Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Insect control'
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Tickes, B., and M. Rethwisch. "Bermuda Grass insect Control." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/200824.
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ATTATHOM, Tipvadee. "Biotechnology for Insect Pest Control." 農学国際教育協力研究センター, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/8932.
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Smitt, Olof. "Syntheses of Allelochemicals for Insect Control." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Chemistry, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3401.
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This thesis describes the synthetic preparation of somecompounds, which can serve as chemical signals for use in thedevelopment of control methods for pest insects. The compoundssynthesised are of the isoprenoid type and of two kinds:carvone derivatives and germacranes. The derivatives of carvoneare based on modifications of this compound, by reactions ofeither its endocyclic or its exocyclic double bond. One type ofmodifications was accomplished by chemoselective additions ofthiophenol. The latter ones imply additions to the exocyclicdouble bond and seem to constitute general, previously rarelystudied reactions.
In other modifications of its exocyclic side chain, carvoneafforded some sesqui- and diterpeniod natural products. Thefollowing compounds were synthesised in an enantioselectiveway: (-)-epi-delobanone, (-)-delobanone,(-)-7-hydroxy-3,10-prenylbisaboladien- 2-one (an insecticidalconstituent of Croton linearis) as well as its diastereomer andsome other compounds with similar structures. All of thesecompounds weretested for their antifeedant/feeding deterrentcapability against gnawing of the pine weevil, Hylobiusabietis.
The germacranes prepared by means of enantioselective totalsyntheses are: ()- 1(10),5-germacradien-4-ol and()-germacrene D. The former is a constituent of thedefence secretion (an allomone) from the larvae of the pinesawfly, and the needles of Scots pine. ()-Germacrene D isa ubiquitous compound in nature. For example, it occurs in thepeels of apples and acts as one component of a lure (akairomone) to the apples, which attracts the codling moth,Cydia pomonella.
The main problem in the total syntheses of the germacraneswas the formation of the unsaturated monocyclic 10-memberedring. This was achieved by intramolecular alkylation with asuitably functionalised/protected cyanohydrin derivative,which, after further elaboration, afforded a monocyclic10-membered enone, that was used in the syntheses of the twogermacranes mentioned above. In the initial steps in thesynthetic sequence the stereochemistry was established byalkylation of an amide enolate attached to a chiral auxiliary.This approach could most likely also readily furnish the(+)-enantiomers of these germacrenes (of the germacraneterpenoid class) using the opposite enantiomer of the chiralauxiliary in the initial steps.
Keywords: isoprenoids, natural product synthesis,allelochemicals, kairomones, allomones, bisabolane terpenoids,Hylobius abietis, germacrane terpenoids, Neodiprion sertifer,stereoselective synthesis.
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Jech, L. E., S. H. Husman, P. C. Ellsworth, and J. W. Diehl. "Whitefly Control Using Insect Growth Regulators." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/211091.
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Management of whiteflies with two insect growth regulators was compared with standard practices in grower managed cotton near Gila Bend, AZ. The IGRs, Knack (pyriproxyfen) and Applaud (buprofezin) were tested in a randomized complete block experiment with seven replicates. University ofArizona recommendations were followed to time insecticide applications. Following IGR applications, the nymphal populations remained near or below action thresholds (≤ 0.5-1.0 large nymphs per 3.88 cm² disk) from early August through early October. The standard practices treatments maintained the nymphal population through only early September, when populations sharply increased IGR treatments resulted in adult populations below University of Arizona action thresholds nearly as long as the nymphs. There was an adult population peak that followed a nymphal peak near the middle of September.
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Winskill, Peter. "Evaluation of transgenic insects for use in the control of insect-borne disease." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/45393.
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The burden of many vector-borne diseases remains high and for some, such as dengue fever, continues to rise. It is estimated that up to half of the global population is at risk from dengue. Treatment of dengue fever is currently limited to case management and there are, at present, no licensed vaccines available. As a result, the front-line defence against dengue fever remains vector control. Modern approaches to vector control are attempting to push forward new techniques to target the mosquito vectors of dengue. One such technique is the release of transgenic insects that are genetically sterile due to a conditional dominant lethal gene. This modern adaptation of the traditional sterile insect technique is at the forefront of current new vector control solutions. The success of a vector control effort using releases of transgenic insects relies on the technology being efficacious as well as effective in the field. To ensure the effectiveness of field-released sterile insects a deep knowledge of the mosquito biology and ecology must be combined with site-specific, logistical and cost considerations. In order to maximise the potential of this technology the field releases of these insects must be optimised. This work includes a specific focus on the exploration of the dynamics of releasing different life stages, investigations into the biology and ecology of the released insects and the development of applied methodology relating to the release and monitoring of transgenic insects. Novel vector control techniques, such as the use of transgenic insects, have an important role to play in addressing the emergence and spread of dengue fever. In order to utilise these technologies to their full potential they must be optimised to maximise their effectiveness. In this thesis I present work towards this optimisation.
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Zhou, Yanmin. "Insect adhesion on rough surfaces and properties of insect repellent surfaces." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709055.
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McGinley, Susan. "Iron Metabolism in Humans and Insects: Implications For Human Health and For Insect Control." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622261.
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Barclay, Jeffrey William. "Environmentally-induced thermoprotection of insect motor control." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ63403.pdf.
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Guo, Shishi. "Biologically-inspired control framework for insect animation." Thesis, Bournemouth University, 2015. http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/22502/.
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Insects are common in our world, such as ants, spiders, cockroaches etc. Virtual representations of them have wide applications in Virtual Reality (VR), video games and films. Compared with the large volume of works in biped animation, the problem of insect animation was less explored. Their small body parts, complex structures and high-speed movements challenge the standard techniques of motion synthesis. This thesis addressed the aforementioned challenge by presenting a framework to efficiently automate the modelling and authoring of insect locomotion. This framework is inspired by two key observations of real insects: fixed gait pattern and distributed neural system. At the top level, a Triangle Placement Engine (TPE) is modelled based on the double-tripod gait pattern of insects, and determines the location and orientation of insect foot contacts, given various user inputs. At the low level, a Central Pattern Generator (CPG) controller actuates individual joints by mimicking the distributed neural system of insects. A Controller Look-Up Table (CLUT) translates the high-level commands from the TPE into the low-level control parameters of the CPG. In addition, a novel strategy is introduced to determine when legs start to swing. During high-speed movements, the swing mode is triggered when the Centre of Mass (COM) steps outside the Supporting Triangle. However, this simplified mechanism is not sufficient to produce the gait variations when insects are moving at slow speed. The proposed strategy handles the case of slow speed by considering four independent factors, including the relative distance to the extreme poses, the stance period, the relative distance to the neighbouring legs, the load information etc. This strategy is able to avoid the issues of collisions between legs or over stretching of leg joints, which are produced by conventional methods. The framework developed in this thesis allows sufficient control and seamlessly fits into the existing pipeline of animation production. With this framework, animators can model the motion of a single insect in an intuitive way by specifying the walking path, terrains, speed etc. The success of this framework proves that the introduction of biological components could synthesise the insect animation in a naturalness and interactive fashion.
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Tyler, Ray, Edith DeRosa, Lee J. Clark, and Leon Moore. "Early Insect Control in Cotton, Greenlee County." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/219791.
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The 1985 and 1986 Cotton Reports have the same publication and P-Series numbers.Cotton was treated at the pinhead square stage with Orthene to prevent boll shed caused by thrips and Lygus. Yield results showed no statistically significant differences, even though yield trends indicated a decrease in the treated plots compared to the check. Severe pressure from Heliothus later in the season and the yield trends would indicate that the insecticide treatment effect on the beneficial insects was more important than its effect on thrips and Lygus.
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Nseiri, Sony M. "Prothoracicotropic hormone in the insect, Rhodnius prolixus source in the brain and control of rhythmic release /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ43394.pdf.
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Scholtz, Anna J. "Evaluation of the large-scale trapping of blowflies (Lucilia spp.) for an integrated pest management program : the lucitrap." Thesis, Port Elizabeth Technikon, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/126.
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The results presented in this dissertation have been partially presented at scientific meetings. Chapter 2 is an exact copy of the technical contents of a paper submitted to a scientific journal. The format of this paper however has been changed to comply with the format used in this dissertation. The results of this paper were partially presented at the 36th National Congress of the South African Society of Animal Science, 5 – 8 April 1998 held in Stellenbosch. In this chapter errors occurred in the execution of the trial, but these were corrected in the follow-up trial after consulting with the manufacturers. It is discussed in the paper. Results of chapter 3 were partially presented at the 5th International Sheep Veterinary Congress 21 – 25 January 2001 held in Stellenbosch and at an International Congress (The FLICS (Flystrike & Lice IPM Control Strategies) Conference, 25 – 27 June 2001, Launceston) in Tasmania by Mr. S.W.P. Cloete in 2001. The updated results are given in this chapter. The results of chapter 4 were presented at a combined congress between the Grasslands and the Animal Production Societies of South Africa (The GSSA/SASAS Joint Congress 2002. 13 – 16 May) in Christiana in 2002. The results in this chapter represent the same experimental period as was reported upon at that congress, but additional statistical analyses were executed on the same data set. Copies of the abstracts of the contributions to these meetings are attached in chapter 6. The major objective of this study initially was to evaluate the Lucitrap® system under South African conditions. During the experimental period I had an opportunity to visit Australia and meet many role players. It came under my attention that the control of the blowfly is a rather complex problem with many facets. A current issue worldwide on the use of chemicals as a control method against insects and its hazardous influence on the environment is forcing producers to minimize chemical residues in textiles and other agricultural products. An Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approach seems to be the only option. This study has been executed to try and understand some aspects of the blowfly problem for future application in such a blowfly control program.
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Chu, C. C., and T. J. Henneberry. "Chemical Control Studies of Silverleaf Whitefly Control." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/210866.
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Chemical control studies for silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring, control on cotton showed that fenpropathrin-acephate, fenpropathrin-endosulfan, and endosulfan-bifenthrin mixtures gave adequate control and increased cotton yields were obtained as compared within untreated cottons. Pyriproxyfen, applied biweekly or alternated with fenpropathrin-acephate, Nicotiana, and a fenpropathrin-mycotrol mixture also gave effective control.
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Lorraine, Debrah F. "Oxidation of plant allelochemicals by phytophagous sucking insects." Title page, table of contents and summary only, 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phl876.pdf.
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Addendum in pocket. Biblography: leaves 162-173. Phytophagous sucking insects, aphids in particular, are common pests of plants. These insects secrete salivary enzymes into their food material. One plant defence mechanism is the induction and/or accumulation of deterrent phytochemicals. In the present study, a model enzyme system was chosen to mimic the oxidative activity of insect saliva. Isolation and sructural identification of the products of plant allelochemicals was achieved for several substrates. Insects were also exposed to individual plant chemicals in feeding "choice" tests. Preliminary examinations suggest that plants containing increased levels of phenolic allelochemicals show correlated increases in resistance to attack by aphids.
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Salloum, Gregory Stewart. "Insect growth inhibitors from asteraceous plant extracts." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26529.
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Petrol and ethanolic extracts of six asteraceous weeds were added to artificial diet and screened for inhibition of larval growth on variegated cutworm, Peridroma saucia (Hbn.). Petrol and ethanolic extracts of Artemisia tridentata and Chamomilla suaveolens and ethanolic extracts of Chrysothamnus nauseosus and Centaurea diffusa were highly inhibitory at five times the naturally occurring concentrations. The two C. suaveolens extracts and the ethanol extract of A. tridentata were active at the natural concentration (100%) and were further examined at 20, 40, 60, and 80% of this level. Inhibition of larval growth was directly related to concentration for each of the three extracts tested. EC₅₀'S (effective concentration to inhibit growth by 50% relative to controls) for the three extracts were 36-42% of the naturally occurring level in the plants.
Nutritional indices were calculated for second instar P. saucia feeding on the active ethanolic A. tridentata extract and the petrol extract from C. suaveolens. The relative growth rate (RGR) of P. saucia larvae fed the ethanolic extract of A. tridentata in artificial diet was significantly lower than that in larvae fed diet with the petrol extract of C. suaveolens and larvae on control diet. Dietary utilization was significantly lower for larvae fed the A. tridentata extract. Results of a field trial indicated that a single treatment of A. tridentata extract at the equivalent of 0.2 g/ml could protect cabbage significantly better than the carrier solvent (30% aq ethanol) or distilled water as measured by a visual damage estimate. An insecticide standard, deltamethrin (17.9 µg/1 with 0.4% Superspred TM ), suppressed pest damage significantly better than the A. tridentata-extract treatment.
A residual oviposition deterrency to Pieris rapae was found in the field results. Caged experiments in the laboratory confirmed the contact oviposition deterrency of the A. tridentata extract at 0.2 g/ml. Offspring of field-collected P. saucia larvae grew 2.5-fold heavier than larvae from the laboratory colony. However, diet with the A. tridentata extract inhibited both field-collected and laboratory reared saucia larvae equally when compared to their respective controls fed untreated diet. In summary, these results indicate the potential benefit of using specific unrefined plant extracts for growth inhibitors and oviposition deterrents against insect pests. The contribution of individual phytochemicals in the A. tridentata ethanolic extract to growth inhibition or oviposition deterrency is currently speculative.Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate
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Williams, Elizabeth Catherine. "Entomopathogenic nematodes as control agents of statutory insect pests." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.265978.
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Gwynn, Roma L. "Development of cold active nematodes for insect pest control." Thesis, University of Reading, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358377.
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Bartlett, A. C., L. J. Lewis, and B. A. Hunter. "Control of the Sweetpotato Whitefly by Insect Growth Regulators." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/208356.
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Two newly developed insect growth regulators were tested at two dose levels for control of the sweetpotato whitefly on cotton. The two chemicals showed some promise for control although the dose rate and application schedules were not optimal and plot sizes were too small to show a decrease in cotton stickiness or sugar content due to the treatments. In these tests a chitin synthesis inhibitor was more effective in controlling immature stages than a juvenile hormone mimic.
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Umeda, K., and B. Strickland. "S-1812 Lepidopterous Insect Pest Control in Broccoli Study." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/219968.
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A single application of S-1812 (Valent) at 0.15 and 0.20 lb AI/A effectively reduced Plutella xylostella (diamondback moth, DBM) in broccoli compared to the untreated check. S-1812 at 0.15 lb AI/A performed similar to thiodicarb (Larvin) at 1.0 lb AI/A. S-1812 significantly reduced the DBM at 5 days after treatment (DAT) and control was effective for up to 14 DAT. S-1812 was less effective against Trichoplusia ni (cabbage looper, CL) compared to DBM control efficacy or Larvin. S-1812 reduced the development of small CL to larger sized larvae.
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Umeda, K., J. Murrieta, and D. Stewart. "Lepidopterous Insect Pest Control with New Insecticides in Cabbage." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/221641.
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Four experimental insecticides being developed for lepidopterous insect control in vegetable crops were applied on cabbage and demonstrated efficacy against cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni, CL). Chlorfenapyr (Alert®), tebufenozide (Confirm®), spinosad (Success®), and emamectin- benzoate (Proclaim®) reduced the number of larger cabbage loopers following multiple applications. The experimental insecticides were comparable or superior to the commercially available standard treatments of thiodicarb (Larvin®), methomyl (Lannate®), or cryolite (Kryocide®). Evaluations at 7 days after treatment (DAT) showed that Success controlled CL so that no medium to large -sized larvae were observed. Alert, Confirm, and Proclaim were highly effective and less than 0.3 CL/plant were detected. The untreated cabbage had 0.5 to 1.1 CL/plant that were medium to large-sized at various observation dates.
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Malek, Robert Nehme. "Novel Monitoring and Biological Control of Invasive Insect Pests." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/257781.
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Invasive species are alien to the ecosystem under consideration and cause economic or environmental damage or harm to human health. Two alien insects that fit this description are the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys and the spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula. Both invaders are polyphagous pests that feed on a myriad of plant species and inflict severe crop losses. As sustainable control methods depend on the accurate monitoring of species’ invasion and involve the use of natural enemies, we addressed these two facets by exploring novel monitoring techniques and deciphering host-parasitoid interactions for improved integrated pest management. Thus, we adopted ‘BugMap’, a citizen science initiative that enables students, farmers and everyday citizens to report sightings of H. halys from Italy, with emphasis on Trentino-Alto Adige. Aside from fostering citizen participation in scientific endeavors and the enhanced literacy that ensues, BugMap helped uncover the invasion dynamics of H. halys and forecast its potential distribution in Trentino, all while coordinating technical monitoring and informing management strategies. The most promising agent currently under study for the classical biological control of H. halys is the Asian egg parasitoid Trissolcus japonicus. To assess the wasp’s potential non-target impacts, we investigated its foraging behavior in response to chemical traces ‘footprints’ deposited by its main host H. halys and by a suboptimal predatory species, the spined soldier bug, Podisus maculiventris. Wasps exhibited a ‘motivated searching’ when in contact with footprints originating from both species. However, T. japonicus arrestment was significantly stronger in response to H. halys footprints, compared with P. maculiventris, implying the presence of underlying chemical cues that shape its natural preferences. A series of GC-MS chemical analyses revealed that n-tridecane and (E)-2-decenal were more abundant in H. halys footprints and are probably the key components utilized by the wasp for short range host location. The function of the aforementioned compounds was studied, n-tridecane acted as an arrestant, prolonging T. japonicus residence time, whereas (E)-2-decenal fulfilled its presumed defensive role and repelled the wasp. These results shed new light on the chemical ecology of T. japonicus and help expand the understanding of parasitoid foraging and its implications for classical biological control. Moving to the other invader L. delicatula, an egg parasitoid Anastatus orientalis was reported attacking it at high rates in its native range in Eastern Asia and may play a key role in reducing its populations there. A series of bioassays revealed that wasps responded to footprints deposited by L. delicatula gravid females by initiating a strong searching behavior. Moreover, A. orientalis preferred to oviposit in egg masses with intact oothecae, suggesting that the host’s egg covering functions as a trigger for A. orientalis probing and oviposition. Thus, A. orientalis not only overcomes, but also reverses an important line of host structural defense for its own fitness gains. This dissertation discusses the benefits of combining citizen science with traditional monitoring, and the usefulness of decoding host-parasitoid interactions to design more efficacious management strategies of invasive insect pests.
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Malek, Robert Nehme. "Novel Monitoring and Biological Control of Invasive Insect Pests." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/257781.
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Invasive species are alien to the ecosystem under consideration and cause economic or environmental damage or harm to human health. Two alien insects that fit this description are the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys and the spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula. Both invaders are polyphagous pests that feed on a myriad of plant species and inflict severe crop losses. As sustainable control methods depend on the accurate monitoring of species’ invasion and involve the use of natural enemies, we addressed these two facets by exploring novel monitoring techniques and deciphering host-parasitoid interactions for improved integrated pest management. Thus, we adopted ‘BugMap’, a citizen science initiative that enables students, farmers and everyday citizens to report sightings of H. halys from Italy, with emphasis on Trentino-Alto Adige. Aside from fostering citizen participation in scientific endeavors and the enhanced literacy that ensues, BugMap helped uncover the invasion dynamics of H. halys and forecast its potential distribution in Trentino, all while coordinating technical monitoring and informing management strategies. The most promising agent currently under study for the classical biological control of H. halys is the Asian egg parasitoid Trissolcus japonicus. To assess the wasp’s potential non-target impacts, we investigated its foraging behavior in response to chemical traces ‘footprints’ deposited by its main host H. halys and by a suboptimal predatory species, the spined soldier bug, Podisus maculiventris. Wasps exhibited a ‘motivated searching’ when in contact with footprints originating from both species. However, T. japonicus arrestment was significantly stronger in response to H. halys footprints, compared with P. maculiventris, implying the presence of underlying chemical cues that shape its natural preferences. A series of GC-MS chemical analyses revealed that n-tridecane and (E)-2-decenal were more abundant in H. halys footprints and are probably the key components utilized by the wasp for short range host location. The function of the aforementioned compounds was studied, n-tridecane acted as an arrestant, prolonging T. japonicus residence time, whereas (E)-2-decenal fulfilled its presumed defensive role and repelled the wasp. These results shed new light on the chemical ecology of T. japonicus and help expand the understanding of parasitoid foraging and its implications for classical biological control. Moving to the other invader L. delicatula, an egg parasitoid Anastatus orientalis was reported attacking it at high rates in its native range in Eastern Asia and may play a key role in reducing its populations there. A series of bioassays revealed that wasps responded to footprints deposited by L. delicatula gravid females by initiating a strong searching behavior. Moreover, A. orientalis preferred to oviposit in egg masses with intact oothecae, suggesting that the host’s egg covering functions as a trigger for A. orientalis probing and oviposition. Thus, A. orientalis not only overcomes, but also reverses an important line of host structural defense for its own fitness gains. This dissertation discusses the benefits of combining citizen science with traditional monitoring, and the usefulness of decoding host-parasitoid interactions to design more efficacious management strategies of invasive insect pests.
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Scudeler, Elton Luiz [UNESP]. "Efeito do óleo de nim (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) no intestino médio de Ceraeochrysa claveri (Navás, 1911) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): estudo citoquímico, imunocitoquímico e ultraestrutural." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99436.
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Ceraeochrysa claveri, popularmente conhecido como bicho lixeiro, é um inseto predador de ovos e larvas de insetos pragas encontrados em diferentes ecossistemas agrícolas. O bicho lixeiro se destaca por apresentar potencial para ser utilizado em programas de Controle Biológico, uma vez que é predador na fase de larva, apresenta curto tempo de desenvolvimento, fácil criação massal e alto potencial reprodutivo na fase adulta. Com o propósito de aprofundar o conhecimento na morfologia e ultraestrutura do intestino médio de C. claveri, o objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar histológica e ultraestruturalmente o intestino médio de C. claveri no terceiro ínstar de larva, pupa e adulto. Objetivamos, ainda, avaliar o efeito da ingestão do óleo de nim (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) (Meliaceae) sobre as células epiteliais do intestino médio de larva de terceiro ínstar, pupa e adulto de C. claveri. Ovos de Diatraea saccharalis foram tratados com óleo de nim em três diferentes concentrações (0,5; 1 e 2%) e oferecidos como alimento a larvas de C. claveri durante todo período larval. Após coleta e fixação do intestino médio de larva, pupa e adulto (grupos controle e tratados com óleo de nim), as regiões do mesêntero (anterior, média e posterior) foram processadas para análise histológica (citoquímica e imunocitoquímica) e para análise ultraestrutural. Nossos resultados mostraram que o intestino médio de C. claveri, para as três fases do ciclo de vida, é do tipo pseudoestratificado, composto por células colunares, regenerativas e endócrinas; diferenças morfológicas e ultraestruturais no epitélio permitem caracterizar duas regiões, anterior e posterior, atuando respectivamente na secreção e absorção; região média apresenta características...
Ceraeochrysa claveri, popularly known as trash-carriers is a predator insect of eggs and larvae of insect pests found in different agroecosystems. The trash-carriers stands out because it has the potential to be used in biological control programs, once it is a predator in the larval stage; it has short developmental times, easy mass-rearing and high reproductive potential in adult stage. In order to deepen the knowledge on the morphology and ultrastructure of the midgut of C. claveri, the aim of this study was to characterize histological and ultrastructurally the midgut of C. claveri in the third instar larva, pupa and adult. We also evaluate the effect of ingestion of neem oil (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) (Meliaceae) on the midgut epithelial cells of third instar larva, pupa and adult of C. claveri. Diatraea saccharalis eggs were treated with neem oil at three different concentrations (0.5, 1 and 2%) and provided as food to larvae of C. claveri throughout the larval period. After collected and fixed the midgut of larva, pupa and adult (control and treated groups with neem oil), the midgut regions (anterior, middle and posterior) were processed for histological (cytochemistry and immunocytochemistry) and for ultrastructural analysis. Our results showed that the midgut of C. claveri for the three phases of the life cycle is of pseudostratified type, consisting of columnar cells, regenerative cells, and endocrine cells, morphological and ultrastructural differences in the epithelium allowed to characterize two regions, the anterior and posterior, they working mainly in the secretion and absorption respectively; the middle region has intermediate characteristics, and it is considered a transitional area. The ingestion of neem oil in the larval stage of C. claveri showed to be toxic to this predator, causing ultrastructural alterations... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Scudeler, Elton Luiz. "Efeito do óleo de nim (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) no intestino médio de Ceraeochrysa claveri (Navás, 1911) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) : estudo citoquímico, imunocitoquímico e ultraestrutural /." Botucatu, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99436.
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Orientador: Daniela Carvalho dos SantosBanca: Hélio Conte
Banca: Daniela Oliveira Pinheiro
Resumo: Ceraeochrysa claveri, popularmente conhecido como bicho lixeiro, é um inseto predador de ovos e larvas de insetos pragas encontrados em diferentes ecossistemas agrícolas. O bicho lixeiro se destaca por apresentar potencial para ser utilizado em programas de Controle Biológico, uma vez que é predador na fase de larva, apresenta curto tempo de desenvolvimento, fácil criação massal e alto potencial reprodutivo na fase adulta. Com o propósito de aprofundar o conhecimento na morfologia e ultraestrutura do intestino médio de C. claveri, o objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar histológica e ultraestruturalmente o intestino médio de C. claveri no terceiro ínstar de larva, pupa e adulto. Objetivamos, ainda, avaliar o efeito da ingestão do óleo de nim (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) (Meliaceae) sobre as células epiteliais do intestino médio de larva de terceiro ínstar, pupa e adulto de C. claveri. Ovos de Diatraea saccharalis foram tratados com óleo de nim em três diferentes concentrações (0,5; 1 e 2%) e oferecidos como alimento a larvas de C. claveri durante todo período larval. Após coleta e fixação do intestino médio de larva, pupa e adulto (grupos controle e tratados com óleo de nim), as regiões do mesêntero (anterior, média e posterior) foram processadas para análise histológica (citoquímica e imunocitoquímica) e para análise ultraestrutural. Nossos resultados mostraram que o intestino médio de C. claveri, para as três fases do ciclo de vida, é do tipo pseudoestratificado, composto por células colunares, regenerativas e endócrinas; diferenças morfológicas e ultraestruturais no epitélio permitem caracterizar duas regiões, anterior e posterior, atuando respectivamente na secreção e absorção; região média apresenta características... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Ceraeochrysa claveri, popularly known as trash-carriers is a predator insect of eggs and larvae of insect pests found in different agroecosystems. The trash-carriers stands out because it has the potential to be used in biological control programs, once it is a predator in the larval stage; it has short developmental times, easy mass-rearing and high reproductive potential in adult stage. In order to deepen the knowledge on the morphology and ultrastructure of the midgut of C. claveri, the aim of this study was to characterize histological and ultrastructurally the midgut of C. claveri in the third instar larva, pupa and adult. We also evaluate the effect of ingestion of neem oil (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) (Meliaceae) on the midgut epithelial cells of third instar larva, pupa and adult of C. claveri. Diatraea saccharalis eggs were treated with neem oil at three different concentrations (0.5, 1 and 2%) and provided as food to larvae of C. claveri throughout the larval period. After collected and fixed the midgut of larva, pupa and adult (control and treated groups with neem oil), the midgut regions (anterior, middle and posterior) were processed for histological (cytochemistry and immunocytochemistry) and for ultrastructural analysis. Our results showed that the midgut of C. claveri for the three phases of the life cycle is of pseudostratified type, consisting of columnar cells, regenerative cells, and endocrine cells, morphological and ultrastructural differences in the epithelium allowed to characterize two regions, the anterior and posterior, they working mainly in the secretion and absorption respectively; the middle region has intermediate characteristics, and it is considered a transitional area. The ingestion of neem oil in the larval stage of C. claveri showed to be toxic to this predator, causing ultrastructural alterations... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Hamilton, Amanda Jane. "Discovery and development of new phylloplane bio control agents to control insect pests." Thesis, University of Reading, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.701806.
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Aphids cause considerable harm to a variety of crops each year due to damage from feeding and the transmission of viruses. Effective, conventional pesticides that are authorised for use are in continuous decline; simultaneously many of the current biological pesticides fail to meet required efficiency. Increasing demands for improved food security mean that a solution for this problem is needed. Plant surfaces are well known to provide a niche for many bacteria. Some species of bacteria possess pathogenic qualities and are known to kill or incapacitate insects. Therefore there is the potential for the discovery of a direct bacterial application, or the opportunity to manipulate the crop environment in order to encourage the colonisation of these beneficial bacteria. In this project we aim to identify bacteria from plants and screen them for toxicity against aphids and their relatives. Investigations will be carried out into their host specificity, methods of pathogenicity, and potential application methods, with the hope of identifying suitable bacteria for use as a pesticide.
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Weyl, Philip Sebastian Richard. ""Is more, less?" : insect-insect interactions in a biological control context using water hyacinth as a model." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005410.
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Interactions between insects have been shown to be important regulators of population abundances and dynamics as well as drivers of spatial segregation and distribution. These are important aspects of the ecology of insects used in biological control and may have implications for the overall success of a particular programme. In the history of biological control there has been a tendency to release a suite of agents against a weed, which in some cases has increased the level of success, while in others little change has been observed. In most of these cases the implications of increasing the level of complexity of the system is not taken into account and there is little research on the effect of releasing another agent into the system. A brief meta-analysis was done on all the biological control programmes initiated in South Africa. Emphasis was placed on multi-species releases and the effects that overlapping niches were having on the number of agents responsible for the success of a programme. Where overlapping niches were present among agents released the number of agents responsible for success was lower than the number established. Water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes (Martius) Solms-Laubach in South Africa has more arthropod agents released against it than anywhere else in the world, yet control has been variable. If the biology and host utilisation of all the agents against water hyacinth is considered, a definite overlap of niches is apparent in at least one life stage of all the agents. Therefore the probability of these insects interacting is high, especially if they are established at the same site in the field. Three of the insects released in South Africa have been selected to investigate possible interactions. They are Neochetina eichhorniae Warner, Neochetina bruchi Hustache and Eccritotarsus catarinensis (Carvalho). Y-tube olfactometer bioassays were used to measure responses of these insects to water hyacinth with prior feeding damage by either conspecifics or heterospecifics. This was done to determine whether olfactory cues played a role in host acceptability and avoidance of conspecifics or heterospecifics. The insects were given a choice between damaged and undamaged plants in various combinations. There was a significant preference for the undamaged plants when given a choice between undamaged and damaged plants. However when the insects were given a choice between two damaged plants there was no discrimination between heterospecific or conspecific damaged plants. This may indicate that there is little or no ecological cost for the insect to share a plant with other insects utilising a similar resource. Insect – insect interactions were investigated in a common garden plot experiment to measure the impact that pairwise combinations of the insect may have on their performance. There was a significant interaction between the mirid E. catarinensis and the weevil N. eichhorniae, with the weevil not performing as well when in combination with the mirid than when alone. Interestingly there was a negative interaction between the two weevil species when in combination, however it was impossible to determine which species was being affected if not both. None of the insects performed significantly better when in combination with another insect. A field study on Wriggleswade Dam in the Eastern Cape, South Africa was initiated to determine whether the relationship between the mirid E. catarinensis and the weevil N. eichhorniae could be determined in the field. The performance of the insects at the different sites in the field suggests that there was an interaction between the agents. This interaction did not limit the establishment of either insect at a site, but it did result in one insect dominating at a site over another. Interactions between the three species of insect tested in this thesis suggest that there are both negative and neutral relationships between them. A basic comparison between the insect performances from 15 sites around the country was done to determine if the spatial segregation observed in the field could be extrapolated to the natural South African situation. The interaction observed between N. eichhorniae and E. catarinensis does seem to extrapolate to the general South African situation where there is definite spatial segregation on a landscape level. The co–occurrence of the two Neochetina weevils at these sites suggests that the negative relationship observed between them in the common garden experiment does not extrapolate to the field. The results from this thesis suggest that the interactions between the agents tested would not limit establishment or have significant ramifications on performance. However, there may be spatial and temporal segregation of these species in the introduced range.
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Terry, L. Irene. "Control of Early Season Insects." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204085.
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Huggett, David Alan John. "Potential insect pests of the biomass crop Miscanthus." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7180.
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Chang, Gary C. "Ecological interaction among natural enemies and its consequences for biological control /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5205.
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Hasan, Md Mahbub. "Comparative sensitivity of Tribolium spp. to gamma irradiation throughout ontogeny." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283051.
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Umeda, Kai, and Chris Fredman. "Evaluation of Insecticides for Lepidopterous Insect Pest Control in Cabbage." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214747.
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Experimental insecticides MK-244 (Merck), Alert (AC 303630, Cyanamid), and Confirm (RH-5992, Rohm and Haas) demonstrated very good efficacy in reducing the lepidopterous pests including plutell4 xylostella (diamondback moth, DBM) and Tricoplusia at (cabbage looper, CL) in cabbage. The total number of small, medium, and large DBM larvae for all treatments was lower than the untreated at most rating dates. The experimental insecticides compared favorably with commercially available products Lannate®, Larvin®, and Kryocide®.
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Bolton, Michael. "Genetic control methods for agricultural insect pests of global importance." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2017. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/63943/.
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Insect pests of agricultural significance pose substantial risks for food security in an ever-growing global population. Conventional control measures used against these pests have had varying degrees of success and examples of pesticide resistance and offtarget effects of pesticides highlight the urgent need for the development of new, environmentally benign control methods. Deployment of ‘self-limiting’ insects is a species-specific approach that can be used to combat many species, including two major agricultural insect pests, the Medfly, Ceratitis capitata, and the Diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella. In this thesis, I used transgenic ‘self-limiting’ strains of medfly and DBM to stress-test self-limiting technology in laboratory and field scenarios. In Chapter 2, I tested the effect of larval diet composition on the penetrance of a female-specific self-limiting system in the OX3864A strain of medfly under simulated control conditions. In Chapter 3 I investigated the potential for resistance to selflimiting systems, using artificial selection for survival under a low dose of the transgene antidote, in the OX3864A medfly strain. In Chapter 4 I used the OX4319L self-limiting strain of DBM and showed that its responses to an artificial pheromone source in wind tunnel flight trials were comparable to the wild type. I also described the field dispersal characteristics of a long-term, laboratory-reared wildtype DBM strain in a mark-release-recapture trial. In Chapter 5 I demonstrated that the OX4319L DBM strain had comparable field longevity, but reduced mating competitiveness, in comparison to a wild-caught DBM strain. Finally, in Chapter 6, I discuss the broader context and address the practicalities, regulatory controls and implications of transgenic technologies for insect pest control under open field conditions.
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Chikate, Y. R. "Development of efficient strategies for control of Lepidopteran insect pest." Thesis(Ph.D.), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 2014. http://dspace.ncl.res.in:8080/xmlui/handle/20.500.12252/1968.
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Garriga, Oliveras Anna. "Entomopathogenic nematodes and Drosophila suzukii: from biological control to immunology perspective." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673764.
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Drosophila suzukii es una plaga invasora que ataca a fruits vermells, maduixes i cireres ja que les larves se’n alimenten abans de la maduració del fruit. En aquesta tesis s’avalua la potencialitat dels nematodes entomopatògens com agents de control biològic per controlar D. suzukii, al mateix temps que es determina el paper del sistema immunològic de l’insecte en front la infecció. En els dos primers capítols, s’analitza la susceptibilitat de les diferents etapes de desenvolupament de la mosca enfront dels nematodes Steinernema feltiae, Steinernema carpocapsae i Heterorhabditis bacteriophora en condicions de laboratori. Les larves són altament susceptibles a totes les espècies de nematodes emprades, en canvi no es va registrar cap infecció durant l’etapa de pupa. En la fase adulta només S. carpocapsae va ser capaç d’infectar aconseguint un percentatge d’infecció molt elevada en adults que acabaven d’emergir en comparació als adults madurs. A més també s’han dut a terme dues proves preliminars d’aplicació de nematodes sobre fruit i a terra en condicions de laboratori. Per tal de combinar l’aplicació de nematodes amb altres agents de control biològic com són insectes depredadors o parasitoids, en el tercer capítol s’han realitzat assajos de compatibilitat en placa de Petri i en planta. Aquests experiments han demostrat que els nematodes no han infectat els insectes beneficiosos en condicions de planta i podrien ser utilitzats conjuntament.
El desenvolupament de la resposta immune en el procés infectiu de S. carpocapsae i el bacteri simbiont X. nematophila és desconegut en D. suzukii i per tant s’han enfocat dos capítols per l’estudi a nivell efectiu i regulador. Mitjançant assajos fisiològics i d’expressió gènica s’han avaluat 6 vies immunològiques incloent processos humorals, cel·lulars i d’activació global. Pel que fa la resposta humoral, no s’ha detectat una activació en presència del nematode i només s’han activat els gens de Toll i Imd quan s’ha alliberat el bacteri. A nivell efector va significar un augment de pèptids antimicrobians en l’hemolimfa, tot i que la seva activitat va ser bloquejada per l’acció del bacteri. A nivell cel·lular, el nematode tampoc va ser reconegut pels receptors corresponents i no es van activar ni la via Jak/STAT ni proPO. Per tant els hemòcits no es van activar i no es va detectar ni encapsulació del nematode ni fagocitosi del bacteri. A més sense l’activació de les cèl·lules cristal·lines tampoc s’allibera l’enzim fenol-oxidasa i no es pot desenvolupar la resposta de melanització. Igualment s’ha descrit com en presència de X. nematophila, l’enzim presenta una baixada d’activitat en l’hemolimfa. Finalment, JNK i TGF-β són vies relacionades amb l’activació global en condicions d’estrès que no s’han vist alterades per la infecció nematode-bacteriana.
Aquests resultats mostren els mecanismes emprats pel complex S. carpocapsae - X. nematophila per superar les defenses de l’insecte. Aquesta tesis engloba la relació entre nematodes entomopatògens i D. suzukii establint les bases de susceptibilitat amb les quals desenvolupar una estratègia de control biològic, i el coneixement del procés infectiu entre hoste i patogen.Drososphila suzukii es una plaga invasora que ataca a frutos rojos, fresas y cerezas ya que las larvas se alimentan antes de la maduración del fruto. En esta tesis se evalúa la potencialidad de los nematodos entomopatógenos como agentes de control biológico para controlar D. suzukii, a la vez que se determina el papel del sistema inmunológico del insecto frente a la infección. En los dos primeros capítulos, se analiza la susceptibilidad de las etapas de desarrollo de la mosca frente a los nematodos Steinernema feltiae, Steinernema carpocapsae y Heterorhabditis bacteriophora en condiciones de laboratorio. Las larvas son altamente susceptibles a todas las especies de nematodo usadas, en cambio no se registró ninguna infección durante la etapa de pupa. En la fase adulta solo S. carpocapsae fue capaz de infectar, consiguiendo un porcentaje de infección elevado en adultos que acaban de emerger en comparación con adultos maduros. Además, también se realizaron dos pruebas preliminares de aplicación de nematodos en fruto y tierra en condiciones de laboratorio. Para combinar la aplicación de nematodos con otros agentes de control biológico como son insectos depredadores y parasitoides, en el tercer capítulo se han realizado ensayos de compatibilidad en placa de Petri y en planta. Estos experimentos han demostrado que los nematodos no han infectado los insectos beneficiosos en condiciones de planta y podrían ser usados conjuntamente. El desarrollo de la respuesta inmune en el proceso infectivo de S. carpocapsae y la bacteria simbionte X. nematophila es desconocido en D. suzukii y por lo tanto se ha abordado en dos capítulos el estudio a nivel efectivo y regulador. Mediante ensayos fisiológicos y de expresión génica se han evaluado 6 vías inmunológicas incluyendo procesos humorales, celulares i de activación global. En la respuesta humoral no se detectó una activación en presencia del nematodo y solo se activaron los genes Toll y Imd cuando fue liberada la bacteria. A nivel efector eso significó un aumento de péptidos antimicrobianos en hemolinfa, a pesar de que su actividad fue bloqueada por la acción de la bacteria. A nivel celular, el nematodo tampoco fue reconocido por los receptores correspondientes i no se activó ni la vía Jak/STAT ni proPO. Por lo tanto, los hemocitos no se activaron y no se encapsularon los nematodos ni fagocitó la bacteria. Además, sin la activación de las células cristalinas tampoco se liberó la enzima fenol-oxidasa y no se pudo desarrollar la respuesta de melanización. Igualmente se ha descrito como en presencia de X. nematophila, la enzima presenta una bajada de actividad en hemolinfa. Finalmente, JNK y TGF-β son vías relacionadas con la activación global en condiciones de estrés que no se han alterado por la infección. Estos resultados muestran los mecanismos usados por el complejo S. carpocapsae – X. nematophila para superar las defensas del insecto. Esta tesis engloba la relación entre nematodos entomopatógenos y D. suzukii estableciendo las bases de susceptibilidad con las cuales desarrollar una estrategia de control biológico, y el conocimiento del proceso infectivo entre huésped y patógeno.
Drosophila suzukii is an invasive pest that attacks berries, strawberries, and cherries because larvae feed from ripen fruit causing great losses. In this thesis, the potentiality of entomopathogenic nematodes as biological control agents was evaluated to control D. suzukii, as well as to determine the role of insect’s immune system against infection. In the two first chapters, we studied the susceptibility of the developmental stages of the fly against the nematodes Steinernema feltiae, Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora under laboratory conditions. Larvae were highly susceptible to all tested nematodes, although no infection was detected during pupal stage. In the adult stage, only S. carpocapsae managed to infect the fly with a high percentage of infection in teneral adults (newly emerged) compared to mature adults. Moreover, two preliminary tests of nematode application were carried out in fruit and soil under laboratory conditions with promising results. In order to perform combined application of nematodes and other biological control agents such as insect predators and parasitoids, in the third chapter, compatibility experiments were done in Petri dish and plant pot. These assays showed no infection of nematodes to the beneficial insects under plant pot conditions. Thus, these agents could be used together. The development of the immune response to the infective process of S. carpocapsae and the symbiont bacteria X. nematophila was unknown in D. suzukii. For this reason, two chapters were focused on the immune study at effective and regulatory level. Through physiological and gene expression assays, 6 immune pathways were studied including humoral and cellular processes, and global activation. Regarding the humoral response, there was no activation under nematode presence and the upregulation of Toll and Imd genes happened only after bacterial release. At the effector level these resulted in an increase of antimicrobial peptides in haemolymph, although the activity was supressed by the bacteria. At cellular level, nematodes were not recognised by the receptors and Jak/STAT and proPO were not activated in response. In consequence, haemocytes were unactive and neither encapsulation of nematodes nor phagocytosis of bacteria was detected. Moreover, without the activation of crystal cells, there was no release of phenol-oxidase enzyme and the fly was unable to develop the melanization response. With the presence of X. nematophila, the enzyme presented a reduced activity in haemolymph too. Finally, JNK and TGF-β are pathways related to global activation under stress conditions, but these presented no variations under nematode-bacterial infection. These results showed the mechanisms used by the complex S. carpocapsae – X. nematophila to overcome the insect defences. This thesis encompasses the relation between entomopathogenic nematodes and D. suzukii establishing the susceptibility baseline to develop a biological control strategy and the knowledge of the infective process between host and pathogen.
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Biodiversitat
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Smith, Ethan A. "Is everything connected? following the predators, pests, and plants within a no-till, western Montana agroecosystem /." CONNECT TO THIS TITLE ONLINE, 2006. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-12212006-142245/.
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Arthur, Paula Bergamin. "Determinação das doses letais e esterilizantes para as fases do ciclo de vida do Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer, 1797) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85131/tde-18052018-154428/.
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O cascudinho (Alphitobius diaperinus) é um inseto da família Tenebrionidae originário do oeste africano, comumente encontrado em grãos armazenados e em galpões de criação de frangos de corte, matrizes e perus. É uma das principais pragas da indústria aviária em diversos países do mundo. Em razão deste fato a pesquisa teve como objetivo determinar as doses letais e esterilizantes para todas as fases do ciclo de vida do cascudinho A. diaperinus visando o seu controle. O experimento foi realizado no Laboratório de Radiobiologia e Ambiente do Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura - CENA/USP. Todas as fases do ciclo evolutivo do inseto (ovo, larva, pupa e adulto) foram irradiadas com doses crescentes de radiação gama do Cobalto-60, de: 0 (controle), e de 10 - 300 Gy. Para ovos cada tratamento constou de 5 repetições com 10 ovos cada, num total de 50 por tratamento. Para larvas, pupas e adultos cada tratamento constaram de 5 repetições com 20 indivíduos cada, num total de 100 por tratamento. Após a irradiação os insetos foram mantidos em sala climatizada com 25 ± 5 °C ; 75 ± 5 % de umidade relativa e fotofase 12:12 hrs. Foram feitas as avaliações a cada 7 dias por um período de 49 dias da mortalidade e emergência dos adultos das fases de: ovos, larvas, pupas e adultos. O delineamento estatístico experimental para o ensaio foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema de 5x7 (5 tratamentos e 7 de avaliação). Os resultados obtidos nas avaliações foram submetidos a análise de variância pelo teste F, e a comparação das medias pelo teste de Tukey a 5%, utilizando-se o sistema estatístico SAS (Statistical Analysis System, 1999). Pelos resultados obtidos concluiu-se que as dos letais e esterilizantes para todas as fases do ciclo de vida do inseto, foram: ovos doses de 30 e 20 Gy; larvas 125 e 100 Gy; pupas 150 e 125 Gy e a dose esterilizante para adultos 150 Gy.The mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus) is a family Tenebrionidae insect originally from West Africa, commonly found in stored grain and sheds creation of broilers, turkeys and matrices. It is one of the main pests of poultry industry in many countries. Because of this fact the survey was to determine the lethal and sterilizing doses for all phases of the life cycle of the mealworm A. diaperinus aimed at your control. The experiment was conducted at the Laboratory of Radiobiology and Environment of the Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture - CENA / USP. All phases of the life cycle of the insect (egg, larva, pupa and adult) were irradiated with increasing doses of gamma radiation from Cobalt-60 of: 0 (control), and 10 300 Gy. Each treatment to eggs consisted of 5 repetitions with 10 eggs each for a total of 50 per treatment. For larvae, pupae and adults each treatment consisted of 5 repetitions with 20 individuals each for a total of 100 per treatment. After irradiation the insects were kept in a room with 25 ± 5 ° C; 70 ± 5% relative humidity and photophase 12:12 hrs. The evaluations were done every 7 days for a 49-day period of mortality and adult emergence of stages: eggs, larvae, pupae and adults. The experimental statistical design for the test was completely randomized in a 5x7 layout (5 treatments and 7 processing). The results obtained in the evaluations were submitted to analysis of variance by F test and comparison of averages by 5% Tukey test, using the statistical system SAS (Statistical Analysis System, 1999). From the results obtained it was concluded that the lethal and sterilizing all stages in the life cycle of the insect were: egg lethal dose 30 Gy sterilizing 20 Gy; larva sterilizing and lethal dose 100 Gy and 125 Gy; pupa sterilizing and lethal dose 125 and 150 Gy and sterilizing adult dose 150 Gy.
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Bourchier, Robert S. "Development of traps for adult Glischrochilus quadrisignatus (Say) (Coleoptera:Nitidulidae) and investigation of olfactory responses to volatile components of corn, raspberry and tomato." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66170.
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Ramos, Olgaly. "Entomopathogenic nematodes for the biological control of stored product insect pests /." Search for this dissertation online, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ksu/main.
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Chafino, Aixa Silvia 1991. "Endocrine control of insect metamorphosis : Characterization of he "Metamorphic Gene Network"." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/665654.
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Insect metamorphosis is controlled by several genes that are regulated by two hormones, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) and juvenile hormone (JH). These genes, E93, Krüppel-homolog 1 (Kr-h1) and Broad-complex (Br-C), form a network of transcription factors defined as the “Gene Metamorphic Network” (MGN). Changes in the regulation of the MGN underlie evolution of complete metamorphosis. However, knowledge about the MGN in different insect types is scarce. This thesis works towards the characterization of the regulation and function of the MGN. First, we have characterized two larval size-assessment checkpoints that regulate the onset of metamorphosis in the coleopteran Tribolium castaneum by controlling the stage-specific expression of the MGN. Second, we have characterized the MGN in the neotenic Strepsipteran Xenos vesparum, and found that neoteny could result from modifications in E93, Br-C and Kr-h1 expression. Finally, we have characterized the role of the EGFR pathway in the regulation of 20E biosynthesis in T. castaneum.La metamorfosi dels insectes està controlada per per dues hormones, l’hidroxiecdisona (20E) i l’hormona juvenil (HJ), que a la vegada regulen l’expressió d’una sèrie de gens. Aquests gens, E93, Krüppel-homolog 1 (Kr-h1) i Broad-complex (Br-C), formen una xarxa de factors de transcripció anomenada “Gene Metamorphic Network” (MGN). Canvis en la regulació de la MGN són la base de l’evolució de la metamorfosi completa, no obstant, el coneixement sobre la MGN en diferents tipus d’insectes és escàs. Aquesta tesi te com a objectiu la caracterització i la regulació de la MGN en diferents tipus d’insectes. En primer lloc, hem co-relacionat l’expressió dels gens de la MGN amb dos moments del desenvolupament associats a la mida de l’organisme que controlen l’inici de la metamorfosi en el coleòpter Tribolium castaneum. En segon lloc, hem caracteritzat la MGN en el desenvolupament neotènic de l’espècie Strepsiptera Xenos vesparum i hem trobat que la neotènia podria ser el resultat de modificacions en l’expressió de E93, Br-C and Kr-h1. Finalment, hem analitzat la funció de la via de senyalització EGFR en la regulació de la síntesis de l’20E en Tribolium castaneum.
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Asimakopoulos, Spilios. "The control of salivary glands in the stick insect, carausius morosus." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0002/MQ40880.pdf.
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Shoala, Tahsin. "Molecular approaches to understand plant-insect interactions to enhance pest control." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1895.
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Background: Phloem-feeding insects cause significant crop damage worldwide, but despite this little is understood about how plants protect and defend themselves from these threats. Phloem-feeding insects are very specific in their mode of feeding and present a unique stress on plant fitness. Not only do these insects feed for long periods of time on host plants, but they also act as vectors for plant viruses. The Brown planthopper (BPH)-Rice and Aphid-Arabidopsis systems provide good models for studying the induced responses in plants to phloem-feeding insects. Results: In BPH-rice interaction studies, the results showed that 29% of differentially expressed genes in response to BPH feeding were involved in stress responses in plants. Of particular interest was the differential expression of genes encoding the pathogen related proteins β-1,3-glucanase 1, 2 and 5 genes and genes encoding callose synthase 1, 3 and 5. QRT-PCR results have shown that genes encoding callose synthase 1 and 5 (GSL1 and GSL5) were highly expressed in both the moderately resistant IR64 and the resistant IR70 rice cultivars; they were however down regulated in the BPH susceptible cultivar TN1. Similarly, genes encoding the GTP binding protein were expressed to higher levels in cultivars IR64 and IR70 in response to BPH feeding, compared to TN1. In contrast, genes involved in callose degradation, namely β-1,3-glucanase genes 1, 2 and 5 (Gns1/Osg1, Gns2 and Gns5) were highly expressed in the susceptible cultivar in response to BPH feeding; Osg1 and Gns2 were not expressed in either IR64 or IR70, while β- Gns5 was down regulated in both resistant cultivars, compared to the susceptible cultivar (TN1). This differential gene expression in response to BPH feeding might suggest an important role for these genes in plant defence against phloem-feeding insects. Further studies demonstrated that the exogenous application of hydrogen peroxide to the susceptible rice cultivar TN1 improved resistance of this cultivar to BPH to moderate. GTP binding protein, Callose synthase GSL1 and GSL5 genes were up-regulated, while β-1,3-glucanase genes Gns1, 2, 3 and 5 were down-regulated in response to BPH feeding, suggesting that reactive oxygen species generated under hydrogen peroxide treatment might play a role in bringing about the responses leading to resistance. In aphid-Arabidopsis interaction studies, aphid bioassays showed that oxidative signal inducible protein kinases (Oxi1 serine-threonine MAPKs), β-1,3-glucanase Gns1, Gns2 and Gns3 mutants were resistant to aphid feeding and they could survive until the seeding stage when infested. However, Camta3-1, Camta3-2 (calmodulin binding transcription activators), and the Oxi1 null mutant (oxidative signal inducible with no-function) died in response to aphid infestation before reaching the seeding stage. Furthermore, Col-0 (Columbia) and WS2 (Wisconsin) wild type backgrounds for Oxi1 and Oxi1 null mutant respectively, died quickly under aphid feeding. Gene expression analysis using QRT-PCR on the aphid resistant Oxi1 mutant and the susceptible parental line demonstrated that transcripts for callose synthase gene GSL5 were expressed at a higher level in the Oxi1 mutant compared to Col-0. Whilst β-1,3-glucanase Gns1, 2, 3 and 5 genes were down-regulated in the Oxi1 mutant in response to aphid feeding, β-1,3-glucanase Gns2 gene was induced in Col-0 to high levels in response to aphid feeding. Application of hydrogen peroxide putatively induced the oxidative inducible signalling (Oxi1 serine-threonine) MAPKs. Induction of Oxi1 stimulated callose production probably via a Ca2+ signalling pathway. Application of hydrogen peroxide to Col-0 improved the resistance level of this susceptible line in response to aphid feeding. Transcript expression analysis demonstrated that GSL5 was expressed at high levels in response to aphid feeding, while β-1,3-glucanase Gns2 gene was down-regulated in response to hydrogen peroxide treatment. In addition Gns1, 3 and 5 genes were not expressed in response to aphid feeding. Interestingly, hydrogen peroxide increased the susceptibility of the Oxi1 mutant to aphid attack. Conclusion: β-1,3-glucanase Gns2 gene might play an important role in plant susceptibility to phloem feeding insects in both monocots and dicots. Evidence from the present study suggests that callose synthase GSL5 plays an important role in plant defence against insects and may be a key gene in insect/wound response in plants. The application of hydrogen peroxide induces Oxi1 serine-threonine MAPKS and increased callose production via a Ca2+ signalling pathway and caused a down-regulation of β-1,3-glucanase Gns 1, 2, 3 and 5 genes. Over expression as well as down-regulation of Oxi1 may increase plant susceptibility to phloem feeding (BPH-aphids) insects suggesting that specific levels of Oxi1 are required.
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Szczecinski, Nicholas S. "MASSIVELY DISTRIBUTED NEUROMORPHIC CONTROL FOR LEGGED ROBOTS MODELED AFTER INSECT STEPPING." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1354648661.
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Green, Emily. "Development of genetic control strategies for insect pests using CRISPR/Cas9." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ100.
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La lutte contre les insectes nuisibles reste un défi économique, environnemental et de santé important. Le forçage génétique par CRISPR/Cas9 (FG) est un nouveau system de control génétique. Ce sont des systèmes génétiques capables d’envahir rapidement une population. Ce travail de thèse présente mes efforts pour développer des FGs chez deux espèces nuisibles, Anopheles gambiae, un vecteur majeur du paludisme, et Drosophila Suzukii, un ravageur agricole d’importance mondiale. Les objectifs de ce projet étaient de développer un FG à but d'élimination chez D. Suzukii, visant à réduire la taille de la population, et un FG à but de modification chez An. gambiae, visant à rendre les moustiques incapables de transmettre le maladie. Mes efforts pour développer un FG chez D. Suzukii n’ont pas abouti, mais les techniques et protocoles présentés ici peuvent servir de base pour de futurs travaux. Chez An. gambiae, j'ai caractérisé avec succès deux lignées transgéniques, dont l'une capable de bloquer significativement la transmission chez un modèle rongeur. Enfin, je présente mes avancées dans la mise au point d’une nouvelle stratégie, le forçage génétique indirectInsect pest control remains an important economic, environmental, and public health challenge. CRISPR/Cas9 gene drive (GD) is a novel genetic control strategy. GDs are genetic systems that can rapidly invade a population. This manuscript presents my efforts to develop gene drives in two important pest species, Anopheles gambiae, a major vector of malaria, and Drosophila suzukii, a global crop pest. The goals of this project were to develop a suppression gene drive in D. suzukii, to reduce population size, and a modification drive in An. gambiae, to reduce malaria transmission. While I was unable to produce a functional gene drive in D. suzukii, the efforts and protocols presented here can serve as a baseline for future work in this economically important crop pest. In An. gambiae, I successfully characterized two transgenic lines, one of which significantly blocks malaria transmission to a rodent model. Finally, I present my efforts to engineer a new modification gene drive strategy, indirect gene drive
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Terry, Irene, and Ben Barstow. "Early Season Insect Control: Effects on Cotton Variety Yield and Fruiting." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/219766.
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The 1985 and 1986 Cotton Reports have the same publication and P-Series numbers.Many cotton field trials were conducted in central Arizona to compare various early season pesticide treatments on several commercially available cultivars for plant growth responses and thrips control. Treated plots received either aldicarb (Temik), at planting or first square, or acephate (Orthene), one to three foliar applications during early squaring. Although results were quite variable, general trends included: most treatments did reduce thrips populations; fewer shed squares occurred in plots treated at first square; plants compensated for this square shed; treated plots may be earlier in boll production than untreated areas; and most tests showed no statistical differences in healthy square production or in yield.
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Ellsworth, Peter C. "Lygus Control Decision Aids for Arizona Cotton." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/197516.
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Changes in insecticide use, available pest control technologies, and local crop ecology together with severely depressed cotton prices place a renewed premium on Lygus control decision aids for Arizona cotton. As part of an on-going program to develop research-based Lygus management recommendations, we investigated the impact of various timings of chemical controls on Lygus population dynamics, number of sprays, costs of control, and net revenue as well as cotton heights, trash, lint turnouts, and yields. Once there were at least 15 total Lygus per 100 sweeps, sprays were made according to the number of nymphs in the sample (0, 1, 4, 8 or 16 per 100 sweeps). Up to 7 sprays were required (15/0 regime) to meet the needs of the target threshold. Lygus adult densities were largely unresponsive to the treatment regimes or individual sprays made. Three generations of nymphs, however, were affected by the treatments with the ‘15/4’ regime harboring the fewest nymphs through July. This ‘moderate’ regime required 4 sprays and had the shortest plants, cleanest harvest, and highest lint turnouts. In addition, this regime out-yielded all other treatment regimes including the 6- (15/ 1) and 7- (15/0) spray regimes. Regression analyses of the data suggest that adult Lygus are less related to yield loss than nymphs and that large nymphs are best correlated with yield loss. Thus, spraying based on adults only would appear illadvised. Returns were highest ($747/A) for the 15/4 regime with over $100 more than the more protective regimes. Thus, there is no economic advantage in advancing chemical control when nymph levels are low. Maximum economic gain was achieved by waiting for the 4 nymphs per 100 level (with 15 total Lygus/100; 15/4) before spraying. However, waiting too long (beyond the 8 nymphs / 100 level; 15/8) resulted in significant reductions in yield and revenue. Our recommendations, therefore, are to apply insecticides against Lygus when there are at least 15 total Lygus, including at least 4 nymphs, per 100 sweeps. These recommendations are stable over a wide variety of economic conditions (market prices & insecticide costs). Continued work is necessary to verify these findings over a wider range of cotton developmental stages, varieties, and other environmental conditions.
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Rust, Nico. "The development of a commercial production process for p-menthane-3,8-diol." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1018273.
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The synthesis of p-menthane-3,8-diol via the acid-catalyzed cyclization of citronellal in a dilute aqueous sulphuric acid medium was investigated using conventional batch and continuous systems in order to develop a commercial production process for said p-menthane-3,8-diol (PMD). The batch studies conducted during the first part of this study showed that the formation of PMD from citronellal occurs via an intra-molecular Prins reaction that results in the formation of both the desired PMD product, as well as the partially hydrated isopulegol. It was shown that the formationof the by- product, PMD-acetal, results from the reaction between an intermediate, 5-methyl-2- isopropylcyclohexanol, and the citronellal starting material, and not from the reaction between PMD and citronellal as previously reported. Kinetic studies confirmed the existence of a complicated kinetic model. The formation of PMD from citronellal displayed typical pseudo first order kinetics up to conversions of 70 after which the kinetic model becomes complicated as the result of the establishment of quasi equilibrium reactions between PMD and isopulegol (dehydration of PMD and hydration of isopulegol) and between PMD the PMD-acetal, both systems being acid catalysed. The PMD-acetal formation reaction appears to be second order with respect to PMD. Scale-up studies of the batch process to 30L and 50L scales showed that it would be extremely difficult to limit the level of PMD-acetal formation below the desired level of 1 percent, even if citronellal conversions are restricted to about 50 percent. During studies conducted on a commercially availablemicro-structured organic synthesis plant (OSP) it was shown that it is possible to perform the PMD reaction as a continuous process. The results obtained showed that the use of a micro-mixer such as the caterpillar micro-mixer did not provide enough residence time in order for desirable conversions (- 40 percent) to be obtained. By combining themicro-mixer with delay-loops of different thicknesses and lengths, and using increasing reaction temperatures, it was shown that the conversion of citronellal could be improved to some extent, but compared poorly to the expected conversions for a well-stirred batch reactor. By packing selected delay loops with inert SiC particles, improved mass transfer was observed between the organic and aqueous phases as reflected in the increased conversion of citronellal. Using the observations that were made during the use of the OSP, a continuous-flow, tubular reactor system was designed and constructed. Advanced statistical techniques were used to investigate the effect of variables such as temperature, acid concentration, reactor length, flow rate and the organic to aqueous ratio on the rate and selectivity of the reaction. Mathematical models were derived for citronellal conversion, yield of PMD and yield of PMD- acetals, and used to predict the concentrations of citronellal, PMD and PMD-acetals at set experimental conditions. The results obtained showed that it was possible to obtain a product which approached desired specifications.Downstream processing of the PMD reaction mixture as it exits the reactor requires phase separation and neutralization of the acid catalyst solution, followed by further work-up to recover unreacted starting material and intermediates for recycle back to the synthesis reactor, followed by purification of crude PMD to the desired specification. The study showed that neutralization, prior or after phase separation, does not affect the selectivity of the PMD to such a great extent, but does influence the relative conversion due to extended contact of the catalyst with the organic phase after the reaction is terminated. Recovery of unreacted citronellal and isopulegol could be achieved by a simple vacuum evaporation step, which may either be carried out in a batch manner using traditional distillation equipment, or in a continuous process using wiped-film (short path) techniques. It was also shown that selective crystallization of PMD from the crude product mixture by addition of a solvent, such as heptanes or hexane proved to be the best way of achieving the desired product specification.
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Ali, Sayyed Hussnain. "Resistance mechanisms to Bacillus thuringiensis and specific crystal toxins in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326276.
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Hawtin, Rachael E. "The chitinase of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.332586.
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Heneghan, Philip Andrew. "Side-effects of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides on the dispersal activity of predatory Coleoptera, with particular reference to the Carabidae." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.259933.
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Quartey, George Kwartelai. "Behavioural responses of Ephestia cautella to synthetic pheromones." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.385860.
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