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1
Eilenberg, J., J. M. Vlak, C. Nielsen-LeRoux, S. Cappellozza, and A. B. Jensen. "Diseases in insects produced for food and feed." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 1, no. 2 (January 1, 2015): 87–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2014.0022.
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Increased production of insects on a large scale for food and feed will likely lead to many novel challenges, including problems with diseases. We provide an overview of important groups of insect pathogens, which can cause disease in insects produced for food and feed. Main characteristics of each pathogen group (viruses, bacteria, fungi, protists and nematodes) are described and illustrated, with a selection of examples from the most commonly produced insect species for food and feed. Honeybee and silkworm are mostly produced for other reasons than as human food, yet we can still use them as examples to learn about emergence of new diseases in production insects. Results from a 2014 survey about insect diseases in current insect production systems are presented for the first time. Finally, we give some recommendations for the prevention and control of insect diseases.
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Sahetapy, Betty, Nina Maryana, Syafrida Manuwoto, Kikin H. Mutaqin, and Fransina Latumahina. "TEST OF BLOOD DISEASE BACTERIUM (BDB) TRANSMISSION BY POTENTIAL INSECT VECTORS." Jurnal Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Tropika 20, no. 1 (March 11, 2020): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.12071-77.
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Blood disease bacterium (BDB) is one of the important diseases in banana and a major obstacle in developing and increasing banana production in Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to prove the ability of the Drosophilidae insect as a vector in transmitting BDB. The research was conducted at the Insect Biosystematics Laboratory and Plant Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University. Drosophilidae insects were taken from the field and then reared in laboratory by being fed with ripe bananas to obtain offspring that are free from diseases or pathogens. Imago of the Drosophilidae from rearing was fed by inoculum sources which was infected banana, then inoculated into healthy plants. The plants used were healthy and flowering, heliconia. The results showed that the Drosophilidae insects were able to transmit BDB to heliconia plants that showed symptoms, brownish flower colors and falling flower crowns. Detection of BDB isolated from flower parts and the inside parts of the insects used in transmission test using the PCR method showed positive results.
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Mairawita, Mairawita, Trimurti Habazar, Ahsol Hasyim, and Nasril Nasir. "POTENSI TRIGONA SPP. SEBAGAI AGEN PENYEBAR BAKTERI RALSTONIA SOLANACEARUM PHYLOTIPE IV PENYEBAB PENYAKIT DARAH PADA TANAMAN PISANG." Jurnal Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Tropika 12, no. 1 (February 8, 2012): 92–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.11292-101.
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Banana blood disease (Blood Disease Bacteria, BDB) caused by Ralstonia solanacearum Phylotype IV is the most important banana disease in Indonesia. So far, information on the spread of disease by insects is very limited. The research was aimed to determine the role of insect as a disseminator of R. solanacearum Phylotype IV and to determine the amount of BDB inoculum carried by each individual insect. The experiment was conducted in May - September 2008. Samples of insects (adult insects, the young insects, larvae, eggs), nectar, and pollen were taken from a colony of Trigona spp. collected from BDB endemic area, Baso plateau (876 m asl) using purposive sampling method. Active adult insects were collected from the BDB infected banana flowers and healthy banana flowers. BDB on adult insects was isolated from the caput and abdomen, while for the young insects, larvae and pupae the isolation source were not differentiated. Each of the samples was rinsed, macerated, and cultured on medium containing Triphenyl Tetrazolium Chloride (TTC). BDB isolate characterization and identification were conducted through morphological, physiological, and pathogenicity tests. The parameter observed was the: population of BDB (cfu/ml) on each stage of insect development. The results showed that BDB can be isolated from the outside and the inside of the body of an adult, a young insect, pupa, larva also on pollen and nectar but it was not found in eggs. BDB population was higher in inside part fo the insect body in each phase of the development of the insect. From all phases, the BDB was higher in inner part of the body of adult insects which have visited infected banana flower.
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Baxter, Richard H. G. "Chemosterilants for Control of Insects and Insect Vectors of Disease." CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry 70, no. 10 (October 26, 2016): 715–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2016.715.
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Madden, L. V., M. J. Jeger, and F. van den Bosch. "A Theoretical Assessment of the Effects of Vector-Virus Transmission Mechanism on Plant Virus Disease Epidemics." Phytopathology® 90, no. 6 (June 2000): 576–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2000.90.6.576.
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A continuous-time and deterministic model was used to characterize plant virus disease epidemics in relation to virus transmission mechanism and population dynamics of the insect vectors. The model can be written as a set of linked differential equations for healthy (virus-free), latently infected, infectious, and removed (postinfectious) plant categories, and virus-free, latent, and infective insects, with parameters based on the transmission classes, vector population dynamics, immigration/emigration rates, and virus-plant interactions. The rate of change in diseased plants is a function of the density of infective insects, the number of plants visited per time, and the probability of transmitting the virus per plant visit. The rate of change in infective insects is a function of the density of infectious plants, the number of plants visited per time by an insect, and the probability of acquiring the virus per plant visit. Numerical solutions of the differential equations were used to determine transitional and steady-state levels of disease incidence (d*); d* was also determined directly from the model parameters. Clear differences were found in disease development among the four transmission classes: nonpersistently transmitted (stylet-borne [NP]); semipersistently transmitted (foregut-borne [SP]); circulative, persistently transmitted (CP); and propagative, persistently transmitted (PP), with the highest disease incidence (d) for the SP and CP classes relative to the others, especially at low insect density when there was no insect migration or when the vector status of emigrating insects was the same as that of immigrating ones. The PP and CP viruses were most affected by changes in vector longevity, rates of acquisition, and inoculation of the virus by vectors, whereas the PP viruses were least affected by changes in insect mobility. When vector migration was explicitly considered, results depended on the fraction of infective insects in the immigration pool and the fraction of dying and emigrating vectors replaced by immigrants. The PP and CP viruses were most sensitive to changes in these factors. Based on model parameters, the basic reproductive number (R0)—number of new infected plants resulting, from an infected plant introduced into a susceptible plant population—was derived for some circumstances and used to determine the steady-state level of disease incidence and an approximate exponential rate of disease increase early in the epidemic. Results can be used to evaluate disease management strategies.
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Ramirez, M., J. Loo, and M. J. Krasowski. "Evaluation of Resistance to the Beech Scale Insect (Cryptococcus fagisuga) and Propagation of American Beech (Fagus grandifolia) by Grafting." Silvae Genetica 56, no. 1-6 (December 1, 2007): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2007-0025.
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Abstract Scions collected from diseased trees and from those without symptoms of beech bark disease (BBD) were cleft-grafted in 2003 and 2004 onto rootstock of unknown resistance to BBD. Grafting success varied among genotypes and year (30% in 2003 and 12% in 2004), and improved with increasing rootstock diameter. Successful grafts were used to test resistance to the beech scale insect, Cryptococcus fagisuga (the initiating agent of BBD) by introducing eggs onto the bark of scions and allowing time for the emergence of all developmental stages of the insects. Significantly fewer insects colonized scions collected from putatively resistant trees than those collected from diseased trees. In some cases, where egg placement overlapped a portion of the rootstock, insect colonies developed on the rootstock but not on the scion collected from resistant trees. Occasionally, scions from putatively resistant trees were colonized, whereas some of those from diseased trees were not. When scions from putatively resistant trees were heavily colonized, only adult insects were present and no eggs or other life stages of the insect were found. The findings indicate that the extent of resistance to the scale insect (hence to BBD) ranges from partial to total resistance.
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Doonan, James M., Martin Broberg, Sandra Denman, and James E. McDonald. "Host–microbiota–insect interactions drive emergent virulence in a complex tree disease." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1933 (August 19, 2020): 20200956. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.0956.
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Forest declines caused by climate disturbance, insect pests and microbial pathogens threaten the global landscape, and tree diseases are increasingly attributed to the emergent properties of complex ecological interactions between the host, microbiota and insects. To address this hypothesis, we combined reductionist approaches (single and polyspecies bacterial cultures) with emergentist approaches (bacterial inoculations in an oak infection model with the addition of insect larvae) to unravel the gene expression landscape and symptom severity of host–microbiota–insect interactions in the acute oak decline (AOD) pathosystem. AOD is a complex decline disease characterized by predisposing abiotic factors, inner bark lesions driven by a bacterial pathobiome, and larval galleries of the bark-boring beetle Agrilus biguttatus . We identified expression of key pathogenicity genes in Brenneria goodwinii , the dominant member of the AOD pathobiome, tissue-specific gene expression profiles, cooperation with other bacterial pathobiome members in sugar catabolism, and demonstrated amplification of pathogenic gene expression in the presence of Agrilus larvae. This study highlights the emergent properties of complex host–pathobiota–insect interactions that underlie the pathology of diseases that threaten global forest biomes.
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Potter, Kevin, Maria Escanferla, Robert Jetton, and Gary Man. "Important Insect and Disease Threats to United States Tree Species and Geographic Patterns of Their Potential Impacts." Forests 10, no. 4 (April 2, 2019): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10040304.
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Diseases and insects, particularly those that are non-native and invasive, arguably pose the most destructive threat to North American forests. Currently, both exotic and native insects and diseases are producing extensive ecological damage and economic impacts. As part of an effort to identify United States tree species and forests most vulnerable to these epidemics, we compiled a list of the most serious insect and disease threats for 419 native tree species and assigned a severity rating for each of the 1378 combinations between mature tree hosts and 339 distinct insect and disease agents. We then joined this list with data from a spatially unbiased and nationally consistent forest inventory to assess the potential ecological impacts of insect and disease infestations. Specifically, potential host species mortality for each host/agent combination was used to weight species importance values on approximately 132,000 Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) plots across the conterminous 48 United States. When summed on each plot, these weighted importance values represent an estimate of the proportion of the plot’s existing importance value at risk of being lost. These plot estimates were then used to identify statistically significant geographic hotspots and coldspots and of potential forest impacts associated with insects and diseases in total, and for different agent types. In general, the potential impacts of insects and diseases were greater in the West, where there are both fewer agents and less diverse forests. The impact of non-native invasive agents, however, was potentially greater in the East. Indeed, the impacts of current exotic pests could be greatly magnified across much of the Eastern United States if these agents are able to reach the entirety of their hosts’ ranges. Both the list of agent/host severities and the spatially explicit results can inform species-level vulnerability assessments and broad-scale forest sustainability reporting efforts, and should provide valuable information for decision-makers who need to determine which tree species and locations to target for monitoring efforts and pro-active management activities.
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Olson, William H., and Richard P. Buchner. "Leading Edge of Plant Protection for Walnuts." HortTechnology 12, no. 4 (January 2002): 615–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.12.4.615.
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English walnut (Juglans regia) producers in California compete with many insect and disease pests to produce an acceptable crop. Traditional control strategies work reasonably well for most pests. However, environmental concerns, loss of certain pesticides and new or impending regulations threaten the use of many traditional techniques for control of many of the pests. Codling moth (Cydia pomonella), walnut husk fly (Rhagoletis completa), and walnut aphid (Chromaphis juglandicola) are the major insects that affect California walnut production. Control strategies that use integrated pest management programs, beneficial insects, mating disruption, insect growth regulators, improved monitoring techniques and precise treatment timing based on the insect's life cycle are leading edge techniques currently available for insect control in walnuts. Major diseases include walnut blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv. juglandis), crown gall (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) and crown and root rot (Phytophthora spp). Both copper resistant and copper sensitive strains of the walnut blight bacterium are best controlled with combinations of copper bactericides and maneb instead of copper materials alone. A new computer model, Xanthocast, used to forecast the need for walnut blight treatment is under evaluation. Crown gall is managed using a preplant biological control agent and a heat treatment to eradicate existing galls. Phytophthora crown and root rot is dealt with primarily by site selection, irrigation management and rootstock selection.
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Maciel-Vergara, G., A. B. Jensen, A. Lecocq, and J. Eilenberg. "Diseases in edible insect rearing systems." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 7, no. 5 (August 13, 2021): 621–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2021.0024.
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Due to a swift and continuous growth of the insect rearing industry during the last two decades, there is a need for a better understanding of insect diseases (caused by insect pathogens). In the insect production sector, insect diseases are a bottleneck for every type and scale of rearing system with different degrees of technology investment (i.e. semi-open rearing, closed rearing, industrial production, small-scale farming). In this paper, we provide an overview of insect pathogens that are causing disease in the most common insect species reared or collected for use in food and feed. We also include a few examples of diseases of insect species, which are not (yet) reported to be used as food or feed; those examples may increase our understanding of insect diseases in general and for the development of disease prevention and control measures. We pay special attention to the effect of selected biotic and abiotic factors as potential triggers of insect diseases. We discuss the effect of such factors in combination with other production variables on disease development and insect immunocompetence. Additionally, we touch upon prevention and control measures that have been carried out and suggested up to now for insect production systems. Finally, we point towards possible future research directions with possibilities to enhance the resilience of insect production to insect disease outbreaks.
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Fernández-Fernández, Naves, Witzell, Musolin, Selikhovkin, Paraschiv, Chira, et al. "Pine Pitch Canker and Insects: Relationships and Implications for Disease Spread in Europe." Forests 10, no. 8 (July 26, 2019): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10080627.
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The fungal pathogen Fusarium circinatum (Nirenberg and O’ Donnell) is the causal agent of pine pitch canker (PPC) disease, which seriously affects conifer species in forests and nurseries worldwide. In Europe, PPC is only established in the Iberian Peninsula; however, it is presumed that its range could expand through the continent in the near future. Infection caused by this fungus requires open wounds on the tree, including physical damage caused by insects. Therefore, a relationship probably occurs between PPC and a wide variety of insects. The aim of this review is to outline the taxonomic and ecological diversity of insect species with high potential association with F. circinatum in Europe and elsewhere. The insects were classified as vectors, carriers and wounding agents according to the association level with the PPC disease. In addition, we discuss the insect-mediated spreading of PPC disease in relation to the different phases of forest stand development, from seeds and seedlings in nurseries to mature stands. Lastly, to improve our predictive capacities and to design appropriate intervention measures and strategies for controlling disease dissemination by insects, variables such as geographic location, time of the year and host species should be considered. Our review provides a framework of the multiple factors that regulate the insect–host interactions and determine the success of the infection.
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Wallhead, Matthew, and Heping Zhu. "Decision Support Systems for Plant Disease and Insect Management in Commercial Nurseries in the Midwest: A Perspective Review1." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 35, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-35.2.84.
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Abstract Decision-support systems (DSS) are techniques that help decision makers utilize models to solve problems under complex and uncertain conditions. Predicting conditions that warrant intervention is a key tenet of the concept of integrated pest management (IPM) with the use of expert systems and pest models being characteristics of higher-level IPM. In this paper, potentials of four DSS including Ag-Radar, NEWA, RIMpro and Skybit to be used for ornamental nursery production are discussed. These systems were previously developed for orchard growers to effectively manage plant diseases and insects. Their development was based on the input of historical disease, insect pest and weather information. It will be an instrumental management aid to control insects and diseases in a timely manner if nursery growers can adaptively implement these orchard DSS into their production practices. In order to maximize effectiveness, however, next-generation DSS should consider the addition of consensus forecast models into user interfaces by combining the information generated from multiple independent models into a single spray-decision recommendation. Index words: expert system, DSS, model prediction, forecast, insect, disease.
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Guo, Qinfeng, Kurt Riitters, and Kevin Potter. "A Subcontinental Analysis of Forest Fragmentation Effects on Insect and Disease Invasion." Forests 9, no. 12 (November 29, 2018): 744. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9120744.
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The influences of human and physical factors on species invasions have been extensively examined by ecologists across many regions. However, how habitat fragmentation per se may affect forest insect and disease invasion has not been well studied, especially the related patterns over regional or subcontinental scales. Here, using national survey data on forest pest richness and fragmentation data across United States forest ecosystems, we examine how forest fragmentation and edge types (neighboring land cover) may affect pest richness at the county level. Our results show that habitat fragmentation and edge types both affected pest richness. In general, specialist insects and pathogens were more sensitive to fragmentation and edge types than generalists, while pathogens were much less sensitive to fragmentation and edge types than insect pests. Most importantly, the developed land edge type contributed the most to the richness of nonnative insects and diseases, whether measured by the combination of all pest species or by separate guilds or species groups (i.e., generalists vs. specialists, insects vs. pathogens). This observation may largely reflect anthropogenic effects, including propagule pressure associated with human activities. These results shed new insights into the patterns of forest pest invasions, and it may have significant implications for forest restoration and management.
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Kuehn, Bridget M. "Insect Borne Disease Threat Grows." JAMA 319, no. 24 (June 26, 2018): 2471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.7441.
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Ivanauskas, Algirdas, Jolanta Rimsaite, Jurij Danilov, Guy Soderman, Donatas Sneideris, Marija Zizyte-Eidetiene, Wei Wei, and Deividas Valiunas. "A Survey of Potential Insect Vectors of Mountain Pine Proliferation Decline Phytoplasma in Curonian Spit, Lithuania." Environmental Sciences Proceedings 3, no. 1 (November 12, 2020): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecf2020-07977.
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Mountain pine (Pinus mugo Turra) is a coniferous native to the highlands of central Europe. Our previous study revealed that mountain pine proliferation decline (MPPD) disease in the Curonian Spit of Lithuania is caused by a ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pini’-related strain (16SrXXI-A). However, the insect vector of MPPD has not been identified. In this study, we conducted a survey to determine potential insect vectors of MPPD phytoplasma for three consecutive years (2016–2019). More than 1000 insect samples were collected from four locations in the Curonian Spit. These insects were identified as belonging to six families and ten genera. The presence of phytoplasma in insect samples was examined by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using phytoplasma-specific primers (P1A/16S-SR and R16F2n/R16R2n). Phytoplasmas were detected in Cinara (Cinara) pini (Scots pine aphid), Cinara (Cinara) piniphila and Cinara (Schizolachnus) pineti (waxy grey pine needle aphid) insect samples. Subsequent restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis showed that the PCR-RFLP profile of these positive insect samples was consistent with that of the MPPD of diseased pine trees. These results suggest that C. (C.) pini, C. (C.) piniphila and C. (S.) pineti may be potential insect vectors of MPPD phytoplasma. The findings from this survey will provide useful information for the management of MPPD disease.
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BALFAS, RODIAH, SUPRIADI SUPRIADI, T. L. MARDININGSIH, and ENDANG SUGANDI. "PENYEBAB DAN SERANGGA VEKTOR PENYAKIT KERITING PADA TANAMAN LADA." Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri 8, no. 1 (July 15, 2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jlittri.v8n1.2002.7-11.
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The cause of stunting disease of black pepper (Piper nigrum) in Indonesia has not yet been confirmed cither due o a virus or mycoplaam. However, similar disease found on black pepper plants in the Southeast Asia is caused by Piper yellow mottle virus (PYMV) which is transmitted by Planococcus citri. This expeiments was aimed o examine the cause of the stunting disease and its insect vectors. The expeiment were conducted from October 1998 to May 2001. Diseased vegetative materials of black pepper plants showing stunting disease were collected from Sukamulya, Sukabumi. The potential insect vectors were collected from black pepper plants in Bogor, IP Sukamulya (Sukabumi), Lampung and Bangka. The insects were fed on the diseased plants obtained from Lampung, Bogor and IP Sukamulya, then transferred o the healthy plants. The healthy plants were produced rom true seeds and cutings oiginated rom Bogor and IP Sukamulya. The tested plants were incubated at the green house and examined for disease development. Diseased leaf samples collected rom black pepper plant rom IP. Sukamulya and the transmitted plants were sent to the University of Minnesota, USA for Ihe virus (PYMV) by using ISEM (immunosorbent electron microscope). The result snowed that the leaves samples rom IP. Sukamulya were infected by PYMV. The morphology and size of the virus were similar to those caused stunting disease in the South East Asia. Potential insects vectors found on the diseased black <br /><br />pepper plants were two mealybugs, P. minor and Ferrisia virgata (Hemiptera; Coccoidca: PaaidbcoccidaeX aa well as an aphid Toxoptera aurantii (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea: Aphididae). The first tial on disease transmission by using P. minor, previously reared on the potato tubers, showed one out of ten tested plants produced disease sympom. The subsequent trial using P minor, bred on healthy black pepper seedlings, showed thee out often tested plants developed disease symptoms. None of the aphid transmitted plants developed Ihe disease. This study confirmed thai PYMV b the cause of stunting disease on black pepper in IP Sukamulya and Lampung and P. minor as the insect vecor of the disease.<br /><br />
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Glazunova, Anastasija Aleksandrovna, Timofey Aleksandrovich Sevskikh, Olga Viktorovna Kustikova, Svetlana Georgievna Dresvjannikova, Timur Ravilevich Usadov, Georgij Anastasovich Dzhailidi, Zoran Debeljak, and Daria Aleksandrovna Lunina. "Entomological and Virological Methods for the Identification of Potential Vectors of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus in the South-Eastern Part of Northern Caucasus, Russia." Acta Veterinaria 70, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 296–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acve-2020-0022.
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AbstractThe article provides assessment of field and laboratory methods for the collection and evaluation of potential vectors of lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) in one of the districts of Krasnodarskiy Kray in southern Russia. In this study, we tested several methods of vector collection and a PCR protocol for the detection of the LSDV genome in insects. Descriptive data on samples were collected using a free web-based application Epicollect5.Potential LSDV vectors are quite widely spread insects in this region. We identified 15 insect species, including Musca domestica, Musca autumnalis and Stomoxys calcitrans. Analysis of the insect population showed an increase in species diversity and a decrease in abundance of the insect population by the end of the flight season.PCR tests did not detect LSDV genome in the collected samples. All the methods tested were found suitable for large-scale monitoring of lumpy skin disease (LSD). Further studies on potential risk factors of LSD spread are necessary to improve measures on preventing and eliminating the disease.
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McCOLL, K. A., J. C. MERCHANT, J. HARDY, B. D. COOKE, A. ROBINSON, and H. A. WESTBURY. "Evidence for insect transmission of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus." Epidemiology and Infection 129, no. 3 (December 2002): 655–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268802007756.
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The spread of rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) virus from quarantine on Wardang Island to mainland Australia in 1995 suggested that insects could be potential vectors. Field observations and laboratory experiments were conducted to address aspects of this hypothesis. Firstly, the variation in insect populations on the island during the field trials was examined. There was approximately a 1000-fold increase in the number of bushflies, Musca vetustissima, shortly before the spread of the virus. Secondly, M. vetustissima were tested in the laboratory as potential vectors of RHD virus, and it was demonstrated that disease could be transmitted between rabbits by flies. Finally, 13 of 16 insect samples, collected from Wardang Island and from several sites on the mainland following the spread of virus off the island, were positive for the presence of RHD virus by a specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Only one sample contained sufficient infectious virus to kill a susceptible rabbit. These data, combined with previously published information on fly biology, suggested that flies, particularly bushflies, may be involved in the transmission of RHD virus. Other possible routes of spread were not assessed in this study.
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Seeley, Thomas D., and David R. Tarpy. "Queen promiscuity lowers disease within honeybee colonies." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, no. 1606 (September 26, 2006): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3702.
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Most species of social insects have singly mated queens, but in some species each queen mates with numerous males to create a colony with a genetically diverse worker force. The adaptive significance of polyandry by social insect queens remains an evolutionary puzzle. Using the honeybee ( Apis mellifera ), we tested the hypothesis that polyandry improves a colony's resistance to disease. We established colonies headed by queens that had been artificially inseminated by either one or 10 drones. Later, we inoculated these colonies with spores of Paenibacillus larvae , the bacterium that causes a highly virulent disease of honeybee larvae (American foulbrood). We found that, on average, colonies headed by multiple-drone inseminated queens had markedly lower disease intensity and higher colony strength at the end of the summer relative to colonies headed by single-drone inseminated queens. These findings support the hypothesis that polyandry by social insect queens is an adaptation to counter disease within their colonies.
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Wszelaki, Annette L., and Bryan Brunner. "(154) Alternatives for Pest Management in a Tropical Organic Watermelon Production System." HortScience 41, no. 4 (July 2006): 1080B—1080. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1080b.
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While much research has been conducted in organic farming, little has focused on tropical systems. Tropical, versus temperate, systems present additional challenges for organic producers, including differences in soils, temperature, daylength, rainfall, and humidity. Pest management in tropical organic systems can be particularly demanding due to the year-round pest pressure and optimal environment for pest proliferation. Weed management is essential for the production of high-quality watermelons, but can be difficult when herbicides are not permitted. Weeds also serve as a source of inoculum for disease organisms and a habitat for insects, both beneficial and detrimental. Many products have been advertised for pest control in organic farming systems, most of which have not been adequately evaluated in independent, replicated trials. Here we investigated alternatives to pesticides for the control of weeds, insects, and diseases in `Crimson Sweet' watermelons. A split plot on a RCBD with four replications per treatment was used, with weed treatment (± paper-grass mulch) as the main plot and 12 insect and disease control alternatives as subplots. The alternatives for insect and disease control included traditional copper-based fungicides, biological control agents, potassium bicarbonate, hydrogen dioxide, milk, and commercial formulations of essential oils. Weed abundance (percentage cover), disease severity (percentage disease), and insect damage (percentage foliar damage) were evaluated weekly using a modified Horsfall-Barratt scale. Yield and quality were measured at harvest on five plants from each replication. While none of the products should be relied upon as the sole means of managing pests, those with efficacy could be integrated into organic management programs.
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Chaoui, R. "Dermatofibroma Frequent Disease, Uncommon Location." Clinical Medical Reviews and Reports 2, no. 01 (February 14, 2020): 01–02. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2690-8794/003.
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Dermatofibroma (DF) is a very common benign tumor, which occurs most often in middle-aged women. In general, DF presents as a solitary lesion on the extremities, shoulders or buttock, which occasionally develops following minor trauma or an insect bite. We describe a case of dermatofibroma involving the dorsum of right hand.
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Masriany, Masriany, Rizkita R. Esyanti, Fenny M. Dwivany, and Tjandra Anggraeni. "Banana Flower-Insect Interaction: Alpha-Pinene as Potential Attractant for the Insect Vector of Banana Blood Disease." HAYATI Journal of Biosciences 27, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4308/hjb.27.1.8.
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Volatile metabolites are produced by plants for self-defense and as communication mediators with the environment. Terpenes are volatiles emitted as odorant cues for herbivores and microorganisms. This study was aimed to investigate volatile metabolites produced by banana flowers that attract insect vectors of BBD. The volatile metabolites from banana flowers were extracted by headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). It was apparent that the concentrations of the metabolite alpha-pinene gradually increased from the first to the the third stage. Comparison of metabolites produced by symptomatic banana male flowers for BBD infection with non-symptomatic ones showed that the concentration of alpha-pinene was higher in symptomatic male flowers. In addition, preference for alpha-pinene was tested on three insect vector species (Rhodesiella bhutanensis, Drosophila sp., and Musca sp.), analyzed by M. Anova p<0.001, F(1.5) =12.539 and Duncan test. Results showed that the insect vectors were mostly attracted to 20 µl volume of alpha-pinene compared to the other volumes and that alpha-pinene functioned as an attractant to these insects. This research is important for the formulation of attractants for insect vectors of BBD to control transmission of banana blood disease.
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Haverty, Michael I., Patrick J. Shea, and Lawrence E. Stipe. "Protection of Disease-Resistant Western White Pine Seed from Insect Damage." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 3, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 18–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/3.1.18.
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Abstract Seed produced in blister rust-resistant western white pine (Pinus monticola Douglas) seed orchards is in high demand. The fir coneworm, Dioryctria abietivorella (Groté), and the lodgepole pine coneworm, Eucosma recissoriana (Heinrich), cause considerable damage to seed crops in the Moscow Arboretum seed orchard. Single (May or June) and repeated (May and June) applications of 0.025% fenvalerate, and repeated applications (May and June) of 0.0125% fenvalerate, a synthetic botanical insecticide, were evaluated in 1986 for protection of cone crops. Results in 1986 confirm results in 1984 (Haverty et al. 1986): an application of 0.025% fenvalerate in May and June significantly reduces insect damage, regardless of the relative abundance of cones or insects. The decision to use a single or repeated application depends on demand for seed, projected seed crop and insect populations, and socioeconomic costs of the treatment. West. J. Appl. For. 3(1):18-20, January 1988.
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Ukuda-Hosokawa, Rie, Yasutsune Sadoyama, Misaki Kishaba, Takashi Kuriwada, Hisashi Anbutsu, and Takema Fukatsu. "Infection Density Dynamics of the Citrus Greening Bacterium “Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus” in Field Populations of the Psyllid Diaphorina citri and Its Relevance to the Efficiency of Pathogen Transmission to Citrus Plants." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 11 (March 27, 2015): 3728–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00707-15.
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ABSTRACTHuanglongbing, or citrus greening, is a devastating disease of citrus plants recently spreading worldwide, which is caused by an uncultivable bacterial pathogen, “CandidatusLiberibacter asiaticus,” and vectored by a phloem-sucking insect,Diaphorina citri. We investigated the infection density dynamics of “Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus” in field populations ofD. citriwith experiments using field-collected insects to address how “Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus” infection density in the vector insect is relevant to pathogen transmission to citrus plants. Of 500 insects continuously collected from “Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus”-infected citrus trees with pathological symptoms in the spring and autumn of 2009, 497 (99.4%) were “Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus” positive. The infections were systemic across head-thorax and abdomen, ranging from 103to 107bacteria per insect. In spring, the infection densities were low in March, at ∼103bacteria per insect, increasing up to 106to 107bacteria per insect in April and May, and decreasing to 105to 106bacteria per insect in late May, whereas the infection densities were constantly ∼106to 107bacteria per insect in autumn. Statistical analysis suggested that several factors, such as insect sex, host trees, and collection dates, may be correlated with “Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus” infection densities in fieldD. citripopulations. Inoculation experiments with citrus seedlings using field-collected “Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus”-infected insects suggested that (i) “Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus”-transmitting insects tend to exhibit higher infection densities than do nontransmitting insects, (ii) a threshold level (∼106bacteria per insect) of “Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus” density inD. citriis required for successful transmission to citrus plants, and (iii)D. citriattaining the threshold infection level transmits “Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus” to citrus plants in a stochastic manner. These findings provide valuable insights into understanding, predicting, and controlling this notorious citrus pathogen.
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Muhoro, Arthur M., and Edit É. Farkas. "Insecticidal and Antiprotozoal Properties of Lichen Secondary Metabolites on Insect Vectors and Their Transmitted Protozoal Diseases to Humans." Diversity 13, no. 8 (July 26, 2021): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13080342.
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Since the long-term application of synthetic chemicals as insecticides and the chemotherapy of protozoal diseases have had various negative effects (non-target effects, resistance), research on less harmful biological products is underway. This review is focused on lichens with potential insecticidal and antiprotozoal activity. Literature sources (27) were surveyed from five bibliographic databases and analyzed according to the taxonomic group of the insect, the protozoal disease and the lichen, the type of bioactive compounds (including method of application and mount applied), and the potential bioactivity based on mortalities caused after 24 h of exposure on insects and on parasitic protozoa. Six species of protozoa and five species of mosquitoes, three kinds of larval stages of insects and three protozoa stages were tested. Insecticidal and antiprotozoal effects of crude extracts and seven lichen secondary metabolites (mostly usnic acid) of 32 lichen species were determined. Physiological and morphological changes on parasitic protozoa were observed. Mortality rates caused by LSMs on insect vectors closer to (or somewhat above) the WHO threshold were considered to be insecticides. The results are based on laboratory experiments; however, the efficacy of metabolites should be confirmed in the field and on non-human primates to control the insect vectors and human protozoal diseases transmitted by insects.
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Feldhaar, Heike, and Oliver Otti. "Pollutants and Their Interaction with Diseases of Social Hymenoptera." Insects 11, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11030153.
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Many insect species, including social insects, are currently declining in abundance and diversity. Pollutants such as pesticides, heavy metals, or airborne fine particulate matter from agricultural and industrial sources are among the factors driving this decline. While these pollutants can have direct detrimental effects, they can also result in negative interactive effects when social insects are simultaneously exposed to multiple stressors. For example, sublethal effects of pollutants can increase the disease susceptibility of social insects, and thereby jeopardize their survival. Here we review how pesticides, heavy metals, or airborne fine particulate matter interact with social insect physiology and especially the insects’ immune system. We then give an overview of the current knowledge of the interactive effects of these pollutants with pathogens or parasites. While the effects of pesticide exposure on social insects and their interactions with pathogens have been relatively well studied, the effects of other pollutants, such as heavy metals in soil or fine particulate matter from combustion, vehicular transport, agriculture, and coal mining are still largely unknown. We therefore provide an overview of urgently needed knowledge in order to mitigate the decline of social insects.
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Mlot, C. "Insect-Borne Disease: Curing the Carrier." Science News 151, no. 15 (April 12, 1997): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4018475.
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Hesler, Louis S., Marie A. C. Langham, Dhan Pal Singh, and Arti Singh. "Disease and Insect Resistance in Plants." Journal of Economic Entomology 100, no. 4 (August 1, 2007): 1496–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493(2007)100[1496:dairip]2.0.co;2.
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Shah, Dilip M. "Genetically Engineered Insect and Disease Control." Plant Biotechnology 16, no. 1 (1999): 89a. http://dx.doi.org/10.5511/plantbiotechnology.16.89a.
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Vigoder, Felipe de Mello, Michael Gordon Ritchie, Gabriella Gibson, and Alexandre Afranio Peixoto. "Acoustic communication in insect disease vectors." Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 108, suppl 1 (2013): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0074-0276130390.
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Meireles-Filho, Antonio Carlos Alves, and Charalambos Panayiotis Kyriacou. "Circadian rhythms in insect disease vectors." Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 108, suppl 1 (2013): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0074-0276130438.
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Stajkovic, Novica, and Radmila Milutinovic. "Insect repellents - transmissive disease vectors prevention." Vojnosanitetski pregled 70, no. 9 (2013): 854–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp1309854s.
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Gondim, Katia C., Georgia C. Atella, Emerson G. Pontes, and David Majerowicz. "Lipid metabolism in insect disease vectors." Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 101 (October 2018): 108–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibmb.2018.08.005.
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Sickle, G. A. Van. "A review of innovations in disease and insect management and control." Forestry Chronicle 68, no. 6 (December 1, 1992): 742–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc68742-6.
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Insects, diseases and fire annually cause losses equal to one-third of the allowable annual cut in British Columbia and can directly affect exports and movement of forest products. While salvage, at least partial, of the merchantable mortality has been the traditional practice, innovations in forecasting, detection and control are increasing forest management options. Examples are given of technological advances in nursery production, data analysis and interpretation using geographic information systems (GIS) and models, insect pheromones and biological controls, and quarantine requirements imposed by concerns for potential pests.
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Sitz, Rachael A., Vincent M. Aquino, Ned A. Tisserat, Whitney S. Cranshaw, and Jane E. Stewart. "Insects Visiting Drippy Blight Diseased Red Oak Trees Are Contaminated with the Pathogenic Bacterium Lonsdalea quercina." Plant Disease 103, no. 8 (August 2019): 1940–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-18-2248-re.
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The focus of investigation in this study was to consider the potential of arthropods in the dissemination of the bacterium involved in drippy blight disease, Lonsdalea quercina. Arthropod specimens were collected and tested for the presence of the bacterium with molecular markers. The bacterium L. quercina was confirmed on 12 different insect samples from three orders (Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Hymenoptera) and eight families (Buprestidae, Coccinellidae, Dermestidae, Coreidae, Pentatomidae and/or Miridae, Apidae, Formicidae, and Vespidae). Approximately half of the insects found to carry the bacterium were in the order Hymenoptera. Estimates of the insects that are contaminated with the bacterium, and likely carry it between trees, is conservative because the documented insects represent only a subset of the insect orders that were observed feeding on the bacterium or present on diseased trees yet were not able to be tested. The insects contaminated with L. quercina exhibited diverse life histories, where some had a facultative relationship with the bacterium and others sought it out as a food source. These findings demonstrate that a diverse set of insects naturally occur on diseased trees and may disseminate L. quercina.
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Nevill, R. J., P. M. Hall, and J. Beale. "Forest health research needs in British Columbia." Forestry Chronicle 71, no. 4 (August 1, 1995): 489–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc71489-4.
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To determine the needs and priorities for research on specific topics concerning forest health in British Columbia, a questionnaire was developed and distributed to forest management agencies, forest industry and other research agencies. Response was received from all groups contacted (Pacific Forestry Center [Canadian Forest Service]; BC Ministry of Forests; BC Ministry of Environment Lands & Parks; Industry; and Universities) throughout the province. Forty-two insect, disease, and mammal pests were identified for research. Research priorities for insects and diseases were equally distributed and of greater importance than mammals. Diseases most frequently identified included Armillaria root disease and tomentosus root disease, while the mountain pine beetle and the white pine weevil were foremost among insects. Broadly based issues included pest responses to alternative silvicultural systems, quantification of pest caused losses, and standardized survey methodology between agencies. Lower profile research concerns included the pinewood nematode, nursery pests, and hardwood diseases. The potential introduction into the province of exotic pests such as the Gypsy moth was identified as an emerging issue. Key words: forest health, research priorities, forest insects, disease, mammal pests
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Isah, U., and M. A. Ahmad. "Microorganisms as bioinsecticides; short review." Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 12, no. 1 (April 15, 2020): 274–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v12i1.42s.
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Hundred thousand tons of chemical insecticides are used annually in Nigeria to combat insect disease vectors especially agricultural pests, but this sort of vector control method is gradually being substituted due to their environmental effects on non-target beneficial insects especially vertebrates through contamination of food and water. To counteract this contamination, attention, efforts and researches were directed to the use of biological control agents including insect pathogens. As a result, the use of bio insecticide, as a component of integrated pest management (IPM), has been gaining acceptance over the world. Microbial pathogens comprise of organisms which cause disease, these organisms are disseminated in the pest population in large quantity in a manner similar to application of chemical pesticides. Insects like other organisms are susceptible to a variety of diseases caused by different groups of microorganisms including virus, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and nematodes. Microbial pathogens of insects are intensively investigated to develop environment friendly pest management strategies in agriculture. Microbial insecticides represent today the best alternative to chemical insecticides in controlling insect pests, they are safe for non-target species and human health are believed to show low persistence in the environment. This short review indicates that microbial insecticides are the safe alternative way possessing all the requirements to replace chemical insecticides hence, they can be utilized in pest management and control.
Keywords: Bio-insecticides, Microorganisms, biological control, pest, chemical insecticides
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Labroussaa, Fabien, Adam R. Zeilinger, and Rodrigo P. P. Almeida. "Blocking the Transmission of a Noncirculative Vector-Borne Plant Pathogenic Bacterium." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 29, no. 7 (July 2016): 535–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-02-16-0032-r.
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The successful control of insect-borne plant pathogens is often difficult to achieve due to the ecologically complex interactions among pathogens, vectors, and host plants. Disease management often relies on pesticides and other approaches that have limited long-term sustainability. To add a new tool to control vector-borne diseases, we attempted to block the transmission of a bacterial insect-transmitted pathogen, the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa, by disrupting bacteria–insect vector interactions. X. fastidiosa is known to attach to and colonize the cuticular surface of the mouthparts of vectors; a set of recombinant peptides was generated and the chemical affinities of these peptides to chitin and related carbohydrates was assayed in vitro. Two candidates, the X. fastidiosa hypothetical protein PD1764 and an N-terminal region of the hemagglutinin-like protein B (HxfB) showed affinity for these substrates. These proteins were provided to vectors via an artificial diet system in which insects acquire X. fastidiosa, followed by an inoculation access period on plants under greenhouse conditions. Both PD1764 and HxfAD1-3 significantly blocked transmission. Furthermore, bacterial populations within insects over a 10-day period demonstrated that these peptides inhibited cell adhesion to vectors but not bacterial multiplication, indicating that the mode of action of these peptides is restricted to limiting cell adhesion to insects, likely via competition for adhesion sites. These results open a new venue in the search for sustainable disease-control strategies that are pathogen specific and may have limited nontarget effects.
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Montong, Vivi, and Christina Salaki. "Insects as Carriers of Ralstonia solanacearum Phylotype IV on Kepok Banana Flowers in South Minahasa and Minahasa Districts." International Journal of ChemTech Research 13, no. 1 (2020): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.20902/ijctr.2019.130124.
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The scope of this study is the management of insects that carry the cause of banana blood disease (BBD), Ralstonia solanacearum Phylotype IV. The objectives of this study are: (1) to study the diversity and density of visitor insect populations to the Kepok banana flower, and (2) to identify insects in the Kepok banana flower that act as carriers of R. solanacearum Phylotype IV, and the population density of these bacteria was carried by each insect. Sampling of banana plantations is done based on pusposive sampling method. Insect collection uses a modified insect net, and insect collection uses modified insect nets, and insects were morphologically identified. This bacterial isolation was carried out based on the spread method on NA + TZC media. Inoculation of bacterial isolates was carried out by injection method on the tip of an mature Kepok banana. Density of insects visitors banana flower per tree in South Minahasa and Minahasa regencies are as follows: Oscinella sp. (15.50 and 18.08 individuals), Aphis mellifera (0.50 and 1.58), Chelisoches morio (0.28 and 0.20 individuals, and Dolichoderus sp. (1.44 and 6.21 individuals). All insects on the Kepok banana flower in South Minahasa and Minahasa carry Ralstonia solanacearum Phylotype IV. Oscinella sp., Aphis mellifera, Chelisoches morio, and Dolichoderus sp. in both districts it brought 17,636.39 and 75,533.33 CFU / ml, 15,666.67 and 17,400.00 CFU / ml, 113.33 and 2,667.67 CFU / ml, and 2,400.00 CFU / ml and 21,133.33 CFU / ml.
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Shukla, Arjun. "An Overview on Biopesticidal and Virulent nature with Pathogenic aspects of Entomopathogenic fungi on Insects." Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research 4, no. 01 (March 31, 2016): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30750/ijpbr.4.1.5.
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Entomopathogenic fungi are very heterogeneous group used for management of insect pest. From last 2 decade in the search for new avenues in biological control, the importance of entomopathogens has been highlighted as an environmental friendly pest control method came in existence which is sustainable solution towards integrated pest control program. Fungi, which induce disease symptoms in insects, include fungi from quick killers to absolute parasites that provide disease symptoms in the host. Insect order and families are reviewed which were affected severely by entomopathogenic fungi.
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Ebert, Timothy A. "The Probing Behavior Component of Disease Transmission in Insect-Transmitted Bacterial Plant Pathogens." Insects 10, no. 7 (July 19, 2019): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10070212.
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Insects can be effective vectors of plant diseases and this may result in billions of dollars in lost agricultural productivity. New, emerging or introduced diseases will continue to cause extensive damage in afflicted areas. Understanding how the vector acquires the pathogen and inoculates new hosts is critical in developing effective management strategies. Management may be an insecticide applied to kill the vector or a host plant resistance mechanism to make the host plant less suitable for the vector. In either case, the tactic must act before the insect performs the key behavior(s) resulting in either acquisition or transmission. This requires knowledge of the timing of behaviors the insect uses to probe the plant and commence ingestion. These behaviors are visualized using electropenetrography (EPG), wherein the plant and insect become part of an electrical circuit. With the tools to define specific steps in the probing process, we can understand the timing of acquisition and inoculation. With that understanding comes the potential for more relevant testing of management strategies, through insecticides or host plant resistance. The primary example will be Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus transmitted by Diaphorina citri Kuwayama in the citrus agroecosystem, with additional examples used as appropriate.
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Ruby, M. B., P. Rozin, and C. Chan. "Determinants of willingness to eat insects in the USA and India." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 1, no. 3 (August 2015): 215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2015.0029.
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One of the major, if not the major impediment to large scale increases of human insect consumption, is the strong rejection of insects as food by most of the world’s population. In an effort to understand this aversion, we surveyed online samples of adults living in the USA and India to participate in a study on ‘attitudes toward food’. A substantial proportion of both Americans (72%) and Indians (74%) were at least willing to consider eating some form of insect food. Men were more willing to try eating insects than were women, especially in the USA. Disgust seems to be the most common reaction of both groups at the prospect of eating insects. The most common perceived benefits of eating insects were related to nutrition and environmental sustainability, and the most common risks related to risk of disease and illness. Both groups find ants the most palatable of a set of seven possible insects, and cockroaches the most unpalatable. In both samples, participants were most amenable to eating low levels of insect flour in a favourite food, and most averse to consuming whole insects. The best predictors of insect acceptance were disgust at the thought of eating insects, beliefs about the benefits of eating insects, sensation seeking, and the enjoyment of telling others about consumption of unusual foods.
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Ferguson, Louise, Harry Shorey, and David L. Wood. "SOLAR HEATING REDUCES INSECT INFESTATIONS IN RIPENING AND DRYING FIGS." HortScience 25, no. 11 (November 1990): 1354b—1354. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.11.1354b.
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Several experimental procedures were used to evaluate the influence of solar radiation on insect infestations in Calimyma and Adriatic variety figs (Ficus carica L.). Direct sunlight eliminated infesting insects and prevented further infestation of ripe figs drying on the ground for at least 10 days. Placement in the shade resulted in 12% insect infestation in figs within 3 days. Figs that fell naturally into sunlit areas contained almost no insects, whereas 31% of figs that fell into dense shade were infested. While ripening figs were still attached to trees, the level of insect infestation was 50% higher on the shady north side than the sunny south south side. The insect pests most frequently encountered in these experiments were nitidulid beetles and their larvae. Disease incidence was not affected by degree of exposure. We propose that cultural techniques to maximize exposure of ripening and drying figs to solar radiation could be developed as important pest management tools.
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Stull, V. J. "Impacts of insect consumption on human health." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 7, no. 5 (August 13, 2021): 695–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2020.0115.
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Edible insects represent an understudied food resource that may promote human health. They characteristically contain ample protein, healthy fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins, and have been touted for their environmental benefits given their efficient resource use. While numerous in vitro, animal, and nutrient quantification studies have elucidated a framework of potential health impacts of entomophagy, few have measured direct health outcomes. This review investigates and summarises existing evidence on health impacts derived exclusively from human interventions. A systematic literature search was conducted in three databases: SCOPUS, Web of Science, and PubMed. Out of 1,691 initial results, only nine studies met the inclusion criteria. In these limited studies, insects were shown to have potential to: (1) promote growth and influence iron status when added to complementary foods; (2) modulate gut microbiota with some prebiotic effects; and (3) provide amino acids similar to soya protein. One study also provided isolated evidence that an insect-herb mixture could possibly reduce symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease when added to routine treatment. Importantly, results reveal a significant lack of human subjects research directly measuring health outcomes from insect consumption. Findings from the included studies indicate that insects are generally safe and offer both beneficial and neutral outcomes compared to other foods. These discoveries, in tandem with extensive evidence from non-human studies, support claims that insect consumption could further enhance health by addressing micronutrient deficiencies or promoting gut health. There are also other plausible health promoting properties of insects that could help ameliorate complications with hypertension and other non-communicable disease. More rigorous and better controlled human intervention trials are fundamental to confirm health benefits and better assess risks associated with entomophagy, while also addressing unanswered questions regarding nutrient bioavailability, the fate of dietary chitin, and in vivo activity of bioactive peptides.
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Middleton, Eliza J. T., and Tanya Latty. "Resilience in social insect infrastructure systems." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 13, no. 116 (March 2016): 20151022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2015.1022.
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Both human and insect societies depend on complex and highly coordinated infrastructure systems, such as communication networks, supply chains and transportation networks. Like human-designed infrastructure systems, those of social insects are regularly subject to disruptions such as natural disasters, blockages or breaks in the transportation network, fluctuations in supply and/or demand, outbreaks of disease and loss of individuals. Unlike human-designed systems, there is no deliberate planning or centralized control system; rather, individual insects make simple decisions based on local information. How do these highly decentralized, leaderless systems deal with disruption? What factors make a social insect system resilient, and which factors lead to its collapse? In this review, we bring together literature on resilience in three key social insect infrastructure systems: transportation networks, supply chains and communication networks. We describe how systems differentially invest in three pathways to resilience: resistance, redirection or reconstruction. We suggest that investment in particular resistance pathways is related to the severity and frequency of disturbance. In the final section, we lay out a prospectus for future research. Human infrastructure networks are rapidly becoming decentralized and interconnected; indeed, more like social insect infrastructures. Human infrastructure management might therefore learn from social insect researchers, who can in turn make use of the mature analytical and simulation tools developed for the study of human infrastructure resilience.
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Biggs, D. "The effectiveness of pre-impregnated permethrin in military clothing in the prevention of insect bites." Journal of The Royal Naval Medical Service 104, no. 2 (2018): 80–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jrnms-104-80.
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AbstractIntroductionWhen on operational deployment, or where a vector-borne disease threat has been identified, military personnel wear uniform that has been pre-impregnated with permethrin insecticide to prevent insect bites, as part of an integrated approach to bite avoidance in order to reduce disease non-battle injury. This article reports a study that was carried out to investigate whether the clothing treatments currently in use are effective at preventing insect bites.MethodsA human volunteer study was conducted using two different species of mosquito and clothing subjected to different washing schedules. The number of landing events and probing events, and insect mortality, were recorded.ResultsThere was a marked increase in mosquito activity as the amount of viable permethrin was reduced through washing. There was a statistically significant difference between 50 washes and the negative control, and between 50 and 5 washes. As clothing is increasingly washed, its effectiveness is reduced.ConclusionThe use of pre-impregnated uniform does not provide complete protection against biting insects throughout the life of the garment. No single means of protection will prevent personnel from being bitten, and a suite of personal and communal measures should be employed to reduce the risk of vector-borne disease, including the use of insect repellent, mosquito nets, anti-malarial chemoprophylaxis and re-treatment of clothing against biting insects in order to reduce the risk of disease transmission. Since this study, alternative means of clothing treatment have been sought to reinforce the pre-treated uniforms issued. Advice and direction is available, specific to the environment personnel are deploying to, based upon risk.
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Joh, Larry, and David V. Barkley. "Developing a Plant Clinic Database as an Educational and Predictive Tool for Master Gardener Programs." HortTechnology 11, no. 4 (January 2001): 661–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.11.4.661.
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The North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service's New Hanover County Center provides the Plant Disease and Insect Clinic staffed by the Horticulture Extension Agent and Master Gardener volunteers. Residents bring in samples of weeds, diseases, and insects for identification and control recommendations. After the problem is diagnosed, a record of the information is used to construct a database that includes the date, phone number, crop, diagnosis, and control for each sample submitted. Between January 1993 and December 1999, Master Gardener volunteers entered more than 4,000 entries into a searchable/sortable electronic database to identify patterns of plant disorders. The database should be a useful tool for predicting local disease and insect cycles and aiding Master Gardeners in answering questions at the clinic and over the telephone. In addition, examination of historical records and entry of data into the database are excellent learning opportunities for new Master Gardeners.
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El-Mallakh, Rif S., Kanwarjeet S. Brar, and Rajashekar Reddy Yeruva. "Cardiac Glycosides in Human Physiology and Disease: Update for Entomologists." Insects 10, no. 4 (April 10, 2019): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10040102.
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Cardiac glycosides, cardenolides and bufadienolides, are elaborated by several plant or animal species to prevent grazing or predation. Entomologists have characterized several insect species that have evolved the ability to sequester these glycosides in their tissues to reduce their palatability and, thus, reduce predation. Cardiac glycosides are known to interact with the sodium- and potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase, or sodium pump, through a specific receptor-binding site. Over the last couple of decades, and since entomologic studies, it has become clear that mammals synthesize endogenous cardenolides that closely resemble or are identical to compounds of plant origin and those sequestered by insects. The most important of these are ouabain-like compounds. These compounds are essential for the regulation of normal ionic physiology in mammals. Importantly, at physiologic picomolar or nanomolar concentrations, endogenous ouabain, a cardenolide, stimulates the sodium pump, activates second messengers, and may even function as a growth factor. This is in contrast to the pharmacologic or toxic micromolar or milimolar concentrations achieved after consumption of exogenous cardenolides (by consuming medications, plants, or insects), which inhibit the pump and result in either a desired medical outcome, or the toxic consequence of sodium pump inhibition.
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Liu, Nannan, Ting Li, Yifan Wang, and Shikai Liu. "G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) in Insects—A Potential Target for New Insecticide Development." Molecules 26, no. 10 (May 18, 2021): 2993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26102993.
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G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) play important roles in cell biology and insects’ physiological processes, toxicological response and the development of insecticide resistance. New information on genome sequences, proteomic and transcriptome analysis and expression patterns of GPCRs in organs such as the central nervous system in different organisms has shown the importance of these signaling regulatory GPCRs and their impact on vital cell functions. Our growing understanding of the role played by GPCRs at the cellular, genome, transcriptome and tissue levels is now being utilized to develop new targets that will sidestep many of the problems currently hindering human disease control and insect pest management. This article reviews recent work on the expression and function of GPCRs in insects, focusing on the molecular complexes governing the insect physiology and development of insecticide resistance and examining the genome information for GPCRs in two medically important insects, mosquitoes and house flies, and their orthologs in the model insect species Drosophila melanogaster. The tissue specific distribution and expression of the insect GPCRs is discussed, along with fresh insights into practical aspects of insect physiology and toxicology that could be fundamental for efforts to develop new, more effective, strategies for pest control and resistance management.
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Zongoma, A. M., D. B. Dangora, M. Sétamou, M. D. Alegbejo, and O. J. Alabi. "Identification of mealybugs, soft scale insects and their predators in vineyards across the savannah agro-ecological region of Nigeria." Zoologist (The) 18, no. 1 (April 8, 2021): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tzool.v18i1.5.
Full textAbstract:
Insect-vectored viruses are a major threat to grapevine production but there is a dearth of information on the occurrence and distribution of key grapevine pests in Nigeria. The recent detection of grapevine leafroll associated virus-1 (GLRaV-1), a known insect-vectored ampelovirus, in Nigeria elevates the importance of the identification of its potential vectors as a precursor to assessing the risk of grapevine leafroll disease spread. This study was conducted to determine the occurrence and diversity of potential vectors of grapevine viruses and their natural enemies in vineyards across the savannah agro-ecological region of Nigeria. Forty vineyard and nursery locations were surveyed during 2016 and 45 arthropod samples were collected. The samples were first morphologically identified, and DNA barcoding was conducted on a subset of 16 representative samples using universal primers specific to the Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I (mtCOI) gene of most insects. The results indicated the presence of two species of scale insects (Parasaissetia nigra and Saissetia coffeae) and two mealybug species (Maconellicoccus hirsutus and Ferrisia virgata), some ofwhich are potential grapevine virus vectors, in Nigerian vineyards. In addition, the natural enemies of these insect species were detected which includes three species of parasitoids (Anagyrus kamali, Anagyrus pseudococci and Encarsia inaron) and one predator (Hyperaspidius mimus). While the detection of mealybugs and scale insects underscore the risk of vector-mediated virus spread in Nigerian vineyards, the identification of their natural enemies indicates presence of natural biological control agents to facilitate an integrated management of economically important grapevine virus diseases in the country.
Keywords: Mealybugs; scale insects; parasitoids and predators; insect vectors; grapevine viruses.