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14

Régnier, Baptiste, Judith Legrand, Paul-André Calatayud, and François Rebaudo. "Developmental Differentiations of Major Maize Stemborers Due to Global Warming in Temperate and Tropical Climates." Insects 14, no. 1 (January 5, 2023): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects14010051.

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While many insects are in decline due to global warming, the effect of rising temperatures on crop insect pests is uncertain. A capacity to understand future changes in crop pest populations remains critical to ensure food security. Using temperature-dependent mathematical models of the development of four maize stemborers in temperate and tropical regions, we evaluated the potential impacts of different climate change scenarios on development time. While recognizing the limitations of the temperature-dependent development rate approach, we found that global warming could either be beneficial or detrimental to pest development, depending on the optimal temperature for the development of the species and scenarios of climate change. Expected responses range from null development to 1.5 times faster development than expected today. These results suggest that in the medium term, the studied species could benefit from global warming with an accelerated development, while in the long term, their development could either be delayed or accelerated, which may impact their dynamics with implications on maize cultivation.
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15

Belitskaya, Maria N., Irina R. Gribust, Galina A. Alferova, Natal'ya Yu Bakradze, and Natal'ya I. Prilipko. "Features of insect species diversityin the forest plantings disturbed by anthropogenic impact." Bulletin of Nizhnevartovsk State University 57, no. 1 (January 15, 2022): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.36906/2311-4444/22-1/06.

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Insects are universal objects for monitoring biogeocenoses. Wide distribution, close connection with various components of the environment and the abundance of individual species in disturbed ecosystems, the variety of responses to anthropogenic impacts, quick response to changes in the quality of the environment, as well as there is a clear correlation between the level of exposure and the degree of manifestation of the response time they make it possible to use insects as indicators. Green spaces are an important environmental protection and environmental-forming factor of the urban environment, which determines changes in the composition and structure of entomological complexes. At the same time, plantings of different types and environmental categories are in different conditions in relation to air pollution, that what determines the features of biodiversity and the balance of the population structure. Among the most significant among them are the exhaust gases of motor vehicles, various chemicals used to combat icing of the roadway in winter, as well as the selective destruction of weed vegetation within the decorative design of highways, etc. The need to study the responses to environmental pollution, manifested in changes in the composition and structure of entomofauna, the dynamics of the number and the change in the role of individual species in the transformed territories determines the direction of this study. The analysis of insect responses at the species level allows us to identify the consequences of the transformation of biocenoses, changes in faunal abundance, the structure of dominance and, as a result, determines the stability of ecosystems.
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16

Gerken, Alison, and James Campbell. "Using Long-term Capture Data to Predict Trogoderma variabile Ballion and Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) Population Patterns." Insects 10, no. 4 (March 30, 2019): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10040093.

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Insects can infest facilities that house and process post-harvest grains and grain-based products. Integrated pest management tactics rely on tracking insect populations and using this information to select and target management tactics. Our ability to predict when and where to best focus treatment relies on an understanding of long-term trends, but often any available monitoring data are limited in its duration. Here we present data collected over a 10-year period at a flour mill in the central part of the United States. Using traps placed both inside and outside a flour mill and baited with pheromone-lures for Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), Indianmeal moth, and Trogoderma variabile Ballion, warehouse beetle, we examine environmental and spatial variability in insect captures. We find that both species, inside and outside the mill, are highly influenced by seasonal patterns, with peaks of insect captures during the warm season (April through September). There is also consistency across time and space in trap capture for P. interpunctella with traps in an open location consistently capturing high numbers of insects. In contrast, T. variabile lacked consistency in trap capture but were most often not found in the same trap locations as P. interpunctella. Fumigations conducted within the facility appeared to have little impact on insect captures inside, with dynamics appearing to be driven more by broader seasonal patterns in activity. These data and analyses suggest that there is a larger population of these insects that are readily moving in and out of the structures, while fumigation treatments are only impacting a small portion of the overall population and tactics targeting immigration may be an important addition to the pest management program.
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17

Larem, Ben Tiba, Fritsch, Undorf-Spahn, Wennmann, and Jehle. "Effects of a Covert Infection with Phthorimaea operculella granulovirus in Insect Populations of Phthorimaea operculella." Viruses 11, no. 4 (April 9, 2019): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11040337.

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Virus infections of insects can easily stay undetected, neither showing typical signs of a disease, nor being lethal. Such a stable and most of the time covert infection with Phthorimaea operculella granulovirus (PhopGV) was detected in a Phthorimaea operculella laboratory colony, which originated from Italy (Phop-IT). This covert virus (named PhopGV-R) was isolated, purified and characterized at the genetic level by full genome sequencing. Furthermore, the insect colony Phop-IT was used to study the crowding effect, double infection with other PhopGV isolates (CR3 and GR1), and co-infection exclusion. An infection with a second homologous virus (PhopGV-CR3) activated the covert virus, while a co-infection with another virus isolate (PhopGV-GR1) led to its suppression. This study shows that stable virus infections can be common for insect populations and have an impact on population dynamics because they can suppress or enable co-infection with another virus isolate of the same species.
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18

López-García, Guillermo, Micaela Buteler, and Teodoro Stadler. "Testing the Insecticidal Activity of Nanostructured Alumina on Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Under Laboratory Conditions Using Galvanized Steel Containers." Insects 9, no. 3 (July 23, 2018): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects9030087.

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Most stored-grain pest insects increase their population within a relatively short time, causing serious damage to stored products. Sitophilus oryzae (L.) is one of the world’s major stored-grain pest insects and was chosen as the model insect for our studies. This study compared the efficacy of three different dusts under laboratory conditions: aluminum dust (nanostructured alumina), DiatomiD®, and Protect-It® (commercial diatomaceous earth). Parental survival, grain damage, and progeny production were measured at 250 and 500 ppm in treated wheat. The tests were conducted in 400 mL galvanized steel jars, an experimental model used for the first time to measure the effectiveness of nanostructured alumina, since most studies have been typically performed in small petri dishes. Parental survival obtained was highest in the untreated controls, followed in decreasing order by DiatomiD®, Protect-It®, and nanostructured alumina (NSA). NSA caused the greatest mortality. All treatments significantly reduced grain weight loss and frass production in wheat infested by S. oryzae. The degree of progeny (F1) suppression was directly related to the product and treatment rate, progeny being significantly suppressed by NSA in wheat followed by Protect-It® and DiatomiD®. Therefore, NSA had a greater impact on insect population dynamics.
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19

Rahman, Khondoker Md Zulfiker. "Effects of nitrogen fertilization on crops and their associated insect communities: a global food security perspective." Asian-Australasian Journal of Food Safety and Security 6, no. 2 (November 29, 2022): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/aajfss.v6i2.62619.

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Nitrogen (N) fertilization reduces worldwide food insecurity by boosting crop yield and stability. N is one of the most essential macromolecules required for the growth and reproduction of plants. It occurs in diverse chemical forms and circulates in natural and agricultural ecosystems. It is a constituent of chlorophyll, hence is required for the photosynthesis of plants. Plants receive N through their roots in the form of ammonia or nitrate. Nutritional quality and defense of plants that have a direct impact on herbivorous insects are altered by N fertilization and herbivorous insects can differentiate between plants that receive different applications of N fertilizer. Increasing N fertilization has a variable impact on plant species composition, plant growth, plant biomass, and yields. Plant tissue N and protein contents are also affected by nitrogen fertilization. Moreover, nitrogen fertilization affects many aspects of insects such as population dynamics, larval count, larval weight, feeding choice, and oviposition preference. Furthermore, predatory insect abundance, parasitization performance, and development of parasitoids on host insects are negatively affected by N fertilization. Other important effects of N fertilization are the hemolymph protein profile of herbivores, emission of VOCs, phytohormone biosynthesis, and direct and indirect defense of plants. The aim of this literature research is to demonstrate the effects of variable doses of N fertilization on the crop-herbivore-natural enemy tri-trophic systems. The information gathered in this review might help researchers understand the impact of optimal and excessive N fertilization on crop production and food security. Asian Australas. J. Food Saf. Secur. 2022, 6 (2), 48-56
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20

Ashra, Himani, and Suresh Nair. "Review: Trait plasticity during plant-insect interactions: From molecular mechanisms to impact on community dynamics." Plant Science 317 (April 2022): 111188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111188.

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21

Campbell, J. F., E. Lewis, F. Yoder, and R. Gaugler. "Entomopathogenic Nematode (Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae) Seasonal Population Dynamics and Impact on Insect Populations in Turfgrass." Biological Control 5, no. 4 (December 1995): 598–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bcon.1995.1071.

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22

Utsumi, Shunsuke, Yoshino Ando, Timothy P. Craig, and Takayuki Ohgushi. "Plant genotypic diversity increases population size of a herbivorous insect." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1721 (March 4, 2011): 3108–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0239.

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It is critical to incorporate the process of population dynamics into community genetics studies to identify the mechanisms of the linkage between host plant genetics and associated communities. We studied the effects of plant genotypic diversity of tall goldenrod Solidago altissima on the population dynamics of the aphid Uroleucon nigrotuberculatum . We found genotypic variation in plant resistance to the aphid in our experiments. To determine the impact of plant genotypic diversity on aphid population dynamics, we compared aphid densities under conditions of three treatments: single-genotype plots, mixed-genotype plots and mixed-genotype-with-cages plots. In the latter treatment plants were individually caged to prevent natural enemy attack and aphid movement among plants. The synergistic effects of genotypes on population size were demonstrated by the greater aphid population size in the mixed-genotype treatment than expected from additive effects alone. Two non-exclusive hypotheses are proposed to explain this pattern. First, there is a source–sink relationship among plant genotypes: aphids move from plant genotypes where their reproduction is high to genotypes where their reproduction is low. Second, natural enemy mortality is reduced in mixed plots in a matrix of diverse plant genotypes.
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Ngin, Chhay, Seng Suon, Toshiharu Tanaka, Akira Yamauchi, Kazuhito Kawakita, and Sotaro Chiba. "Impact of Insecticide Applications on Arthropod Predators and Plant Feeders in Cambodian Rice Fields." Phytobiomes Journal 1, no. 3 (January 2017): 128–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pbiomes-01-17-0002-r.

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Rice (Oryza sativa) is the staple crop of Cambodia. The heavy use of pesticides has caused significant financial losses to local farmers. This study examined the necessity and economic viability of insecticide use for rice cultivation, and the multiple interactions between the populations of both insect pests and natural enemies in dry-season rice fields. The outcomes of calendar-based insecticide-sprayed and non-sprayed rice fields were compared at three provincial research stations in Cambodia in terms of rice growth, economic returns, damage caused by insect pests, and population dynamics of insect pests and arthropod natural enemies. The results showed that rice fields without insecticide application did not suffer significant damage by insect pests or by diseases and had similar yields to those treated with insecticide application in two provinces. Although the occurrence of caseworm was observed in the third province, this was successfully controlled by an integrated pest management (IPM) treatment without using insecticides. Insufficient densities of natural enemies appeared to correlate with the caseworm outbreak in this location, whereas high densities of natural enemies relative to those of insect pests contributed to control potential pest expansion in the other two provinces. Natural enemy populations were significantly decreased by insecticide applications. Reduced insecticide input in the insecticide-free control and IPM plots resulted in higher net profits than those in insecticide-applied plots, except for plots in the region with a caseworm outbreak (insecticide-free). Overall, this study provides encouraging insight into cost effective and environmentally friendly pest management in Cambodian rice fields.
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Jonika, Michelle, Johnathan Lo, and Heath Blackmon. "Mode and Tempo of Microsatellite Evolution across 300 Million Years of Insect Evolution." Genes 11, no. 8 (August 16, 2020): 945. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11080945.

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Microsatellites are short, repetitive DNA sequences that can rapidly expand and contract due to slippage during DNA replication. Despite their impacts on transcription, genome structure, and disease, relatively little is known about the evolutionary dynamics of these short sequences across long evolutionary periods. To address this gap in our knowledge, we performed comparative analyses of 304 available insect genomes. We investigated the impact of sequence assembly methods and assembly quality on the inference of microsatellite content, and we explored the influence of chromosome type and number on the tempo and mode of microsatellite evolution across one of the most speciose clades on the planet. Diploid chromosome number had no impact on the rate of microsatellite evolution or the amount of microsatellite content in genomes. We found that centromere type (holocentric or monocentric) is not associated with a difference in the amount of microsatellite content; however, in those species with monocentric chromosomes, microsatellite content tends to evolve faster than in species with holocentric chromosomes.
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Arestova, Natalia, and Irina Ryabchun. "The dynamics of the development of harmful insects on the mother planting of basic grape plants in the Rostov region." BIO Web of Conferences 34 (2021): 04006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213404006.

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The study results on prevalence of the main harmful insects on the mother planting of the basic grape plants of the Rostov region: rose leafhopper, buffalo treehopper, tree cricket, tobacco and grape thrips, which are polyphagous phytophages, are presented. As a result of the negative impact of harmful organisms the plant normal development is disrupted. The spread and increase in the insect harmfulness in the Rostov region is facilitated by an increase in the average annual temperature to 9.5-11.6 °C in the last 10-15 years, which is the lower limit for their survival. A close direct relationship was revealed between the average annual temperature and the leafhopper and thrip harmfulness: r=0.72-0.89 and an unobvious dependence of the tree cricket harmfulness on thermal conditions (r=0.59). The phytosanitary control system in the mother planting made it possible to restrain the harmful organism development, with a harmfulness not exceeding 1.3 points for thrips and 2 points for other insects for further reproduction of practically healthy grape planting material while maintaining the status basic plants.
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Arif, Muhammad Jalal, Muhammad Dildar Gogi ., Mansoor Mirza ., Khuram Zia ., and Faisal Hafeez . "Impact of Plant Spacing and Abiotic Factors on Population Dynamics of Sucking Insect Pests of Cotton." Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 9, no. 7 (March 15, 2006): 1364–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2006.1364.1369.

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Caprio, M. A., K. T. Edwards, F. R. Musser, K. C. Allen, and D. E. Fleming. "Impact of Insect Management on Population Dynamics and Insecticide Resistance of Tarnished Plant Bug (Hemiptera: Miridae)." Journal of Economic Entomology 109, no. 6 (September 20, 2016): 2517–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/tow185.

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Sundaramurthy, V. T. "The Integrated Insect Management System and its Effects on the Environment and Productivity of Cotton." Outlook on Agriculture 31, no. 2 (June 2002): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000002101293930.

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The dynamics of insect pests and the impact of the management system on commercial village farms were investigated over several years. Damage to the cotton crop by bollworms in the polycrop system increased with the advancement of crop growth, with greater application of nitrogenous fertilizers and irrigation and with reduced planting distances between the conventional varieties. The activity of the adults of Helicoverpa armigera, Spodoptera litura and Pectinophora gossypiella in this crop system was at its peak during the middle reproductive phase of the cotton crop, and subsequently declined. The foliaceous, tall growing hybrids and varieties with heavy canopies had greater infestations of the adults of the leaf-feeding insect, S. litura. Investigations carried out over several years on commercial village farms show that the insect management system was lethal to the insect complex in the cotton system. De-topping of the growing terminals of plants greatly reduced oviposition by insecticide-resistant populations of H. armigera. The manual collection of larvae and affected plant parts resulted in the reduction of bollworm infestation on the village farms by 3–90%. Liberation of Trichogramma achea in great numbers reduced the population of different species of bollworms on the village farms. This system has reduced environmental pollution with insecticides by 35–59% and contamination of labourers' and farmers' blood and female workers' breast milk by 35–76%. Increased productivity of varieties and hybrids has been maintained over an observed range (according to growing conditions) from 870 to 2,220 kg/ha of seed cotton. The population of native natural enemies of cotton insects was increased several fold and had inverse density-dependent effects on the host insects. The pest management system has been adopted in cotton-growing states with financial assistance from the government of India since 2000.
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Fernando, Denise R., Chaya S. Smith, Martin J. Steinbauer, Kevin Farnier, Simon J. Watson, and Peter T. Green. "Does foliage metal accumulation influence plant–insect interactions? A field study of two sympatric tree metallophytes." Functional Plant Biology 45, no. 9 (2018): 945. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp17366.

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Gossia (Myrtaceae) is a highly restricted tree genus most speciose in New Caledonia and eastern Australia. The latter group accumulates above-normal foliar manganese (Mn) concentrations, with some individuals exhibiting the rare Mn-hyperaccumulative trait. Whether foliar metals contribute to chemical defence has been addressed via numerous feeding experiments and very few field studies. This investigation exploited specifically different insect activities on the foliage of sympatric Gossia grayi (N.Snow & Guymer) and Gossia shepherdii (F.Muell.) N.Snow & Guymer, endemic to north-eastern Australia, to test for direct and indirect effects of foliar Mn enrichment on plant–insect interactions. Leaf organic and inorganic chemistries, specific weight, surface damage, gall infestation and occupancy were quantified. Discovery that both species are Mn hyperaccumulators augments the world listing by 5–7%. Highly elevated gall-Mn concentrations coupled with negligible gall parasitisation suggested chemical fortification and adaptation by the host insect – a Cecidomyiidae fly. Linear mixed modelling (LMM) showed differences in leaf Mn, phenolics, toughness and surface damage across tree species and leaf age. There was no direct relationship between leaf Mn and insect impact. However, LMM did resolve indirect effects, i.e. between insect impact and certain foliar elements, consistent with nutritional dynamics in a physiologically novel plant system where Mn is vastly overaccumulated.
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Huang, Wei, Evan Siemann, Xuefang Yang, Gregory S. Wheeler, and Jianqing Ding. "Facilitation and inhibition: changes in plant nitrogen and secondary metabolites mediate interactions between above-ground and below-ground herbivores." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1767 (September 22, 2013): 20131318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1318.

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To date, it remains unclear how herbivore-induced changes in plant primary and secondary metabolites impact above-ground and below-ground herbivore interactions. Here, we report effects of above-ground (adult) and below-ground (larval) feeding by Bikasha collaris on nitrogen and secondary chemicals in shoots and roots of Triadica sebifera to explain reciprocal above-ground and below-ground insect interactions. Plants increased root tannins with below-ground herbivory, but above-ground herbivory prevented this increase and larval survival doubled. Above-ground herbivory elevated root nitrogen, probably contributing to increased larval survival. However, plants increased foliar tannins with above-ground herbivory and below-ground herbivory amplified this increase, and adult survival decreased. As either foliar or root tannins increased, foliar flavonoids decreased, suggesting a trade-off between these chemicals. Together, these results show that plant chemicals mediate contrasting effects of conspecific larval and adult insects, whereas insects may take advantage of plant responses to facilitate their offspring performance, which may influence population dynamics.
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Olfert, O., R. M. Weiss, M. Vankosky, S. Hartley, and J. F. Doane. "Modelling the tri-trophic population dynamics of a host crop (Triticum aestivum; Poaceae), a major pest insect (Sitodiplosis mosellana; Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), and a parasitoid of the pest species (Macroglenes penetrans; Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae): a cohort-based approach incorporating the effects of weather." Canadian Entomologist 152, no. 3 (April 13, 2020): 311–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2020.17.

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AbstractThis paper describes a tri-trophic analysis of the ecological dynamics of a crop, an insect pest, and a natural enemy of the insect pest. Worldwide wheat (Triticum Linnaeus) (Poaceae) production in 2018–2019 was estimated at over 700 million metric tons in 2018–2019. Wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a serious insect pest of wheat, is widely distributed in many parts of the world where wheat production occurs. Macroglenes penetrans (Kirby) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), a parasitoid of S. mosellana, has successfully established in most wheat midge-infested areas. Mechanistic, or process-based, population models were used in this study to assess the interactive population dynamics of the three species, based on their respective life cycles and meteorological factors. The models were validated with survey data from multiple sites over numerous years (1991–2016). These simulation models helped to detail our understanding of the tri-trophic population dynamics and will help guide pest management decisions both prior to the growing season and until wheat heading, when wheat is no longer susceptible to S. mosellana. The associated models also help identify gaps in system knowledge, provide a foundation for evaluating future innovative management options, and evaluate the potential impact of a changing climate.
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Szawarski, Nicolás, Agustín Saez, Enzo Domínguez, Rachel Dickson, Ángela De Matteis, Carlos Eciolaza, Marcelino Justel, et al. "Effect of Abscisic Acid (ABA) Combined with Two Different Beekeeping Nutritional Strategies to Confront Overwintering: Studies on Honey Bees’ Population Dynamics and Nosemosis." Insects 10, no. 10 (October 1, 2019): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10100329.

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In temperate climates, beekeeping operations suffer colony losses and colony depopulation of Apis mellifera during overwintering, which are associated with biotic and abiotic stressors that impact bees’ health. In this work, we evaluate the impacts of abscisic acid (ABA) dietary supplementation on honey bee colonies kept in Langstroth hives. The effects of ABA were evaluated in combination with two different beekeeping nutritional strategies to confront overwintering: “honey management” and “syrup management”. Specifically, we evaluated strength parameters of honey bee colonies (adult bee and brood population) and the population dynamics of Nosema (prevalence and intensity) associated with both nutritional systems and ABA supplementation during the whole study (late autumn-winter-early spring). The entire experiment was designed and performed with a local group of beekeepers, “Azahares del sudeste”, who showed interest in answering problems associated with the management of honey bee colonies during the winter. The results indicated that the ABA supplementation had positive effects on the population dynamics of the A. mellifera colonies during overwintering and on the nosemosis at colony level (prevalence) in both nutritional strategies evaluated.
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Schellhorn, Nancy A., and Victoria L. Sork. "The impact of weed diversity on insect population dynamics and crop yield in collards, Brassica oleraceae (Brassicaceae)." Oecologia 111, no. 2 (July 1, 1997): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050230.

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Ibanez, Freddy, and Lukasz L. Stelinski. "Temporal Dynamics of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus Titer in Mature Leaves from Citrus sinensis cv Valencia Are Associated with Vegetative Growth." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 2 (November 19, 2019): 589–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz307.

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Abstract Huanglongbing, a highly destructive disease of citrus species, is associated with a fastidious, gram-negative, phloem-limited bacteria (Candidatus Liberibacter spp.). In Florida, the causative agent of Huanglongbing (HLB) is C. Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) and it is transmitted by the insect vector, Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama). Previous investigations have revealed systemic infection of CLas with an erratic and uneven distribution of pathogen in tree phloem. However, previous investigations did not consider the potential impact of plant vegetative growth on presence/absence of CLas in planta. Our objectives were to determine: 1) the effect of vegetative growth of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv Valencia on detection of CLas in mature leaves, and 2) the impact of CLas inoculation frequency on progression of CLas titer in citrus leaves through the first year of infection. Temporal dynamics of CLas detection were associated with vegetative flush growth. Surprisingly, there was no difference in CLas titer detected between plants exposed to infected vectors for a one-time 7 d inoculation access period, as compared with plants exposed to continuously breeding CLas-infected insects over the course of an entire year of plant infection. Our results suggest that the CLas bacterium is transported through phloem during annual movement of carbon compounds needed for vegetative plant growth, including transportation from roots to mature leaves. These results highlight the importance of vegetative growth on temporal dynamics of CLas in citrus, and suggest a critical role of the sink-source interaction on presence/absence of CLas in leaves.
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Whitehorn, Penelope R., Matthew C. Tinsley, Mark J. F. Brown, and Dave Goulson. "Investigating the impact of deploying commercial Bombus terrestris for crop pollination on pathogen dynamics in wild bumble bees." Journal of Apicultural Research 52, no. 3 (January 2013): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3896/ibra.1.52.3.06.

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Mills, Nicholas. "An Alternative Perspective for the Theory of Biological Control." Insects 9, no. 4 (October 2, 2018): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects9040131.

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Importation biological control represents the planned introduction of a specialist natural enemy from the region of origin of an invasive pest or weed. For this study, the author considered why attempts to develop a predictive theory for biological control have been misguided and what future directions might be more promising and effective. Despite considerable interest in the theory of consumer–resource population dynamics, such theory has contributed little to improvements in the success of biological control due to a focus on persistence and equilibrium dynamics rather than establishment and impact. A broader consideration of invasion biology in addition to population ecology offers new opportunities for a more inclusive theory of biological control that incorporates the demographic and genetic processes that more specifically address the establishment and impact of introduced natural enemies. The importance of propagule size and genetic variance for successful establishment, and of contributions to host population growth, relative population growth rates, interaction strength, and coevolution for suppression of host abundance are discussed as promising future directions for a theory of biological control.
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Sultana, Riffat, Santosh Kumar, Ahmed Ali Samejo, Samiallah Soomro, and Michel Lecoq. "The 2019–2020 upsurge of the desert locust and its impact in Pakistan." Journal of Orthoptera Research 30, no. 2 (October 7, 2021): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jor.30.65971.

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The recent upsurge of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål, 1775) has had an impact on East Africa and the Middle East as far as India. It has affected and slowed down many aspects of the Pakistani economy. Swarms of locusts have infested many areas and caused immense damage to all types of crops. Both farmers and economists are concerned and are trying to get the most up-to-date information on the best strategy to manage this pest. This paper is an attempt to (i) provide insight into the dynamics of this upsurge internationally as well as in the various regions of Pakistan, (ii) briefly assess its local impact and locust control measures, and (iii) clarify the role of the various stakeholders in the management, both nationally and internationally, suggesting various improvements for the future.
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Oehme, Viktoriya, Petra Högy, Jürgen Franzaring, Claus P. W. Zebitz, and Andreas Fangmeier. "Pest and disease abundance and dynamics in wheat and oilseed rape as affected by elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations." Functional Plant Biology 40, no. 2 (2013): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp12162.

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Future atmospheric CO2 concentrations are predicted to increase, and directly affect host plant phenology, which, in turn, is assumed to mediate the performance of herbivorous insects indirectly as well as the abundance and epidemiology of plant diseases. In a 4-year field experiment, spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Triso) and spring oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. cv. Campino) were grown using a mini- free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) system, which consisted of a control (CON), an ambient treatment (AMB) and FACE treatments. The CON and AMB treatments did not receive additional CO2, whereas the FACE plots were moderately elevated by 150 μL L–1 CO2. The impact of elevated CO2 was examined with regard to plant phenology, biomass, leaf nitrogen and carbon, abundance of insect pest species and their relative population growth by either direct counts or yellow sticky traps. Occurrence and damage of plants by pathogens on spring wheat and oilseed rape were directly assessed. Disease infestations on plants were not significantly different between ambient and elevated CO2 in any of the years. Plant phenology, aboveground biomass, foliar nitrogen and carbon concentrations were also not significantly affected by CO2 enrichment. In contrast, the abundance of some species of insects was significantly influenced by elevated CO2, showing either an increase or a decrease in infestation intensity.
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Engesser, Roland, Beat Forster, Franz Meier, and Beat Wermelinger. "Forstliche Schadorganismen im Zeichen des Klimawandels | Effects of climate change on forest pests and diseases." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 159, no. 10 (October 1, 2008): 344–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2008.0344.

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The predicted increase in temperature, dry summers, and extreme meteorological events will affect many harmful species both by directly accelerating their propagation rates as well as by weakening their host plants. There might also be shifts in the interrelations in species communities that can hardly be predicted. Some fungal species, that had previously been inconspicuous, caused notable damages in the drought periods of the last two decades. Higher winter temperatures often increase the survival rates of many fungal and insect species. Because hot and dry summers are likely to become more frequent and heavy storms tend to occur more often, an increase in massive outbreaks of bark beetles with corresponding damage is to be expected. As a result of global trade, more invasive alien fungi and insects are introduced into Europe where the climatic conditions become more favorable for them to establish themselves on native or introduced host trees. Insects and diseases can have a profound impact on forest dynamics. Therefore, these disturbances must be included in the discussion of future tree species composition and of forest development scenarios.
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Mulye, Hemendra, and Roger Gordon. "A METHOD FOR REARING THE LARVAL STAGES OF THE EASTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA CLEMENS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), FOR PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES." Canadian Entomologist 122, no. 6 (December 1990): 1271–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent1221271-11.

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The eastern spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens, is the most widely distributed and destructive forest insect pest in North America. Although much is known about the ecology, population dynamics, and impact of C. fumiferana on tree growth (Sanders et al. 1985), there is very little information available on the physiology of this forest pest. Physiological studies are crucial to the development of novel strategies for spruce budworm control.
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Moritz, Robin F. A. "Population dynamics of the Cape bee phenomenon: The impact of parasitic laying worker clones in apiaries and natural populations." Apidologie 33, no. 2 (March 2002): 233–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/apido:2002002.

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Marcotte, Mireille, Johanne Delisle, and Jeremy N. McNeil. "Impact of male mating history on the temporal sperm dynamics of Choristoneura rosaceana and C. fumiferana females." Journal of Insect Physiology 51, no. 5 (May 2005): 537–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2004.12.009.

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43

Gandhi, Kamal J. K., Daniel W. Gilmore, Steven A. Katovich, William J. Mattson, John R. Spence, and Steven J. Seybold. "Physical effects of weather events on the abundance and diversity of insects in North American forests." Environmental Reviews 15, NA (December 2007): 113–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a07-003.

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We summarize the effects of major weather events such as ice storms, wind storms, and flooding on the abundance and diversity of terrestrial forest insects and their allies. This synthesis indicates that weather events influence both spatial and temporal patterns of forests and insect communities in North American landscapes. The Atlantic and Pacific oceanic sides of the continent are relatively more susceptible to ice and wind storms, respectively. There have been more studies and reports on the responses of forest insects to wind storms, and on economically important subcortical insects than on gall-forming, foliage-feeding, fungal-feeding, litter-dwelling, pollinating, parasitizing, predaceous, root-feeding, and sap-feeding insects. Weather events positively affect populations of subcortical insect species, and impact their colonization patterns and dynamics. Species belonging to genera such as Dendroctonus (Scolytidae) and Monochamus (Cerambycidae) may sometimes cause economic damage by colonizing residual live tree, and dead trees, rendering the wood unsalvageable. Subsequent outbreaks of spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby) and Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, have been frequently documented in western North American forests following wind events. Wind disturbances have also been observed to accelerate the life-cycles of D. rufipennis and Semanotus litigiosus (Casey) (Cerambycidae), and in rare instances, have caused Monochamus spp. to become primary colonizers. Populations of other important subcortical species have not always increased dramatically following weather events. Foliage- and pollen-feeding insects may experience mortality directly from a weather event or indirectly through habitat alteration. In some cases, forest insects may use storms to migrate to new habitats. Populations of open-habitat and forest specialist litter-dwelling species have increased and decreased, respectively, subsequent to weather events. Forest specialist species generally rebound within a short period of time, suggesting that they are adapted to these periodic weather events. Little is known about the combined effects of post-weather-disturbance management practices such as salvage-logging and prescribed-burning on insects in North American forests.
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Bohan, D. A., C. Hawes, A. J. Haughton, I. Denholm, G. T. Champion, J. N. Perry, and S. J. Clark. "Statistical models to evaluate invertebrate–plant trophic interactions in arable systems." Bulletin of Entomological Research 97, no. 3 (May 24, 2007): 265–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485307004890.

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AbstractOver the past 40 years there have been marked shifts in arable farmland management that are widely believed to have had a considerable impact on flowering plants and invertebrates and the small mammals and birds that rely upon them. It is not yet possible to predict the dynamics of plants and invertebrates either with past or future changes in farmland management. This study investigates whether a basic invertebrate classification, formed of broad trophic groups, can be used to describe interactions between invertebrates and their resource plants and evaluate management impacts for genetically modified, herbicide-tolerant (GMHT) and conventional herbicide management in both spring- and winter-sown oilseed rape. It is argued that the analyses validate trophic-based approaches for describing the dynamics of invertebrates in farmland and that linear models might be used to describe the changes in invertebrate trophic group abundance in farmland when driven by primary producer abundance or biomass and interactions between invertebrates themselves. The analyses indicate that invertebrate dynamics under GMHT management are not unique, but similar to conventional management occurring over different resource ranges, and that dynamics differed considerably between spring- and winter-sown oilseed rape. Thus, herbicide management was of much lower impact on trophic relationships than sowing date. Results indicate that invertebrate dynamics in oilseed rape are regulated by a combination of top-down and bottom-up trophic processes.
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Russell, Tanya L., Dickson W. Lwetoijera, Bart G. J. Knols, Willem Takken, Gerry F. Killeen, and Heather M. Ferguson. "Linking individual phenotype to density-dependent population growth: the influence of body size on the population dynamics of malaria vectors." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1721 (March 9, 2011): 3142–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0153.

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Understanding the endogenous factors that drive the population dynamics of malaria mosquitoes will facilitate more accurate predictions about vector control effectiveness and our ability to destabilize the growth of either low- or high-density insect populations. We assessed whether variation in phenotypic traits predict the dynamics of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato mosquitoes, the most important vectors of human malaria. Anopheles gambiae dynamics were monitored over a six-month period of seasonal growth and decline. The population exhibited density-dependent feedback, with the carrying capacity being modified by rainfall (97% w AIC c support). The individual phenotypic expression of the maternal ( p = 0.0001) and current ( p = 0.040) body size positively influenced population growth. Our field-based evidence uniquely demonstrates that individual fitness can have population-level impacts and, furthermore, can mitigate the impact of exogenous drivers (e.g. rainfall) in species whose reproduction depends upon it. Once frontline interventions have suppressed mosquito densities, attempts to eliminate malaria with supplementary vector control tools may be attenuated by increased population growth and individual fitness.
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Ge, Chen, Jiayao Hu, Zimiao Zhao, Ary A. Hoffmann, Shuojia Ma, Li Shen, Jie Fang, Jianqing Zhu, Weidong Yu, and Weibin Jiang. "Phylogeny and Density Dynamics of Wolbachia Infection of the Health Pest Paederus fuscipes Curtis (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)." Insects 11, no. 9 (September 11, 2020): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11090625.

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The maternally inherited obligate intracellular bacteria Wolbachia infects the reproductive tissues of a wide range of arthropods and affects host reproduction. Wolbachia is a credible biocontrol agent for reducing the impact of diseases associated with arthropod vectors. Paederus fuscipes is a small staphylinid beetle that causes dermatitis linearis and conjunctivitis in humans when they come into contact with skin. Wolbachia occur in this beetle, but their relatedness to other Wolbachia, their infection dynamics, and their potential host effects remain unknown. In this study, we report the phylogenetic position and density dynamics of Wolbachia in P. fuscipes. The phylogeny of Wolbachia based on an analysis of MLST genotyping showed that the bacteria from P. fuscipes belong to supergroup B. Quantitative PCR indicated that the infection density in adults was higher than in any other life stage (egg, larva or pupa), and that reproductive tissue in adults had the highest infection densities, with similar densities in the sexes. These findings provide a starting point for understanding the Wolbachia infection dynamics in P. fuscipes, and interactions with other components of the microbiota.
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Seiter, Nicholas J., Anne D. Miskelley, Gus M. Lorenz, Neelendra K. Joshi, Glenn E. Studebaker, and Jason P. Kelley. "Impact of Planting Date on Melanaphis sacchari (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Population Dynamics and Grain Sorghum Yield." Journal of Economic Entomology 112, no. 6 (August 30, 2019): 2731–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz230.

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Abstract The sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), has become a major pest of grain sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, in the United States in recent years. Feeding by large densities of sugarcane aphids causes severe damage, which can lead to a total loss of yield in extreme cases. Our objective was to determine the effect of grain sorghum planting date on sugarcane aphid population dynamics and their potential to reduce yields. We conducted field experiments from 2015 to 2017 in which an aphid-susceptible grain sorghum hybrid was planted at four different dates, which encompassed the typical range of planting dates used in Arkansas production systems. Plots were either protected from sugarcane aphid feeding using foliar insecticide sprays, or left untreated to allow natural populations of sugarcane aphids to colonize and reproduce freely. Planting date impacted both the magnitude and severity of sugarcane aphid infestations, with the highest population densities (and subsequent reductions in sorghum yield) generally occurring on plots that were planted in May or June. Sugarcane aphid feeding reduced yields in the untreated plots in two of the four planting date categories we tested. Earlier planting generally resulted in less sugarcane aphid damage and improved yields compared with later planting dates. While the effect of planting date on sugarcane aphid populations is likely to vary by region, sorghum producers should consider grain sorghum planting date as a potential cultural tactic to reduce the impact of sugarcane aphid.
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48

Shapiro, Lillian L. M., Courtney C. Murdock, Gregory R. Jacobs, Rachel J. Thomas, and Matthew B. Thomas. "Larval food quantity affects the capacity of adult mosquitoes to transmit human malaria." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1834 (July 13, 2016): 20160298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0298.

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Adult traits of holometabolous insects are shaped by conditions experienced during larval development, which might impact interactions between adult insect hosts and parasites. However, the ecology of larval insects that vector disease remains poorly understood. Here, we used Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes and the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, to investigate whether larval conditions affect the capacity of adult mosquitoes to transmit malaria. We reared larvae in two groups; one group received a standard laboratory rearing diet, whereas the other received a reduced diet. Emerging adult females were then provided an infectious blood meal. We assessed mosquito longevity, parasite development rate and prevalence of infectious mosquitoes over time. Reduced larval food led to increased adult mortality and caused a delay in parasite development and a slowing in the rate at which parasites invaded the mosquito salivary glands, extending the time it took for mosquitoes to become infectious. Together, these effects increased transmission potential of mosquitoes in the high food regime by 260–330%. Such effects have not, to our knowledge, been shown previously for human malaria and highlight the importance of improving knowledge of larval ecology to better understand vector-borne disease transmission dynamics.
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49

Petravic, Janka, Ruy M. Ribeiro, Danilo R. Casimiro, Joseph J. Mattapallil, Mario Roederer, John W. Shiver, and Miles P. Davenport. "Estimating the Impact of Vaccination on Acute Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infections." Journal of Virology 82, no. 23 (September 17, 2008): 11589–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01596-08.

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ABSTRACT The dynamics of HIV infection have been studied in humans and in a variety of animal models. The standard model of infection has been used to estimate the basic reproductive ratio of the virus, calculated from the growth rate of virus in acute infection. This method has not been useful in studying the effects of vaccination, since, for the vaccines developed so far, early growth rates of virus do not differ between control and vaccinated animals. Here, we use the standard model of viral dynamics to derive the reproductive ratio from the peak viral load and nadir of target cell numbers in acute infection. We apply this method to data from studies of vaccination in SHIV and SIV infection and demonstrate that vaccination can reduce the reproductive ratio by 2.3- and 2-fold, respectively. This method allows the comparison of vaccination efficacies among different viral strains and animal models in vivo.
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50

Abdallah, Y., and L. Youssef. "Impact of Sowing Dates and Certain Climatic Factors on the Population Dynamics of Key Insect Pests of Maize Plants." Journal of Plant Protection and Pathology 8, no. 3 (March 1, 2017): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jppp.2017.46171.

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