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Karadima, Katerina S., Vlasis G. Mavrantzas, and Spyros N. Pandis. "Insights into the morphology of multicomponent organic and inorganic aerosols from molecular dynamics simulations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 8 (April 29, 2019): 5571–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5571-2019.
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Abstract. We explore the morphologies of multicomponent nanoparticles through atomistic molecular dynamics simulations under atmospherically relevant conditions. The particles investigated consist of both organic (cis-pinonic acid – CPA, 3-methyl-1,2,3-butanetricarboxylic acid – MBTCA, n-C20H42, n-C24H50, n-C30H62 or mixtures thereof) and inorganic (sulfate, ammonium and water) compounds. The effects of relative humidity, organic mass content and type of organic compound present in the nanoparticle are investigated. Phase separation is predicted for almost all simulated nanoparticles either between organics and inorganics or between hydrophobic and hydrophilic constituents. For oxygenated organics, our simulations predict an enrichment of the nanoparticle surface in organics, often in the form of islands depending on the level of humidity and organic mass fraction, giving rise to core–shell structures. In several cases the organics separate from the inorganics, especially from the ions. For particles containing water-insoluble linear alkanes, separate hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains are predicted to develop. The surface partitioning of organics is enhanced as the humidity increases. The presence of organics in the interior of the nanoparticle increases as their overall mass fraction in the nanoparticle increases, but this also depends on the humidity conditions. Apart from the organics–inorganics and hydrophobics–hydrophilics separation, our simulations predict a third type of separation (layering) between CPA and MBTCA molecules under certain conditions.
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XIAO, YANG, CHAOBIN HE, XUEHONG LU, and XINHAI ZHANG. "ORGANIC–INORGANIC HYBRID NANOPARTICLES WITH QUANTUM CONFINEMENT EFFECT." International Journal of Nanoscience 08, no. 01n02 (February 2009): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x09005980.
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Hybrid light emitting nanoparticles with diameter range from 2 to 4 nm were prepared via grafting organic-conjugated chains directly onto an inorganic rigid cage polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS). The unique properties of these particles show evidence of quantum confinement effect on the conjugated short chains by two barriers of POSS cage and alkyl chains. The confinement effects are revealed in five aspects. First, the UV and PL spectra redshift as increasing the length of conjugated chains. This phenomenon can be considered as size effect. Second, PL spectra of these nanoparticles in solid film blueshift from that in most of organic solvents, which can be considered as limited intra- or inter-molecular interactions existed within the nanoparticles. Third, the Raman bands of the conjugated chains in these nanoparticles are redshifted and broadening with respect to their bulk counterparts. The systematic peak shifting and broadening of the Raman bands provided additional confirmation that the conjugated chains in hybrid nanoparticles at bulk state are isolated without any π–π stacking. Fourth, TEM and SEM images showed the particle size in a range of 2–4 nm and the nanoparticles in bulk state are noncrystalline materials. Lastly, the PL spectrum of the nanoparticle at low temperature was studied and found no change in PL position and intensity as temperature increasing from 4 K to 150 K.
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Yoon, Joonsik, Ji Hyun Lee, Jun Bae Lee, and Jun Hyup Lee. "Highly Scattering Hierarchical Porous Polymer Microspheres with a High-Refractive Index Inorganic Surface for a Soft-Focus Effect." Polymers 12, no. 10 (October 20, 2020): 2418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12102418.
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Functional light scattering materials have received considerable attention in various fields including cosmetics and optics. However, a conventional approach based on optically active inorganic materials requires considerable synthetic effort and complicated dispersion processes for special refractive materials. Here, we report a simple and effective fabrication strategy for highly scattering hierarchical porous polymer microspheres with a high-refractive index inorganic surface that mitigates the disadvantages of inorganic materials, producing organic-inorganic hybrid particles with an excellent soft-focus effect. Hierarchical organic-inorganic hybrid particles were synthesized using the simple physical mixing of porous poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microparticles with different pore sizes and regularities as the organic core and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles with different particle sizes as the inorganic shell. The polar noncovalent interactions between polar PMMA microspheres and the polar surface of TiO2 nanoparticles could induce the hierarchical core-shell structure of hybrid particles. The synthesized hybrid particles had increased diffuse reflectance properties of up to 160% compared with single inorganic particles. In addition, the light scattering efficiency and soft-focus effect could be increased further, depending on the size of the TiO2 nanoparticles and the pore characteristics of the PMMA microspheres. The proposed study can provide a facile and versatile way to improve the light scattering performance for potential cosmetics.
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Deepti. "PRESERVATIVES FOR EXTENDING SHELF LIFE OF FISH BY USING NANOPARTICLES BASED ON NANO ICE." international journal of engineering technology and management sciences 6, no. 5 (September 28, 2022): 772–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.46647/ijetms.2022.v06i05.120.
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Nanotechnology is a branch of science that basically deals with synthesi of nano-size particles. A nanoparticle is an ultrafine particle, or a tiny particle that ranges between 1 to 100 nanometers in size and is undetectable by the human eye. Nanoparticles types are commonly divided into two main groups:- organic and inorganic Organic groups include lipsones, hybrid, micelles, dendriners and compact polymeric nanoparticles. Inorganic group includes quantum dots, silica,fullernes and metal nanoparticle. Artificial nanoparticles can be created from any solid or liquid material, including metals, dielectrics, and semiconductors. Nanoparticles have other physical properties that must be measured for a complete description such as size, shape, dispersion state,surface properties and crystallinty.In the current research work, collected some water from fish area and analyse bacteria responsible for spoilage of fish which are pseudomonas,Escherichia coli,Achromobacter,Serratia, Micrococcus,Staphylococcus aureus.Then isolate bacteria for suitable media (MSA,NAM ).Organic acid and bacteriocins from bacteria showed good antimicrobial activities against spoilage bacteria.Plant derived antimicrobials could prolong fish shelf life and decrease lipid oxidation.Nanoparticles were synthesized of mainly Zinc,Copper,Magnesium,Silver and their characterization were done using UV visible spectrophotometer,Zeta potential, PSA(Particle size Analyser).Different ice crystal of different nanoparticles of Zn,Ag,Mg,Cu shows to prolong the shelf life of fish.Hence nanoparticles can be a great source for preserving and enhancing the shelf life of fish.
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Schick, Isabel, Steffen Lorenz, Dominik Gehrig, Stefan Tenzer, Wiebke Storck, Karl Fischer, Dennis Strand, Frédéric Laquai, and Wolfgang Tremel. "Inorganic Janus particles for biomedical applications." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 5 (December 5, 2014): 2346–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.5.244.
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Based on recent developments regarding the synthesis and design of Janus nanoparticles, they have attracted increased scientific interest due to their outstanding properties. There are several combinations of multicomponent hetero-nanostructures including either purely organic or inorganic, as well as composite organic–inorganic compounds. Janus particles are interconnected by solid state interfaces and, therefore, are distinguished by two physically or chemically distinct surfaces. They may be, for instance, hydrophilic on one side and hydrophobic on the other, thus, creating giant amphiphiles revealing the endeavor of self-assembly. Novel optical, electronic, magnetic, and superficial properties emerge in inorganic Janus particles from their dimensions and unique morphology at the nanoscale. As a result, inorganic Janus nanoparticles are highly versatile nanomaterials with great potential in different scientific and technological fields. In this paper, we highlight some advances in the synthesis of inorganic Janus nanoparticles, focusing on the heterogeneous nucleation technique and characteristics of the resulting high quality nanoparticles. The properties emphasized in this review range from the monodispersity and size-tunability and, therefore, precise control over size-dependent features, to the biomedical application as theranostic agents. Hence, we show their optical properties based on plasmonic resonance, the two-photon activity, the magnetic properties, as well as their biocompatibility and interaction with human blood serum.
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Kumar, Challa V., Inoka K. Deshapriya, Michael R. Duff, Brett Blakeley, and Denise Lee Haye. "Novel, Simple, Versatile and General Synthesis of Nanoparticles Made from Proteins, Nucleic Acids and other Materials." Journal of Nano Research 12 (December 2010): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jnanor.12.77.
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A new, simple, and versatile method was developed to prepare protein nanoparticles, for the first time, and the approach was extended to prepare organic, inorganic, and biological nanomaterials. For example, nanoparticles of met-hemoglobin and glucose oxidase are readily prepared by contacting a fine spray of aqueous solutions of the proteins to an organic solvent such as methanol or acetonitrile. The protein nanoparticles suspended in organic solvents retained their secondary structure and biological activities to a significant extent. Using this approach, we also successfully prepared nanoparticles of transition metal complexes, organic molecules, nucleic acids, inorganic polymers, and organic polymers. Particle size depended on reagent concentrations, pH and the solvent used, and particle sizes have been controlled from 20 to 200 nm by adjusting these parameters. In each case, particle sizes and size distributions were determined by dynamic light scattering and the data have been confirmed by electron microscopy. Addition of appropriate electrolytes to the nanoparticle supensions stabilized them against aggregation or crystallization, and particles were stable over months of storage at 4°C. Nanoparticles of met-hemoglobin, glucose oxidase, and calf thymus DNA indicated retention of their native-like structures, as evidenced from their respective circular dichroism spectra. Enzyme nanoparticles retained their catalytic activities to a significant extent. For example, peroxidase-like activity of met-hemoglobin nanoparticles suspended in methanol was 0.3 M-1 s-1, which is comparable to the activity of met-hmoglobin in aqueous buffer (1.0 M-1 s-1) even though the former has been measured in methanol. This activity is far greater than the activity of free heme in methanol. Thus, the nanobiocatalysts retained substantial activity in organic solvents. Nanoparticles of anthracene indicated extensive excitonic coupling due to inter-chromophore interactions. The current method of nanoparticle synthesis is rapid, simple, versatile, reproducible and resulted in the formation of nanoparticles from a variety of materials, many of them for the first time.
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Wang, Hai Wang, Guo Zhong Lu, Yu Yan Zhang, Yue Wen Du, Li Hui Song, Hang Yu Li, Xiu Yuan Lu, and Gao Gao Dong. "Mechanical Properties of Phenolic Foams Modified by Organic-Inorganic Nanocomposite." Advanced Materials Research 753-755 (August 2013): 604–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.753-755.604.
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Phenolic foam offer a multitude of advantage for energy saving and fire, however, they are brittleness and need to be improved. Nanostructured inorganic particles are good modifiers to enhance the toughness, but the problem is that inorganic particles have poor compatibility with polymer materials. To solve this problem, here SiO2and Poly acrylic acid (PAA) hybrid nanoparticles were used as a reinforcing agent, which were prepared by silica sol and polyacrylic acid. The analysis shows that the hybrid nanoparticles effectively improve the compressive strength, the compressive strength and cell structures.
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Luo, Jian Hui, Yuan Yang Li, Ping Mei Wang, Bi Bo Xia, Li Peng He, Bo Wen Yang, and Bo Jiang. "A Facial Route for Preparation of Hydrophobic Nano-Silica Modified by Silane Coupling Agents." Key Engineering Materials 727 (January 2017): 353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.727.353.
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Nano-silica was prepared using tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) as precursor by sol-gel technology based on stÖber method. These silica nanoparticals were further modified with silane coupling agents, i.e., Hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (HDTMS), dimethoxydiphenylsilane (DMMPS), to introduce organic functional groups on the surface of SiO2 nanoparticles. The Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) spectra indicated that these silane coupling agents were anchored on the surface of silica particles. And the obtained organic–inorganic hybrid SiO2 particles showed an improvement in hydrophobicity, which can effectively inhibit these silica particles from aggregating.
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Silva, Nuno João O., Angel Millan, Vitor S. Amaral, Fernando Palacio, Lianshe Fu, Luís D. Carlos, and V. de Zea Bermudez. "Iron Oxide and Oxide-Hydroxide Nanoparticles in Organic-Inorganic Matrices." Materials Science Forum 514-516 (May 2006): 142–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.514-516.142.
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Nanometric ferrihydrite, maghemite and magnetite particles formed within an organicinorganic hybrid matrix were obtained by the sol-gel process. In contrast to precipitation techniques, sol-gel process appears as suitable way to achieve size-controlled nanoscopic magnetic particles anchored in a hybrid structure. The hybrid matrix here reported, named di-ureasil, is composed of poly(oxyethylene) chains grafted to siloxane groups by means of urea cross-linkages. The formation of ferrihydrite particles was achieved incorporating iron nitrate during the sol-gel process, at low pH. The formation of maghemite takes place after the incorporation of a mixture of Fe3+ and Fe2+ ions and treatment with an ammonia solution, after the sol-gel process. Magnetite nanoparticles are formed after the incorporation of Fe2+ ions and treatment with ammonia at 80°C. The AC magnetic susceptibility shows thermal irreversibility with a blocking temperature TB≈13K and ≈25K depending on frequency for the ferrihydrite and maghemite particles, respectively. The magnetite nanoparticles are blocked at room temperature. Above the irreversibility the magnetization of ferrihydrite and maghemite follows a Langevin function modified with a linear term, as found in antiferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic particles.
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Choi, Jin-Wook, and Jun Hyup Lee. "Selectively UV-Blocking and Visibly Transparent Adhesive Films Embedded with TiO2/PMMA Hybrid Nanoparticles for Displays." Materials 13, no. 22 (November 21, 2020): 5273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13225273.
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To simultaneously achieve the high visible transparency and enhance the ultraviolet (UV)-blocking performance of displays, inorganic–organic hybrid nanoparticles, comprising TiO2 as a core and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as a shell, were uniformly incorporated into the optically clear adhesive (OCA) used in the front of a display device. The highly refractive TiO2 nanocore could selectively scatter UV rays, which degrade the display performance, owing to the differences in the refractive indices between the inorganic particles and PMMA matrix, thereby offering an improved UV protection property to the adhesive film. Moreover, the organic PMMA nanoshell maintained the high visible light transmittance of the pristine OCA film via the prevention of particle agglomeration. To examine the effect of the PMMA nanoshell and nanoparticle size on the optical properties of the adhesive films, the OCA films embedded with only TiO2 nanoparticles or hybrid nanoparticles with different particle sizes were prepared using a roll-to-roll process, and characterized in the range of UV and visible lights using UV-visible spectroscopy. It is experimentally revealed that the adhesive film including small TiO2/PMMA hybrid nanoparticles at an extremely low content exhibited enhanced UV-blocking properties and increased visible light transmittance compared to that with only TiO2 nanoparticles.
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Wu, Li Li, Ling Zi Zeng, Hai Bo Chen, and Chao Can Zhang. "Preparation and Characterization of Poly(Acrylamide)/Silica Nanocomposite Gels." Advanced Materials Research 306-307 (August 2011): 1252–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.306-307.1252.
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A series of PAM/silica nanocomposite (NC) gels using silica sol as the inorganic component were prepared by in situ free-radical polymerization. The addition of silica sol was first used to bring silica nanoparticles to form organic (polymer)/inorganic system. Results from the swelling experiment indicated that the effect of silica particle was nevertheless rather complex as polymer/particle binding. Additionally, it revealed that the swelling ratio of the NC gels with a certain silica content increased with the increasing pH value. Moreover, it exhibited absorption of the polymer onto silica because the chemical cross-linked PAM has changed to the organic/inorganic system. The spectroscopic results showed that the silica nanoparticles formed by silica sol promoted high degree of attachment to the polymer chain. The AFM micrographs displayed that silica particles were of nano degree and in the monodisperse. Both evidences proved that the organic/inorganic system was effectively formed through the addition of silica sol.
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Yang, Ming Shan, and Lin Kai Li. "Preparation of High-Rigidity, High-Toughness Unplasticized Poly(vinyl Chloride) for Plastic Windows Profiles Reinforced and Toughened by Nano-CaCO3." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 1237–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.1237.
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The organic-inorganic complex nano-particles with core-shell structure were synthesized by in situ emulsion polymerization based on fresh slush pulp of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) nanoparticles and acrylate polymer in this paper. The dispersion and encapsulation of nanoparticles were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride)(UPVC) was modified by organic-inorganic complex nanoparticles and the effects of toughening and reinforcing were systematically studied. The results showed that the effects of the reinforcement and toughening of organic-inorganic complex nanoparticles on UPVC were very significant. Especially, scanning electron microscopy(SEM) analysis results indicated that large-fiber drawing and network morphologies coexisted in the system of UPVC by joint modification of nanoparticles with CPE.
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Phan, Duy-Nam, Hyeong Yeol Choi, Seong-Geun Oh, Myungwoong Kim, and Hoik Lee. "Fabrication of ZnO Nanoparticle-Decorated Nanofiber Mat with High Uniformity Protected by Constructing Tri-Layer Structure." Polymers 12, no. 9 (August 19, 2020): 1859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12091859.
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We demonstrate a sequential electrospinning process involving the adsorption of ZnO nanoparticles on the surface of bio-based polyester, which is a terpolyester of a renewable isosorbide (ISB) monomer, ethylene glycol, 1,4-cyclohexane dimethanol, and terephthalic acid, the-so-called PEICT, to fabricate stable ZnO nanoparticles/PEICT nanofiber composite system protected with other two PEICT nanofiber mats. We found that post-electrospinning treatment with a particular solvent was effective to remove a residual solvent molecule in the PEICT nanofibers, which induced significant aggregation of the nanoparticles, leading to non-uniform distribution of the particles on the surface. Sequential electrospinning of the PEICT solution to sandwich ZnO nanoparticle-decorated PEICT nanofiber mat enabled to attain protected the inorganic/organic hybrid nanofiber mat, improving the long-term stability, and the reproducibility of the inorganic particles decorated nanofiber fabrication.
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Zentel, Rudolf. "Polymer Coated Semiconducting Nanoparticles for Hybrid Materials." Inorganics 8, no. 3 (March 11, 2020): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics8030020.
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This paper reviews synthetic concepts for the functionalization of various inorganic nanoparticles with a shell consisting of organic polymers and possible applications of the resulting hybrid materials. A polymer coating can make inorganic nanoparticles soluble in many solvents as individual particles and not only do low molar mass solvents become suitable, but also polymers as a solid matrix. In the case of shape anisotropic particles (e.g., rods) a spontaneous self-organization (parallel orientation) of the nanoparticles can be achieved, because of the formation of lyotropic liquid crystalline phases. They offer the possibility to orient the shape of anisotropic nanoparticles macroscopically in external electric fields. At least, such hybrid materials allow semiconducting inorganic nanoparticles to be dispersed in functional polymer matrices, like films of semiconducting polymers. Thereby, the inorganic nanoparticles can be electrically connected and addressed by the polymer matrix. This allows LEDs to be prepared with highly fluorescent inorganic nanoparticles (quantum dots) as chromophores. Recent works have aimed to further improve these fascinating light emitting materials.
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HWANG, TAEJIN, HEUNGYEOL LEE, HOHYEONG KIM, GYUNTAK KIM, and GYEONGJIN MUN. "ENHANCEMENT OF ELECTROCHROMIC DURABILITY OF A FILM MADE OF SILICA-POLYANILINE CORE-SHELL NANOPARTICLES." Surface Review and Letters 17, no. 01 (February 2010): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x10013722.
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Enhancing the operation life time or the electrochemical durability is one of the key issues in electrochromic material studies. It is generally accepted that the inorganic–organic hybrid structure is one of the effective ways to enhance the chemical stability of the material. In this study, an electrochromic film made of silica-polyaniline core-shell composite nanoparticles was tested. The composite particles were prepared through a chemical dispersion polymerization of aniline in an aqueous colloidal solution of silica. The synthesized particles were then dispersed into ethanol and the solution was deposited onto an Indium Tin Oxide (ITO)-coated glass substrate. The electrochromic characterization on the prepared films was performed using the cyclovoltammetry and the optical response to a switching potential. The results showed that the inorganic–organic core-shell hybrid nanoparticle could be a promising choice for the enhancement of electrochromic durability.
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Lin, Jack J., Kamal Raj R, Stella Wang, Esko Kokkonen, Mikko-Heikki Mikkelä, Samuli Urpelainen, and Nønne L. Prisle. "Pre-deliquescent water uptake in deposited nanoparticles observed with in situ ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 6 (March 26, 2021): 4709–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4709-2021.
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Abstract. We study the adsorption of water onto deposited inorganic sodium chloride and organic malonic acid and sucrose nanoparticles at ambient water pressures corresponding to relative humidities (RH) from 0 % to 16 %. To obtain information about water adsorption at conditions which are not accessible with typical aerosol instrumentation, we use surface-sensitive ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS), which has a detection sensitivity starting at parts per thousand. Our results show that water is already adsorbed on sodium chloride particles at RH well below deliquescence and that the chemical environment on the particle surface is changing with increasing humidity. While the sucrose particles exhibit only very modest changes on the surface at these relative humidities, the chemical composition and environment of malonic acid particle surfaces is clearly affected. Our observations indicate that water uptake by inorganic and organic aerosol particles could already have an impact on atmospheric chemistry at low relative humidities. We also establish the APXPS technique as a viable tool for studying chemical changes on the surfaces of atmospherically relevant aerosol particles which are not detected with typical online mass- and volume-based methods.
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Denadai, Ângelo M. L., Frederico B. De Sousa, Joel J. Passos, Fernando C. Guatimosim, Kirla D. Barbosa, Ana E. Burgos, Fernando Castro de Oliveira, et al. "Self-assembled organic–inorganic magnetic hybrid adsorbent ferrite based on cyclodextrin nanoparticles." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 8 (November 1, 2012): 1867–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.8.215.
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Organic–inorganic magnetic hybrid materials (MHMs) combine a nonmagnetic and a magnetic component by means of electrostatic interactions or covalent bonds, and notable features can be achieved. Herein, we describe an application of a self-assembled material based on ferrite associated with β-cyclodextrin (Fe-Ni/Zn/βCD) at the nanoscale level. This MHM and pure ferrite (Fe-Ni/Zn) were used as an adsorbent system for Cr3+ and Cr2O7 2− ions in aqueous solutions. Prior to the adsorption studies, both ferrites were characterized in order to determine the particle size distribution, morphology and available binding sites on the surface of the materials. Microscopy analysis demonstrated that both ferrites present two different size domains, at the micro- and nanoscale level, with the latter being able to self-assemble into larger particles. Fe-Ni/Zn/βCD presented smaller particles and a more homogeneous particle size distribution. Higher porosity for this MHM compared to Fe-Ni/Zn was observed by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller isotherms and positron-annihilation-lifetime spectroscopy. Based on the pKa values, potentiometric titrations demonstrated the presence of βCD in the inorganic matrix, indicating that the lamellar structures verified by transmission electronic microscopy can be associated with βCD assembled structures. Colloidal stability was inferred as a function of time at different pH values, indicating the sedimentation rate as a function of pH. Zeta potential measurements identified an amphoteric behavior for the Fe-Ni/Zn/βCD, suggesting its better capability to remove ions (cations and anions) from aqueous solutions compared to that of Fe-Ni/Zn.
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Wada, Satoshi, Aki Nozawa, Masaru Ohno, Takaaki Tsurumi, and Yoshihiro Kuroiwa. "Preparation of Barium Titanate Nanocube Particles by Solvothermal Method and their Characterization." Key Engineering Materials 388 (September 2008): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.388.111.
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Barium titanate (BaTiO3) nanocube particles below 20 nm were prepared by solvothermal method. To prepare nanocubes, a selection of organic solvent and inorganic materials of Ba and Ti sourses was most important. At the temperatures above 200 °C, a nucleation and particle growth of BaTiO3 nanoparticles led to a formation of the BaTiO3 nanocubes with a size of 10-15 nm.
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Mei, Shuxing, Mingwang Pan, Shenshen Gao, Shaofeng Song, Juan Wang, and Gang Liu. "Organic–inorganic bimetallic hybrid particles with controllable morphology for the catalytic degradation of organic dyes." New Journal of Chemistry 44, no. 20 (2020): 8366–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nj01247e.
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Du, Le, Yujun Wang, Jianhong Xu, Chun Shen, and Guangsheng Luo. "In situ dispersion of non-aqueous Fe3O4 nanocolloids by microdroplet coalescence and their use in the preparation of magnetic composite particles." Soft Matter 12, no. 23 (2016): 5180–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6sm00628k.
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Arici, Elif, Dieter Meissner, F. Schäffler, and N. Serdar Sariciftci. "Core/shell nanomaterials in photovoltaics." International Journal of Photoenergy 5, no. 4 (2003): 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1110662x03000333.
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Hybrid materials consist of inorganic nanoparticles embedded in polymer matrices. An advantage of these materials is to combine the unique properties of one or more kinds of inorganic nanoparticles with the film forming properties of polymers. Most of the polymers can be processed from solution at room temperature enabling the manufacturing of large area, flexible and light weight devices. To exploit the full potential for the technological applications of the nanocrystalline materials, it is very important to endow them with good processing attributes. The surface of the inorganic cluster can be modified during the synthesis by organic surfactants. The surfactant can alter the dispersion characteristic of the particles by initiating attractive forces with the polymer chains, in which the particles should be homogenously arranged. In this review, we present wet chemical methods for the synthesis of nanoparticles, which have been used as photovoltaic materials in polymer blends. The photovoltaic performance of various inorganic/organic hybrid solar cells, prepared via spin-coating will be the focus of this contribution.
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He, Siyang, and Guido Kickelbick. "Reversible Diels–Alder Reactions with a Fluorescent Dye on the Surface of Magnetite Nanoparticles." Molecules 26, no. 4 (February 7, 2021): 877. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26040877.
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Diels–Alder reactions on the surface of nanoparticles allow a thermoreversible functionalization of the nanosized building blocks. We report the synthesis of well-defined magnetite nanoparticles by thermal decomposition reaction and their functionalization with maleimide groups. Attachment of these dienophiles was realized by the synthesis of organophosphonate coupling agents and a partial ligand exchange of the original carboxylic acid groups. The functionalized iron oxide particles allow a covalent surface attachment of a furfuryl-functionalized rhodamine B dye by a Diels–Alder reaction at 60 °C. The resulting particles showed the typical fluorescence of rhodamine B. The dye can be cleaved off the particle surface by a retro-Diels–Alder reaction. The study showed that organic functions can be thermoreversibly attached onto inorganic nanoparticles.
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Hameed, Aneela, Hafiza Mehvish Mushtaq, and Majid Hussain. "Magnetite (Fe3O4) - Synthesis, Functionalization and its Application." International Journal of Food and Allied Sciences 3, no. 2 (May 25, 2018): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21620/ijfaas.2017264-75.
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<p>Nanoparticles are smaller than 100nm. Size of particle depends upon the method that is used for synthesis of nanoparticles. Magnetic nanoparticles consist of iron, cobalt and nickel and their chemical compounds. Their safety or toxicity is major concern for use in food. Magnetite, hematite and meghemite are types of magnetic nanoparticles. Magnetite (Fe3O4) common among the magnetic iron oxide nanoparticle that is used in food industry. Magnetite is getting popular due to its super paramagnetic properties and lack of toxicity to humans. Different methods are used to synthesize magnetic nanoparticles. Upon contact with air these particles loses magnetism and mono-dispersibility. To overcome this problem these nanoparticles are coated with natural or synthetic polymers, metals, organic and inorganic substances to create stable and hydrophilic nanostructures. Due to easy separation with magnet these magnetic nanoparticles are used as an affinity probe to remove bacteria from different food samples and have food related applications e.g, protein purification, enzyme immobilization and food analysis. These magnetic nanoparticles also used for removal of heavy metals and used in medical field.</p>
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Lee, Jun Hyup. "Design of Highly Adhesive and Water-Resistant UV/Heat Dual-Curable Epoxy–Acrylate Composite for Narrow Bezel Display Based on Reactive Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Nanoparticles." Polymers 12, no. 10 (September 24, 2020): 2178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12102178.
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To attain the narrow bezel characteristic of information displays, functional sealing composite materials should possess high adhesion strength and water barrier performance due to their narrow line widths. In this study, highly adhesive UV/heat dual-curable epoxy–acrylate composites with outstanding water-resistant performance have been proposed using photoreactive organic–inorganic hybrid nanoparticles that can react with an acrylate resin, creating a crosslinked nanoparticle network within the sealing composite. The hybrid nanoparticles consisted of reactive methacrylate groups as a shell and an inorganic core of silica or aluminum oxide, and were facilely synthesized through sol–gel reaction and chemisorption process. The curing characteristics, adhesive strength, and moisture permeability of the proposed sealing composite have been compared to those of a conventional epoxy–acrylate composite containing inorganic silica particles. The composites including hybrid nanoparticles exhibited high UV and heat curing ratios owing to the numerous methacrylate groups on the nanoparticle surface and high compatibility with organic resins. Moreover, the proposed sealing composite showed high adhesion strength and extremely low water permeability due to the creation of densely photocrosslinked network with matrix resins. In addition, the sealing composite exhibited excellent narrow dispensing width as well as relatively low viscosity, suggesting the potential application in narrow bezel display.
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Aljabali, Alaa A. A., and Mohammad A. Obeid. "Inorganic-organic Nanomaterials for Therapeutics and Molecular Imaging Applications." Nanoscience & Nanotechnology-Asia 10, no. 6 (November 30, 2020): 748–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210681209666190807145229.
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Background:: Surface modification of nanoparticles with targeting moieties can be achieved through bioconjugation chemistries to impart new Functionalities. Various polymeric nanoparticles have been used for the formulation of nanoparticles such as naturally-occurring protein cages, virus-like particles, polymeric saccharides, and liposomes. These polymers have been proven to be biocompatible, side effects free and degradable with no toxicity. Objectives:: This paper reviews available literature on the nanoparticles pharmaceutical and medical applications. The review highlights and updates the customized solutions for selective drug delivery systems that allow high-affinity binding between nanoparticles and the target receptors. Methods:: Bibliographic databases and web-search engines were used to retrieve studies that assessed the usability of nanoparticles in the pharmaceutical and medical fields. Data were extracted on each system in vivo and in vitro applications, its advantages and disadvantages, and its ability to be chemically and genetically modified to impart new functionalities. Finally, a comparison between naturally occurring and their synthetic counterparts was carried out. Results:: The results showed that nanoparticles-based systems could have promising applications in diagnostics, cell labeling, contrast agents (Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography), antimicrobial agents, and as drug delivery systems. However, precautions should be taken to avoid or minimize toxic effect or incompatibility of nanoparticles-based systems with the biological systems in case of pharmaceutical or medical applications. Conclusion:: This review presented a summary of recent developments in the field of pharmaceutical nanotechnology and highlighted the challenges and the merits that some of the nanoparticles- based systems both in vivo and in vitro systems.
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Liu, Sheng, Hui Zhang, Zhong Zhang, Taihua Zhang, and Stephan Sprenger. "Tailoring the Mechanical Performance of Epoxy Resin by Various Nanoparticles." Polymers and Polymer Composites 16, no. 8 (October 2008): 527–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110801600806.
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Flexible organic elastomeric nanoparticles (ENP) and two kinds of rigid inorganic silica nanoparticles were dispersed respectively into a bisphenol-A epoxy resin in order to tailor and compare the performance of mechanical properties. It was found that the well-dispersed flexible ENP greatly enhanced the toughness of the epoxy with the cost of modulus and strength. Comparatively, the rigid silica nanoparticles improved Young's modulus, tensile strength and fracture toughness simultaneously. Both fumed and sol-gel-formed nanosilica particles conducted similar results in reinforcing the epoxy resin, although the latter exhibited almost perfect nanoparticle dispersion in matrix. The toughening mechanisms of nanocomposites were further discussed based on fractographic analysis.
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Gupta, Nishu, and K. M. Gupta. "Emerging Scope of Hybrid Solar Cells in Organic Photovoltaic Applications by Incorporating Nanomaterials." Advanced Materials Research 548 (July 2012): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.548.143.
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In recent years, semiconductor nanomaterials have been extensively studied and reports are available for their preparation methods, physical and chemical properties of nanoparticles and their characterization techniques. Because of their potential applications, ZnS nanoparticles are recently major area of research. It is an important inorganic material for a variety of applications including photoconductors, solar cells, field effect transistors, sensors, transducers optical coatings and light-emitting materials. Inorganic nano-particles have found potential application in various electronic devices. Synthesis, shape and size control are important issues for nano-particles research. Various nano-structured materials have found potential applications in optical and electrical devices such as photoconductors, LEDs, solar cells, field effect transistors, optical coatings etc. ZnS has wide band gap ranging from 3.5 to 3.8 eV at room temperature and the band gap can be tuned in the UV region by controlling the size of the nano-particles. In the present work we have studied the synthesis of ZnS nano-particles, their characterization to investigate various properties such as size, structure, band gap and luminescence via different characterization tools. The particles were then used as acceptors for fabrication of organic hybrid solar cells.
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Hussein, Omar A., T. H. Mubarak, and Isam M. Ibrahim. "Magnetic Properties of Hybrid Inorganic-organic Flexible Nanofibers." NeuroQuantology 20, no. 4 (April 7, 2022): 64–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/nq.2022.20.4.nq22096.
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Polypyrrole nanofibers (PPy-NFs) had prepared via chemical oxidation of pyrrole monomer by Iron (III) chloride in the presence of methyl orange. As well as, Nanomagnetic particles of Co0.8Mn0.2Fe2O4 and Zn0.8Mn0.2Fe2O4 had synthesized by the hydrothermal autoclave reactor after use co-precipitation technique. The PPy-NFs nanocomposite that obtained from decorating of PPy-NFs with Nanomagnetic particles. The XRD studied showed that the (PPy-NFs) is non-crystalline and the average crystallite size of Co0.8Mn0.2Fe2O4 and Zn0.8Mn0.2Fe2O4 were 8.54 and 14.47 nm respectively. These two belong to single phase cubic spinel. FESEM studies exhibit that PPy has a nanofibers structure with distinct diameters and most the magnetic nanoparticles had homogeneous distribution and had sphere form. The saturation magnetization (Ms) increased with increasing ferrite content in the nanocomposite samples, according to magnetic hysteresis loop measurements. As its increases in pure ferrite samples by increases cobalt ions. The Ms Values of Co0.8Mn0.2Fe2O4, Zn0.8Mn0.2Fe2O4 and PPy-NFs were 41.15 emu/g, 10.13 emu/g and 14.95 emu/g respectively.
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Wang, Jian, Wenjie Zhang, Yating Zhang, and Haolin Li. "Preparation of Polymer-Based Nano-Assembled Particles with Fe3O4 in the Core." Polymers 15, no. 11 (May 29, 2023): 2498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15112498.
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Organic–inorganic nanocomposite particles, possessing defined morphologies, represent the next frontier in advanced materials due to their superior collective performance. In this pursuit of efficient preparation of composite nanoparticles, a series of diblock polymers polystyrene-block-poly(tert-butyl acrylate) (PS-b-PtBA) were initially synthesized using the Living Anionic Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly (LAP PISA) technique. Subsequently, the tert-butyl group on the tert-butyl acrylate (tBA) monomer unit in the diblock copolymer, yielded from the LAP PISA process, was subjected to hydrolysis using trifluoroacetic acid (CF3COOH), transforming it into carboxyl groups. This resulted in the formation of polystyrene-block-poly(acrylic acid) (PS-b-PAA) nano-self-assembled particles of various morphologies. The pre-hydrolysis diblock copolymer PS-b-PtBA produced nano-self-assembled particles of irregular shapes, whereas post-hydrolysis regular spherical and worm-like nano-self-assembled particles were generated. Utilizing PS-b-PAA nano-self-assembled particles that containing carboxyl groups as polymer templates, Fe3O4 was integrated into the core region of the nano-self-assembled particles. This was achieved based on the complexation between the carboxyl groups on the PAA segments and the metal precursors, facilitating the successful synthesis of organic–inorganic composite nanoparticles with Fe3O4 as the core and PS as the shell. These magnetic nanoparticles hold potential applications as functional fillers in the plastic and rubber sectors.
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Maltseva, Tetiana, Eugene Kolomiets, and Yulliya Dzyazko. "ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY AND SORPTION PROPERTIES OF THE COMPOSITES BASED ON ION EXCHANGE POLYMERS." Ukrainian Chemistry Journal 85, no. 4 (June 7, 2019): 81–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.33609/0041-6045.85.4.2019.81-97.
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The review is devoted to the conditions for the creation and functional properties of organіс-inorganic ion-exchange materials, which in the form of sorbents and membranes can be applied in the processes of ion separation, as well as the purification of water and combined solutions of technological origin. The structure of air dry and hydrated organic ion-exchange polymers, conditions for the creation of organiс-inorganic ion-exchange materials, as well as their components, interaction of components and the corresponding classification are considered. Dry ion-exchange materials contain heterogeneities of different sizes, which are formed during the synthesis of polymer, with the smallest heterogeneities represent clusters, and the larger ones are related to crystallinity. The structure of hydrated ion- exchange materials adequately describes the cluster channel model of Hsu and Girke. The number of charged particles transferred corresponds to the contribution of clusters and channels (volume fractions) to total porosity. The size of the clusters and channels can be determined by the method of small-angle X-ray scattering. The complex porous structure of ion-exchange polymers makes it possible to form inorganic particles in the one’s pores. The introduction of inorganic ion exchangers into the polymer leads to the appearance of additional osmotically active centers (fixed ions and antimony modifiers) that influence the compression pressure of composites. Regarding the functional properties of organiс-inorganic materials, data on the influence of the form and size of the nanoparticles of the inorganic component on the electrical conductivity of composites, examples of the use of organiс-inorganic sorbents in ion-exchange columns, and also effective diffusion coefficients corresponding to the exchange of two-charge metal cations (Zn2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, Ca2+, Ni2+) on H+ organic-inorganic sorbents, for the most part, organic resin- Dowex HCR-S with incorporated particles of zirconium hydrophosphate, are presented. The prospect of application of such materials in ion-exchange and membrane processes of separation and purification of aqueous solutions, as well as in the processes of efficient selective extraction of target ions, is shown.
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Yang, Ming Shan, and Ying Quan. "Surface Encapsulation of Nano-CaCO3 Particle by In Situ Emulsion Polymerization." Advanced Materials Research 58 (October 2008): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.58.163.
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The nano-CaCO3/polyacrylate core-shell inorganic-organic complex nano-particles were prepared by in situ emulsion polymerization based on fresh slush pulp of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) nanoparticles in this paper. The dispersion and encapsulation of nanoparticles were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis(ESCA). The results showed that in the presence of nano-CaCO3 particles, the in situ emulsion polymerization of acrylates was carried out smoothly, and polyacrylates successfully encapsulated on the surface of nano-CaCO3.
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Geng, Dejia, Lei Chen, Sinan Du, Xiang Yang, Huaguang Wang, and Zexin Zhang. "A Versatile Method for Synthesis of Light-Activated, Magnet-Steerable Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Active Colloids." Molecules 28, no. 7 (March 29, 2023): 3048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28073048.
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The immense potential of active colloids in practical applications and fundamental research calls for an efficient method to synthesize active colloids of high uniformity. Herein, a facile method is reported to synthesize uniform organic–inorganic hybrid active colloids based on the wetting effect of polystyrene (PS) with photoresponsive inorganic nanoparticles in a tetrahydrofuran/water mixture. The results show that a range of dimer active colloids can be produced by using different inorganic components, such as AgCl, ZnO, TiO2, and Fe2O3 nanoparticles. Moreover, the strategy provides a simple way to prepare dual-drive active colloids by a rational selection of the starting organic materials, such as magnetic PS particles that result in light and magnet dual-drive active colloids. The motions of these active colloids are quantified, and well-controlled movements are demonstrated.
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Keskinen, H., A. Virtanen, J. Joutsensaari, G. Tsagkogeorgas, J. Duplissy, S. Schobesberger, M. Gysel, et al. "Evolution of particle composition in CLOUD nucleation experiments." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 12, no. 12 (December 4, 2012): 31071–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-31071-2012.
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Abstract. Sulphuric acid, ammonia, amines, and oxidised organics play a crucial role in nanoparticle formation in the atmosphere. In this study, we investigate the composition of nucleated nanoparticles formed from these compounds in the CLOUD chamber experiments at CERN. The investigation is carried out via analysis of the particle hygroscopicity, ethanol affinity, oxidation state, and ion composition. Hygroscopicity was studied by a hygroscopic tandem differential mobility analyser and a cloud condensation nuclei counter, ethanol affinity by an organic differential mobility analyser and particle oxidation level by a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer. The ion composition was studied by an atmospheric pressure interface time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The volume fraction of the organics in the particles during their growth from sizes of a few nanometers to tens of nanometers was derived from measured hygroscopicity assuming the Zdanovski-Stokes-Robinson relationship, and compared to values gained from the spectrometers. The ZSR-relationship was also applied to obtain the measured ethanol affinities during the particle growth, which were used to derive the volume fractions of sulphuric acid and the other inorganics (e.g. ammonium salts). In the presence of sulphuric acid and ammonia, particles with a mobility diameter of 150 nm were chemically neutralised to ammonium sulphate. In the presence of oxidation products of pinanediol, the organic volume fraction of freshly nucleated particles increased from 0.4 to ∼0.9, with an increase in diameter from 2 to 63 nm. Conversely, the sulphuric acid volume fraction decreased from 0.6 to 0.1 when the particle diameter increased from 2 to 50 nm. The results provide information on the composition of nucleated aerosol particles during their growth in the presence of various combinations of sulphuric acid, ammonia, dimethylamine and organic oxidation products.
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Keskinen, H., A. Virtanen, J. Joutsensaari, G. Tsagkogeorgas, J. Duplissy, S. Schobesberger, M. Gysel, et al. "Evolution of particle composition in CLOUD nucleation experiments." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, no. 11 (June 6, 2013): 5587–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-5587-2013.
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Abstract. Sulphuric acid, ammonia, amines, and oxidised organics play a crucial role in nanoparticle formation in the atmosphere. In this study, we investigate the composition of nucleated nanoparticles formed from these compounds in the CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving Outdoor Droplets) chamber experiments at CERN (Centre européen pour la recherche nucléaire). The investigation was carried out via analysis of the particle hygroscopicity, ethanol affinity, oxidation state, and ion composition. Hygroscopicity was studied by a hygroscopic tandem differential mobility analyser and a cloud condensation nuclei counter, ethanol affinity by an organic differential mobility analyser and particle oxidation level by a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer. The ion composition was studied by an atmospheric pressure interface time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The volume fraction of the organics in the particles during their growth from sizes of a few nanometers to tens of nanometers was derived from measured hygroscopicity assuming the Zdanovskii–Stokes–Robinson relationship, and compared to values gained from the spectrometers. The ZSR-relationship was also applied to obtain the measured ethanol affinities during the particle growth, which were used to derive the volume fractions of sulphuric acid and the other inorganics (e.g. ammonium salts). In the presence of sulphuric acid and ammonia, particles with a mobility diameter of 150 nm were chemically neutralised to ammonium sulphate. In the presence of oxidation products of pinanediol, the organic volume fraction of freshly nucleated particles increased from 0.4 to ~0.9, with an increase in diameter from 2 to 63 nm. Conversely, the sulphuric acid volume fraction decreased from 0.6 to 0.1 when the particle diameter increased from 2 to 50 nm. The results provide information on the composition of nucleated aerosol particles during their growth in the presence of various combinations of sulphuric acid, ammonia, dimethylamine and organic oxidation products.
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Nahorniak, Mykhailo, Pamela Pasetto, Jean-Marc Greneche, Volodymyr Samaryk, Sandy Auguste, Anthony Rousseau, Nataliya Nosova, and Serhii Varvarenko. "Two-step single-reactor synthesis of oleic acid- or undecylenic acid-stabilized magnetic nanoparticles by thermal decomposition." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 14 (January 3, 2023): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.14.2.
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Different iron oxides (i.e., magnetite, maghemite, goethite, wüstite), particularly nanosized particles, show distinct effects on living organisms. Thus, it is of primary importance for their biomedical applications that the morphology and phase-structural state of these materials are investigated. The aim of this work was to obtain magnetic nanoparticles in a single reactor using Fe(III) acetylacetonate as the initial precursor for the synthesis of Fe(III) oleate or Fe(III) undecylate followed by their thermolysis in situ. We proposed a new approach, according to which the essential magnetite precursor (a complex salt of higher acids – Fe(III) alkanoates) is obtained in a solvent with a high boiling point via displacement reaction of acetylacetone with a higher acid from Fe(III) acetylacetonate during its elimination from the reaction mixture under vacuum conditions. Magnetic nanoparticles (NPM) were characterized in terms of morphology, hydrodynamic diameter, and composition via several techniques, such as transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy/attenuated total reflectance, 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The effect of unsaturated oleic (OA) and undecylenic (UA) acids, which are both used as a reagent and as a nanoparticle stabilizer, as well as the influence of their ratio to Fe(III) acetylacetonate on the properties of particles were investigated. Stable dispersions of NPM were obtained in 1-octadecene within the OA or UA ratio from 3.3 mol to 1 mol of acetylacetonate and up to 5.5 mol/mol. Below the mentioned limit, NPM dispersions were colloidally unstable, and at higher ratios no NPM were formed which could be precipitated by an applied magnetic field. Monodisperse nanoparticles of iron oxides were synthesized with a diameter of 8–13 nm and 11–16 nm using OA and UA, respectively. The organic shell that enables the particle to be dispersed in organic media, in the case of oleic acid, covers their inorganic core only with a layer similar to the monomolecular layer, whereas the undecylenic acid forms a thicker layer, which is 65% of the particle mass. The result is a significantly different resistance to oxidation of the nanoparticle inorganic cores. The core of the particles synthesized using oleic acid is composed of more than 90% of maghemite. When undecylenic acid is used for the synthesis, the core is composed of 75% of magnetite.
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Wittbom, C., A. C. Eriksson, J. Rissler, J. E. Carlsson, P. Roldin, E. Z. Nordin, P. T. Nilsson, E. Swietlicki, J. H. Pagels, and B. Svenningsson. "Cloud droplet activity changes of soot aerosol upon smog chamber ageing." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 18 (September 17, 2014): 9831–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-9831-2014.
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Abstract. Particles containing soot, or black carbon, are generally considered to contribute to global warming. However, large uncertainties remain in the net climate forcing resulting from anthropogenic emissions of black carbon (BC), to a large extent due to the fact that BC is co-emitted with gases and primary particles, both organic and inorganic, and subject to atmospheric ageing processes. In this study, diesel exhaust particles and particles from a flame soot generator spiked with light aromatic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursors were processed by UV radiation in a 6 m3 Teflon chamber in the presence of NOx. The time-dependent changes of the soot nanoparticle properties were characterised using a Cloud Condensation Nuclei Counter, an Aerosol Particle Mass Analyzer and a Soot Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer. The results show that freshly emitted soot particles do not activate into cloud droplets at supersaturations ≤2%, i.e. the BC core coated with primary organic aerosol (POA) from the exhaust is limited in hygroscopicity. Before the onset of UV radiation it is unlikely that any substantial SOA formation is taking place. An immediate change in cloud-activation properties occurs at the onset of UV exposure. This change in hygroscopicity is likely attributed to SOA formed from intermediate volatility organic compounds (IVOCs) in the diesel engine exhaust. The change of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) properties at the onset of UV radiation implies that the lifetime of soot particles in the atmosphere is affected by the access to sunlight, which differs between latitudes. The ageing of soot particles progressively enhances their ability to act as cloud condensation nuclei, due to changes in: (I) organic fraction of the particle, (II) chemical properties of this fraction (e.g. primary or secondary organic aerosol), (III) particle size, and (IV) particle morphology. Applying κ-Köhler theory, using a κSOA value of 0.13 (derived from independent input parameters describing the organic material), showed good agreement with cloud droplet activation measurements for particles with a SOA mass fraction ≥0.12 (slightly aged particles). The activation properties are enhanced with only a slight increase in organic material coating the soot particles (SOA mass fraction < 0.12), however not as much as predicted by Köhler theory. The discrepancy between theory and experiments during the early stages of ageing might be due to solubility limitations, unevenly distributed organic material or hindering particle morphology. The change in properties of soot nanoparticles upon photochemical processing clearly increases their hygroscopicity, which affects their behaviour both in the atmosphere and in the human respiratory system.
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Meazzini, Ilaria, Steve Comby, Kieran D. Richards, Aimee M. Withers, François-Xavier Turquet, Judith E. Houston, Róisín M. Owens, and Rachel C. Evans. "Synthesis and characterisation of biocompatible organic–inorganic core–shell nanocomposite particles based on ureasils." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 8, no. 22 (2020): 4908–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0tb00100g.
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Wittbom, C., J. H. Pagels, J. Rissler, A. C. Eriksson, J. E. Carlsson, P. Roldin, E. Z. Nordin, P. T. Nilsson, E. Swietlicki, and B. Svenningsson. "Cloud droplet activity changes of soot aerosol upon smog chamber ageing." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 7 (April 2, 2014): 8851–914. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-8851-2014.
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Abstract. Particles containing soot, or black carbon, are generally considered to contribute to global warming. However, large uncertainties remain in the net climate forcing resulting from anthropogenic emissions of black carbon (BC), to a large extent due to the fact that BC is co-emitted with gases and primary particles, both organic and inorganic, and subject to atmospheric ageing processes. In this study, diesel exhaust particles and particles from a flame soot generator spiked with light aromatic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursors were processed by UV-radiation in a 6 m3 Teflon chamber in the presence of NOx. The time-dependent changes of the soot nanoparticle properties were characterised using a Cloud Condensation Nuclei Counter, an Aerosol Particle Mass Analyzer and a Soot Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer. The results show that freshly emitted soot particles do not activate into cloud droplets at supersaturations ≤ 2%, i.e. the black carbon core coated with primary organic aerosol (POA) from the exhaust is limited in hygroscopicity. Before the onset of UV radiation it is unlikely that any substantial SOA formation is taking place. An immediate change in cloud-activation properties occurs at the onset of UV exposure. This change in hygroscopicity is likely attributed to SOA formed from intermediate volatile organic compounds (IVOC) in the diesel engine exhaust. The change of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) properties at the onset of UV radiation implies that the lifetime of soot particles in the atmosphere is affected by the access to sunlight, which differs between latitudes. The ageing of soot particles progressively enhances their ability to act as cloud condensation nuclei, due to changes in: (I) organic fraction of the particle, (II) chemical properties of this fraction (POA or SOA), (III) particle size, and (IV) particle morphology. Applying κ-Köhler theory, using a κSOA value of 0.13 (derived from independent input parameters describing the organic material), showed good agreement with cloud droplet activation measurements for particles with a SOA mass fraction (mfSOA(APM)) ≥ 0.12 (slightly aged particles). The activation properties are enhanced with only a slight increase in organic material coating the soot particles (mfSOA(APM) < 0.12), however not as much as predicted with Köhler theory. The discrepancy between theory and experiments might be due to solubility limitations, unevenly distributed organic material or hindering particle morphology. The change in properties of soot nanoparticles upon photochemical processing clearly increases their hygroscopicity, which affects their behaviour both in the atmosphere and in the human respiratory system.
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Kostka, Kathrin, and Matthias Epple. "Surface Functionalization of Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles via Click Chemistry: Covalent Attachment of Proteins and Ultrasmall Gold Nanoparticles." Chemistry 5, no. 2 (May 7, 2023): 1060–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemistry5020072.
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Calcium phosphate nanoparticles (60 nm) were stabilized with either polyethyleneimine (PEI; polycationic electrolyte) or carboxymethylcellulose (CMC; polyanionic electrolyte). Next, a silica shell was added and terminated with either azide or alkyne groups via siloxane coupling chemistry. The particles were covalently functionalized by copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC; click chemistry) with proteins or gold nanoparticles that carried the complementary group, i.e., either alkyne or azide. The model proteins hemoglobin and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were attached as well as ultrasmall gold nanoparticles (2 nm). The number of protein molecules and gold nanoparticles attached to each calcium phosphate nanoparticle was quantitatively determined by extensive fluorescent labelling and UV–Vis spectroscopy on positively (PEI) or negatively (CMC) charged calcium phosphate nanoparticles, respectively. Depending on the cargo and the nanoparticle charge, this number was in the range of several hundreds to thousands. The functionalized calcium phosphate particles were well dispersible in water as shown by dynamic light scattering and internally amorphous as shown by X-ray powder diffraction. They were easily taken up by HeLa cells and not cytotoxic. This demonstrates that the covalent surface functionalization of calcium phosphate nanoparticles is a versatile method to create transporters with firmly attached cargo molecules into cells.
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Carregal-Romero, Susana, Markus Ochs, and Wolfgang J. Parak. "Nanoparticle-functionalized microcapsules for in vitro delivery and sensing." Nanophotonics 1, no. 2 (November 1, 2012): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2012-0014.
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AbstractInorganic nanoparticles such as magnetic nanoparticles, fluorescent quantum dots, and plasmonic nanoparticles can be used as building blocks for designing multifunctional systems based on polymeric capsules. The properties of the inorganic nanoparticles hereby are harnessed to provide additional functionality to the polymer capsules. Biological applications towards in vitro sensing and delivery are discussed. Examples will be given in which magnetic nanoparticles are used to direct capsules with magnetic field gradients, colloidal quantum dots are used to identify capsules via the formation of optical barcodes, and gold nanoparticles are used as light-controlled heat-sources for opening capsules and releasing macromolecules from their cavity upon optical excitation. This demonstrates that combination of inorganic nanoparticles and organic/polymeric molecules as carrier matrices allow for tailoring multifunctional hybrid particles for practical applications.
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Akhtar, S., M. A. Alam, and H. Ahmad. "Fabrication of Nanosized Reactive Nickel Oxide Composite Particles for Degradation of Textile Dye." Journal of Scientific Research 9, no. 4 (November 1, 2017): 413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v9i4.32726.
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In this research we focused on to develop new nanocomposite materials that have capacity to de-colorize and degrade industrial effluent. At first NiO nanoparticle were synthesized by simple liquid phase process using Ni(NO3)2.6H2O and NH4OH followed by calcinations of the produced Ni(OH)2 as precursor at 400°C. NiO nanoparticles were modified to produce NiO/SiO2 nanocomposite particles. Finally tri-layered inorganic/organic nanocomposite particles were prepared by seeded polymerization of epoxide functional monomer, glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) in presence of NiO/SiO2 nanocomposite seed particles. The composite particles were named as NiO/SiO2/PGMA and the obtained particles were utilized as a photocatalyst for the UV-light assisted degradation of congo red (CR), a model azo dye. Degradation efficiency decreased with the increase of initial CR concentration and a maximum efficiency of 100% was achieved when the CR concentration was 40 mg/L.
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Boudaden, Jamila, Armin Klumpp, Hanns-Erik Endres, and Ignaz Eisele. "Towards Low Cost and Low Temperature Capacitive CO2 Sensors Based on Amine Functionalized Silica Nanoparticles." Nanomaterials 9, no. 8 (July 31, 2019): 1097. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9081097.
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Hybrid materials based on inorganic particles and an organic polymer were developed and used as an efficient sensing material for carbon dioxide (CO2). The sensing material consists of fumed silica that is functionalized with an organic polymer, polyethylenimine, by means of the impregnation method. The organic polymer is effectively immobilized around the silica nanoparticles and confirmed by infrared spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis proves the thermal stability of the sensing material. CO2 capacitive sensors operating at temperatures lower than 70 °C were fabricated by depositing a thin layer of hybrid sensing material on interdigitated gold electrodes. Impedance spectroscopy explored the sensing capability of the hybrid organic–inorganic material towards CO2 in the presence of different relative humidity levels, as well as its stability and reversibility. This strategy to couple organic and inorganic materials as a sensing layer for CO2 paves the way for the design of a low-cost CO2 sensor.
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Karim, Md, Jayalaxmi Shetty, Rowshan Islam, Ahsanul Kaiser, Athirah Bakhtiar, and Ezharul Chowdhury. "Strontium Sulfite: A New pH-Responsive Inorganic Nanocarrier to Deliver Therapeutic siRNAs to Cancer Cells." Pharmaceutics 11, no. 2 (February 20, 2019): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11020089.
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Inorganic nanoparticles hold great potential in the area of precision medicine, particularly for treating cancer owing to their unique physicochemical properties, biocompatibility and improved pharmacokinetics properties compared to their organic counterparts. Here we introduce strontium sulfite nanoparticles as new pH-responsive inorganic nanocarriers for efficient transport of siRNAs into breast cancer cells. We employed the simplest nanoprecipitation method to generate the strontium sulfite nanoparticles (SSNs) and demonstrated the dramatic roles of NaCl and d-glucose in particle growth stabilization in order to produce even smaller nanosize particles (Na-Glc-SSN) with high affinity towards negatively charged siRNA, enabling it to efficiently enter the cancer cells. Moreover, the nanoparticles were found to be degraded with a small drop in pH, suggesting their potential capability to undergo rapid dissolution at endosomal pH so as to release the payload. While these particles were found to be nontoxic to the cells, they showed higher potency in facilitating cancer cell death through intracellular delivery and release of oncogene-specific siRNAs targeting ros1 and egfr1 mRNA transcripts, than the strontium sulfite particles prepared in absence of NaCl and d-glucose, as confirmed by growth inhibition assay. The mouse plasma binding analysis by Q-TOF LC-MS/MS demonstrated less protein binding to smaller particles of Na-Glc-SSNs. The biodistribution studies of the particles after 4 h of treatment showed Na-Glc-SSNs had less off-target distribution than SSNs, and after 24 h, all siRNAs were cleared from all major organs except the tumors. ROS1 siRNA with its potential therapeutic role in treating 4T1-induced breast tumor was selected for subsequent in vivo tumor regression study, revealing that ROS1 siRNA-loaded SSNs exerted more significant anti-tumor effects than Na-Glc-SSNs carrying the same siRNA following intravenous administration, without any systemic toxicity. Thus, strontium sulfite emerged as a powerful siRNA delivery tool with potential applications in cancer gene therapy.
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Martel-Estrada, Santos-Adriana, Andrea-Isabel Morales-Cardona, Claudia-Lucía Vargas-Requena, Juan-Antonio Rubio-Lara, Carlos-Alberto Martínez-Pérez, and Florinda Jimenez-Vega. "Delivery systems in nanocosmeceuticals." REVIEWS ON ADVANCED MATERIALS SCIENCE 61, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 901–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rams-2022-0282.
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Abstract Today, the growth of the cosmetic industry and dramatic technological advances have led to the creation of functional cosmetical products that enhance beauty and health. Such products can be defined as topical cosmetic drugs to improve health and beauty functions or benefits. Implementing nanotechnology and advanced engineering in these products has enabled innovative product formulations and solutions. The search included organic molecules used as cosmeceuticals and nanoparticles (NPs) used in that field. As a result, this document analyses the use of organic and inorganic particles, metals, metal-oxides, and carbon-based particles. Additionally, this document includes lipid and nanoparticles solid lipid systems. In conclusion, using NPs as vehicles of active substances is a potential tool for transporting active ingredients. Finally, this review includes the nanoparticles used in cosmeceuticals while presenting the progress made and highlighting the hidden challenges associated with nanocosmeceuticals.
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Callone, Emanuela, Giovanni Carturan, Marco Ischia, and Adriana Sicurelli. "Size stabilization of nanoparticles by polysaccharides: Effectiveness in the wet and curing steps." Journal of Materials Research 22, no. 12 (December 2007): 3344–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2007.0416.
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Starch suspension proves to be a useful matrix for the hydrolytic route to metal oxide nanoparticles, due to its size-stabilization effect, which works also at high temperatures. To understand the type of interaction between the organic part and the oxide particles, various parameters, such as viscosity, temperature, degree of polymerization, and organic/inorganic kinds of dispersant, are tested through x-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and thermogravimetric mass spectra (TG–MS) analyses of the obtained SnO2nanopowders. Results highlight the unique role of starch compared with other hydrophilic dispersants that do not ensure effective size stabilization on curing up to 600 °C. The proof comes from the study of pyrolysis of the residual organic groups surrounding the particles. They are chelating carboxylic species that prevent the coalescence among metal oxide nanoparticles.
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Chen, De Liang, He Jing Wen, Rui Zhang, and Xin Jian Li. "Synthesis and Characterization of Tungsten Micro-/Nanoparticles Using Tungstate-Based Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Nanobelts as Precursors." Advanced Materials Research 266 (June 2011): 204–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.266.204.
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Tungsten (W) micro-/nanoparticles were synthesized by thermally treating tungstate-based inorganic-organic hybrid nanobelts with a lamellar structure or the mixture of WO3 nanoplates and C6H12O6 in an Ar flow at 1000-1200 oC for 2-6 h. Phase compositions and morphologies of the W particles obtained were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope.
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Dzyazko, Yuliya, and Yurii Volfkovich. "Ionic Transport in Sol-Gel Derived Organic-Inorganic Composites." Diffusion Foundations 23 (August 2019): 104–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/df.23.104.
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This chapter is devoted to organic-inorganic composite ion exchange resins and membranes. We ascertain interrelation between composition, morphology and porous structure of the materials on the one hand and ion transport through them on the other hand. The composites for different practical application (fuel cells, ion exchange columns, electrodialysis) are in a focus of attention. Porosity of a polymer constituent of the composite was determined with a method of standard contact porosimetry, which gives information about pores in a very wide diapason (from 2 nm to 200 μm). In this context, pore formation in ion exchange polymers during swelling is considered. A number of parameters, which are obtained from porosimetric measurements, can be used for interpretation of ion transport regularities, particularly evolution of electrical conductivity. Embedded non-aggregated nanoparticles, their aggregates and agglomerates affect differently porosity of the polymer constituent: they are able to block, stretch and squeeze pores, As a result, the composites demonstrates different rate of ion transport depending on amount and size of the inorganic particles. The approach to purposeful formation of one or other types of particles has been proposed.
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Dulski, Mateusz, Katarzyna Malarz, Michał Kuczak, Karolina Dudek, Krzysztof Matus, Sławomir Sułowicz, Anna Mrozek-Wilczkiewicz, and Anna Nowak. "An Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Nanocomposite as a Potential New Biological Agent." Nanomaterials 10, no. 12 (December 18, 2020): 2551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10122551.
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To solve the problem of human diseases caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors or by microorganisms, intense research to find completely new materials is required. One of the promising systems in this area is the silver-silica nanocomposites and their derivatives. Hence, silver and silver oxide nanoparticles that were homogeneously distributed within a silica carrier were fabricated. Their average size was d = (7.8 ± 0.3) nm. The organic polymers (carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and sodium alginate (AS)) were added to improve the biological features of the nanocomposite. The first system was prepared as a silver chlorine salt combination that was immersed on a silica carrier with coagulated particles whose size was d = (44.1 ± 2.3) nm, which coexisted with metallic silver. The second system obtained was synergistically interacted metallic and oxidized silver nanoparticles that were distributed on a structurally defective silica network. Their average size was d = (6.6 ± 0.7) nm. Physicochemical and biological experiments showed that the tiny silver nanoparticles in Ag/SiO2 and Ag/SiO2@AS inhibited E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and L. plantarum’s cell growth as well as caused a high anticancer effect. On the other hand, the massive silver nanoparticles of Ag/SiO2@CMC had a weaker antimicrobial effect, although they highly interacted against PANC-1. They also generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as the induction of apoptosis via the p53-independent mechanism.
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Wang, Zhenquan, Bo Feng, Di Zhang, Saikat Ghosh, Bo Pan, and Baoshan Xing. "Role of NOM–hematite nanoparticle complexes and organic and inorganic cations in the coherence of silica and clay particles: evaluation based on nanoscale forces and molecular self-assembly." Environmental Science: Nano 8, no. 3 (2021): 822–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0en01182g.
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The combined role of structurally different natural organic matter (NOM), hematite nanoparticles (NPs), and organic and inorganic cations as efficient cementing agents between silica microsphere and clay platelets as determined from nanoscale forces.
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Dosev, Dosi, Mikaela Nichkova, and Ian M. Kennedy. "Inorganic Lanthanide Nanophosphors in Biotechnology." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 3 (March 1, 2008): 1052–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.18155.
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Recently different types of fluorescent nanoparticles and other nanostructures have been promoted as alternatives for the fluorescent organic dyes that are traditionally used in biotechnology. Quantum dots, dye-doped polymer and silica particles have found many applications in biochemical protocols and are extensively discussed in the literature. Nanostructures based on inorganic phosphors (nanophosphors) are a new emerging class of materials with unique properties that make them very attractive for bio-application. Some results for the successful application of nanophosphors in biochemical applications have been reported. In this review we summarize the types of materials, their properties that are relevant to bio-applications, and the current status of their implementation in biotechnology.