Journal articles on the topic 'Inoculation'
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1
Postma, Joeke, and Anita J. G. Luttikholt. "Colonization of carnation stems by a nonpathogenic isolate of Fusarium oxysporum and its effect on Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi." Canadian Journal of Botany 74, no. 11 (November 1, 1996): 1841–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b96-221.
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A nonpathogenic isolate of Fusarium oxysporum, 618-12, added to soil prior to the pathogen, suppressed fusarium wilt (F. o. f.sp. dianthi race 2) in a susceptible cultivar of carnation by 80% compared with the treatment with the pathogen only. The possibility of systemically induced resistance by the nonpathogenic isolate was assessed by inoculating antagonist and pathogen at different locations (stem versus soil, soil versus stem, and in a split-root system). No significant disease suppression was found with any of these spatially separated inoculations. However, inoculation of antagonist and pathogen at the same location within the stem (i.e., mixed stem inoculation) resulted in significant and reproducible disease reductions compared with stem inoculation with the pathogen alone. This reduction was found for different inoculum densities and different cultivars. Several other nonpathogenic Fusarium isolates could also reduce wilt symptoms in the susceptible carnation cultivar after mixed stem inoculation with the pathogen. This disease-suppressive effect after mixed stem inoculations may be caused by locally induced resistance or competition between isolates within the stem. Plants showed vascular browning around the inoculation point following inoculation with nonpathogenic isolates. Disease suppression, as well as vascular browning, were absent when dead conidia of the isolate 618-12 were used. After its addition to soil, the isolate was recovered from 44–78% of carnation stems. Spread of the nonpathogenic isolate within the stem occurred only in the first 4 days after stem inoculation, and it remained confined to limited distances from the inoculation point between 4 and 59 days after inoculation. The pathogenic isolate could be isolated at increasingly greater distances from the inoculation point during this period. These data suggest that the nonpathogenic isolate is not actively spread through the plant by growth of the fungus. Keywords: biological control, competition, induced resistance, wilt.
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Anderson, N. R., J. D. Ravellette, and K. A. Wise. "Improved Method for Injecting Fungal Inoculum into Corn Ears." Plant Health Progress 17, no. 3 (January 2016): 163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-rs-16-0031.
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Corn (Zea mays L.) ear rot pathogens reduce yield and grain quality annually, and research on these pathogens and their interactions with the host can require inoculation of fungal material into the ears. A new system of mechanically inoculating corn ears was designed using a hydration backpack and auto-filling vaccinator with a needle attached. The efficiency of the new system was compared to a previously established inoculation method using a manual syringe method with an 18-gauge blunt end needle attached to a 60-ml syringe, with inoculum carried in a plastic beaker. Inoculation methods were tested by comparing the time to inoculate 100 corn ears with separate conidial suspensions of Fusarium verticillioides and F. graminearum in a replicated field trial. The new mechanical inoculation system reduced inoculation time by 42% (P = 0.0015) when compared to the manual syringe and needle method. Additional benefits of the new method include reduced risk of inoculum contamination, consistent inoculum volume per ear, and increased safety for personnel doing the inoculations. Accepted for publication 25 June 2016. Published 21 July 2016.
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du Toit, Lindsey J., and Jerald K. Pataky. "Variation Associated with Silk Channel Inoculation for Common Smut of Sweet Corn." Plant Disease 83, no. 8 (August 1999): 727–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.8.727.
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Efforts at breeding for resistance to common smut of maize (Zea mays), caused by Ustilago maydis, are hampered by the lack of a reliable and efficient method of inoculation. Silk channel injection is one of the most efficient methods of inoculating for ear galls but is less consistent than acceptable for accurate assessment of the response of genotypes. The objective of this study was to examine how the silk channel inoculation method can be modified to reduce variation while maintaining efficiency for large-scale field inoculations. Variation associated with inoculum concentration and variation among people inoculating were examined. Incidence and severity of symptomatic ears increased with inoculum concentration. Concentrations between 105 and 106 sporidia/ml are recommended. Variation among people was greater than variation among inoculum concentrations. Incidence and severity ratings were lower for people inexperienced at inoculating with U. maydis than for experienced people. Variation among people inoculating can be controlled by appropriate experimental design.
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Griffiths, Phillip D., and Cathy Roe. "Response of Brassica oleracea var. capitata to Wound and Spray Inoculations with Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris." HortScience 40, no. 1 (February 2005): 47–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.1.47.
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Eighteen cabbage breeding lines and cultivars were evaluated for resistance to black rot caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris following wound and spray inoculations at the juvenile and mature stages. Plants were evaluated using four inoculation procedures (juvenile wound, juvenile spray, mature wound, and mature spray) in replicated greenhouse and field experiments. The breeding lines Badger #16, Cornell 101, Cornell 102, NY 4002 and accession PI 426606 exhibited high levels of resistance following all inoculation procedures. `Silver Dynasty' was the most resistant commercial cultivar based on the four tests, yet ranked 12th following the juvenile wound inoculation. The juvenile spray inoculation had a high correlation with both wound and spray inoculations in field experiments (0.89 and 0.86, respectively); however, the juvenile wound inoculation did not correlate well with mature wound and spray inoculations (0.58 and 0.51, respectively). The results indicate that the juvenile wound inoculation is not the most appropriate approach for determining field resistance in Brassica oleracea, and that resistant material could be selected against using this approach. A high correlation between juvenile spray inoculation disease severity ratings and mature plant resistance indicates that plants can be evaluated effectively at the juvenile stage for mature plant resistance to black rot.
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McLeod, Paul, H. A. Scott, and T. E. Morelock. "Temporal Relationships of Watermelon Mosaic Virus 2 Inoculation Date and Symptom Appearance and Yield in Yellow Squash." HortScience 22, no. 5 (October 1987): 877–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.22.5.877.
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Abstract In field studies, appearance of foliar symptoms in yellow squash (Cucurbita pepo L., cv Sundance) provided a better indication of time of watermelon mosaic virus 2 (WMV-2) inoculation than appearance of symptoms in fruit. Although the longest period of time between inoculation and foliar symptom appearance occurred with the last inoculation date (25 Sept.), differences in this period did not differ statistically among inoculation dates. Dates of fruit symptom appearance were more variable and were more related to plant developmental stage than to time of inoculation. The length of disease-free fruiting period and the number of disease-free fruit were reduced severely for plants receiving one of the first four weekly WMV-2 inoculations. Subsequent inoculations failed to reduce squash yield significantly.
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MAY, MAISIE. "Inoculating the urban poor in the late eighteenth century." British Journal for the History of Science 30, no. 3 (September 1997): 291–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087497003099.
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Historical accounts of the practice of smallpox inoculation in the late eighteenth century invariably make a distinction between the widespread general inoculations carried out within small rural parishes and the partial inoculations in urban centres such as London, Manchester, Newcastle and Leeds. This distinction, moreover, is generally reinforced by concluding that the rural inoculation programmes were ‘highly effective’ or ‘successful’ in contrast with the urban inoculation schemes, which are often seen as ‘marginally effective’ or indeed ‘failing’. Success or failure tends to be judged by the impact which inoculation had upon reducing mortality from smallpox, but as a result of this demographic focus the motives behind the implementation of urban inoculation have been overlooked. My paper readjusts this balance by looking more closely at motives and by judging success in relation to aims. To achieve this I have taken a new approach towards the history of smallpox inoculation as a whole, and portray the basic idea of giving a person smallpox in order to confer subsequent immunity as being modified in the hands of different people throughout the course of the century. Hence it is possible to trace the development of inoculation from a folk practice carried out within the home with the aim of protecting individuals, to large-scale general inoculations of an entire community, which aimed to eradicate the disease altogether.
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Pugh, George W., Louisa B. Tabatabai, Marshall Phillips, and Timothy J. McDonald. "Establishment of dose-response relationships in BALB/c mice, using Brucella cell surface protein and lipopolysaccharide." American Journal of Veterinary Research 52, no. 2 (February 1, 1991): 261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1991.52.02.261.
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SUMMARY A study was conducted to determine the immune (increased antibody) and protective (reduced colony-forming units) responses induced in mice by a: (i) single vaccinal inoculation, using various concentrations of Brucella cell surface protein (bcsp) or lipopolysaccharide (lps); (ii) primary inoculation, using various concentrations of bcsp, followed by a secondary inoculation, using a standard concentration of bcsp; and (iii) primary inoculation, using 1 concentration of bcsp or lps, followed by a secondary inoculation, using various concentrations of bcsp or lps. Four weeks after the primary inoculation, mice were challenge exposed with approximately 1 × 104 colony-forming units of Brucella abortus strain 2308 and all mice were euthanatized at 6 weeks. Reduced splenic weights and reduced colony-forming units in the spleens of vaccinated mice, compared with nonvaccinated mice, were the criteria of protection. Increase in serum IgM and IgG was defined as immunity. Both bcsp and lps induced protective and immune responses that were proportional to the dose given up to an optimal limit. However, concentrations higher than optimal decreased the protective and immune responses. This was true for mice given either 1 or 2 vaccinal inoculations. Enhanced secondary protective responses were seen only when suboptimal doses were used in the primary inoculation. Excessive or optimal doses in the secondary inoculations prevented or obscured the protectiveness and immunity by primary inoculations. The protective effects appeared to be additive when suboptimal doses were used in the primary and secondary inoculations. Inoculation of subimmunogenic doses induced a relative reduction in the antibody concentration after challenge exposure, compared with nonvaccinated mice. The overall results indicated that the protective responses induced by bcsp were probably attributable to lps. The results also indicated a linear increase in protection and immune response corresponding to increasing doses up to an optimal dose, and this stoichiometric optimum may be achieved by the use of 1 or more vaccinal inoculations. However, once this optimum was obtained, additional amounts of bcsp or lps cause perturbation of both the protective and serologic responses.
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Shen, Wanna, Long Pan, Yuchen Fu, Yutian Suo, Yinan Zhang, Huixiang Liu, Xiaohua Su, and Jiaping Zhao. "Comparative Study on the Effectiveness of Three Inoculation Methods for Valsa sordida in Populus alba var. pyramidalis." Biology 13, no. 4 (April 9, 2024): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology13040251.
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A key step in the study of tree pathology is the identification of an appropriate method for inoculating pathogens of diseases in branches and trunks. Pathogens of diseases in branches and trunks are commonly inoculated through punching, burning, and toothpick inoculation. However, there is a lack of comparative analyses of the inoculation outcomes of these three methods. In this work, six-year-old P. alba var. pyramidalis were inoculated with V. sordida using punching, burning, and toothpick techniques to investigate the differences in the effectiveness of these inoculation methods. Results reveal that the incidence rate was 93.55% in the toothpick inoculation group, significantly higher than the 80.65% in the burning inoculation group (chi-square, n = 90, p = 0.007), while punching inoculation exhibited significant pathological responses in the early stages, with spontaneous healing in the later stage. Additionally, toothpick inoculation was more efficient in inducing Valsa canker when inoculating the pathogen at the bottom of the tree, with lower intra- and inter-row spacing (stand density) providing better outcomes than higher intra- and inter-row spacing. The results of this study demonstrate that toothpick inoculation is an optimal option for studying the artificial inoculation of V. sordida in six-year-old P. alba var. pyramidalis, providing technical support for research on poplar diseases and offering a theoretical basis for the inoculation of other diseases in the branch and trunk.
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Rousseau, G., T. Huynh Thanh, D. Dostaler, and S. Rioux. "Greenhouse and field assessments of resistance in soybean inoculated with sclerotia, mycelium, and ascospores of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 84, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 615–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p03-003.
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Thirty-five soybean lines were evaluated for sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) resistance using stem inoculations with mycelium in the field and greenhouse, flower inoculations with mycelium or ascospores in the field and greenhouse, and soil infestation with sclerotia in the field, between 1997 and 2000. Symptoms were evaluated by stem lesion length (SLL, mm) and lesion extension (LE, mm) after stem inoculations; infected flowers (IF, %) and a disease severity index (DSI, %) after flower inoculations with ascospores and mycelium; and a DSI after soil infestation with sclerotia. Results show significant differences among lines for SLL and LE in the greenhouse and for IF and DSI in the field and greenhouse. Significant correlations were found between stem inoculation and sclerotia method and between all trials with flower inoculation using either ascospores or mycelium. Maple Donovan and Frisquet were the least susceptible genotypes after flower inoculations with ascospores, whereas OAC Bayfield was the most susceptible. Maple Donovan was also the least susceptible genotype after mycelium stem inoculation in the trials in 2000, while OAC Bayfield was again the most susceptible. Nattosan was the most susceptible genotype in trials conducted in the fields infested with sclerotia. In this study, flower inoculations provided better discrimination than stem inoculations in the assessment of soybean genotypes for SSR resistance, and the results suggested two phenotypes of partial or incomplete resistance, one occurring in the flower, and the other in the stem. Key words: Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, soybean, mycelium, ascospores, inoculation, resistance
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Badmos, Adebayo, and Kelvin Fakehinde. "Multiple inoculations of ductile iron and the effects on properties." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 4, no. 4 (November 5, 2015): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v4i4.4872.
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Multiple inoculation of ductile iron and the effects on the structure and mechanical properties have being investigated. Samples of ductile iron were produced with inoculation carried out either once or twice and with different materials as inoculants. Ferrosilicon was used for the primary inoculation and either ferrosilicon or nickel-ferrosilicon for the secondary inoculation. It is observed that the nodules produced are more and finer with multiple inoculations and the effect is more pronounced with nickel-ferrosilicon as the secondary inoculant. Multiple inoculations produce an increase in the hardness of ductile iron when ferrosilicon is used as the secondary inoculant while a decrease in the hardness is observed with nickel-ferrosilicon despite the finer nodules. This is explained by the fact that nickel enhances graphitization in cast iron thereby depleting carbon in the matrix and making the cast iron weaker but with more nodules.
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Jacobi, W. R. "Seasonal Effects on Wound Susceptibility and Canker Expansion in Honeylocusts Inoculated with Thyronectria Austro-Americana." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 18, no. 6 (November 1, 1992): 288–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1992.055.
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Field-grown Gleditsiatriacanthos seedlings were inoculated each month for two years with the fungus Thyronectria austro-americana. Resulting canker sizes were recorded monthly for one year after inoculation. The season in which inoculations occurred had a significant effect on average canker size. Canker size was largest after summer and fall inoculations, and smallest after winter and spring inoculations. Canker expansion ceased 7-10 months after inoculation in the fall, winter, and summer, and 3 - 4 months after spring inoculations. Thus, cankers resulting from spring inoculations were small and only expanded for a few months before host defenses stopped expansion. Cultivars (Skyline, Imperial, Sunburst) and one seedling selection (Thornless) were inoculated at 0, 7,14, and 21 days after wounding in the spring, summer, and fall of 1986 and 1987. Wounds remained susceptible to infection between 7 and 14 days in all but one season during the experiment. In 1986, spring wounds remained susceptible for 21 days. Thus, the season of inoculation did not greatly affect the duration wounds remained susceptible.
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Scott, S. J., M. Stevens, and R. C. Gergerich. "TITER OF TOMATO SPOTTED WILT VIRUS IN THREE TOMATO SPECIES VARIES WITH THE LEAVES INOCULATED BUT NOT LIGHT INTENSITY." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1076g—1076. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1076g.
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Three methods to inoculate Lycopersicon esculentum 'VF Pink' seedlings with tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) were compared. Treatments were 1) two inoculations by hand (rubbing leaves with a sterile cotton swab), 2) a single inoculation using a paint sprayer at 3.56 × 105 N· m-2, and 3) two spray inoculations. All three methods were effective (>95% infection) under moderate temperatures in the spring, but hand inoculation was not effective under hot conditions in the summer. In another experiment, spray inoculation was used to compare effects of light intensity and the leaf inoculated on susceptibility of L.. hirsutum PI 127826, L. pimpinellifoliom LA 1580 and `VF Pink' to TSWV isolate 85-9. All three genotypes were susceptible under full sun and 60% shade cloth in the greenhouse. Inoculation of youngest leaves produced the highest virus titer. Background optical density for noninoculated plants differed between lower and upper leaves in the ELISA assay.
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Compton, Josh, and Brian Kaylor. "Inoculating for Small Pox Inoculation Objections in Reverend Cooper’s Letter to a Friend in the Country." Journal of Communication and Religion 36, no. 1 (2013): 92–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jcr20133615.
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The early 18th century rhetoric of Boston minister William Cooper reflects inoculation theory’s two principle components—(1) threat and (2) refutational preemption—in Cooper’s pamphlet, A Reply to the Objections Made Against Taking the Small Pox in the Way of Inoculation from Principles of Conscience, Letter to a Friend in the Country. Faced with religious opposition to medical inoculation, Cooper attempted to use attitudinal inoculation and religious arguments against such anti-medical inoculation rhetoric. We turn to a social scientific model to frame a rhetorical analysis of Cooper’s unique strategies, and the essay concludes with an exploration of contemporary health communication attempts to assuage fears of biological inoculations, with identified similarities with Cooper’s rhetoric. Additionally, we consider implications of Cooper’s arguments composed of intertwined science and scripture.
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Compton, Josh. "Inoculating Against a Losing Season: Can Inoculation-Informed Public Relations Strategies Protect Fan Loyalty?" International Journal of Sport Communication 9, no. 1 (March 2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2015-0116.
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Inoculation theory is a classic theory of resistance to influence, modeling a way to confer resistance to challenges based on biological inoculation processes. This commentary explores inoculation’s efficacy in the applied context of sport communication, with special consideration of how inoculation may guide sportmarketing strategies to preemptively bolster existing support for a team in the face of challenges (e.g., a losing season).
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LeBoldus, Jared M., Peter V. Blenis, and Barb R. Thomas. "A Method to Induce Stem Cankers by Inoculating Nonwounded Populus Clones with Septoria musiva Spore Suspensions." Plant Disease 94, no. 10 (October 2010): 1238–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-02-10-0094.
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Most artificial inoculations of Populus spp. stems with Septoria musiva have required host wounding to induce canker development; in the absence of wounds, frequencies of cankers have been low. Three greenhouse inoculation experiments were conducted to demonstrate the reliability and repeatability of an inoculation method that did not require wounding. In the first, 16 clones of hybrid poplar were inoculated with three isolates of S. musiva to compare responses following wounding and inoculation with mycelium (wound inoculation) with responses following inoculation of nonwounded trees by spraying with a conidial suspension (spray inoculation). Stem disease severity among clones following spray inoculation was correlated with stem disease severity following wound inoculation. A significant clone–isolate interaction was detected with spray inoculation but not wound inoculation. In the other two greenhouse experiments, 29 clones of hybrid poplar and 69 clones of Populus balsamifera were inoculated with a spore suspension mixture of three isolates. In both cases, the experimental error was similar to that obtained in previous experiments, in which trees were wound inoculated, and was adequately small to permit detection of differences in responses among clones. Ultimately, field studies will be needed to determine the best inoculation method for predicting stem responses to this pathogen under field conditions. However, relative to wound inoculation, spray inoculation of nonwounded trees has the advantage of yielding faster results, permitting inoculation with a mixture of isolates, and not circumventing potential mechanisms for resisting penetration. The ability to infect stems without wounding creates opportunities for numerous types of epidemiological and disease control studies that are difficult to conduct with wound inoculation.
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Cole, Leah E., Kristen L. Toffer, Robert A. Fulcher, Lani R. San Mateo, Paul E. Orndorff, and Thomas H. Kawula. "A Humoral Immune Response Confers Protection against Haemophilus ducreyi Infection." Infection and Immunity 71, no. 12 (December 2003): 6971–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.12.6971-6977.2003.
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ABSTRACT Haemophilus ducreyi is the etiologic agent of the sexually transmitted genital ulcer disease chancroid. Neither naturally occurring chancroid nor experimental infection with H. ducreyi results in protective immunity. Likewise, a single inoculation of H. ducreyi does not protect pigs against subsequent infection. Accordingly, we used the swine model of chancroid infection to examine the impact of multiple inoculations on a host's immune response. After three successive inoculations with H. ducreyi, pigs developed a modestly protective immune response evidenced by the decreased recovery of viable bacteria from lesions. All lesions biopsied 2 days after the first and second inoculations contained viable H. ducreyi cells, yet only 55% of the lesions biopsied 2 days after the third inoculation did. Nearly 90% of the lesions biopsied 7 days after the first inoculation contained viable H. ducreyi cells, but this percentage dropped to only 16% after the third inoculation. Between the first and third inoculations, the average recovery of CFU from lesions decreased approximately 100-fold. The reduced recovery of bacteria corresponded directly with a fivefold increase in H. ducreyi-specific antibody titers and the emergence of bactericidal activity. These immune sera were protective when administered to naïve pigs prior to challenge with H. ducreyi. These data suggest that pigs mount an effective humoral immune response to H. ducreyi after multiple exposures to the organism.
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Lamontagne, Nancy, and Antoine Collin. "Inoculation." L'Information géographique Vol. 86, no. 4 (December 6, 2022): 107–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/lig.864.0107.
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Gunasundari, J., and K. Rajendran. "BIOFORMULATION FOR THE QUALITY SEEDLING PRODUCTION OF AZADIRACHTA INDICA A. JUSS. IN TROPICAL NURSERY CONDITIONS." Journal of Advanced Scientific Research 13, no. 08 (September 30, 2022): 102–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.55218/jasr.202213815.
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Nursery experiments were conducted to select the suitable biofertilizers combination to attain quality seedlings of Neem. The biofertilizers such as Azospirillum, Paenibacillus and AM fungus (Glomus fasciculatum) were inoculated by separately and various combinations with each other at time of seed sowing. Shoot length, root length, collar diameter, and shoot and root dry weight were recorded on 80 days after treatment. Results showed that the total length of seedlings and biomass were significantly increased in the seedlings treated with combined inoculation of Azospirillum + Paenibacillus + AM fungus when compared to control. Among the individual inoculation, Paenibacillus (T1) showed better response than other individual inoculation. Within double inoculations, Azospirillum + Paenibacillus (T4) was superior when compared with other double inoculations. In general Azospirillum and its combination with other biofertilizers had more root length and biomass than other treatments.
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Haran, Mohammed S., and Abdal Zahra T. Thaher. "Effect Bio-fertilizer of Bacillus, Azotobacter and Pseudomonas floresence in the Growth and Production of Corn Plant (Zea mays L.)." Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences 32 (November 22, 2019): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2019.252.
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A field experiment was carried out with the use of complete randomized block design (CRBD) to study the effect of five bacterial inoculations (non- inoculation, inoculation with phosphate soluble bacteria, inoculation with Azotobacter bacteria, inoculation with Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacterial mixture). Two levels of salinity of irrigation water 3 and 6 dS.m-1 and four levels of phosphate fertilizer (0, 40, 80 and 120 kgP.ha-1). The results showed that the mixed inoculation of phosphate soluble bacteria, Azotobacter and P. fluorescens bacteria were superior to the rest of the single bacterial inoculation in plant height, dry weight of the shoot part, total grain yield, weight of 100 grains, grain weight in cop, leaf surface area, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentrations in the vegetative growth and grain with 33.08%, 31.90%, 61.07%, 44.99%, 62.06%, 36.94%, 12.8%, 31.5%, 156.5%, 272.3%, 39.5% and 75.1%, respectively, in comparison with the non- inoculation and irrigated water treatment of 6 dS.m-1 (T0S2P0), while the inoculation of phosphorus soluble bacteria did not differ significantly from the P.fluorescence inoculation in most of these traits. T3S2P3 was not significantly differ from T4S2P3 combined in the increase of plant height and total grain yield compared to the non- inoculation and non-phosphorous treated at the salt level 3and6 dS.m-1. The single-dose T2S2P3 did not differ significantly from the combined T4S2P3 3 and 6 dS.m-1.
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Solheim, Halvor, Bo Långström, and Claes Hellqvist. "Pathogenicity of the blue-stain fungi Leptographiumwingfieldii and Ophiostomaminus to Scots pine: effect of tree pruning and inoculum density." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23, no. 7 (July 1, 1993): 1438–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x93-181.
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The pathogenicity of the blue-stain fungi Leptographiumwingfieldii Morelet and Ophiostomaminus (Hedge.) H. et P. Syd., associated with the pine shoot beetle Tomicuspiniperda (L.), was determined on pruned and unpruned Scots pine (Pinussylvestris L.) trees. Both fungi killed unpruned trees when inoculated in a 60 cm wide band at a density of 800 inoculations/m2, while severely pruned trees were killed by an inoculation density of 400 inoculations/m2. Trees inoculated with L. wingfieldii died sooner after inoculation than trees inoculated with O. minus.
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Grieve, Robert B., Glenn R. Frank, V. Ann Stewart, Jim C. Parsons, Debra L. Belasco, and Douglas I. Hepler. "Chemoprophylactic effects of milbemycin oxime against larvae of Dirofilaria immitis during prepatent development." American Journal of Veterinary Research 52, no. 12 (December 1, 1991): 2040–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1991.52.12.2040.
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SUMMARY Three studies were conducted to determine the efficacy of milbemycin oxime in the prevention of Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs. Dogs were given single or multiple experimental inoculations with infective third-stage D immitis larvae and were treated with milbemycin oxime at a target dosage of 0.5 mg/kg of body weight either once or at monthly intervals at various times after inoculation. The compound was effective in preventing infection when 1 dose was administered 30 or 45 days after inoculation. Significant, but incomplete, protection was achieved when single treatments were administered 60 or 90 days after inoculation. Multiple monthly treatments beginning 60 days after inoculation appeared to provide additive effects that resulted in restoration of complete efficacy.
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Huang, Lei, Yuji He, and Yanjun Guo. "The Efficiency of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Promoting Alfalfa Growth in Acid Soils." Journal of Agricultural Science 9, no. 4 (March 14, 2017): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v9n4p186.
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High concentrations of soil Al3+ in acid soil severely influence the growth of Medicago sativa (alfalfa). The objective of the current study was to analyze whether Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) inoculation could improve alfalfa growth in acid soils. A two-way completely randomized factorial design was employed for M. sativa and M. lupulina (black medick) with two inoculations (rhizobia and AMF) and three Al3+ levels, and replicated four times. The soil Al3+ levels were adjusted to 900 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg and 1100 mg/kg. Spores of AMF were isolated directly from rhizosphere soils of black medick. The rhizobia were isolated from root nodules in fields separately from two plant species. At each Al3+ level, there were four inoculations, non-inoculation, AMF solely, rhizobia solely and dual-inoculation with AMF and rhizobia. Soil Al3+ concentration significantly limited above- and below-ground growth of both alfalfa and black medick, reducing plant height, branching number, shoot and root weight, and root length, surface area and volume. Compared to rhizobia, AMF showed a higher tolerance to soil Al3+. AMF inoculation increased the shoot and root weight of both plant species under most circumstances. Overall, AMF colonization had a trend in increasing the contents of phosphorus in both plant species at all Al3+ concentrations but not nitrogen and potassium. Dual inoculation significantly increased nodulation ability, enabling both plant species to form nodules at 900 and 1000 mg/kg Al3+. Though the soil Al3+ concentration influenced the efficiency of AMF inoculation, AMF inoculation improved nodulation, increased plant growth and nutrient uptake, suggesting that it was an alternative way in improving alfalfa growth in acid soils.
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Guo, Yonghong, Richard T. Olsen, Matthew Kramer, and Margaret Pooler. "Use of Mycelium and Detached Leaves in Bioassays for Assessing Resistance to Boxwood Blight." Plant Disease 100, no. 8 (August 2016): 1622–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-01-16-0016-re.
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Boxwood blight caused by Calonectria pseudonaviculata is a newly emergent disease of boxwood (Buxus spp. L.) in the United States that causes leaf drop, stem lesions, and plant death. A rapid and reliable laboratory assay that enables screening hundreds of boxwood genotypes for resistance to boxwood blight is needed to enable breeding and selection of resistant cultivars. Using eight boxwood cultivars with differing susceptibilities, we examined parameters for a screening assay comparing whole plant inoculation with detached leaf inoculation, use of mycelium versus spores as the inoculum, comparison of times of the year for inoculation, and comparison of two leaf inoculation methods. Inoculation of detached leaves gave comparable results to inoculation of whole plants when compared across genotypes, although the detached leaf assay resulted in greater percentages of symptom expression. The time of year of plant inoculation (spring, summer, or winter) did not affect the relative expression of symptoms among the most resistant and susceptible genotypes. Inoculating plants with mycelium was as effective as spore inoculation for causing disease symptoms and allowed us to distinguish the more resistant genotypes, yet mycelium inoculation was much easier to prepare in large quantities for multiple assays.
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Enebak, S. A., M. E. Ostry, and N. A. Anderson. "Inoculation methods for selecting Populus tremuloides resistant to Hypoxylon canker." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29, no. 8 (September 1, 1999): 1192–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x99-062.
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Canker expansion and the amount of callus tissue formed were measured monthly on 60 ramets from each of five trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) clones that had been inoculated in wounds with Entoleuca mammata (= Hypoxylon mammatum (Wahl.) Mill.) over a 12-month period. At the clone level, the prevalence of nonlethal cankers within clones prior to the study had no correlation with canker expansion with three of the five clones. Greenhouse inoculation of ramets derived from the same five clones resulted in the same resistance rankings as main-stem inoculations in the field. One isolate, Hm-27, produced longer cankers, and less callus developed on all clones compared with trees inoculated with the less aggressive strain, Hm-24. Cankers developed only on clones that were inoculated during the months of April through July with April inoculations resulting in the largest cankers. These results indicate that there is a limited time frame when wounds on aspen are susceptible to infection by artificial inoculation with the pathogen as many wound inoculations neither produced cankers nor wound callus. Comparing inoculation methods, either main-stem inoculations in the field or greenhouse inoculations coupled with the natural canker prevalence could be used to include or exclude clones for use in an aspen breeding program.
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Barakat, R. M., and D. A. Johnson. "Expansion of Cankers Caused by Leucostoma cincta on Sweet Cherry Trees." Plant Disease 81, no. 12 (December 1997): 1391–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.12.1391.
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Wounds made in July 1987 and fresh pruning cuts made monthly from August 1989 to July 1990 on sweet cherry trees were inoculated with Leucostoma cincta. Infection occurred each month, with a higher percentage of wounds becoming infected during the spring and summer than during the winter months. Inoculation with conidia placed directly on wounds or inoculation with pruning shears contaminated with conidia and mycelia resulted in the same incidence and severity of cankers. Canker enlargement was related to increasing monthly temperature. Greatest canker enlargement usually occurred from April through August. The period of least canker enlargement occurred from October through January. The largest cankers resulted from inoculations in July, and the smallest cankers resulted from inoculations in November, December, and January. Canker expansion curves were significantly described by cubic or quadratic equations for inoculation made during 10 of 12 months.
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Driskel, Barbara A., Robert M. Hunger, Mark E. Payton, and Jeanmarie Verchot-Lubicz. "Response of Hard Red Winter Wheat to Soilborne wheat mosaic virus Using Novel Inoculation Methods." Phytopathology® 92, no. 4 (April 2002): 347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2002.92.4.347.
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Soilborne wheat mosaic virus (SBWMV) is an agronomically important pathogen of wheat that is transmitted by the soilborne plasmodiophorid vector Polymyxa graminis. In the laboratory, attempts to generate SBWMV-infected plants are often hampered by poor infectivity of the virus. To analyze the mechanism for virus resistance in wheat cultivars, we developed novel inoculation techniques. A new technique for foliar inoculation of SBWMV was developed that eliminated wound-induced necrosis normally associated with rub inoculating virus to wheat leaves. This new technique is important because we can now uniformly inoculate plants in the laboratory for studies of host resistance mechanisms in the inoculated leaf. Additionally, wheat plants were grown hydroponically in seed germination pouches and their roots were inoculated with SBWMV either by placing P. graminis-infested root material in the pouch or by mechanically inoculating the roots with purified virus. The susceptibility of one SBWMV susceptible and three field resistant wheat cultivars were analyzed following inoculation of plants using these novel inoculation techniques or the conventional inoculation technique of growing plants in P. graminis-infested soil. The results presented in this study suggest that virus resistance in wheat likely functions in the roots to block virus infection.
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Kimura-Takeuchi, M., J. A. Majde, L. A. Toth, and J. M. Krueger. "Influenza virus-induced changes in rabbit sleep and acute phase responses." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 263, no. 5 (November 1, 1992): R1115—R1121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1992.263.5.r1115.
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Systematic investigations of sleep after viral inoculation have not previously been described. In the present study, rabbits were inoculated intravenously (iv) with control allantoic fluid followed by two sequential inoculations of influenza virus at intervals of 24 h. After each i.v. inoculation, sleep and brain temperature (Tbr), as well as leukocyte distributions and serum levels of antiviral activity and ceruloplasmin, were monitored. The first viral inoculation elicited several acute phase responses, including increased non-rapid-eye-movement sleep (NREMS), Tbr, serum antiviral activity, and serum ceruloplasmin levels, as well as neutrophilia and lymphopenia. In contrast to the effects of the first inoculation, after the second inoculation of virus, all these acute phase parameters were diminished or absent (the hyporesponsive state). Inoculation of naive rabbits with heat-inactivated virus was similarly ineffective; however, inoculation of this group of rabbits with viable virus 24 h later did induce full-scale acute phase responses. The possible role of cytokines in mediating the acute phase response after influenza viral challenge is discussed. Results support the hypothesis that sleep is a facet of the acute phase response involved in host defense mechanisms.
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Siddiqui, Zaki A., Riaz A. Mir, and Irshad Mahmood. "EFFECTS OF MELOIDOGYNE INCOGNITA, FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM F.SP. PISI, RHIZOBIUM SP., AND DIFFERENT SOIL TYPES ON GROWTH, CHLOROPHYLL, AND CAROTENOID PIGMENTS OF PEA." Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 47, no. 4 (May 13, 1999): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07929978.1999.10676781.
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The effects of Meloidogyne incognita, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. pisi, Rhizobium sp., and different soil types on growth and chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments of pea were examined in single, simultaneous, and sequential inoculations. Soil with a 3:1 (v:v) clay:sand ratio produced the most plant growth and the largest concentrations of chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments when compared with the other soil types. Meloidogyne incognita and F. oxysporum alone caused similar reductions in plant growth and concentrations of chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments while inoculation of the latter pathogen induced wilt symptoms. M. incognita and F. oxysporum interacted to show severe wilt symptoms compared with F. oxysporum alone. In single inoculation, Rhizobium sp. increased plant growth and chlorophyll and carotenoid pigment concentrations while its inoculation with pathogens reduced damage caused by them. Inoculation of Rhizobium sp. prior to pathogens was more effective in reducing damage than simultaneous inoculation. Inoculation of the pathogens prior to Rhizobium sp. resulted in more damage than simultaneous inoculation. F. oxysporum and Rhizobium sp. decreased nematode multiplication. The severity of wilt disease was greatest in 1:3 and 0:4 clay:sand ratio, while least in 3:1 clay:sand mixture.
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Wosula, E. N., A. J. McMechan, E. Knoell, S. Tatineni, S. N. Wegulo, and G. L. Hein. "Impact of Timing and Method of Virus Inoculation on the Severity of Wheat Streak Mosaic Disease." Plant Disease 102, no. 3 (March 2018): 645–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-08-17-1227-re.
Full textAbstract:
Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), transmitted by the wheat curl mite Aceria tosichella, frequently causes significant yield loss in winter wheat throughout the Great Plains of the United States. A field study was conducted in the 2013–14 and 2014–15 growing seasons to compare the impact of timing of WSMV inoculation (early fall, late fall, or early spring) and method of inoculation (mite or mechanical) on susceptibility of winter wheat cultivars Mace (resistant) and Overland (susceptible). Relative chlorophyll content, WSMV incidence, and yield components were determined. The greatest WSMV infection occurred for Overland, with the early fall inoculations resulting in the highest WSMV infection rate (up to 97%) and the greatest yield reductions relative to the control (up to 94%). In contrast, inoculation of Mace resulted in low WSMV incidence (1 to 28.3%). The findings from this study indicate that both method of inoculation and wheat cultivar influenced severity of wheat streak mosaic; however, timing of inoculation also had a dramatic influence on disease. In addition, mite inoculation provided much more consistent infection rates and is considered a more realistic method of inoculation to measure disease impact on wheat cultivars.
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Roslee, Muhammad Nurrifat, Siti Zarina Mohd Muji, Balkis A. Talip, Norhayati Muhammad, Norazlin Abdullah, Rafidah Hamdan, and Suhaila Sari. "An Automatic Transfusion Set for Accelerating Inoculation Process of Agarwood Artificial Inducer." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.30 (November 30, 2018): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.30.22335.
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The formation of agarwood resin can be accelerated by natural or artificial intervention of Aquilaria tree. Many planters developed varies inoculant or inducer in order to accelerate the formation of agarwood. Aquilaria trees require more than 20 years to form natural agarwood formation naturally, thus it becomes impractical especially for commercial purposes. On the other hand, the production of varies booster commonly unequipped with standard inoculating apparatus. The existing agarwood-inducing techniques require longer time to complete the inoculation process for each tree. Therefore, this study aims to develop a novel automated transfusion set for facilitating the inoculation process of Aquilaria tree. An automatic transfusion is equipped with magnetic sensor to monitor the inoculants volume. The automated transfusion set operated by 12V water pump that controlled by Arduino controller to give a constant pressure during inoculation process. The infusion of inoculants also controlled by Arduino controller with aids of magnetic sensor. Hence, the total volume of inoculants being infused inside the Aquilaria tree can be monitored. The result for the automated transfusion is indeed reduces the time of inoculation process which is roughly 70 ml in 2 hours compared to the conventional techniques (whole tree inoculation and syringes inoculation) by 2 hours for 50 ml. Thus, this invention is potentially benefitting the planters to reduce time and laborious particularly in inoculating liquid inducers or inoculants.
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Smith, Barbara J. "Botrytis Blossom Blight of Southern Blueberries: Cultivar Susceptibility and Effect of Chemical Treatments." Plant Disease 82, no. 8 (August 1998): 924–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.8.924.
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The susceptibility of blueberry flowers at each developmental stage was evaluated by inoculating potted blueberry bushes of the rabbiteye cultivars Climax, Premier, and Tifblue, and the southern highbush cultivars Gulfcoast and Cooper, during bloom with a conidial suspension of Botrytis cinerea and incubating in a dew chamber for 2 days at 20°C and 100% relative humidity. Flower stage was rated at the beginning of each study and at 2 and 4 weeks after inoculation. The efficacy of five fungicides (benomyl, captan, cyprodinil, cyprodinil + CGA173506, and propiconazole) and a surfactant for control of Botrytis blossom blight was evaluated by inoculating Climax and Gulfcoast plants 2 days before or 2 days after treatment with each fungicide. The effect of chemicals used during bloom on the severity of Botrytis blossom blight was evaluated by treating Tifblue and Cooper plants with gibberellic acid, surfactant, and fungicide combinations 1 day prior to inoculation. Botrytis disease symptoms were scored 2 and 4 weeks after inoculation on a visual scale of 0 to 7. Flower susceptibility increased as flower stage at inoculation increased. Tifblue flowers at or near full bloom (stages 5 and 6) at the time of inoculation were very susceptible to Botrytis blossom blight. Flowers treated with benomyl, cyprodinil, and cyprodinil + CGA173506 2 days after inoculation had lower Botrytis severity scores than inoculated flowers not treated with fungicides. Flowers treated with gibberellic acid 1 day prior to inoculation had lower Botrytis scores 2 and 4 weeks later than untreated flowers, while flowers treated with a nonionic surfactant received the same Botrytis severity scores as untreated flowers.
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Pan, Jing, Xian Xue, Cuihua Huang, Fei Peng, Jie Liao, Shaoxiu Ma, Quangang You, and Tao Wang. "Salt Tolerance Strategies of Nitraria tangutorum Bobr. and Elaeagnus angustifolia Linn. Determine the Inoculation Effects of Microorganisms in Saline Soil Conditions." Agronomy 12, no. 4 (April 11, 2022): 913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12040913.
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Increasing salinization threatens the normal growth of halophytes in saline habitats, especially at the seedling stage. Soil beneficial microorganisms have the potential to promote salt tolerance of halophytes, but less attention has been paid to the various responses between different halophytes with microbial inoculations. Here we performed pot experiments to assess the responses of Nitraria tangutorum Bobr. and Elaeagnus angustifolia Linn. to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) inoculation in saline soil conditions. The results showed that neither a single AMF inoculation nor a single PGPR inoculation promoted the growth of N. tangutorum. In contrast, co-inoculation not only promoted biomass accumulation but also promoted the absorption of P, K+, and Ca2+ in the roots, and the accumulation of N, Na+, K+, and Ca2+ in the leaves. Co-inoculation also increased the K+/Na+ ratio in the roots as well as the Ca2+/Na+ ratio in both roots and leaves of N. tangutorum. Na+ is an important inorganic osmolyte, essential for both efficient osmoregulation and biomass accumulation in N. tangutorum. PGPR inoculation alone could not promote the growth of E. angustifolia. AMF inoculation, solely or combined with PGPR, was beneficial to the absorption of K+ and Ca2+ in the roots, the accumulation of N and K+ in the leaves, the maintenance of the K+/Na+ ratio and Ca2+/Na+ ratio in the leaves, the selective transportation of K+ and Ca2+ from roots to leaves, and the accumulation of proline and glycine betaine in the leaves of E. angustifolia. Increased nutrient absorption, ion homeostasis, and K+ and Ca2+ selective transportation in AMF-inoculated E. angustifolia helped reduce the toxic effects of Na+ and the damage caused by osmotic stress in saline soil conditions. “Plant-microbe specificity” leads to the different responses of N. tangutorum and E. angustifolia seedlings to AMF and PGPR inoculation in saline soil conditions. The different salt tolerance strategies for osmoregulation, nutrient acquisition, ion homeostasis, and ion transportation determine the differential responses in N. tangutorum and E.angustifolia to AMF and PGPR inoculations under saline soil conditions.
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Totti, Marilda Aparecida Gonçalves, Elisabete Brasil dos Santos, Oslei Paes de Almeida, Cristiane Yumi Koga-Ito, and Antonio Olavo Cardoso Jorge. "Oral candidosis by Candida albicans in normal and xerostomic mice." Brazilian Oral Research 18, no. 3 (September 2004): 202–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1806-83242004000300005.
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The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of sialoadenectomy on the development of oral candidosis after one or four inoculations of Candida albicans. Initially, a suspension containing 10(8) cells/ml of C. albicans ATCC 36801 was prepared. Seventy-eight sialoadenectomized mice and a similar amount of mice with normal salivary flow received a single inoculation of C. albicans suspension. Another group with a similar number of mice received 4 inoculations. The control group consisted of 6 sialoadenectomized mice and 6 mice with normal salivary flow that were not inoculated with C. albicans. Candidosis development was studied histologically in the tongue of the animals 1, 2, 3, 5, and 8 days after inoculation and at 15-day intervals up to 165 days. According to the results obtained, it could be concluded that sialoadenectomy and a higher frequency of yeast inoculation influenced the presence and extension of candidosis lesions.
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Crean, Thomas I., Manohar John, Stephen B. Calderwood, and Edward T. Ryan. "Optimizing the Germfree Mouse Model for In Vivo Evaluation of Oral Vibrio cholerae Vaccine and Vector Strains." Infection and Immunity 68, no. 2 (February 1, 2000): 977–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.68.2.977-981.2000.
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ABSTRACT The germfree mouse model of Vibrio cholerae infection can be used to judge immune responses to V. choleraevaccine and vector strains. In the original model, a single oral inoculation was administered on day 0, a booster oral inoculation was administered on day 14, and immune responses were analyzed with samples collected on day 28. Unfortunately, immune responses in this model frequently were low level, and interanimal variability occurred. In order to improve this model, we evaluated various primary and boosterV. cholerae inoculation schedules. The most prominent systemic and mucosal antibody responses were measured in mice that received a multiple primary inoculation series on days 0, 2, 4, and 6 and booster inoculations on days 28 and 42. These modifications result in improved preliminary evaluation of V. cholerae vaccine and vector strains in mice.
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S, SUJATHA LILLY, and SANTHANAKRISHNAN P. "INTERACTION EFFECT OF GLOMUS FASCICULATUM AND TRICHODERMA VIRIDE ON THE GROWTH OF SUNFLOWER." Madras Agricultural Journal 86, March (1999): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a00550.
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Combined inoculation of Glomus fasciculatum and Trichoderma viride showed a positive influence on the growth, per cent root colonization by Glomus fasciculatum and uptake of phosphorus by sunflower when compared to individual inoculation or uninoculated control at different stages of sampling. The results show a synergistic effect of Glomus fasciculatum and Trichoderma viride on the growth of sunflower and indicate the potential benefits of using combined inoculations.
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Ross, Darrell W., Patrick Fenn, and Frederick M. Stephen. "Growth of southern pine beetle associated fungi in relation to the induced wound response in loblolly pine." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22, no. 12 (December 1, 1992): 1851–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x92-242.
Full textAbstract:
Growth of the three major fungal associates of Dendroctonusfrontalis Zimmermann in Pinus taeda L. phloem was evaluated with respect to development of the wound-induced lesion following artificial inoculations. Ophiostomaminus (Hedge.) H. & P. Syd. and Ceratocystiopsisranaculosus Perry et Bridges were isolated from apparently healthy phloem 2 cm outside the margin of the visible wound-induced lesion up to 28 days after inoculation. Ophiostomaminus was isolated more often than C. ranaculosus from outside the lesion, and both fungi were isolated less often from outside the lesion with increasing time after inoculation. SJB 122 was never isolated from outside the wound-induced lesion. All fungi were isolated more often adjacent to the inoculation site than at the lesion margin or outside the lesion, and these differences were generally greater with increasing time after inoculation. Following combined inoculations, O. minus inhibited the growth of both mycangial fungi, while C. ranaculosus appeared to inhibit the growth of SJB 122. Inoculations with heat-killed O. minus and C. ranaculosus and two nonpine plant pathogens, Ceratocystisfagacearum (Bretz) Hunt and Hypoxylonatropunctatum (Schw. ex Fr.) Cke., failed to provide strong evidence of chemical elicitors that may stimulate lesion formation in the absence of living fungi capable of growing in the host tissues. Ophiostomaminus grew at least 1.5 cm into the sapwood after 26 days, while C. ranaculosus grew less than 0.5 cm into the sapwood during the same period of time.
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Fernandes, Guilherme Carlos, Poliana Aparecida Leonel Rosa, Arshad Jalal, Carlos Eduardo da Silva Oliveira, Fernando Shintate Galindo, Ronaldo da Silva Viana, Pedro Henrique Gomes De Carvalho, et al. "Technological Quality of Sugarcane Inoculated with Plant-Growth-Promoting Bacteria and Residual Effect of Phosphorus Rates." Plants 12, no. 14 (July 20, 2023): 2699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12142699.
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Phosphate fertilization in highly weathered soils has been a major challenge for sugarcane production. The objective of this work was to evaluate the foliar levels of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) and the technological quality and productivity of second ratoon cane as a function of inoculation with plant-growth-promoting bacteria (PGPBs) together with the residual effect of phosphate fertilization. The experiment was carried out at the research and extension farm of Ilha Solteira, state of São Paulo, Brazil. The experiment was designed in a randomized block with three replications in a 5 × 8 factorial scheme. The treatments consisted of five residual doses of phosphorus (0, 45, 90, 135 and 180 kg ha−1 of P2O5, 46% P) applied at planting from the source of triple superphosphate and eight inoculations from three species of PGPB (Azospirillum brasilense, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens), applied in single or co-inoculation at the base of stems of sugarcane variety RB92579. Inoculation with PGPBs influenced leaf N concentration, while inoculations with Pseudomonas fluorescens and combinations of bacteria together with the highest doses exerted a positive effect on leaf P concentration. Co-inoculation with A. brasilense + Pseudomonas fluorescens associated with a residual dose of 135 kg ha−1 of P2O5 increased stem productivity by 42%. Thus, it was concluded that inoculations with Pseudomonas fluorescens and their combinations are beneficial for the sugarcane crop, reducing phosphate fertilization and increasing productivity.
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Seneviratne, Mihiri, Gamini Seneviratne, H. M. S. P. Madawala, M. C. M. Iqbal, Nishanta Rajakaruna, Tharanga Bandara, and Meththika Vithanage. "A preliminary study of the role of bacterial–fungal co-inoculation on heavy metal phytotoxicity in serpentine soil." Australian Journal of Botany 63, no. 4 (2015): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt14270.
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This study was conducted to understand the role of bacterial–fungal interactions on heavy metal uptake by Zea mays plants. A pot experiment was conducted for 90 days with Z. mays in serpentine soil inoculated with a Gram-negative bacterium, fungus (Aspergilllus sp.) and both microbes to determine the effects of inoculation on nickel, manganese, chromium and cobalt concentrations in plant tissue and soil. Soil nutrients and soil enzyme activities were measured to determine the effect of inoculations on soil quality. Inoculation of microorganisms increased shoot and root biomass, and the maximum biomass was in the bacterial–fungal inoculation. This could be due to the solubilisation of phosphate and production of indole acetic acid. Although the combination treatment contributed to an increase in heavy metal uptake in Z. mays plants, the lowest translocation was observed in the combination treatment. Moreover, the soil available nitrogen, available phosphorous and total organic carbon content were increased with the microbial inoculation. Similarly, the soil dehydrogenase activity was higher as a result of microbial inoculation, whereas the highest dehydrogenase activity was reported in the combination inoculation. This study confirms the synergistic effect of bacterial–fungal inoculation as a soil-quality enhancer and as a plant-growth promoter in the presence of heavy metals.
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Gallo, Adelaide, Tomas Roman, Mauro Paolini, Nicola Cappello, Raffaele Guzzon, Francisco Carrau, Rémi Schneider, and Roberto Larcher. "Aroma Features of Hanseniaspora vineae Hv205 Wines in Sequential and Co-Inoculation Strategies." Fermentation 10, no. 4 (March 30, 2024): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10040191.
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Hanseniaspora vineae (Hv) is a non-Saccharomyces yeast with unique metabolic features, making it appealing for wine production. However, Hv presents high nutritional requirements that may lead to slow fermentation. This study investigated the impact of sequential inoculation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sc) in white winemaking at different time points (24, 48, 74, 100 and 200 h) during Hv fermentation and compared them to simultaneous inoculations. The 200 h protocol extended fermentation by an average of 13 days compared to pure Sc, decreasing with earlier sequential inoculation. Sc wines were richer in isoamyl acetate and ethyl hexanoate than Hv wines, with no significant differences among inoculation protocols. β-phenylethyl acetate was increased in Hv wines, particularly in the 24 h protocol. The 2-phenylethanol concentration was negatively correlated with the S. cerevisiae inoculation delay. Hv altered the wine aroma features, enhancing the compounds associated with rose-like scents. Reducing the Sc inoculation delay aligned Hv with industrial standards while maintaining increased β-phenylethyl acetate production. However, co-inoculation with Sc seems to better meet the Hv requirement without sacrificing the main aromatic features of Hv, demonstrating faster sugar depletion and higher acetate and ethyl ester contents, suggesting that co-inoculation yields a more modulable wine aroma profile.
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Miller, Christopher J., Marta Marthas, Jennifer Greenier, Ding Lu, Peter J. Dailey, and Yichen Lu. "In Vivo Replication Capacity Rather Than In Vitro Macrophage Tropism Predicts Efficiency of Vaginal Transmission of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus or Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Rhesus Macaques." Journal of Virology 72, no. 4 (April 1, 1998): 3248–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.72.4.3248-3258.1998.
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ABSTRACT We used the rhesus macaque model of heterosexual human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission to test the hypothesis that in vitro measures of macrophage tropism predict the ability of a primate lentivirus to initiate a systemic infection after intravaginal inoculation. A single atraumatic intravaginal inoculation with a T-cell-tropic molecular clone of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), SIVmac239, or a dualtropic recombinant molecular clone of SIV, SIVmac239/1A11/239, or uncloned dualtropic SIVmac251 or uncloned dualtropic simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) 89.6-PD produced systemic infection in all rhesus macaques tested. However, vaginal inoculation with a dualtropic molecular clone of SIV, SIVmac1A11, resulted in transient viremia in one of two rhesus macaques. It has previously been shown that 12 intravaginal inoculations with SIVmac1A11 resulted in infection of one of five rhesus macaques (M. L. Marthas, C. J. Miller, S. Sutjipto, J. Higgins, J. Torten, B. L. Lohman, R. E. Unger, H. Kiyono, J. R. McGhee, P. A. Marx, and N. C. Pedersen, J. Med. Primatol. 21:99–107, 1992). In addition, SHIV HXBc2, which replicates in monkey macrophages, does not infect rhesus macaques following multiple vaginal inoculations, while T-cell-tropic SHIV 89.6 does (Y. Lu, P. B. Brosio, M. Lafaile, J. Li, R. G. Collman, J. Sodroski, and C. J. Miller, J. Virol. 70:3045–3050, 1996). These results demonstrate that in vitro measures of macrophage tropism do not predict if a SIV or SHIV will produce systemic infection after intravaginal inoculation of rhesus macaques. However, we did find that the level to which these viruses replicate in vivo after intravenous inoculation predicts the outcome of intravaginal inoculation with each virus.
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Kaur, Yesmin, J. S. Lore, and P. P. S. Pannu. "Development of screening technique for artificial creation of false smut in rice." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 10, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v10i1.1613.
Full textAbstract:
False smut (Ustilaginoidea virens (Cooke) Takahashi) of rice is an emerging disease and a potential threat to rice growers in different countries due to reduction in yield, quality and production of mycotoxins. Development and cultivation of resistant varieties is desirable approach for its management. Different inoculation techniques viz. spray inoculation, syringe inoculation and dusting method were evaluated for creating artificial epiphytotic conditions in susceptible variety PR116 under natural as well as artificially provided humidity conditions. Spray inoculation method produced more number of smut balls per plant (3.21) and per cent infected panicles (33.44%) followed by syringe inoculation (2.00 and 26.57%, respectively) and dusting method (0.33 and 6.67%, respectively). However, syringe inoculation method produced more spikelet sterility (14.82%) in rice panicles. More disease occurrence was reported in plants provided with artificial humidity after inoculations (51.12% infected panicles) than the plants grown under natural conditions (13.33% infected panicles). Late transplanted crop developed higher disease severity (18.17% infected panicles and 3.34 smut balls/plant) which might be attributed by slight decrease in temperature and increase in relative humidity conditions (up to 88% RH) at time of infection from boot to early flowering stage of the rice crop.
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Liu, Jiang, Nicole P. Anderson, and Christopher C. Mundt. "Methods for Screening Wheat Genotypes for Resistance to Sharp Eyespot in the Field and Greenhouse." Plant Disease 104, no. 12 (December 2020): 3192–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-19-2652-re.
Full textAbstract:
Screening methodology of wheat genotypes for resistance to sharp eyespot (caused by Rhizoctonia cerealis) was developed. Disease severity differed among cultivars and between field and greenhouse trials. However, the cultivars Bobtail and Rosalyn had consistently lower severity in field experiments with high sharp eyespot disease pressure. Artificial inoculation was crucial to achieving adequate disease levels for effective screening but planting date had very little effect. Greenhouse inoculation of adult wheat plants was much less successful in categorizing resistance to sharp eyespot. Seedling inoculations in the greenhouse were highly inadequate as a screening method. Selection for resistance to sharp eyespot by artificial inoculation in field trials is feasible in wheat breeding programs.
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Avellaneda, M. C., J. W. Hoy, and M. J. Pontif. "Screening for Resistance to Sugarcane Brown Rust With Controlled-conditions Inoculation." Plant Disease 99, no. 11 (November 2015): 1633–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-01-15-0078-re.
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Breeding for resistance is the primary control measure for brown rust of sugarcane. Resistance screening utilizing natural infection symptom severity ratings provides erratic results. Therefore, a method accomplishing infection and disease expression under controlled conditions was evaluated to determine whether it could provide accurate resistance ratings for seedlings and clones with known and unknown reactions. Seedlings from crosses between parents with different levels of resistance were inoculated with increasing concentrations of urediniospores. Inoculum concentration affected disease severity and the frequency of resistant progeny in crosses. Brown rust resistance is a heritable trait; however, parental reaction was not a consistent determinant of progeny distribution across resistance rating categories. These results suggest that seedling inoculation may be misleading for the evaluation of brown rust resistance. Clone resistance reactions could not be reliably determined for susceptible clones in single inoculations. Ratings for controlled-conditions inoculation and field natural infection severity were not correlated. Multiple inoculations under controlled conditions accurately identified resistant and susceptible clones, with severe infection resulting from any single inoculation indicating susceptibility. Therefore, controlled-conditions inoculation has the potential to be useful in limited studies to characterize parents in a recurrent selection program and for basic studies of resistance to brown rust.
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Marčiulynas, Adas, Vaida Sirgedaitė-Šėžienė, Povilas Žemaitis, and Virgilijus Baliuckas. "The Resistance of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) Half-sib Families to Heterobasidion annosum." Forests 10, no. 3 (March 23, 2019): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10030287.
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This study observed the genotypic variation among Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) half-sib families’ susceptibility to Heterobasidion annosum. Scots pine susceptibility was tested in 12 half-sib families by inoculating them with four different H. annosum strains. At two, six, and ten months after the inoculations, the susceptibility indicators (incidence rate, pathogen spread, and mortality rate) were compared and the total phenolic compounds (TPC) in the inoculated and control groups determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu method. Among half-sib families, significant differences were found for seedling mortality (range: 1.3%–21.2%); however, the differences in incidence rate (range: 54%–77%) and pathogen spread (range: 24–53 mm) were not significant. The incidence rate among half-sib families correlated positively and significantly (r = 0.72, p < 0.05) with the mortality rate, while the pathogen spread correlated negatively with mortality, although the correlation was not significant (r = −0.29, p > 0.05). The TPC comparison with susceptibility indicators showed that the half-sib families with lower susceptibility were characterized by the ability to increase TPC after inoculation compared to the control group. This tendency was most apparent in stems and roots six and two months after inoculation, respectively. Correlation analyses revealed that higher TPC in stems six months after inoculation determined a lower incidence rate (r = −0.32, p < 0.05), while higher Change in concentration of total phenolic compounds (TPCΔ) indicated a lower pathogen spread (r = −0.60, p < 0.05). The lowest incidence of the pathogen was determined in half-sib families with the highest TPCΔ in the roots two months after inoculation. The lower susceptibility of Scots pine half-sib families is based on a combination of enhanced constitutive and inducible phenolic defense mechanisms. The data may facilitate the selection of Scots pine half-sib families with low susceptibility for breeding programs and forest management strategies.
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Gaspareto, Rafaela Neris, Arshad Jalal, William Cesar Nishimoto Ito, Carlos Eduardo da Silva Oliveira, Cássia Maria de Paula Garcia, Eduardo Henrique Marcandalli Boleta, Poliana Aparecida Leonel Rosa, et al. "Inoculation with Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria and Nitrogen Doses Improves Wheat Productivity and Nitrogen Use Efficiency." Microorganisms 11, no. 4 (April 17, 2023): 1046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11041046.
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Wheat is one of the staple foods of the global population due to its adaptability to a wide range of environments. Nitrogen is one of the crucial limiting factors in wheat production and is considered a challenge to food security. Therefore, sustainable agricultural technologies such as seed inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPBs) can be adopted to promote biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) for higher crop productivity. In this context, the objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of nitrogen fertilization and seed inoculations with Azospirillum brasilense, Bacillus subtilis and A. brasilense + B. subtilis on agronomic and yield attributes, grain yield, grain N accumulation, N use efficiency and applied N recovery in Brazilian Cerrado, which consists of gramineous woody savanna. The experiment was carried out in two cropping seasons in Rhodic Haplustox soil under a no-tillage system. The experiment was designed in a randomized complete block in a 4 × 5 factorial scheme, with four replications. The treatments consisted of four seed inoculations (control—without inoculation, inoculation with A. brasilense, B. subtilis and A. brasilense + B. subtilis) under five N doses (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha−1, applied from urea) at the wheat tillering stage. Seed co-inoculation with A. brasilense + B. subtilis increased grain N accumulation, number of spikes m−1, grains spike−1 and grain yield of wheat in an irrigated no-tillage system of tropical savannah, regardless of the applied N doses. Nitrogen fertilization at a dose of 80 kg ha−1 significantly increased grain N accumulation and number of grains spikes−1 and nitrogen use efficiency. Recovery of applied N was increased with inoculation of B. subtilis and co-inoculation of A. brasilense + B. subtilis at increasing N doses. Therefore, N fertilization can be reduced by the inclusion of co-inoculation with A. brasilense + B. subtilis in the cultivation of winter wheat under a no-tillage system of Brazilian Cerrado.
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Turner, Sally-Anne, John H. Williamson, S. Jane Lacy-Hulbert, and J. Eric Hillerton. "Relationship between previous history ofStreptococcus uberisinfection and response to a challenge model." Journal of Dairy Research 80, no. 3 (June 28, 2013): 360–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029913000289.
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Streptococcus uberisis the most common cause of clinical mastitis at calving in pasture-based dairy cows. Results of experimental inoculations were compared with cows' previous history of infection to help define a model for susceptibility toStr. uberismastitis. Cows used had either no apparent history of intramammary infection (IMI) byStr. uberisor other major mastitis pathogens throughout their productive lifetime (‘apparently uninfected’; AUI), or had a confirmed history ofStr. uberisIMI (‘historically infected’; HI). Cows were exposed toStr. uberisin sequential steps: dipping of the teat end (DIP;n=53 cows); a teat canal inoculation (TCI;n=33 cows); and, finally, intramammary inoculation challenge (IC;n=7 cows). Only cows that remained free of infection at each step progressed to the next phase. Infection rates were similar between AUI or HI cows following the DIP (9 and 17% respectively), or the TCI (75 and 68% respectively). Physical and biochemical traits of cows were examined. Analysis of traits prior to inoculations implied that HI cows produced more milk fat, while AUI cows tended to have longer teat canals. Analysis of traits for cows that became infected following DIP, implied that there was a positive association with milk fat production and negative association with somatic cell count (SCC), while there was a positive association with the duration of p.m. milking, and negative association with SCC in those cows that became infected following TCI. Only AUI cows became infected following the IC inoculation. Similarity in response to experimental inoculation between the two groups suggests that the current dip or teat canal inoculation (using a 3-mm depth of inoculation) models are not good predictors of natural resistance toStr. uberis. However, a population of cows was identified that remained uninfected after DIP, TCI and IC, and may comprise a resistant phenotype.
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Brockwell, J., RR Gault, DF Herridge, LJ Morthorpe, and RJ Roughley. "Studies on alternative means of legume inoculation: microbiological and agronomic appraisals of commercial procedures for inoculating soybeans with Bradyrhizobium japonicum." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 39, no. 6 (1988): 965. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9880965.
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Four commercial procedures for inoculating soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) with Bradyrhizobium japonicum were compared at three sites in New South Wales. Three procedures involved applying inoculant to the seed shortly before sowing (seed inoculation) as a slurry in water or gum arabic adhesive or by sprinkling inoculant on the seed in the seed box of the planter. In the fourth, inoculant was suspended in water and sprayed directly into the seed bed alongside and beneath the seed (liquid inoculation).With seed inoculation substantial losses of viability of inocula (94%-99.95%) occurred between inoculation and sowing. Some of the loss was attributable to separation of inoculant and seed, as it passed through the machinery; no such loss of viability occurred with liquid inoculation. Colonization of the rhizosphere relative to the numbers of rhizobia delivered into the seed bed was poorer with liquid inoculation than with the slurry treatments. This was attributed to the uniform distribution of rhizobia applied as liquid inoculant in the seed bed, in contrast to the concentration of rhizobia applied as slurries in the vicinity of each seed. Slurry treatments generally promoted earlier nodulation than liquid inoculation, but as the crops aged, the differences disappeared and were not reflected in seed yield or seed nitrogen. Application of inoculant to seed in the seed box, although better than an uninoculated control, was consistently inferior to the other inoculation procedures.Given favourable environmental conditions both at sowing and afterwards, slurry inoculation and liquid inoculation were equally likely to initiate a successful symbiosis. Slurry inoculation may be superior when there is limited soil moisture after sowing, whereas liquid inoculation may be better when seed is sown into relatively dry soil with good moisture beneath.
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Pourraeisi, Arman, Mohammad Reza Boorboori, and Mozhgan Sepehri. "A Comparison of the Effects of Rhizophagus Intraradices, Serendipita Indica, and Pseudomonas Fluorescens on Soil and Zea Maize L. Properties under Drought Stress Condition." International Journal of Sustainable Agricultural Research 9, no. 4 (October 14, 2022): 152–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/ijsar.v9i4.3167.
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Drought is one of the most critical environmental stresses that reduce agricultural production. This study aimed to examine the effects of individual and simultaneous inoculation of Rhizophagus intraradices, Serendipita indica, and Pseudomonas fluorescens on the physical properties of soil and the growth parameters of single cross 704 maize under three levels of drought stress (80%, 50%, and 25% available water). It was found that Rhizophagus intraradices significantly increased soil hydrophobicity at all levels of drought stress, as did Serendipita indica at the second and third levels. Pseudomonas fluorescens, on the other hand, decreased soil hydrophobicity at all drought levels. At the optimum moisture level, individual inoculations of the investigated microorganisms did not significantly affect mean weight diameter, but all studied microorganisms increased mean weight diameter as drought stress increased. Additionally, inoculating plants with Rhizophagus intraradices at all levels of drought stress significantly increased the dry and fresh weight of shoots. Nevertheless, inoculating plants with Rhizophagus intraradices and Pseudomonas fluorescens at all levels of drought stress led to a significant increase in plant shoot height. Plant shoot potassium concentrations were significantly reduced by individual inoculation of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Serendipita indica under drought stress at the first and third levels. However, at all drought stress levels, inoculating plants with Rhizophagus intraradices significantly increased phosphorus concentrations in the shoots. Based on the results of this study, simultaneous insemination of maize with Rhizophagus intraradices and Serendipita indica was the most effective microorganism treatment for reducing the harmful effects of drought stress and improving soil properties.
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Törmäkangas, Liisa, Hannu Alakärppä, Denise Bem David, Maija Leinonen, and Pekka Saikku. "Telithromycin Treatment of Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection in C57BL/6J mice." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 48, no. 10 (October 2004): 3655–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.48.10.3655-3661.2004.
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ABSTRACT Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infections have been associated with atherosclerosis, but clear knowledge about how these infections should be treated is lacking. We studied the effect of a new ketolide antibiotic, telithromycin, on chronic C. pneumoniae lung infection. Female C57BL/6J mice on a 0.2% cholesterol diet were inoculated intranasally with C. pneumoniae either two or three times every fourth week. Telithromycin was given to the mice subcutaneously at 75 mg/kg of body weight once daily for 5 or 10 days, starting at 3 days after the last inoculation. Samples were taken at 4 and 12 weeks after the last inoculation. The presence of C. pneumoniae DNA in lung tissue was demonstrated by PCR and the detection of lipid accumulation in the aortic sinus by Oil-Red-O staining. C. pneumoniae DNA positivity and inflammatory reactions in the lung tissue of the mice inoculated twice were significantly affected by treatment after both inoculations or only after the second inoculation at 12 weeks. Intimal lipid accumulation in the aortic sinus was also slightly but significantly less abundant in the mice treated after both inoculations compared to the levels in those treated only after the second inoculation for 10 days (geometric means, 823 and 4,324 μm2, respectively; P = 0.033). No differences between the infected, untreated controls and the group inoculated three times and treated for 5 days were seen. We conclude that telithromycin is effective in preventing the development of chronic C. pneumoniae infection and intimal lipid accumulation in C56BL/6J mice when the treatment is given after each inoculation.
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Kosaka, Y., and T. Fukunishi. "Multiple Inoculation with Three Attenuated Viruses for the Control of Cucumber Virus Disease." Plant Disease 81, no. 7 (July 1997): 733–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.7.733.
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Multiple inoculation of cucumber seedlings with attenuated isolates of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), and watermelon mosaic virus 2 (WMV-2) somewhat reduced yield loss due to mixed infection by virulent strains of these viruses in field experiments under severe epidemic conditions in 1994 and 1995. In addition, this protective inoculation largely protected grafted cucumber plants from viral wilt syndrome. In greenhouse experiments, no significant differences were observed between single and multiple inoculations in the cross-protection effects of the attenuated viruses against their respective virulent strains. Triply inoculated plants developed synergistic yellow leaf mosaic symptoms and 15% fewer marketable fruits compared with healthy plants. Thus, multiple inoculation is appropriate for the summer-early autumn production, when economic losses due to the concurrent incidence of CMV, WMV-2, and ZYMV are significantly greater than the loss in yield due to the inoculation.