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Journal articles on the topic 'Insect control; Swarming; Pests'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Shrestha, Suraj, Gaurav Thakur, Jayanti Gautam, Namoona Acharya, Meena Pandey, and Jiban Shrestha. "Desert locust and its management in Nepal: a review." Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/janr.v4i1.33197.

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Locusts are among the most dangerous agricultural pests. They are a group of short horned grasshoppers belonging to Acrididae family and are hemimetabolous insects. This group of grasshoppers have a unique character of changing habits and behaviors when they aggregate in a group and this habit is catalyzed by different environmental factors. In the adult stage, gregarious locusts migrate from one place to another in a swarm. Desert Locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forksal), is one of those locusts which cause damage to different types of crop which fly in the direction of wind up to a distance of 150 km. Because of polyphagous feeding habits and swarming in a plague (large group of adults), this pest is considered as the hazardous migratory pest. These pests entered Nepal for the first time in 1962 and then in 1996. In 2020 the pest entered the country from India on three different dates 27th June and continued till 29th (5 districts), 12th July (1 district), and 16th July (2 districts). The swarms migrated to 53 districts and caused the considerable loss in agricultural and field crop in 1118 hectare. These pests are monitored on the basis of environmental factors and many tools and practices such as eLocust3, SMELLS (Soil Moisture for Desert Locust Early Survey), P-locust and SUPARCO Disaster Watch Desert Locust Situation Alert are being used. Their control is critical to food security. Many tools and techniques are integrated for prevention and management of these pests to minimize damage in the existing crops where they migrate. These are physical methods, cultural methods, use of botanicals, green muscle, PAN (phenylacetonitrile) and chemicals. Effective preventive management strategy relies on an improved knowledge of the pest biology, more efficient monitoring and control techniques.

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2

Sütő, József. "Embedded System-Based Sticky Paper Trap with Deep Learning-Based Insect-Counting Algorithm." Electronics 10, no. 15 (July 21, 2021): 1754. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10151754.

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Flying insect detection, identification, and counting are the key components of agricultural pest management. Insect identification is also one of the most challenging tasks in agricultural image processing. With the aid of machine vision and machine learning, traditional (manual) identification and counting can be automated. To achieve this goal, a particular data acquisition device and an accurate insect recognition algorithm (model) is necessary. In this work, we propose a new embedded system-based insect trap with an OpenMV Cam H7 microcontroller board, which can be used anywhere in the field without any restrictions (AC power supply, WIFI coverage, human interaction, etc.). In addition, we also propose a deep learning-based insect-counting method where we offer solutions for problems such as the “lack of data” and “false insect detection”. By means of the proposed trap and insect-counting method, spraying (pest swarming) could then be accurately scheduled.

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3

van Herk, Willem G., and Robert S. Vernon. "Local Depletion of Click Beetle Populations by Pheromone Traps Is Weather and Species Dependent." Environmental Entomology 49, no. 2 (January 31, 2020): 449–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvaa006.

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Abstract Several Agriotes click beetle species are important pests of vegetables and field crops. Monitoring for beetles is generally done with pheromone-baited traps maintained in permanent locations. Since dispersal is mostly by walking, such traps may deplete populations around them, leading to underestimations of populations relative to nontrapped areas, and of concomitant risk of wireworm damage to nearby crops. We placed sets of five pitfall traps in field headland areas in 2015–2017, of which two were baited with Agriotes obscurus (L) or Agriotes lineatus (L) (Coleoptera: Elateridae) pheromone. Of these, one was maintained in a permanent location, while the other moved among the remaining positions. Traps were checked weekly over the emergence period. For A. obscurus, fixed and moving traps initially collected similar numbers, but the latter collected significantly more later in the season, indicating depletion around fixed traps. Depletion was most pronounced after a period of cold weather, and around the peak swarming period. Depletion observed for A. lineatus was not statistically significant. This indicates pheromone-baited traps used for walking insects can underestimate populations, but depletion rates vary with species and temperature and should be accounted for when traps are used to develop action thresholds or time control strategies.

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4

ffrench-Constant, Richard H., and Nicholas R. Waterfield. "Ground control for insect pests." Nature Biotechnology 24, no. 6 (June 2006): 660–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt0606-660.

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5

Douangboupha, Bounneuang, Tasanee Jamjanya, Nutcharee Siri, and Yupa Hanboonsong. "Sweet Corn Insect Pests and their Control." Khon Kaen University Journal (Graduate Studies) 06, no. 3 (July 1, 2007): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5481/kkujgs.2006.06.3.3.

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6

Hull, Larry A. "Control of Insect Pests on Peach, 1996." Arthropod Management Tests 22, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/22.1.44.

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7

Taylor, J. Delano, Robert M. McPherson, and Bert D. Crowe. "Control of Insect Pests on Soybeans, 1995." Arthropod Management Tests 22, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 317–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/22.1.317.

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8

Smits, Peter H. "Biological Control of Insect Pests in Turfgrass." Pesticide Science 47, no. 4 (August 1996): 385–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9063(199608)47:4<385::aid-ps428>3.0.co;2-y.

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9

Gatehouse, Angharad M. R., Vaughan A. Hilder, and John A. Gatehouse. "Control of insect pests by plant genetic engineering." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 99, no. 3-4 (1992): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000005492.

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Crop protection against pests and diseases is of prime importance and plays a major role in agricultural production both in the Developed and Developing parts of the world.Although chemical pesticides have been in use for a long time it is only since the Second World War that a very heavy and almost exclusive reliance has been placed upon their use. This, in many cases, has resulted in the rapid build-up of resistance by insect pests to such compounds, as is illustrated by the rapidly developed resistance to the organochloride insecticides by the cotton bollworm, Heliothis virescens. Indeed, there are many examples of resistance in a major pest being observed within the first year of field use (Metcalf 1986). In some cases the indiscriminate application of pesticides has exacerbated the problem of insect herbivory where elimination of a wide range of predatory species along with the primary pests has resulted in secondary pests becoming primary pests themselves with even more devastating effects (Heinrichs & Mochida 1983).

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10

Abd El-Azi, Shadia E. "Control Strategies of Stored Product Pests." Journal of Entomology 8, no. 2 (February 15, 2011): 101–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/je.2011.101.122.

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11

Matthews, G. A. "Cotton Insect Pest Control." Outlook on Agriculture 18, no. 4 (December 1989): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072708901800406.

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Despite competition from other natural and man-made fibres cotton remains the world's most important textile, of great economic importance in many of the countries in which it is grown. It is prone to a number of pests which reduce yield and the control of these presents many problems. While integrated pest management can solve many of these, some use of insecticides cannot be avoided.

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12

Baum, James A., Thierry Bogaert, William Clinton, Gregory R. Heck, Pascale Feldmann, Oliver Ilagan, Scott Johnson, et al. "Control of coleopteran insect pests through RNA interference." Nature Biotechnology 25, no. 11 (November 2007): 1322–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt1359.

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13

McPherson, Robert M., J. Delano Taylor, and Bert D. Crowe. "Control of Insect Pests on Georgia Soybeans, 1997." Arthropod Management Tests 23, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 283–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/23.1.283.

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14

Abubakar, M. S., and E. M. Abdurahman. "Useful Plants in Traditional Control of Insect Pests." Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants 6, no. 2 (May 20, 1998): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j044v06n02_06.

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15

Child, R. E. "Insect Pests in Archives: Detection, monitoring and control." Journal of the Society of Archivists 20, no. 2 (October 1999): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/003798199103569.

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16

Bragg, D. E. "Control of Insect Pests on Spring Canola, 1996." Arthropod Management Tests 22, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/22.1.205.

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17

Heinz, Kevin M., and Michael P. Parrella. "Biological Control of Insect Pests on Greenhouse Marigolds." Environmental Entomology 19, no. 4 (August 1, 1990): 825–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/19.4.825.

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18

McPherson, Robert M., Bert D. Crowe, and J. Delano Taylor. "Control of Insect Pests on Georgia Soybeans, 1994." Arthropod Management Tests 20, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 238–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/20.1.238a.

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19

Bragg, D. E. "Control of Insect Pests on Spring Canola, 1995." Arthropod Management Tests 21, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 203–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/21.1.203a.

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Abstract Plots were seeded 19 May with a small plot drill (seeding rate 6 lb/acre) on the Dye Ranch, Pomeroy, WA. Four insecticides were applied 26 Jun at full bloom using a CO2 back pack sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gpa at 20 psi. All insecticides were buffered to pH 5.0 except for a methyl parathion standard which was left unbuffered to reflect the industry practice. Plots were 20 X 30 ft, replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Treatments were evaluated at 0 (PrCt), 2, 5, 7, and 10 DAT using 2 beats into a white plastic 14 inch diam bucket per replicate, except for cabbage aphid and aphid parasitoids which were visually counted as colonies of aphid per square m2, mean aphids per colony, and parasitoids per aphid colony. CSPW exit holes per 100 pods per replicate and yield data were taken on 2 Aug. Harvest data were collected from m2 samples of canola at the % brown seed pod stage which were dried and processed through a stationary threshing machine. Treatments were made 1 h before sunset at 5 mph wind and 75°F. Total precipitation during the chemical evaluation period was 2.5 inches.

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20

Lou, Yong-Gen, Gu-Ren Zhang, Wen-Qing Zhang, Yang Hu, and Jin Zhang. "Biological control of rice insect pests in China." Biological Control 67, no. 1 (October 2013): 8–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2013.06.011.

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21

Port, G. R. "An introduction to insect pests and their control." Crop Protection 5, no. 6 (December 1986): 430–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-2194(86)90080-3.

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22

Mckinlay, R. G. "Insect Pest Control on Potatoes." Outlook on Agriculture 17, no. 1 (March 1988): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072708801700106.

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The international importance of the potato crop needs no stressing and its protection from insect pests is correspondingly important. This article reviews the wide variety of control methods currently in use. In present circumstances integrated pest control methods are desirable on environmental grounds, but in practice the careful monitoring required makes this difficult for the individual grower.

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23

Wagenhoff, E., R. Blum, and H. Delb. "Spring phenology of cockchafers, Melolontha spp. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), in forests of south-western Germany: results of a 3-year survey on adult emergence, swarming flights, and oogenesis from 2009 to 2011." Journal of Forest Science 60, No. 4 (May 7, 2014): 154–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5/2014-jfs.

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Cockchafers are among the most dreaded insect pests in many European countries, causing economic losses in agriculture, horticulture and forestry. In forests of south-western Germany, populations of the forest cockchafer (Melolontha hippocastani) and also the field cockchafer (M. melolontha) have been increasing during the past three decades and, therefore, monitoring of these populations has been intensified. In the present field study, data on adult emergence from the soil, male swarming flights and female oogenesis, collected at three infestation sites by visual inspection, with soil eclectors and with light traps in early spring 2009–2011, are presented and discussed in the context of the current knowledge of cockchafer biology. Furthermore, three air temperature sum models for the prediction of the onset of the swarming flight period in spring, published in the early/mid 20<sup>th</sup> century, were validated in view of their applicability in forestry practice.    

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24

Smith, S. M. "Insect parasitoids : a Canadian perspective on their use for biological control of forest insect pests." Phytoprotection 74, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/706036ar.

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An overview of biological control programs against forest insect pests is presented with emphasis on Canadian case histories. The work is examined in the context of conservation, introduction, and augmentation (environmental manipulation and inoculative and inundative release) of insect natural enemies, specifically parasitoids. Historically, studies have concentrated on introductions of exotic parasitoids for control of introduced pests where a number of successes have been recorded. More recent work has entailed inoculative and inundative releases of parasitoids against native pests in an attempt to establish new host-parasitoid relationships to reduce pest populations. These have had limited success and are still being explored by Canadian researchers. Current strategies for using natural enemies are inundative release of native species against native pests and conservation of native parasitoids through selective insecticide timing and forest manipulation. Future directions in biological control programs will include these approaches with increased emphasis on biotechnology and the genetic selection or manipulation of 'desired strains' for release. Continued ecological studies will be essential to ensure a more complete understanding of the interaction between these 'selected parasitoids' and the forest/tree parameters which will influence their success (tri-trophic interactions). These parameters, such as tree vigour (pest resistance), spatial distribution and diversity, will also be targeted for selection to improve the effect of insect natural enemies in the forest environment.

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25

van Huis, A. "Insect pests as food and feed." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 6, no. 4 (August 11, 2020): 327–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2020.x004.

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When insects occur in large numbers, and these are often insect pests, people want to get rid of them. In countries where insects are already consumed, the idea of eating them is quickly formed. Harvesting them as food can be a strategy to replace other methods of control.

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26

Mamedov, Z. M. "BIOLOGICAL CONTROL - AS A MEANS TO CONTROL INSECT PESTS IN AZERBAIJAN." South of Russia: ecology, development, no. 2 (November 15, 2014): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.18470/1992-1098-2013-2-100-102.

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27

Eman Mohamed Taher Azize, Dalia Abdulelah Mohammed, Aulfat T, Eman Mohamed Taher Azize, Dalia Abdulelah Mohammed, Aulfat T. "Biological Control of Insect Pests by Bacterial Species Present in the Environment: المكافحة الحيوية للآفات الحشرية بفعل أنواع بكتيرية متواجدة في البيئة." Journal of agricultural, environmental and veterinary sciences 5, no. 2 (June 29, 2021): 47–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26389/ajsrp.v070221.

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Because of the severe damage caused by insect pests in agricultural fields, which cost billions of dollars annually, countries used chemical pesticides to eliminate these pests. The continuous use of chemical pesticides led to many environmental impacts, besides the emergence of resistance to insect pests. Therefore, it was necessary to search for an effective treatment for insect pest problems that was environmentally friendly and safe for human health. Biological control of insect pests has gained considerable importance in agricultural fields for its efficiency and safety for humans and other non- target organisms. In addition to its natural presence in the environment, cheaper cost, and more environmentally friendly, And a better alternative to synthetic chemical pesticides as well as being environmentally safe, they not only help establish food security by fighting against insect pests but also ensure food safety, they have enormous potential for achieving agricultural sustainability and environmental safety. In this review, we will highlight the definition and classification of insect pests, microbial pesticides. Besides, the advantages and disadvantages of these kinds of pesticides. We will also focus on the most effective bacterial species used in the production of pesticides and protein toxins that kill insect pests, their mechanism of action, method of marketing, and application to insect pests. We have looked at future research in eradicating insect pests.

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28

Hawks, Catharine, Charles Selwitz, and Shin Maekawa. "Inert Gases in the Control of Museum Insect Pests." Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 39, no. 3 (2000): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3179983.

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29

Shapiro-Ilan, David I., Ted E. Cottrell, Mark A. Jackson, and Bruce W. Wood. "Control of Key Pecan Insect Pests Using Biorational Pesticides." Journal of Economic Entomology 106, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ec12302.

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30

Frank, J. H., and D. S. Hill. "Agricultural Insect Pests of Temperate Regions and Their Control." Florida Entomologist 75, no. 3 (September 1992): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3495866.

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31

Gaskin, R. E., B. H. Rohitha, and P. T. Holland. "Control of insect pests in persimmon with spray oils." Proceedings of the New Zealand Plant Protection Conference 49 (August 1, 1996): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1996.49.11405.

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32

Martin, W. Randy. "Using Entopathogenic Nematodes for the Control of Insect Pests." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 750C—750. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.750c.

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Recent advances in the development of large-scale, in vitro rearing techniques and formulation technology have prompted the commercialization of entomopathogenic nematodes. The potential for these nematodes as biological control agents is very promising, with proven efficacy against a wide variety of soil-inhabiting insects including root weevils, white grubs, mole crickets, and fungus gnats. Entomopathogenic nematodes are currently marketed in many countries for a variety of horticultural crops, including turfgrass, vegetables, berries, ornamentals, and citrus. Specific examples of successful application of nematodes for the control of insect pests during stand establishment will be discussed.

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33

Stella, I. R., and Mini Ghosh. "Modeling plant disease with biological control of insect pests." Stochastic Analysis and Applications 37, no. 6 (August 1, 2019): 1133–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07362994.2019.1646139.

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34

Bragg, D. E. "Control of Insect Pests on Fall-Seeded Canola, 1997A." Arthropod Management Tests 23, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 184–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/23.1.184.

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Abstract Plots were established in a RCBD with 4 replicates of 20 X 30 ft at the USDA-ARS Western Regional Plant Materials Introduction Center at Central Ferry, WA on 10 Oct. Treatments were made at full bloom with a CO2 powered backpack sprayer at 20 gpa at 20 psi on 21 May except for Gaucho 75 ST applied as a seed treatment at planting. All sprayed insecticides were buffered to pH 5.0. Treatments were evaluated for pre-treatment count 215 DAE, 7 DAT (222 DAE), 12 DAT (227 DAE), and 25 DAT (250 DAE) by counting the number of CA colonies per m2 (6.6 linear ft of row) with mean number of CA per colony. CSPW counts were made on evaluation dates with 180° sweeps with a 14-inch sweep net. Counts of CSPW exit holes per 100 pods per replicate were made at harvest, and yield data were collected.

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35

Clarke, A. R., and G. H. Walter. ""Strains" and the classical biological control of insect pests." Canadian Journal of Zoology 73, no. 10 (October 1, 1995): 1777–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z95-210.

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The classical biological control technique of introducing two or more populations of the same species of beneficial agent to increase the genetic diversity of that species (and so increase the chances of achieving a successful project) is reviewed. From standard literature sources, all cases of multiple introductions of conspecific populations against insect targets were listed and the effect of subsequent introductions on the outcome of the project was recorded. Of 178 projects identified, involving 417 separate importations, only 11 (6.2%) were successful through a second or later importation of the same morphologically defined species of beneficial agent. Of these, five involved host-related "strains" that are likely to be cryptic species, so the success rate for the introduction of conspecific populations falls to 3.4%. The possibility that some (or even all) of the other six cases also involved cryptic species awaits investigation. Our analysis demonstrates that introducing two or more populations of the same species is less likely to result in enhanced success than if other species of natural enemies are sought for "normal" classical biological control (historical success rate 12–16%). In our discussion we focus on the genetic theory of species which underpins this area of applied biology and find that there is also no theoretical support for the continued introduction of strains.

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36

McEnhill, E., and E. Grafius. "Control of Insect Pests on Cabbage with Spinosad, 1996." Arthropod Management Tests 22, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 105–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/22.1.105.

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Rothschild, G. H. L. "Agricultural insect pests of the tropics and their control." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 13, no. 1 (April 1985): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(85)90103-3.

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38

Aeschlimann, J. P. "Agricultural insect pests of temperate regions and theic control." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 20, no. 4 (July 1988): 323–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(88)90171-5.

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39

Beck, John J., and Rachel L. Vannette. "Harnessing Insect–Microbe Chemical Communications To Control Insect Pests of Agricultural Systems." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 65, no. 1 (November 25, 2016): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04298.

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40

Jaronski, Stefan T. "Opportunities for Microbial Control of Pulse Crop Pests." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 111, no. 4 (July 2018): 228–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/say011.

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41

Dara, Surendra K., Cristian Montalva, and Marek Barta. "Microbial Control of Invasive Forest Pests with Entomopathogenic Fungi: A Review of the Current Situation." Insects 10, no. 10 (October 12, 2019): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10100341.

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The health of the forestlands of the world is impacted by a number of insect pests and some of them cause significant damage with serious economic and environmental implications. Whether it is damage of the North American cypress aphid in South America and Africa, or the destruction of maple trees in North America by the Asian long horned beetle, invasive forest pests are a major problem in many parts of the world. Several studies explored microbial control opportunities of invasive forest pests with entomopathogenic bacteria, fungi, and viruses, and some are successfully utilized as a part of integrated forest pest management programs around the world. This manuscript discusses some invasive pests and the status of their microbial control around the world with entomopathogenic fungi.

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42

Bacon, Catherine G., and David B. South. "Chemicals for Control of Common Insect and Mite Pests in Southern Pine Nurseries." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 13, no. 3 (August 1, 1989): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/13.3.112.

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Abstract Several pests of agricultural crops can cause low-level and occasionally catastrophic damage in southern pine nurseries. Although cultural control methods can help prevent or minimize pest damage, chemical control methods are sometimes needed. To effectively control these pests, nurserymanagers need up-to-date information on the rates and costs of the pesticides that are legal for use on trees. Pesticides currently labeled for controlling eight common pests of pine seedlings are listed along with their approximate costs. South. J. Appl. For. 13(3):112-116.

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43

Mpumi, Nelson, Revocatus S. Machunda, Kelvin M. Mtei, and Patrick A. Ndakidemi. "Selected Insect Pests of Economic Importance to Brassica oleracea, Their Control Strategies and the Potential Threat to Environmental Pollution in Africa." Sustainability 12, no. 9 (May 8, 2020): 3824. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093824.

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The most common destructive insect pests affecting cabbages in African smallholder farmers include Plutella xylostella, Helula undalis, Pieris brassicae, Brevycoryne brassicae, Trichoplusia ni and Myzus persicae. Those insect pests infest cabbages at different stages of growth, causing huge damage and resulting into huge yield losses. The African smallholder farmers use cultural and synthetic pesticides to control insect pests and minimize infestations. The cultural practices like crop rotation, weeding and handpicking are used to minimize the invasion of cabbage pests. However, those practices are not sufficiently enough to control cabbage insect pests although they are cheap and safe to the environment. Also, the African smallholder famers rely intensively on the application of broad-spectrum of synthetic pesticides to effectively control the cabbage pests in the field. Due to severe infestation of cabbages caused by those insects, most of African smallholder farmers decide to; first, increase the concentrations of synthetic pesticides beyond the recommended amount by manufacturers. Secondly, increase the rate of application of the synthetic pesticides throughout the growing season to effectively kill the most stubborn insect pests infesting cabbages (Brassica oleracea var. capitata). Thirdly, they mix more than two synthetic pesticides for the purpose of increasing the spectrum of killing the most stubborn insect pests in the field. All those scenarios intensify the environmental pollution especially soil and water pollution. Moreover, most of insecticides sprayed are made with broad-spectrum and are hazardous chemicals posing environmental pollution and threats to natural enemies’ ecosystems. Therefore, this paper reviews Brassica oleracea var. capitata insect pests and control measures as a potential environmental pollution threat in African smallholder farmers.

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44

Driesche, R. G. Van. "Classical Biological Control of Environmental Pests." Florida Entomologist 77, no. 1 (March 1994): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3495870.

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Strong, L., and T. A. Brown. "Avermectins in insect control and biology: a review." Bulletin of Entomological Research 77, no. 3 (September 1987): 357–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300011846.

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AbstractIn a variety of laboratory and field experiments, avermectins have been tested against some 84 species of insects in ten orders, most of which are pests of livestock or horticultural crops or are of general nuisance value. This work is reviewed, comparing doses used, methods of application, and responses of the insects. Avermectins (abamectin and ivermectin) are toxic to almost all insects examined, although tolerance varies and death can be uncommonly slow, taking 24 h to 30 days. There is a marked absence of information on physiological processes that are affected by the pesticides, although at the cellular level they are thought to disrupt receptors for y-aminobutyric acid and glutamic acid in the central nervous system and muscular system. At high doses, treated insects are progressively immobilized, and although initially many can move when stimulated, this ability becomes lost. Some show a disturbed water balance and become distended with fluid, while others show disruption of moulting and metamorphosis. Feeding inhibition is commonly observed at sub-lethal doses. Avermectins affect many aspects of reproduction including mating behaviour, egg development, oviposition and egg hatching. The possibility is raised that these diverse disturbances are not all due to disruption of neuromuscular or central nervous system synapses, and the need for work in this area is stressed. Field studies have shown ivermectin to be most valuable in eradicating insect pests of livestock, but the use of abamectin against horticultural pests has produced less impressive results. The limited work on non-target species is discussed, and attention is drawn to some possible environmental consequences of excreted ivermectin on dung-breeding insects.

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Lashomb, James H., William Metterhouse, and Robert Chianese. "Use of biological control measures in the intensive management of insect pests in New Jersey." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 3, no. 2-3 (1988): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s088918930000223x.

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AbstractThe U.S. public is expressing strong preference for the use of biological control methods in the management of U.S. agricultural, forest, and rangeland insect pests. This follows from a widespread understanding among citizens that synthetic insecticides have potentially harmful side effects on humans and that they are spreading increasingly as pollutants in the environment. Major recent increases in the number of pesticide-resistant insect species also put pressure on the agricultural community toward adoption of alternative non-agchemical plant and animal protection strategies. Movement in the direction of such alternatives has been facilitated by the fact that in the last two decades much progress has been made in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) through an improved understanding of the interactions of pests with their hosts. In that time period, many advances have been made in describing and predicting insect movement, seasonal cycles, and the effects of secondary plant compounds on insect reproduction. Simultaneously, much has been learned about the behavior, physiology, and population dynamics of insect parasitoids, i.e. parasites on insect pests. In the 1990's and subsequently, Biological Control Intensive Pest Management (BCIPM) will require continuing research to attain needed advancement in knowledge of growth and development of host plants, population dynamics of pests and parasitoids, and ecology of secondary pests that may interfere with implementation of BCIPM programs. Extension and research personnel will then be increasingly able to devise useful control methods for pests within selected cropping systems. We describe here examples to illustrate present and potential future use of BCIPM in different practical plant systems in New Jersey.

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Zhang, Qiang, Wei Dou, Clauvis Nji Tizi Taning, Guy Smagghe, and Jin-Jun Wang. "Regulatory roles of microRNAs in insect pests: prospective targets for insect pest control." Current Opinion in Biotechnology 70 (August 2021): 158–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2021.05.002.

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Barker, G. M. "Pasture renovation: interactions of vegetation control with slug and insect infestations." Journal of Agricultural Science 115, no. 2 (October 1990): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600075122.

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SUMMARYIn a field trial at Rukuhia, New Zealand, ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) seed was direct drilled into pasture (i) without herbicide suppression of the resident sward, (ii) with banded application of glyphosate or paraquat herbicide at drilling to remove 50% of the resident sward and (iii) after complete removal of the grass and weed components of the old sward with glyphosate or paraquat before drilling. These treatments were compared with the untreated old swards. Where the old sward was removed by herbicide before drilling, pests moved onto the drilled seedling rows, but, where herbicide was sprayed in bands over the drill rows, the pests remained in or moved into the residual bands of the old sward. Significant beneficial interactions between herbicide use and in-furrow applications of molluscicides and insecticides resulted in reductions in the numbers of pests on the seedling rows. The influence of vegetation control on the pest burden is discussed in the context of current pasture renovation practices.

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Hulme, Michael A. "The recent Canadian record in applied biological control of forest insect pests." Forestry Chronicle 64, no. 1 (February 1, 1988): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc64027-1.

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The applied biological control of 21 forest insect pests was recently evaluated in Canada. One-third of these pests have been almost permanently controlled in their present environment. One-third of the pests can be controlled for one to several pest generations. The remaining third were either not controlled or the evaluation of the applied biological control has not been completed. Benefit:cost data are scant and those available are rudimentary. Ratios of at least 20:1 were calculated for two successes with long-term control. Higher ratios were obtained when the control economics were examined from the perspective of the forest manager. Only the production of Bacillus thuringiensis is sufficiently profitable for private industry to undertake supply. Applied biological control has a good record of environmental compatibility. Prospects for the control method are briefly outlined.

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Ulrichs, C., T. Mucha-Pelzer, C. Büttner, I. Mewis, E. Scobel, and E. Bauer. "NEW APPROACHES IN THE CONTROL OF INSECT PESTS IN TOMATO." Acta Horticulturae, no. 821 (March 2009): 189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2009.821.21.

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