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Journal articles on the topic 'Inorganic Nano-crystals'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 September 2023

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1

Zheng, Kui, Tao Chen, Jian Zhang, Xiuquan Tian, Huilin Ge, Tiantao Qiao, Jia Lei, Xianyan Li, Tao Duan, and Wenkun Zhu. "Nano-Montmorillonite Regulated Crystallization of Hierarchical Strontium Carbonate in a Microbial Mineralization System." Materials 12, no. 9 (April 29, 2019): 1392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12091392.

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In this paper, nano-montmorillonite (nano-MMT) was introduced into the microbial mineralization system of strontium carbonate (SrCO3). By changing the nano-MMT concentration and the mineralization time, the mechanism of mineralization was studied. SrCO3 superstructures with complex forms were acquired in the presence of nano-MMT as a crystal growth regulator. At low concentrations of nano-MMT, a cross-shaped SrCO3 superstructure was obtained. As the concentration increased, flower-like SrCO3 crystals formed via the dissolution and recrystallization processes. An emerging self-assembly process and crystal polymerization mechanism have been proposed by forming complex flower-like SrCO3 superstructures in high concentrations of nano-MMT. The above research indicated that unique bionic synthesis strategies in microbial systems could not only provide a useful route for the production of inorganic or inorganic/organic composites with a novel morphology and unique structure but also provide new ideas for the treatment of radionuclides.

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2

Alvarez, Ricardo, Philipp P. Nievergelt, Ekaterina Slyshkina, Peter Müller, Roger Alberto, and Bernhard Spingler. "Single crystal growth of water-soluble metal complexes with the help of the nano-crystallization method." Dalton Transactions 49, no. 28 (2020): 9632–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0dt01236j.

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3

Liao, Jian Guo, Yu Bao Li, Li Zhang, and Yi Zuo. "Study of Nano-Hydroxyapatite/Polycarbonate Composite for Bone Repair." Materials Science Forum 620-622 (April 2009): 587–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.620-622.587.

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Acicular nano-hydroxyapatite (n-HA) was used to make a new biomaterial composite with polycarbonate by a novel technique. The physical and chemical characteristics of the composites were tested. It was found that the synthesized n-HA crystals were similar to bone apatite in size, phase composition and crystal structure. The TEM results indicated the biomimetic n-HA crystals were uniformly distributed in the polymer matrix. Chemical inter-action between inorganic n-HA and polycarbonate was investigated and discussed. These results indicate that the composite fulfills the basic requirement of bone substitute material, and has the potential for clinical applications.

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4

ZHAO, XU, XIUE REN, CONGTING SUN, XU ZHANG, YUNFEI SI, CHENGLIN YAN, JIASHENG XU, and DONGFENG XUE. "MORPHOLOGY EVOLUTION AT NANO- TO MICRO-SCALE." Functional Materials Letters 01, no. 03 (December 2008): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604708000393.

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Morphology evolution of inorganic/organic crystals during crystallization is a universal growth phenomenon. In this work, we have developed a capping agent-assisted strategy to clearly identify the whole process of morphology evolution in solution growth system. One kind of morphology evolution trend with three types of morphologies of cuprous oxide ( Cu 2 O ) was kinetically observed at varying the molar ratio of EDTA/ Cu (II) under three different pH values. Two kinds of morphology evolution trends of zinc oxide ( ZnO ) were also kinetically observed in the presence of H 2 O 2 and CH 3 COOH (HAc), respectively. Simulation results show that the morphology evolution of nano- to micro-scale crystals is strongly dependent on the bonding characteristics of a growth system. The present strategy positively explores the interesting principles of morphology evolution of functional materials, and can be widely extended to nano- to micro-scale devices research.

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5

Arai, Yusuke, Takenobu Suzuki, Yasutake Ohishi, Takao Tani, and Shu Saeki. "Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Transparent Materials Containing Ni:MgO Nano-crystals for Gain Media." Applied Physics Express 1 (October 31, 2008): 112501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/apex.1.112501.

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6

Srivastava, Bhupendra B., Santosh K. Gupta, Yang Li, and Yuanbing Mao. "Bright persistent green emitting water-dispersible Zn2GeO4:Mn nanorods." Dalton Transactions 49, no. 22 (2020): 7328–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0dt00361a.

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This work reports on a green and facile approach for designing bright and persistent green luminescent Zn₂GeO₄:Mn²⁺ nano crystals with high quantum yield (∼52%) and water dispersibility designated for LEDs, security, and bio imaging.

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7

Zheng, Hua De, Ying Jun Wang, Chun Rong Yang, Xiao Feng Chen, and Na Ru Zhao. "Investigation on the Porous Biomaterial for Bone Reconstruction with Addition of Bio-Mimetic Nano-Sized Inorganic Particles." Key Engineering Materials 336-338 (April 2007): 1534–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.336-338.1534.

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The spherical nano-sized bioactive particles in the system of CaO-P2O5-SiO2 were bio-mimetically synthesized using micro-emulsion method. The microstructures and properties of the bio- mimetic nano-materials were characterized using XRD, FTIR, SEM/EDAX and TEM techniques. It was indicated that the nano-particles possessed glassy structural characteristics. The porous composite for bone tissue reconstruction was prepared by compounding poly (hydroxybutyrate-2-co-2-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) and the nano-particles of bio-mimetic bioactive glasses (BMBG). Bone-like hydroxyl- carbonate-apatite (HCA) could formed on the surface of porous composite by immersing the composite in simulated body fluid (SBF) at 37°C for 8 hours. With increase of immersion time, the morphology of HCA changed from spherical into flake-like crystals. The study on cells attachment of the porous PHBV/BMBG composite proved that the material possessed satisfactory bioactivity, bio-mineralization function and cells biocompatibility.

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8

Witika, Bwalya A., Vincent J. Smith, and Roderick B. Walker. "Top-Down Synthesis of a Lamivudine-Zidovudine Nano Co-Crystal." Crystals 11, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11010033.

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Lamivudine (3TC) and zidovudine (AZT) are antiretroviral agents used to manage HIV/AIDS infection. A wet media milling top-down approach was used to develop and produce nano co-crystals of 3TC and AZT. Micro co-crystals were prepared by solvent evaporation and subsequently milled in the presence of two surfactants, viz., sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate 1000 (TPGS 1000). Optimisation was undertaken using design of experiments (DoE) and response surface methodology (RSM) to establish and identify parameters that may affect the manufacturing of nano co-crystals. The impact of SLS and TPGS 1000 concentration, milling time, and number of units of milling medium on the manufacturing of nano co-crystals, was investigated. The critical quality attributes (CQA) monitored were particle size (PS), Zeta potential (ZP), and polydispersity index (PDI). Powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy scanning electron microscopy, and cytotoxicity assays were used for additional characterization of the optimised nano co-crystal. The mean PS, PDI, and ZP of the optimised top-down nanocrystal were 271.0 ± 92.0 nm, 0.467 ± 0.073, and −41.9 ± 3.94 mV, respectively. In conclusion, a simple, inexpensive, rapid, and precise method of nano co-crystal manufacturing was developed, validated, and optimised using DoE and RSM, and the final product exhibited the target CQA.

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9

Figus, Cristiana, Masahide Takahashi, Tongjit Kidchob, Toshinobu Yoko, Massimo Piccinini, Maria Casula, and Plinio Innocenzi. "Formation of hybrid nano-crystals in organic–inorganic films from a basic sol." Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology 52, no. 3 (July 18, 2009): 408–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10971-009-2033-z.

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10

Schmahl, Wolfgang, Erika Griesshaber, Lurdes Fernandez-Diaz, Andreas Ziegler, Klemens Kelm, Bernd Maier, Fitriana Nindiyasari, and Guntram Jordan. "Hierarchical structure of CaCO3biominerals – mesocrystals and functionalization." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314097605.

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Skeletal parts and teeth of marine organisms, avian eggshells, trilobite and isopod eyes, and many more biomineralized tissues consist of bio-calcite or bio-aragonite crystals. We explore the nano- to micro-scale architectures of these materials by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and complementary techniques. In contrast to their inorganic cousins the biogenic "crystals" are hybrid composites with small amounts of organic matrix controlling morphogenesis and critically improving mechanical performance or other functions. For the biominerals meso-crystal-like structures are ubiquitous, consisting of co-oriented nano-blocks with a mosaic-spread of a few degrees, depending on the organism and on the size of the mesocrystal entity[1, 2, 3]. The nano-mosaic can be attributed to growth by nano-particle accretion from an amorphous or gel-like precursor, where relics of organic matrix cause misorientations between the crystallized nano-blocks. Recently we were able to reproduce this feature in gel-grown calcite [Nindiyasari et al., Crystal Growth and Design, in press]. The mesocrystal-co-orientation spreads on to the micro- and even millimeter-scale, frequently with a fractal nature of co-oriented hierarchical units [Maier et al., Acta Biomaterialia, accepted for publication]. The hierarchically structured morphology of the composite crystal or polycrystal is always directed by organic matrix membranes. Sea urchin teeth show a multiplex composite crystal architecture, where different subunits of engineered shapes, Mg-contents, and small misalignments are essential prerequisites for self-sharpening [1]. The figure shows an EBSD map of dendritic interdigitating calcite crystals in an avian egg shell (color coding for crystal orientation) with an misorientation profile along the grey line.

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11

Ganesan, R., S. P. Vinodhini, V. Balasubramani, G. Parthipan, T. M. Sridhar, R. Arulmozhi, and R. Muralidharan. "Tuning the band gap of hybrid lead free defect perovskite nano crystals for solar cell applications." New Journal of Chemistry 43, no. 38 (2019): 15258–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nj03902c.

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12

Helal, Mahmoud, Rokayya Sami, Eman Algarni, Garsa Alshehry, Huda Aljumayi, Amina A. M. Al-Mushhin, Nada Benajiba, et al. "Active Bionanocomposite Coating Quality Assessments of Some Cucumber Properties with Some Diverse Applications during Storage Condition by Chitosan, Nano Titanium Oxide Crystals, and Sodium Tripolyphosphate." Crystals 12, no. 2 (January 18, 2022): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12020131.

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Cucumbers have a short shelf-life of about 14 days, they are perishable due to the high moisture content. This study aimed to study the effects of nano-coating material such as titanium nanoparticles and chitosan with the addition of sodium tripolyphosphate as a crosslinker to enhance cucumber quality during storage. Some essential physical, chemical, and biological parameters were determined. CH-Nano-ST (chitosan/nano titanium oxide crystals/sodium tripolyphosphate) retained the maximum greenness, −7.99, compared to CH-Nano samples, which recorded −7.31. CH-Nano (chitosan/nano titanium oxide crystals) remained the lightest, 44.38, and CH-Nano-ST was a little darker (43.73) compared to the others treatments. The discoloration was extra severe with control (22.30), which started to spoil after the end of the first week. After 21 days of the storage period at 10 °C, the reducing sugars content reduced to reach −0.64 g/100 g and −0.21 g/100 g for CH-Nano and CH-Nano-ST treatments, respectively. The CH-Nano-ST treatment presented a lower value of toughness, followed by CH-Nano at the end of the storage period. Moreover, the highest crispness index was detected for CH-Nano (5.12%), while CH-Nano-ST treatment had a slight decline to reach 4.92%. The biological results indicated that CH-Nano-ST treatment can be applied to delay the microbial contamination of Salmonella spp. in cucumbers as it reached 0.94 log CFU/g, while the CH-Nano treatment reached 1.09 log CFU/g, at the end of the storage period. In summary, nano-coating treatments with the addition of sodium tripolyphosphate can be applied to regulator postharvest quality measurements of the biological activities in cucumbers during storage at 10 °C until 21 days.

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13

Bagchi, Vivek, and Debkumar Bandyopadhyay. "In situ generation of palladium oxide nano-crystals." Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 694, no. 9-10 (April 2009): 1259–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jorganchem.2009.01.037.

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14

Shevchenko, M. B. "Size-related diffraction anomalies from strongly distorted nano-crystals." Zeitschrift für Kristallographie 2007, suppl_26 (November 2007): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/zkri.2007.2007.suppl_26.117.

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15

Shevchenko, M. B. "Size-related diffraction anomalies from strongly distorted nano-crystals." Zeitschrift für Kristallographie Supplements 2007, suppl_26 (November 2007): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/zksu.2007.2007.suppl_26.117.

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16

Wang, Hua-Jie, Lin Yang, Hua-Yan Yang, Kui Wang, Wen-Guang Yao, Kai Jiang, Xiao-Lan Huang, and Zhi Zheng. "Antineoplastic activities of protein-conjugated silver sulfide nano-crystals with different shapes." Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry 104, no. 1 (January 2010): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2009.10.015.

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17

Logoglu, Faruk, Patrick Albert, Douglas Wolfe, and Marek Flaska. "Experimental and Simulation Investigation of Micro- and Nano-Structured Neutron Detectors." EPJ Web of Conferences 253 (2021): 11010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202125311010.

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We are investigating different micro- and nano-structure approaches to neutron detection based on inorganic scintillators. Specifically, we have been assessing various neutron converter-scintillator configurations through simulations and experiments. One promising inorganic scintillator is ZnO due to its relatively high light yield[1], reasonable optical transparency in the visible region[2], and relatively low refractive index[3] compared to other Zn-based crystals such as ZnS[4]. Accurate optical data and rigid simulation tools are necessary to optimize the dimensions of the neutron converter/scintillator systems. Accurate optical data are necessary since the optical parameters of a material depend on a variety of factors, including but not limited to its morphology, crystal structure, surface quality (surface roughness), as well as the temperature at which it was manufactured. Therefore, literature data show significant discrepancy when it comes to the optical parameters for the material and it is important to accurately measure these quantities for the specific sample of interest. Neutron detection is a complex process that includes neutron transport, charged particle transport, and light transport in the active detection medium. Hence, a rigid simulation tool is required to handle all these different areas of physics with sufficient accuracy. In this work, Geant4 has been chosen to carry out the simulations of these processes. Geant4 (GEometry ANd Tracking) is a toolkit used in various applications including high energy physics, astrophysics, and radiation detection[5]. The optical simulation capabilities of Geant4 have been validated by comparing the transmission and reflection data from UV-Vis spectroscopy to the Geant4 models for different Zn-based crystals. After validating the optical response of single crystals, simulation models were constructed to model more complex structures of ZnS-based alpha detection sheets (EJ-440) from Eljen Technology. Optical parameters validated with experimental results have been used in radiation simulation in Geant4. This study will serve as a basis for our ongoing effort to optimize and manufacture an efficient and compact fast neutron detection module with microand nano-structures.

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18

Babentsov, V., J. Riegler, J. Schneider, O. Ehlert, T. Nann, and M. Fiederle. "Deep level defect luminescence in cadmium selenide nano-crystals films." Journal of Crystal Growth 280, no. 3-4 (July 2005): 502–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2005.03.086.

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19

Find, J., S. C. Emerson, I. M. Krausz, and W. R. Moser. "Hydrodynamic cavitation as a tool to control macro-, micro-, and nano-properties of inorganic materials." Journal of Materials Research 16, no. 12 (December 2001): 3503–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2001.0481.

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Hydrodynamic cavitation was shown to be a powerful tool for the synthesis of nanostructured catalysts, ceramics, and piezoelectrics in high phase purities. The macro-, micro-, and nano- properties of solid-state materials could be controlled through adjusting the cavitational regime during synthesis by simple mechanical adjustment. The synthesis of nanostructured titania, piezoelectrics, perovskites, supported and unsupported cobalt molybdates, and Pd and Ag supported on alumina illustrate changes in morphology and size of crystals, growth in a preferred orientation of crystallites, and control of crystallographic strain and size compared to classically prepared materials. The high shear and cavitational forces during synthesis induce micro-strain into the materials and are a function of the Reynolds and cavitation numbers.

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20

Tan, Jianbing, Jianhao Liu, and Liling Ran. "A Review of Pharmaceutical Nano-Cocrystals: A Novel Strategy to Improve the Chemical and Physical Properties for Poorly Soluble Drugs." Crystals 11, no. 5 (April 22, 2021): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11050463.

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Nowadays, many commercial drugs have poor solubility and bioavailability. Cocrystals are formulated to modulate active pharmaceutical ingredients’ properties with improved solubility, dissolution, and bioavailability compared to their pristine individual components in the pharmaceutical industry. Nano-cocrystals, crystals in the nano range, can further enhance these properties because of not only the cocrystal structure, but also the large surface to volume ratio of nanocrystals. Even though there are many studies on cocrystals, the research of pharmaceutical nano-cocrystals is still in the initial stage. Thus, it is necessary to conduct a systematic study on pharmaceutical nano-cocrystals. In this review, the possible preparation approaches of nano-cocrystals have been reported. To have a comprehensive understanding of nano-cocrystals, some analytical techniques and characterizations will be discussed in detail. In addition, the feasible therapeutic application of nano-cocrystals will be presented. This work is expected to provide guidance to develop new nano-cocrystals with commercial value in the pharmaceutical industry.

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21

Zou, Xiaodong. "Single Crystal 3D Rotation Electron Diffraction from Nano-sized Crystals." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314096338.

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Electron crystallography is an important technique for structure analysis of nano-sized materials. Crystals too small or too complicated to be studied by X-ray diffraction can be investigated by electron crystallography. However, conventional TEM methods requires high TEM skills and strong crystallographic knowledge, which many synthetic materials scientists and chemists do not have. We recently developed the software-based Rotation Electron Diffraction (RED) method for automated collection and processing of 3D electron diffraction data. Complete single crystal 3D electron diffraction data can be collected from nano- and micron-sized crystals in less than one hour by combining electron beam tilt and goniometer tilt, which are controlled by the RED – data collection software.3 The unit cell, possible space groups and electron diffraction intensities can be obtained from the RED data using the RED data processing software. The figure below illustrates the data collection and data processing of a zeolite silicalite-1 by RED. 1427 ED frames were collected in less than 1 hour from a crystal of 800 x 400 x 200 nm in size. A 3D reciprocal lattice of silicalite-1 was reconstructed from the ED frames, from which the unit cell parameters and space group were determined (P21/n, a=20.02Å, b=20.25Å, c=13.35Å, alfa=90.130, beta=90.740, gamma=90.030. It was possible to cut the 3D reciprocal lattice perpendicular to any directions and study the reflection conditions. The reflection intensities could be extracted. The structure of the calcined silicalite-1 could be solved from the RED data by routine direct methods using SHELX-97. All 78 unique Si and O atoms could be located and refined to an accuracy better than 0.08 Å. The RED method has been applied for structure solution of a wide range of crystals and shown to be very powerful and efficient. Now a structure determination can be achieved within a few hours, from the data collection to structure solution. We will present several examples including unknown inorganic compounds, metal-organic frameworks and organic structures solved from the RED data. Different parameters that affect the RED data quality and thus the structure determination will be discussed. The methods are general and can be applied to any crystalline materials.

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22

Tavella, Christian, Paola Lova, Martina Marsotto, Giorgio Luciano, Maddalena Patrini, Paola Stagnaro, and Davide Comoretto. "High Refractive Index Inverse Vulcanized Polymers for Organic Photonic Crystals." Crystals 10, no. 3 (February 28, 2020): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10030154.

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Photonic technologies are nowadays dominated by highly performing inorganic structures that are commonly fabricated via lithography or epitaxial growths. Unfortunately, the fabrication of these systems is costly, time consuming, and does not allow for the growth of large photonic structures. All-polymer photonic crystals could overcome this limitation thanks to easy solubility and melt processing. On the other hand, macromolecules often do not offer a dielectric contrast large enough to approach the performances of their inorganic counterparts. In this work, we demonstrate a new approach to achieve high dielectric contrast distributed Bragg reflectors with a photonic band gap that is tunable in a very broad spectral region. A highly transparent medium was developed through a blend of a commercial polymer with a high refractive index inverse vulcanized polymer that is rich in sulfur, where the large polarizability of the S–S bond provides refractive index values that are unconceivable with common non-conjugated polymers. This approach paves the way to the recycling of sulfur byproducts for new high added-value nano-structures.

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23

Xiao, Yu Mei, Xu Dong Li, Hong Song Fan, Xiang Dong Zhu, Li Zhao Teng, Zhong Wei Gu, and Xing Dong Zhang. "A Novel Preparation Method for Nano-HA/PLA Composite with Grafted PLA." Key Engineering Materials 309-311 (May 2006): 1105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.309-311.1105.

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Good interfacial interaction is crucial for preparation of inorganic-organic materials at a nanometer level. Poly(α-methacrylic acid) (PMAA) was grafted on the PLA surfaces via photooxidization and subsequent UV induced polymerization in an attempt to synthesize nano-hydroxyapatite/poly(lactide) (n-HA/PLA) composites. Grafting of PMAA on the PLA surface was confirmed using FTIR analysis and the size distribution measurement of the grafted-PLA (g-PLA) particles. n-HA/g-PLA composites were in situ synthesized via dropwise addition of Ca2+- and g-PLA containing solution to PO4 3-- solution. The prepared composites were characterized by FTIR, XRD，SEM and TEM means. Analytical results indicated that the g-PLA acts as a template to manipulate the nucleation and growth of n-HA crystals and thereby to control the morphology, size and anisotropy of n-HA crystals and their distribution over the organic phase. Chemical linkages and/or interfacial interactions between the n-HA and the g-PLA in the n-HA/g-PLA composite were further discussed.

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Ding, Bo, Minmin Shi, Fei Chen, Renjia Zhou, Meng Deng, Mang Wang, and Hongzheng Chen. "Shape-controlled syntheses of PbS submicro-/nano-crystals via hydrothermal method." Journal of Crystal Growth 311, no. 6 (March 2009): 1533–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2009.01.086.

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Tang, Z. K., M. Kawasaki, A. Ohtomo, H. Koinuma, and Y. Segawa. "Self-assembled ZnO nano-crystals and exciton lasing at room temperature." Journal of Crystal Growth 287, no. 1 (January 2006): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2005.10.062.

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26

Bertolotti, Federica, Daniele Moscheni, Antonietta Guagliardi, and Norberto Masciocchi. "When Crystals Go Nano - The Role of Advanced X-ray Total Scattering Methods in Nanotechnology." European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 2018, no. 34 (August 28, 2018): 3789–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejic.201800534.

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Bertolotti, Federica, Daniele Moscheni, Antonietta Guagliardi, and Norberto Masciocchi. "When Crystals Go Nano - The Role of Advanced X-ray Total Scattering Methods in Nanotechnology." European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 2018, no. 34 (September 10, 2018): 3786. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejic.201801052.

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28

Wang, Yunchen, Taimin Yang, Hongyi Xu, Xiaodong Zou, and Wei Wan. "On the quality of the continuous rotation electron diffraction data for accurate atomic structure determination of inorganic compounds." Journal of Applied Crystallography 51, no. 4 (July 5, 2018): 1094–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576718007604.

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The continuous rotation electron diffraction (cRED) method has the capability of providing fast three-dimensional electron diffraction data collection on existing and future transmission electron microscopes; unknown structures could be potentially solved and refined using cRED data collected from nano- and submicrometre-sized crystals. However, structure refinements of cRED data using SHELXL often lead to relatively high R1 values when compared with those refined against single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. It is therefore necessary to analyse the quality of the structural models refined against cRED data. In this work, multiple cRED data sets collected from different crystals of an oxofluoride (FeSeO3F) and a zeolite (ZSM-5) with known structures are used to assess the data consistency and quality and, more importantly, the accuracy of the structural models refined against these data sets. An evaluation of the precision and consistency of the cRED data by examination of the statistics obtained from the data processing software DIALS is presented. It is shown that, despite the high R1 values caused by dynamical scattering and other factors, the refined atomic positions obtained from the cRED data collected for different crystals are consistent with those of the reference models refined against single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. The results serve as a reference for the quality of the cRED data and the achievable accuracy of the structural parameters.

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Wang, Likun, Zhaoran Chu, Xuanjun Ning, Ziwei Huang, Wenwei Tang, Weizhong Jiang, Jiayi Ye, and Cheng Chen. "Inverse Colloidal Crystal Polymer Coating with Monolayer Ordered Pore Structure." Crystals 12, no. 3 (March 11, 2022): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12030378.

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A functional lens coating, based on the structure of inversed colloidal photonic crystals, is proposed. The color-reflecting colloidal crystal was first prepared by self-assembly of nano-colloids and was infiltrated by adhesive polymer solution. As the polymer was crosslinked and the crystal array was removed, a robust mesh-like coating was achieved. Such a functional coating has good transmittance and has a shielding efficiency of ~9% for UV–blue light according to different particle sizes of the nano-colloids, making it an ideal functional material.

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Armstrong, Ronald W., and Wayne L. Elban. "Crystal Strengths at Micro- and Nano-Scale Dimensions." Crystals 10, no. 2 (February 5, 2020): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10020088.

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Higher strength levels, achieved for dimensionally-smaller micro- and nano-scale materials or material components, such as MEMS devices, are an important enabler of a broad range of present-day engineering devices and structures. Beyond such applications, there is an important effort to understand the dislocation mechanics basis for obtaining such improved strength properties. Four particular examples related to these issues are described in the present report: (1) a compilation of nano-indentation hardness measurements made on silicon crystals spanning nano- to micro-scale testing; (2) stress–strain measurements made on iron and steel materials at micro- to nano-crystal (grain size) dimensions; (3) assessment of small dislocation pile-ups relating to Griffith-type fracture stress vs. crack-size calculations for cleavage fracturing of α-iron; and (4) description of thermally-dependent strain rate sensitivities for grain size strengthening and weakening for macro- to micro- to nano-polycrystalline copper and nickel materials.

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31

Bala, Rajni, Rakesh K. Sindhu, Bharti Kaundle, Reecha Madaan, and Simona Cavalu. "The prospective of liquid crystals in nano formulations for drug delivery systems." Journal of Molecular Structure 1245 (December 2021): 131117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131117.

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Chen, Shou-Gang, Yan-Sheng Yin, Dao-Ping Wang, and Jia Li. "Reduced activation energy and crystalline size for yttria-stabilized zirconia nano-crystals:." Journal of Crystal Growth 267, no. 1-2 (June 2004): 100–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2004.03.017.

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Srivani, Dr Alla, Gurram Vasanth, Dr GVS Subbaroy Sharma, M. Srinivasa Rao, and Dr P. Ramesh. "Advanced Semiconductor Alloy Alxin1-Xp for Engineering and Medicine." Journal of Community Pharmacy Practice, no. 25 (September 14, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/jcpp.25.1.5.

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Doped Advanced semiconductor materials with different properties are useful for early diagnosis and improved treatment in medical research. This is essential for advanced medical technology and lower mortality rates. New research on impurity-doped nano crystals is important. These dopants can directly affect electron transport in semiconductors, tune the optical properties of nano materials in desirable ways, and impart specific properties to the host. In this research report, we first discuss the factors that need to be considered to systematically control the production of these doped semiconductor materials, then describe various doped materials and typical synthetic approaches and techniques. Innovations in nanotechnology and materials design and their application in early diagnosis and treatment are believed to minimize the number of new cases of related diseases and reduce mortality.1,2,3 From natural to man-made materials, Doped semiconductor nanostructures, including inorganic and organic semiconductors, are increasingly attracting the attention of researchers and scientists worldwide

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Suzuki, Yoshihisa, Takahisa Fujiwara, Katsuo Tsukamoto, Seijiro Fukuyama, Taro Shimaoka, Kazuma Tsuchiya, Ai Ninomiya, et al. "Very Low Nucleation Rates of Glucose Isomerase Crystals under Microgravity in the International Space Station." Crystals 9, no. 2 (February 11, 2019): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst9020090.

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In situ observation of the nucleation and growth of glucose isomerase (GI) crystals under microgravity was conducted using an optical microscope during the first flight of the Advanced Nano Step project undertaken in the International Space Station (ISS). Very low apparent nucleation rates (J’) of GI crystals in the solution and on the substrate of the growth container were confirmed compared with those on the ground. In particular, J’ of GI crystals in the solution were a few times lower than that on the substrate. The growth rates (R) of the {101} faces of GI crystals on the substrate and the apparent growth rates (R’) in the solution were measured. The very low nucleation rates allowed us to successfully measure R at a very high supersaturation region (up to ln(C/Ce) = 6), at which R cannot be measured on the ground.

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De Zitter, Elke, Martin Savko, Damien Jeangerard, Antoine Tissot, Jerome Marot, Emmanuel Cadot, Christian Serre, and William Shepard. "Serial-MOF: developing serial crystallography methods for MOF nano-crystals." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 75, a2 (August 18, 2019): e527-e527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273319090296.

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Wojtyniak, Marcin, Katarzyna Balin, Jacek Szade, and Krzysztof Szot. "Inhomogeneity and Segregation Effect in the Surface Layer of Fe-Doped SrTiO3 Single Crystals." Crystals 10, no. 1 (January 10, 2020): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10010033.

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The effect of Fe doping on SrTiO3 single crystals was investigated in terms of crystal and electronic structure over a wide temperature range in both oxidizing and reducing conditions. The electrical properties were thoroughly studied with a special focus on the resistive switching phenomenon. Contrary to the undoped SrTiO3 crystals, where isolated filaments are responsible for resistive switching, the iron-doped crystals showed stripe-like conducting regions at the nanoscale. The results showed a non-uniform Fe distribution of as-received crystals and the formation of new phases in the surface layer of reduced/oxidized samples. The oxidation procedure led to a separation of Ti(Fe) and Sr, while the reduction resulted in the tendency of Fe to agglomerate and migrate away from the surface as seen from the time of flight mass spectroscopy measurements. Moreover, a clear presence of Fe-rich nano-filament in the reduced sample was found.

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Chen, Ken-Chung, Tzer-Min Lee, Nai-Wei Kuo, Cheng Liu, and Chih-Ling Huang. "Nano/Micro Hierarchical Bioceramic Coatings for Bone Implant Surface Treatments." Materials 13, no. 7 (March 27, 2020): 1548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13071548.

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Bone implants with surface modifications that promote the physiological activities of osteoblasts are the first step for osseointegration in bone repair. Hydroxyapatite is the main inorganic component in mammal bones and teeth, and nanoscaled hydroxyapatite promotes the adhesion of osteoblastic cells. In this study, we created a nano/micro hierarchical structure using micro-arc oxidation coatings and hydrothermal treatments at 150 °C, 175 °C, and 200 °C for 2, 6, 12, and 24 h. After undergoing hydrothermal treatment for 24 h, CaTiO3 began forming regular-shaped crystals at the surface at 175 °C. In order to decrease the CaTiO3 formations and increase the apatite fabrication, a shorter time of hydrothermal treatment was required at 175 °C. There was still surface damage on samples treated for 6 h at 175 °C; however, the nano/micro hierarchical structures were formed in 2 h at 175 °C. The normalized alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities of the MC3T3-E1 cells with micro-arc oxidation (MAO) coatings and nano/micro hierarchical bioceramics coatings were 4.51 ± 0.26 and 7.36 ± 0.51 μmol p-NP/mg protein (*** P value of <0.001), respectively. The MC3T3-E1 cells with coatings showed highly statistically significant results in terms of the ALP activity. This proposed nano/micro hierarchical structure promoted cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of the osteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells. This study realized a promising nano system for osseointegration via bone implant surface treatments, which can promote the physiological activities of osteoblasts.

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Kroll, Peter, and Hendrik J. Schulte. "Nano-sized crystals of silicon embedded in silica glass: large models and new aspects of the electronic structure." Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie 632, no. 12-13 (September 2006): 2089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.200670028.

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Deivatamil, D., Martin Mark John Abel, S. Sivaranjani, Raghavan Thiruneelakandan, and Jesuraj Joseph Prince. "Effect of Cu2+ concentration on MnFe2O4 nano-crystals in its NH3 sensing property." Inorganic Chemistry Communications 127 (May 2021): 108546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2021.108546.

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Li, Biaomin, Shihong Xia, Wei Guo, Zhenhai Yang, Yuheng Zeng, Zhizhong Yuan, and Jichun Ye. "Promoting Light Extraction Efficiency of Ultraviolet Light Emitting Diodes by Nanostructure Optimization." Crystals 12, no. 11 (November 10, 2022): 1601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12111601.

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Ultraviolet (UV) light-emitting diodes (LEDs), as one of the more promising optoelectronic devices, are intrinsically limited by poor light extraction efficiencies (LEEs). To unlock the full potential of UV-LEDs, we propose a simple and effective strategy to promote the LEEs of UV-LEDs by screening and tailoring suitable optical structures/designs through rigorous numerical simulations. The photonic crystals (PCs) and/or nano-patterned sapphire substrates (NPSSs) equipped with the nano-pillar, nano-cone, nano-oval, and their derivates, are particularly investigated. The simulated results show that individual PC with an average transmittance of 28% is more efficient than that of individual NPSS (24.8%). By coupling PC and NPSS structures, a higher LEE with an average transmittance approaching 29% is obtained, much higher than that of the flat one (23.6%). The involved mechanisms are clarified and confirm that the promotion of optical performance of the nanostructured devices should be attributed to the widened response angles (from 0 to 60°), rather than the enhanced transmittances in the small angles within 30°.

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Dorozhkin, Sergey V. "Nano-Sized and Nanocrystalline Calcium Orhophosphates in Biomedical Engineering." Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering 3 (July 2009): 59–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbte.3.59.

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There has been much recent activity in the research area of nanoparticles and nanocrystalline materials, in many fields of science and technology. This is due to their outstanding and unique physical, mechanical, chemical and biological characteristics. Recent developments in biomineralization have demonstrated that nano-sized particles play an important role in the formation of the hard tissues of animals. It is well established that the basic inorganic building blocks of bones and teeth of mammals are nano-sized and nanocrystalline calcium orthophosphates (in the form of apatites) of a biological origin. In mammals, tens to hundreds of nanocrystals of biological apatite are found to combine into self-assembled structures under the control of bio-organic matrixes. It was also confirmed experimentally that the structure of both dental enamel and bones could be mimicked by an oriented aggregation of nano-sized calcium orthophosphates, determined by the biomolecules. The application and prospective use of nano-sized and nanocrystalline calcium orthophosphates for clinical repair of damaged bones and teeth are also known. For example, a greater viability and a better proliferation of various cells were detected on smaller crystals of calcium orthophosphates. Furthermore, studies revealed that the differentiation of various cells was promoted by nano-sized calcium orthophosphates. Thus, the nano-sized and nanocrystalline forms of calcium orthophosphates have the potential to revolutionize the field of hard tissue engineering, in areas ranging from bone repair and augmentation to controlled drug delivery devices. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge and recent developments of various nano-sized and nanocrystalline calcium orthophosphates, covering topics from the synthesis and characterization to biomedical and clinical applications. This review also provides possible directions of future research and development.

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Bartůněk, Vilém, Jakub Rak, Zdeněk Sofer, and Vladimír Král. "Nano-crystals of various lanthanide fluorides prepared using the ionic liquid bmimPF6." Journal of Fluorine Chemistry 149 (May 2013): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluchem.2013.01.035.

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Nagarajan, Hariprasath, D. Sakthi, Meignana Indiran, and Rajesh shanmugam. "Evaluation of antimicrobial property of thymoquinone synthesized with black cumin hydroxyapatite crystals against dental pathogens - An Invitro study." Journal of Complementary Medicine Research 13, no. 5 (2023): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/jcmr.2023.14.02.05.

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Introduction: Nigella sativa, also known as black seed, black cumin, and/or Habbatul Barakah, is a medicinal herbal plant. Thymoquinone (TQ), one of Nigella sativa's active ingredients, has been shown to be anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antimicrobial. Hydroxyapatite (HA) is an inorganic mineral with the apatite lattice structure (A10(BO4)6C2). The aim of the current study is to incorporate thymoquinone with blackcumin hydroxyapatite crystals to form a new nanoformulation and to find out its cytotoxicity and antimicrobial properties against dental pathogens. Materials and method: Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans were the species used. The antimicrobial efficacy of the nanoparticles was evaluated using the agar well diffusion method at different concentrations ranging from 25 micron litres to 100 micron litres. UV double beam spectrophotometers in the wavelength range of 250-750nm were used to characterise the synthesised nanoparticles. Results: The zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus mutans and Candida albicans was found to be highest at 100 L concentration. As the concentrations of new nano formulation solution increased, the mean zone of inhibition grew. Conclusion: The study showed that there is potential antimicrobial property of the new nano formulation against Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus also there is antifungal activity against Candida albicans

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Zhang, Xianfang, Zhengtao Xu, Jiahai Zhou, Xiwen Xing, and Long Li. "Enhancement of Protein Crystallization Using Nano-Sized Metal–Organic Framework." Crystals 12, no. 5 (April 21, 2022): 578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12050578.

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Protein crystallization plays a fundamental role in structural biology and chemistry, drug discovery, and crystallography itself. Determining how to improve the crystal growth is necessary and vital during the whole process. According to the recently published data, crystallizing proteins on nanoporous surfaces (i.e., metal–organic framework, abbreviated as MOF) is faster and demands less protein. However, dispersing micro-sized MOF materials uniformly is still a challenge and limiting process in protein crystallization. Here, we investigate the uniformity of micro-sized MOF under the treatment of the high-pressure homogenizer. At various pressures, the MOF is split into particles of different sizes, including the uniform and stable nano-sized MOF. Crystallization experiments demonstrated its enhancement in protein crystallization, and the number of crystals is significantly increased in the presence of nano-sized MOF. This work explores the use of nano-sized MOF solids to crystallize proteins of limited availability (i.e., insufficient for conventional methods) or of a hard-to-crystallize nature.

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Langroudi, Masoumeh Meskinfam, Masoud Giahi Saravani, and Azita Nouri. "Surfactant-Assisted Synthesis of Polyvinylpyrrolidone-hydroxyapatite Composites as a Bone Filler." Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials 15, no. 4 (January 2017): e334-e340. http://dx.doi.org/10.5301/jabfm.5000348.

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Background Different methods have been used to prepare bone-like composites from inorganic nanoparticles embedded in polymeric matrixes to obtain the properties and structures required for bone fillers. Methods Bone-like nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) was synthesized using a biomimetic method, with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as template and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as surfactant. Results The results demonstrated the formation of HA composites and showed that polymer and surfactant as the polymer capsule can be properly used to control the size, shape, morphology and dispersion of HA crystals. All of the samples were bioactive due to their ability to form carbonate apatite and grow HA on their surface. The MTT assay showed that the samples were biocompatible. Conclusions Based on bioactivity and biocompatibility evaluations, the prepared composites can be considered as good candidates for bone filler applications.

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Khanna, P. K. "Synthesis and Optical Properties of CdSe Nano-crystals: Effective Use of Organoselenium Compound in Nanochemistry." Synthesis and Reactivity in Inorganic, Metal-Organic, and Nano-Metal Chemistry 38, no. 5 (August 5, 2008): 409–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15533170802216114.

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Balashova, Elena, Aleksandr A. Levin, Alexander Fokin, Alexey Redkov, and Boris Krichevtsov. "Structural Properties and Dielectric Hysteresis of Molecular Organic Ferroelectric Grown from Different Solvents." Crystals 11, no. 11 (October 21, 2021): 1278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11111278.

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A comparative analysis of crystal structure, Raman spectra, and dielectric hysteresis loops was carried out for organic ferroelectric crystals of 2-methylbenzimidazole (MBI) grown from ethanol (MBIet), acetone (MBIac), deuterated acetone (MBId-ac), or prepared by sublimation from gas phase (MBIgas). Raman spectroscopy shows identical frequencies of molecular vibrations in all studied crystals, proving the same molecular structure. At the same time, a detailed analysis of the asymmetry of the powder XRD reflection profiles indicates the presence of nano-scaled regions with the same MBI symmetry and crystal structure but slightly different sizes and unit cell parameters. The formation of the MBI modifications is associated with possible penetration of solvent molecules into the voids of the MBI crystal structure. Dielectric hysteresis loops in MBIet and MBId-ac crystals at room temperature demonstrate significantly different values of coercive fields Ec. Analysis of hysteresis loops within the framework of the Kolmogorov-Avrami-Ishibashi (KAI) model shows that the polarization switching in MBId-ac occurs much faster than in MBIet crystals, which in the KAI model is associated with different values of the characteristic frequency ω0 and the activation field Ea of the domains wall motion.

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Fu, Zuoling, Shihong Zhou, Tianqi Pan, and Siyuan Zhang. "Band structure calculations on the monoclinic bulk and nano-SrAl2O4 crystals." Journal of Solid State Chemistry 178, no. 1 (January 2005): 230–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2004.11.032.

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Christensen, Axel Nørlund, Torben R. Jensen, Christian R. H. Bahl, and Elaine DiMasi. "Nano size crystals of goethite, α-FeOOH: Synthesis and thermal transformation." Journal of Solid State Chemistry 180, no. 4 (April 2007): 1431–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2007.01.032.

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Zhang, Changsheng, Kai Fan, Ge Ma, Chi Lei, Wei Xu, Jie Jiang, Bing Sun, Hongxing Zhang, Yunfeng Zhu, and Song Wen. "Efficient Synthesis of Mesoporous Nano ZSM-5 Zeolite Crystals without a Mesoscale Template." Crystals 11, no. 10 (October 15, 2021): 1247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11101247.

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Hierarchical zeolites attract people’s attention due to their enhanced mass transfer properties in catalytic reactions. The research over obtaining these zeolites in green and efficient methods is of great significance for the current post-treatments and templating strategies tend to be costly for hierarchical zeolite synthesis. In this research, nanosized mesoporous ZSM-5 (SN-ZSM-5) zeolites have been synthesized without the addition of mesoscale templates under highly concentrated conditions. The physicochemical characteristics were systematically investigated by XRD, SEM, N2 sorption, TEM, and NMR. The SEM images showed ZSM-5 crystals with sizes between 50–110 nm were obtained. N2 sorption and high-resolution TEM images gave direct evidence for the hierarchical structure of SN-ZSM-5. The forming mechanism for the hierarchical structure was proposed that the etching effect of the highly alkaline environment for the starting gels played a critical role in the formation of hierarchical structure. Catalytic tests in methanol-to-olefins (MTO) showed the SN-ZSM-5 performed a longer catalyst lifetime and higher propylene selectivity than the conventional ZSM-5 zeolites (C-ZSM-5) obtained from a traditional hydrothermal method. The features of hierarchical structure in the SN-ZSM-5 crystals and the sustainability for synthesis method could show a promising choice for wide applications of these SN-ZSM-5 zeolites in the future.

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