Journal articles: 'Inoculation with Burkholderia'

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Sánchez-Navarro, Virginia, Raúl Zornoza, Ángel Faz, Catalina Egea-Gilabert, Margarita Ros, José A. Pascual, and Juan A. Fernández. "Inoculation with Different Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria and Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Affects Grain Protein Content and Nodule Bacterial Communities of a Fava Bean Crop." Agronomy 10, no. 6 (May 28, 2020): 768. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10060768.

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The introduction of nitrogen fixing bacteria (NFB) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) into the soil is an advisable agricultural practice for the crop, since it enhances nutrient and water uptake and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. The aim of this work was to study plant nutrition, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and crop yield and quality, after inoculating seeds with NFBs ((Rhizobium leguminosarum, Burkholderia cenocepacia, Burkholderia vietnamiensis)) and/or AMFs (Rhizophagus irregularis, Claroideoglomus etunicatum, Claroideoglomus claroideum and Funneliformis mosseae) in a fava bean crop in two seasons. The composition of the nodule bacterial community was evaluated by the high-throughput sequencing analysis of bacterial 16 S rRNA genes. It was found that microbial inoculation accompanied by a 20% decrease in mineral fertilization had no significant effect on crop yield or the nutritional characteristics compared with a non-inoculated crop, except for an increase in the grain protein content in inoculated plants. None of the inoculation treatments increased biological nitrogen fixation over a non-inoculated level. The bacterial rRNA analysis demonstrated that the genus Rhizobium predominated in all nodules, both in inoculated and non-inoculated treatments, suggesting the previous presence of these bacteria in the soil. In our study, inoculation with Rhizobium leguminosarum was the most effective treatment for increasing protein content in seeds, while Burkholderia sp. was not able to colonise the plant nodules. Inoculation techniques used in fava beans can be considered an environmentally friendly alternative, reducing the input of fertilizers, while maintaining crop yield and quality, with the additional benefit of increasing the grain protein content. However, further research is required on the selection and detection of efficient rhizobial strains under local field conditions, above all those related to pH and soil type, in order to achieve superior nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

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Marquez-Benavidez, Liliana, Pedro Gabriel Morales, Javier Villegas Moreno, and Juan Manuel Sánchez-Yáñez. "Inoculación de Hordeun vulgare var Armida (cebada) con Burkholderia cepacia y Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus." Investigación Agraria 18, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.18004/investig.agrar.2016.diciembre.87-94.

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Cheng, Liang, Ning Zhang, and Bingru Huang. "Effects of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate-deaminase–Producing Bacteria on Perennial Ryegrass Growth and Physiological Responses to Salinity Stress." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 141, no. 3 (May 2016): 233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.141.3.233.

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The accumulation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC), which is a precursor for ethylene production, in plant roots exposed to salinity stress can be detrimental to plant growth. The objectives of this study were to determine whether inoculating roots with bacteria containing deaminase enzymes that break down ACC (ACC-deaminase) could improve plant tolerance to salinity in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and to examine growth and physiological factors, as well as nutrition status of plants affected by the ACC-deaminase bacteria inoculation under salinity stress. Plants of perennial ryegrass (cv. Pangea) were inoculated with either Burkholderia phytofirmans PsJN or Burkholderia gladioli RU1 and irrigated with either fresh water (control) or a 250 mm NaCl solution to induce salinity stress. The bacterium-inoculated plants had less ACC content in shoots and roots under both nonstressed and salinity conditions. Salinity stress inhibited root and shoot growth, but the bacterium-inoculated plants exhibited higher visual turf quality (TQ), tiller number, root biomass, shoot biomass, leaf water content, and photochemical efficiency, as well as lower cellular electrolyte leakage (EL) under salinity stress. Plants inoculated with bacteria had lower sodium content and higher potassium to sodium ratios in shoots under salinity stress. Shoot and root nitrogen content and shoot potassium content increased, whereas shoot and root calcium, magnesium, iron, and aluminum content all decreased due to bacterial inoculation under salinity treatment. ACC-deaminase bacteria inoculation of roots was effective in improving salinity tolerance of perennial ryegrass and could be incorporated into turfgrass maintenance programs in salt-affected soils.

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Barrett, Craig F., and Matthew A. Parker. "Coexistence of Burkholderia, Cupriavidus, and Rhizobium sp. Nodule Bacteria on two Mimosa spp. in Costa Rica." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 2 (February 2006): 1198–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.72.2.1198-1206.2006.

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ABSTRACT rRNA gene sequencing and PCR assays indicated that 215 isolates of root nodule bacteria from two Mimosa species at three sites in Costa Rica belonged to the genera Burkholderia, Cupriavidus, and Rhizobium. This is the first report of Cupriavidus sp. nodule symbionts for Mimosa populations within their native geographic range in the neotropics. Burkholderia spp. predominated among samples from Mimosa pigra (86% of isolates), while there was a more even distribution of Cupriavidus, Burkholderia, and Rhizobium spp. on Mimosa pudica (38, 37, and 25% of isolates, respectively). All Cupriavidus and Burkholderia genotypes tested formed root nodules and fixed nitrogen on both M. pigra and M. pudica, and sequencing of rRNA genes in strains reisolated from nodules verified identity with inoculant strains. Inoculation tests further indicated that both Cupriavidus and Burkholderia spp. resulted in significantly higher plant growth and nodule nitrogenase activity (as measured by acetylene reduction assays) relative to plant performance with strains of Rhizobium. Given the prevalence of Burkholderia and Cupriavidus spp. on these Mimosa legumes and the widespread distribution of these plants both within and outside the neotropics, it is likely that both β-proteobacterial genera are more ubiquitous as root nodule symbionts than previously believed.

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West, T. Eoin, Sharon J. Peacock, H. Denny Liggitt, Direk Limmathurotsakul, Shawn J. Skerrett, Narisara Chantratita, and Nicolle D. Myers. "Pathogenicity of High-Dose Enteral Inoculation of Burkholderia pseudomallei to Mice." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 83, no. 5 (November 5, 2010): 1066–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2010.10-0306.

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Govindarajan, Munusamy, Jacques Balandreau, Ramachandran Muthukumarasamy, Gopalakrishnan Revathi, and Cunthipuram Lakshminarasimhan. "Improved Yield of Micropropagated Sugarcane Following Inoculation by Endophytic Burkholderia vietnamiensis." Plant and Soil 280, no. 1-2 (February 2006): 239–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-005-3223-2.

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Silva, Aurilena de Aviz, Almy Junior Cordeiro de Carvalho, Flávia Paiva de Freitas, Patrícia Gomes de Oliveira Pessanha, Paulo Cesar dos Santos, Mírian Peixoto Soares da Silva, Tábatha de Souza Vasconcelos, and Fábio Lopes Olivares. "Diazotrophic bacteria and nitrogen fertilization on the growth of micropropagated pineapple plantlets during acclimatization." Ciência Rural 46, no. 11 (August 29, 2016): 1952–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20141338.

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ABSTRACT: This study examines the effect of inoculation with diazotrophic bacteria and nitrogen fertilization on the growth of micropropagated pineapple cv. 'Vitória' plantlets during the acclimatization period. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse in Campos dos Goytacazes, in randomized blocks, using a 2x5x5 factorial scheme, with the factors being two types of inocula (absence or presence of a mixture of diazotrophic bacteria that contained Burkholderia sp. UENF 114111, Burkholderia silvatlantica UENF 11711, and Herbaspirillum seropedicae HRC 54), five levels of urea (0, 2, 5, 7, and 10g L-1), and five evaluation periods (30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 days following the planting of plantlets in trays), and with four replications of each treatment. An increase in the dried weight of shoots and roots of micropropagated pineapple cv. 'Vitória' plants depended on inoculation with diazotrophic bacteria, and plantlets acclimatization could be reduced by up to 57 days, depending on the concentration of urea fertilizer.

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Estrada, Paulina, Patrick Mavingui, Benoit Cournoyer, Fanette Fontaine, Jacques Balandreau, and Jesus Caballero-Mellado. "A N2-fixing endophyticBurkholderiasp. associated with maize plants cultivated in Mexico." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 48, no. 4 (April 1, 2002): 285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w02-023.

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In the frame of a survey of potentially endophytic N2-fixing Burkholderia associated with maize in Mexico, its country of origin, the soil of an indigenous maize field near Oaxaca was studied. Under laboratory conditions, plant seedlings of two ancient maize varieties were used as a trap to select endophyte candidates from the soil sample. Among the N2fixers isolated from inside plant tissues and able to grow on PCAT medium, the most abundant isolates belonged to genus Burkholderia (API 20NE, rrs sequences). Representative isolates obtained from roots and shoots of different plants appeared identical (rrs and nifH RFLP), showing that they were closely related. In addition, their 16S rDNA sequences differed from described Burkholderia species and, phylogenetically, they constituted a separate deep-branching new lineage in genus Burkholderia. This indicated that these isolates probably constituted a new species. An inoculation experiment confirmed that these N2-fixing Burkholderia isolates could densely colonize the plant tissues of maize. More isolates of this group were subsequently obtained from field-grown maize and teosinte plants. It was hypothesized that strains of this species had developed a sort of primitive symbiosis with one of their host plants, teosinte, which persisted during the domestication of teosinte into maize.Key words: endophytic bacteria, nitrogen-fixation, Zea mays, Burkholderia.

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Organ, Michael, John Grantmyre, and Jim Hutchinson. "Burkholderia cepacia infection of the prostate caused by inoculation ofcontaminated ultrasound gel during transrectal biopsy of the prostate." Canadian Urological Association Journal 4, no. 3 (April 17, 2013): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5489/cuaj.857.

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Burkholderia cepacia infection of the prostate is very rare. Wereport 6 cases of prostatic infection secondary to inoculation ofcontaminated ultrasound gel during transrectal biopsy of the prostate.All of these patients required hospitalization and were treatedwith intravenous antibiotics. One of these cases is the first descriptionof chronic prostatitis with B. cepacia.

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Naveed, Muhammad, M. Baqir Hussain, Zahir A. Zahir, Birgit Mitter, and Angela Sessitsch. "Drought stress amelioration in wheat through inoculation with Burkholderia phytofirmans strain PsJN." Plant Growth Regulation 73, no. 2 (November 30, 2013): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10725-013-9874-8.

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Hwang, Hau-Hsuan, Pei-Ru Chien, Fan-Chen Huang, Shih-Hsun Hung, Chih-Horng Kuo, Wen-Ling Deng, En-Pei Isabel Chiang, and Chieh-Chen Huang. "A Plant Endophytic Bacterium, Burkholderia seminalis Strain 869T2, Promotes Plant Growth in Arabidopsis, Pak Choi, Chinese Amaranth, Lettuces, and Other Vegetables." Microorganisms 9, no. 8 (August 10, 2021): 1703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081703.

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Plant endophytic bacteria live inside host plants, can be isolated from surface-sterilized plant tissues, and are non-pathogenic. These bacteria can assist host plants in obtaining more nutrients and can improve plant growth via multiple mechanisms. Certain Gram-negative Burkholderia species, including rhizobacteria, bioremediators, and biocontrol strains, have been recognized for their plant-growth-promoting abilities, while other isolates have been identified as opportunistic plant or human pathogens. In this study, we observed the auxin production, siderophore synthesis, and phosphate solubilization abilities of B. seminalis strain 869T2. Our results demonstrated that strain 869T2 promoted growth in Arabidopsis, ching chiang pak choi, pak choi, loose-leaf lettuce, romaine lettuce, red leaf lettuce, and Chinese amaranth. Leafy vegetables inoculated with strain 869T2 were larger, heavier, and had more and larger leaves and longer and heavier roots than mock-inoculated plants. Furthermore, inoculations of strain 869T2 into hot pepper caused increased flower and fruit production, and a higher percentage of fruits turned red. Inoculation of strain 869T2 into okra plants resulted in earlier flowering and increased fruit weight. In conclusion, the plant endophytic bacterium Burkholderia seminalis 869T2 exerted positive effects on growth and production in several plant species.

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Kong, Ping, and Chuanxue Hong. "A Potent Burkholderia Endophyte against Boxwood Blight Caused by Calonectria pseudonaviculata." Microorganisms 8, no. 2 (February 24, 2020): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8020310.

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Calonectria pseudonaviculata (Cps) poses an increasing threat to boxwood, a major nursery crop and iconic landscape plant worldwide. Here, we report on a potent biocontrol agent that produces small sage green (SSG) colonies on potato dextrose agar. SSG is a bacterial strain recovered from Justin Brouwers boxwood leaves with unusual response to Cps inoculation. Water-soaked symptoms developed on leaves 2 days after inoculation then disappeared a few days later. This endophyte affected several major steps of the boxwood blight disease cycle. SSG at 107 cfu/mL lysed all conidia in mixed broth culture. SSG at 108 cfu/mL reduced blight incidence by >98% when applied one day before or 3 h after boxwood were inoculated with Cps. Its control efficacy decreased with decreasing bacterial concentration to 103 cfu/mL and increasing lead time up to 20 days. When applied on diseased leaf litter under boxwood plants, SSG reduced Cps sporulation and consequently mitigated blight incidence by 90%. SSG was identified as a new member of the Burkholderia cepacia complex with distinct characters from known clinical strains. With these protective, curative, and sanitizing properties, this Burkholderia endophyte offers great promise for sustainable blight management at production and in the landscape.

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Brito, Tauane Santos, Renan Pan, Lenir Aparecida Buss, João Paulo Fonesi de Carvalho, Tatiane Eberling, Alexandra Da Silva Martinez, Vandeir Francisco Guimarães, and Elisiane Inês Dall'Oglio Chaves. "Growth Promotion of Burkholderia ambifaria Associated to Nitrogen Fertilization in the Initial Development of Corn." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 6 (May 6, 2018): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n6p123.

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Growth promoting bacteria are a potential option for sustainable cultivation with lower costs, among them Burkholderia ambifaria, whose importance is mainly due to the endophytic root colonization capacity. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the inoculation of growth promoting bacteria in corn plants, in vitro and in greenhouse, with different levels of nitrogen fertilization. The PIONEER® 30F53 YH maize genotype was inoculated with Burkholderia ambifaria, with 106 CFU per seed, in 12-liter polyethylene pots, filled with commercial substrate, prepared with the different nitrogen contents (N), resulting in treatments with different doses of fertilization, associated or not with bacterial inoculation. After 30 and 45 days, it was evaluated: growth promotion, epiphytic and endophytic population and nitrogen accumulation. In the in vitro experiment, inoculated seeds were cultured in test tubes containing culture medium with absence and presence of nitrogen, evaluated after 7 days. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% of probability and regression. Increased nitrogen doses in inoculated plants resulted in better morphological parameters at 45 days. In vitro bacterial inoculation, in vitro, influenced the accumulation of fresh weight of shoot, root growth and development of root hair. The endophytic potential and the accumulation of nitrogen were higher in the absence of nitrogen, but lower than the absence of bacteria and the presence of nitrogen.

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Divan Baldani, V. L., J. I. Baldani, and J. Döbereiner. "Inoculation of rice plants with the endophytic diazotrophs Herbaspirillum seropedicae and Burkholderia spp." Biology and Fertility of Soils 30, no. 5-6 (March 3, 2000): 485–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050027.

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Rotaru, Vladimir. "The Effects of Phosphate Solubilizing Rhizobacteria on Soybean (Glycine max. L.) Plants Grown under Insoluble Phosphate Fertilization." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Agriculture 73, no. 2 (November 30, 2016): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-agr:12395.

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The aim of this study was to assess the comparative efficacy of two phosphorus solubilizing rhizobacteria namely Burkholderia cepacia B36 and Enterobacter radicincitans D5/23T combined with insoluble phosphates in soybean (Glycine max. L.). Inoculated plants were grown in sand culture under controlled greenhouse conditions. All the inoculated treatments showed better plant growth and nutrient uptake when compared to uninoculated control. The inoculation with B. cepacia performed better than with E. radicincitans. Phosphorus concentrations in shoots and roots did not change significantly at the early stage of plant growth. However, the bacterial inoculation had better stimulatory effect on phosphorus uptake by soybean fertilized with insoluble phosphates, in particular in treatment with combined application of both bacteria strains.

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Mangmang, Jonathan, Rosalind Deaker, and Gordon Rogers. "Effects of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria on Seed Germination Characteristics of Tomato and Lettuce." Journal of Tropical Crop Science 1, no. 2 (January 12, 2015): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jtcs.1.2.35-40.

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Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) represent a wide genera of rhizospheric bacteria which, when introduced in association with the host plant in proper amount, can enhance plant growth and productivity. A series of experiments were conducted to determine the germination responses of tomato and lettuce to PGPR inoculation. Seeds were inoculated with different strains of Azospirillum brasilense Sp7, Sp7-S and Sp245, Herbaspirillum seropedicea and Burkholderia phytofirmans PsJNT. The results reveal that Sp7-S inoculation yielded better germination rate and total germination of tomato. PGPR inoculation, except Sp7, produced longer (28%) and heavier (37%) roots with superior vigor. In lettuce, PGPR strains, except B. phytofirmans PsJNT, and Sp7 and B. phytofirmans PsJNT, enhanced germination vigor and length of roots (26%), respectively. The results provide further evidence concerning their importance as PGPR and indicate the potential of exploiting some of these PGPR to improve seedling emergence and establishment of vegetables.

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Duan, Y. P., X. Sun, L. J. Zhou, D. W. Gabriel, L. S. Benyon, and Tim Gottwald. "Bacterial Brown Leaf Spot of Citrus, a New Disease Caused by Burkholderia andropogonis." Plant Disease 93, no. 6 (June 2009): 607–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-6-0607.

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A new bacterial disease of citrus was recently identified in Florida and is here named bacterial brown leaf spot (BBLS) of citrus. BBLS-infected citrus leaves from the field displayed circular, brownish, flat lesions with slightly raised and water-soaked margins surrounded by a chlorotic halo. Based on Biolog carbon source metabolic “fingerprinting”, fatty acid analysis, and sequence analysis of partial 16S rDNA, gyrB, and rpoD genes, the causal agent of the disease was identified as Burkholderia andropogonis. Pathogenicity of these B. andropogonis isolates taken from multiple citrus leaves with BBLS was tested by various inoculation methods on three species of citrus as well as on carnation, corn, and sorghum. All isolates infected carnation, corn, and sorghum with varying degrees of pathogenicity. Variation among citrus isolates in pathogenicity was also observed in high titer (108 CFU/ml) inoculations of citrus leaves, ranging from a hypersensitive-like response to canker-like lesions. When the inoculum concentration was low (106 CFU/ml), only necrotic spots or small lesions slowly developed with all strains. Growth of B. andropogonis in citrus was relatively slow, tissue wounding appeared necessary for symptom appearance with many isolates, and field samples were recovered only after severe storms, indicating that this wide-host-range bacterium is a weak, opportunistic pathogen of citrus.

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Kanagendran, Arooran, Poulami Chatterjee, Bin Liu, Tongmin Sa, Leila Pazouki, and Ülo Niinemets. "Foliage inoculation by Burkholderia vietnamiensis CBMB40 antagonizes methyl jasmonate-mediated stress in Eucalyptus grandis." Journal of Plant Physiology 242 (November 2019): 153032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2019.153032.

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Bernier, Steve P., Laura Silo-Suh, Donald E. Woods, Dennis E. Ohman, and Pamela A. Sokol. "Comparative Analysis of Plant and Animal Models for Characterization of Burkholderia cepacia Virulence." Infection and Immunity 71, no. 9 (September 2003): 5306–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.9.5306-5313.2003.

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ABSTRACT A simple alfalfa model was developed as an alternative infection model for virulence studies of the Burkholderia cepacia complex. Symptoms of disease were observed in wounded alfalfa seedlings within 7 days following inoculation of 101 to 105 CFU of most strains of the B. cepacia complex. Strains from seven genomovars of the B. cepacia complex were tested for virulence in the alfalfa model, and the degree of virulence was generally similar in strains belonging to the same genomovar. Strains of Burkholderia multivorans and some strains of Burkholderia stabilis did not cause symptoms of disease in alfalfa seedlings. Representative strains were also tested for virulence using the rat agar bead model. Most of the strains tested were able to establish chronic lung infections; B. stabilis strains were the exception. Most of the strains that were virulent in the alfalfa infection model were also virulent in the lung infection model. The B. cepacia genomovar III mutants K56pvdA::tp and K56-H15 were significantly less virulent in the alfalfa infection model than their parent strain. Therefore, this alfalfa infection model may be a useful tool for assessing virulence of strains of the B. cepacia complex and identifying new virulence-associated genes.

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Prado Chávarri, Gardenia, Bertha Soriano Bernilla, and David Zavaleta-Verde. "Effect of the co-inoculation of Burkholderia ubonensis and Rhizobium spp. in the nodulation of Pisum sativum." Manglar 17, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 307–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17268/manglar.2020.046.

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Ait Barka, Essaid, Jerzy Nowak, and Christophe Clément. "Enhancement of Chilling Resistance of Inoculated Grapevine Plantlets with a Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacterium, Burkholderia phytofirmans Strain PsJN." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 11 (September 15, 2006): 7246–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01047-06.

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ABSTRACT In vitro inoculation of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Chardonnay explants with a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium, Burkholderia phytofirmans strain PsJN, increased grapevine growth and physiological activity at a low temperature. There was a relationship between endophytic bacterial colonization of the grapevine plantlets and their growth at both ambient (26°C) and low (4°C) temperatures and their sensitivities to chilling. The major benefits of bacterization were observed on root growth (11.8- and 10.7-fold increases at 26°C and 4°C, respectively) and plantlet biomass (6- and 2.2-fold increases at 26°C and 4°C, respectively). The inoculation with PsJN also significantly improved plantlet cold tolerance compared to that of the nonbacterized control. In nonchilled plantlets, bacterization enhanced CO2 fixation and O2 evolution 1.3 and 2.2 times, respectively. The nonbacterized controls were more sensitive to exposure to low temperatures than were the bacterized plantlets, as indicated by several measured parameters. Moreover, relative to the noninoculated controls, bacterized plantlets had significantly increased levels of starch, proline, and phenolics. These increases correlated with the enhancement of cold tolerance of the grapevine plantlets. In summary, B. phytofirmans strain PsJN inoculation stimulates grapevine growth and improves its ability to withstand cold stress.

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Yang, Aizheng, Saqib Saleem Akhtar, Qiang Fu, Muhammad Naveed, Shahid Iqbal, Thomas Roitsch, and Sven-Erik Jacobsen. "Burkholderia Phytofirmans PsJN Stimulate Growth and Yield of Quinoa under Salinity Stress." Plants 9, no. 6 (May 26, 2020): 672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9060672.

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One of the major challenges in agriculture is to ensure sufficient and healthy food availability for the increasing world population in near future. This requires maintaining sustainable cultivation of crop plants under varying environmental stresses. Among these stresses, salinity is the second most abundant threat worldwide after drought. One of the promising strategies to mitigate salinity stress is to cultivate halotolerant crops such as quinoa. Under high salinity, performance can be improved by plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB). Among PGPB, endophytic bacteria are considered better in stimulating plant growth compared to rhizosphere bacteria because of their ability to colonize both in plant rhizosphere and plant interior. Therefore, in the current study, a pot experiment was conducted in a controlled greenhouse to investigate the effects of endophytic bacteria i.e., Burkholderia phytofirmans PsJN on improving growth, physiology and yield of quinoa under salinity stress. At six leaves stage, plants were irrigated with saline water having either 0 (control) or 400 mM NaCl. The results indicated that plants inoculated with PsJN mitigated the negative effects of salinity on quinoa resulting in increased shoot biomass, grain weight and grain yield by 12%, 18% and 41% respectively, over un-inoculated control. Moreover, inoculation with PsJN improved osmotic adjustment and ion homeostasis ability. In addition, leaves were also characterized for five key reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging enzyme in response to PsJN treatment. This showed higher activity of catalase (CAT) and dehydroascobate reductase (DHAR) in PsJN-treated plants. These findings suggest that inoculation of quinoa seeds with Burkholderia phytofirmans PsJN could be used for stimulating growth and yield of quinoa in highly salt-affected soils.

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Baldotto, Lílian Estrela Borges, Marihus Altoé Baldotto, Luciano Pasqualoto Canellas, Ricardo Bressan-Smith, and Fábio Lopes Olivares. "Growth promotion of pineapple 'vitória' by humic acids and burkholderia spp. during acclimatization." Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 34, no. 5 (October 2010): 1593–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832010000500012.

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In vitro propagation of pineapple produces uniform and disease-free plantlets, but requires a long period of acclimatization before transplanting to the field. Quicker adaptation to the ex vitro environment and growth acceleration of pineapple plantlets are prerequisites for the production of a greater amount of vigorous, well-rooted planting material. The combination of humic acids and endophytic bacteria could be a useful technological approach to reduce the critical period of acclimatization. The aim of this study was to evaluate the initial performance of tissue-cultured pineapple variety Vitória in response to application of humic acids isolated from vermicompost and plant growth-promoting bacteria (Burkholderia spp.) during greenhouse acclimatization. The basal leaf axils were treated with humic acids while roots were immersed in bacterial medium. Humic acids and bacteria application improved shoot growth (14 and 102 %, respectively), compared with the control; the effect of the combined treatment was most pronounced (147 %). Likewise, humic acids increased root growth by 50 %, bacteria by 81 % and the combined treatment by 105 %. Inoculation was found to significantly increase the accumulation of N (115 %), P (112 %) and K (69 %) in pineapple leaves. Pineapple growth was influenced by inoculation with Burkholderia spp., and further improved in combination with humic acids, resulting in higher shoot and root biomass as well as nutrient contents (N 132 %, P 131 %, K 80 %) than in uninoculated plantlets. The stability and increased consistency of the host plant response to bacterization in the presence of humic substances indicate a promising biotechnological tool to improve growth and adaptation of pineapple plantlets to the ex vitro environment.

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Heungens, K., and J. L. Parke. "Postinfection Biological Control of Oomycete Pathogens of Pea by Burkholderia cepacia AMMDR1." Phytopathology® 91, no. 4 (April 2001): 383–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2001.91.4.383.

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Burkholderia cepacia AMMDR1 is a biocontrol agent that reduces Pythium damping-off and Aphanomyces root rot severity on peas in the field. We studied the effect of B. cepacia AMMDR1 on post-infection stages in the life cycles of these pathogens, including mycelial colonization of the host, production of oogonia, and production of secondary zoospore inoculum. We used Burkholderia cepacia 1324, a seed and rootcolonizing but antibiosis-deficient Tn5 mutant of B. cepacia AMMDR1, to study mechanisms of biological control other than antibiosis. B. cepacia AMMDR1 significantly reduced Pythium aphanidermatum postinfection colonization and damping-off of pea seeds, even when the bacteria were applied 12 h after zoospore inoculation. B. cepacia AMMDR1 also significantly reduced colonization of taproots by Aphanomyces euteiches mycelium, but only when the bacteria were applied at high population densities at the site of zoospore inoculation. The antibiosisdeficient mutant, B. cepacia 1324, had no effect on mycelial colonization of seeds or roots by Pythium aphanidermatum nor A. euteiches, suggesting that antibiosis is the primary mechanism of biological control. B. cepacia AMMDR1, but not B. cepacia 1324, reduced production of A. euteiches oogonia. This effect occurred even when the population size of B. cepacia AMMDR1 was too small to cause a reduction in lesion length early on in the infection process and may result from in situ antibiotic production. B. cepacia AMMDR1 had no effect on the production of secondary zoospores of A. euteiches from infected roots. The main effects of B. cepacia AMMDR1 on postinfection stages in the life cycles of these pathogens therefore were reductions in mycelial colonization by Pythium aphanidermatum and in formation of oogonia by A. euteiches. No mechanism other than antibiosis could be identified.

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Rodrigues, Jorge L. M., C. Alan Kachel, Michael R. Aiello, John F. Quensen, Olga V. Maltseva, Tamara V. Tsoi, and James M. Tiedje. "Degradation of Aroclor 1242 Dechlorination Products in Sediments by Burkholderia xenovorans LB400(ohb) and Rhodococcus sp. Strain RHA1(fcb)." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 4 (April 2006): 2476–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.72.4.2476-2482.2006.

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ABSTRACT Burkholderia xenovorans strain LB400, which possesses the biphenyl pathway, was engineered to contain the oxygenolytic ortho dehalogenation (ohb) operon, allowing it to grow on 2-chlorobenzoate and to completely mineralize 2-chlorobiphenyl. A two-stage anaerobic/aerobic biotreatment process for Aroclor 1242-contaminated sediment was simulated, and the degradation activities and genetic stabilities of LB400(ohb) and the previously constructed strain RHA1(fcb), capable of growth on 4-chlorobenzoate, were monitored during the aerobic phase. The population dynamics of both strains were also followed by selective plating and real-time PCR, with comparable results; populations of both recombinants increased in the contaminated sediment. Inoculation at different cell densities (104 or 106 cells g−1 sediment) did not affect the extent of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) biodegradation. After 30 days, PCB removal rates for high and low inoculation densities were 57% and 54%, respectively, during the aerobic phase.

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Melo, Raphael Oliveira de, Hend Pereira de Oliveira, Klever Cristiano Silveira, Lílian Estrela Borges Baldotto, and Marihus Altoé Baldotto. "Initial performance of maize in response to humic acids and plant growth-promoting bacteria." Revista Ceres 65, no. 3 (June 2018): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-737x201865030007.

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ABSTRACT Seed treatment with inoculants based on plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) or the application of humic acids (HA) may increase the productivity of plants of agricultural interest. The hypothesis of this work is that it is possible to combine the effect of plant growth promoting characteristic of HA with the inoculation of PGPB selected strains in the treatment of maize seeds. Thus, providing superior responses than in single applications of both in the initial maize development. To meet this purpose, we conducted isolated application of HA or PGPB inoculation of Burkholderia gladioli and Rhizobium cellulosilyticum, and the combined application of PGPB and HA for treatment of maize seeds. At the end of the experiment (45 days after germination), the plants were evaluated biometrically, nutritionally and a bacteria count was performed in plants using the Most Probable Number technique. The results showed that it is possible to combine the effects of HA with the inoculation of selected strains of PGPB, obtaining superior responses to the isolated application of both. Thus, the use of HA-based bio-stimulants in combination with PGPB is positive and complementary compared to inputs generally used in the treatment of maize seeds.

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Gama, Lais Alves da, Karla Gabrielle Dutra Pinto, Bruna Nogueira Leite, Gerlandio Suassuna Gonçalves, José Odair Pereira, José Ferreira da Silva, and Sônia Maria Figueiredo Albertino. "Rizobacteria Isolated in the Amazon and Its Influence on the Growth of Guarana Seedlings." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 4 (March 15, 2019): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n4p428.

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Guarana (Paullinia cupana var. Sorbilis (Mart.) Ducke) is a species native from Amazon which has high caffeine concentration. The interactions between guarana and microorganisms in Amazonian soils need to be investigated, especially in relation to the seedling production process, due to its beneficial relationships such as biosynthesis and the supply of stimulating substances, which may result in shortening of the nursery garden or increased productivity. Thus, this research had the objective of evaluating the potential of growth caused by rhizobacteria (Burkholderia ambifaria and Bacillus sp.) in rooting of guarana seedlings. The root length, volume, dry matter of the aerial part, height, number of leaves, leaf area and dry matter of shoot were evaluated at 180 days after planting emergence. Were also determined the carbohydrate and proline content of the aerial part. The rhizobacteria did not influence the growth of the seedlings, however, the carbohydrate contents were higher when the inoculation of the rhizobacteria was carried out with the Burkholderia ambifaria bacteria in the cultivar BRS-Amazonas, with the best results. The proline levels were higher in the control treatment of the two cultivars.

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Liu, Boping, Ghee Chong Koo, Eu Hian Yap, Kim Lee Chua, and Yunn-Hwen Gan. "Model of Differential Susceptibility to Mucosal Burkholderia pseudomallei Infection." Infection and Immunity 70, no. 2 (February 2002): 504–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.70.2.504-511.2002.

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ABSTRACT Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, an infectious disease with protean clinical manifestations. The major route of infection is thought to be through subcutaneous inoculation of contaminated soil and water, although ingestion and inhalation of contaminated aerosols are also possible. This study examines infection through the intranasal route in a murine model to mimic infection through inhalation. Two strains of mice, C57BL/6 and BALB/c, exhibit differential susceptibilities to the infection, with the C57BL/6 mice being considerably more resistant. To examine host factors that could contribute to this difference, bacterial loads and cytokine profiles in the two strains of mice were compared. We found that infected BALB/c mice exhibited higher bacterial loads in the lung and spleen and that they produced significantly higher levels of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) in the serum than C57BL/6 mice. Although tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1 could be detected in the nasal washes and sera of both strains of mice, the production in serum was transient and much lower than that of IFN-γ. C57BL/6 mice also exhibited memory responses to bacteria upon reinfection, with the production of serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and mucosal IgA antibodies. Thus, it is possible that the production of systemic and mucosal antibodies is important for protection against disease in C57BL/6 mice.

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Afzal, Muhammad, Sumia Khan, Samina Iqbal, Muhammad Sajjad Mirza, and Qaiser M. Khan. "Inoculation method affects colonization and activity of Burkholderia phytofirmans PsJN during phytoremediation of diesel-contaminated soil." International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 85 (November 2013): 331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2013.08.022.

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Warmink, J. A., and J. D. van Elsas. "Migratory Response of Soil Bacteria to Lyophyllum sp. Strain Karsten in Soil Microcosms." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 9 (March 13, 2009): 2820–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02110-08.

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ABSTRACT In this study, the selection of bacteria on the basis of their migration via fungal hyphae in soil was investigated in microcosm experiments containing Lyophyllum sp. strain Karsten (DSM2979). One week following inoculation with a bacterial community obtained from soil, selection of a few specific bacterial types was noticed at 30 mm in the growth direction of Lyophyllum sp. strain Karsten in sterile soil. Cultivation-based analyses showed that the migration-proficient types encompassed 10 bacterial groups, as evidenced by (GTG)5 genomic fingerprinting as well as 16S rRNA gene sequencing. These were (>97% similarity) Burkholderia terrae BS001, Burkholderia sordidicola BS026, Burkholderia sediminicola BS010, and Burkholderia phenazinium BS028; Dyella japonica BS013, BS018, and BS021; “Sphingoterrabacterium pocheensis” BS024; Sphingobacterium daejeonense BS025; and Ralstonia basilensis BS017. Migration as single species was subsequently found for B. terrae BS001, D. japonica BS018 and BS021, and R. basilensis BS017. Typically, migration occurred only when these organisms were introduced at the fungal growth front and only in the direction of hyphal growth. Migration proficiency showed a one-sided correlation with the presence of the hrcR gene, used as a marker for the type III secretion system (TTSS), as all single-strain migrators were equipped with this system and most non-single-strain migrators were not. The presence of the TTSS stood in contrast to the low prevalence of TTSSs within the bacterial community used as an inoculum (<3%). Microscopic examination of B. terrae BS001 in contact with Lyophyllum sp. strain Karsten hyphae revealed the development of a biofilm surrounding the hyphae. Migration-proficient bacteria interacting with Lyophyllum sp. strain Karsten may show complex behavior (biofilm formation) at the fungal tip, leading to their translocation and growth in novel microhabitats in soil.

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SILVA, Krisle da, Liamara PERIN, Maria de Lourdes GOMES, Alexandre Cardoso BARAÚNA, Gilmara Maria Duarte PEREIRA, Cátia Aparecida MOSQUEIRA, Ismaele Breckenfeld da COSTA, Graham O'HARA, and Jerri Édson ZILLI. "Diversity and capacity to promote maize growth of bacteria isolated from the Amazon region." Acta Amazonica 46, no. 2 (June 2016): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392201502502.

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ABSTRACT Maize plants can establish beneficial associations with plant growth-promoting bacteria. However, few studies have been conducted on the characterization and inoculation of these bacteria in the Amazon region. This study aimed to characterize endophytic bacteria isolated from maize in the Amazon region and to assess their capacity to promote plant growth. Fifty-five bacterial isolates were obtained from maize grown in two types of ecosystems, i.e., a cerrado (savanna) and a forest area. The isolates were characterized by the presence of the nifH gene, their ability to synthesize indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and solubilize calcium phosphate (CaHPO4), and 16S rRNA partial gene sequencing. Twenty-four bacteria contained the nifH gene, of which seven were isolated from maize plants cultivated in a cerrado area and seventeen from a forest area. Fourteen samples showed the capacity to synthesize IAA and only four solubilized calcium phosphate. The following genera were found among these isolates: Pseudomonas; Acinetobacter; Enterobacter; Pantoea; Burkholderia and Bacillus. In addition, eight isolates with plant growth-promoting capacity were selected for a glasshouse experiment involving the inoculation of two maize genotypes (a hybrid and a variety) grown in pots containing soil. Inoculation promoted the development of the maize plants but no significant interaction between maize cultivar and bacterial inoculation was found. A high diversity of endophytic bacteria is present in the Amazon region and these bacteria have potential to promote the development of maize plants.

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Luo, J., G. Xie, B. Li, and X. Lihui. "First Report of Burkholderia glumae Isolated from Symptomless Rice Seeds in China." Plant Disease 91, no. 10 (October 2007): 1363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-10-1363b.

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Burkholderia glumae causes grain rot and seedling rot of rice (Oryza sativa L.). It is seedborne and has caused severe damage in Japan (1). Since 1997, efforts have been made to detect the pathogen in rice seeds in China (2), where no typical symptoms have been observed in the rice paddy fields. Isolation from 623 symptomless rice seed samples yielded two samples, originally produced in Hainan province, with possible B. glumae (0.32%). Six bacterial strains isolated from these two samples showed characteristics similar to those of the standard reference strain of B. glumae, LMG 1837T from Belgium, in phenotypic tests including the Biolog identification system (version 4.2; Hayward, CA), pathogenicity tests, and gas chromatographic analysis of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) using the Microbial identification System (MIDI Company, Newark, DE) with aerobic bacterial library (TABA50). All strains were gram-negative aerobic rods, 1.5 to 2.5 μm × 0.5 to 0.7μm, and had 1 to 7 polar flagella. No green fluorescent diffusible pigment was produced on King's medium B. Colonies were gray-white, slightly raised with smooth margins, and appeared within 3 days on nutrient agar. A hypersensitive reaction was observed on tobacco cv. Benshi 24 h after inoculation. All isolates were identified as B. glumae with Biolog similarity of 0.68 to 0.87 and FAMEs similarity of 0.65 to 0.91. Identification as B. glumae was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (3) primers BG1: 5′-ACACGGAACACCTGGGTA-3′; and BG2: 5′-TCGCTCTCCCGAAGAGAT-3′. Inoculation of intact plants of cv. Jiayue with cell suspensions containing 108 CFU/ml of the six strains individually produced seedling rot and grain rot symptoms. The bacterium was reisolated from symptomatic rice plants. B. glumae was first reported from Japan as the cause of grain rot of rice in 1967 (1) and was isolated from symptomatic rice seeds in 1987 in Taiwan, China. To our knowledge, this is the first report of B. glumae being isolated from healthy-looking rice seeds in China. This indicates that the pathogen is already in the mainland of China and there is a risk of a seedling rot outbreak if rice seedlings are raised indoors on a large scale for transplantation as it is in Japan. References: (1) T. Kurita and H. Tabei. Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Jpn. 33:111,1967. (2) G. L. Xie et al. Acta Phytopathol. Sin. 32:114, 2002. (3) M. Yukiko et al. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56:1031, 2006.

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Fory, P. A., L. Triplett, C. Ballen, J. F. Abello, J. Duitama, M. G. Aricapa, G. A. Prado, et al. "Comparative Analysis of Two Emerging Rice Seed Bacterial Pathogens." Phytopathology® 104, no. 5 (May 2014): 436–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-07-13-0186-r.

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Seed sterility and grain discoloration limit rice production in Colombia and several Central American countries. In samples of discolored rice seed grown in Colombian fields, the species Burkholderia glumae and B. gladioli were isolated, and field isolates were compared phenotypically. An artificial inoculation assay was used to determine that, although both bacterial species cause symptoms on rice grains, B. glumae is a more aggressive pathogen, causing yield reduction and higher levels of grain sterility. To identify putative virulence genes differing between B. glumae and B. gladioli, four previously sequenced genomes of Asian and U.S. strains of the two pathogens were compared with each other and with two draft genomes of Colombian B. glumae and B. gladioli isolates generated for this study. Whereas previously characterized Burkholderia virulence factors are highly conserved between the two species, B. glumae and B. gladioli strains are predicted to encode distinct groups of genes encoding type VI secretion systems, transcriptional regulators, and membrane-sensing proteins. This study shows that both B. glumae and B. gladioli can threaten grain quality, although only one species affects yield. Furthermore, genotypic differences between the two strains are identified that could contribute to disease phenotypic differences.

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St. John, James A., Heidi Walkden, Lynn Nazareth, Kenneth W. Beagley, Glen C. Ulett, Michael R. Batzloff, Ifor R. Beacham, and Jenny A. K. Ekberg. "Burkholderia pseudomallei Rapidly Infects the Brain Stem and Spinal Cord via the Trigeminal Nerve after Intranasal Inoculation." Infection and Immunity 84, no. 9 (July 5, 2016): 2681–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00361-16.

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Infection withBurkholderia pseudomalleicauses melioidosis, a disease with a high mortality rate (20% in Australia and 40% in Southeast Asia). Neurological melioidosis is particularly prevalent in northern Australian patients and involves brain stem infection, which can progress to the spinal cord; however, the route by which the bacteria invade the central nervous system (CNS) is unknown. We have previously demonstrated thatB. pseudomalleican infect the olfactory and trigeminal nerves within the nasal cavity following intranasal inoculation. As the trigeminal nerve projects into the brain stem, we investigated whether the bacteria could continue along this nerve to penetrate the CNS. After intranasal inoculation of mice,B. pseudomalleicaused low-level localized infection within the nasal cavity epithelium, prior to invasion of the trigeminal nerve in small numbers.B. pseudomalleirapidly invaded the trigeminal nerve and crossed the astrocytic barrier to enter the brain stem within 24 h and then rapidly progressed over 2,000 μm into the spinal cord. To rule out that the bacteria used a hematogenous route, we used a capsule-deficient mutant ofB. pseudomalleithat does not survive in the blood and found that it also entered the CNS via the trigeminal nerve. This suggests that the primary route of entry is via the nerves that innervate the nasal cavity. We found that actin-mediated motility could facilitate initial infection of the olfactory epithelium. Thus, we have demonstrated thatB. pseudomalleican rapidly infect the brain and spinal cord via the trigeminal nerve branches that innervate the nasal cavity.

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You, C. P., M. M. Xiang, and Y. X. Zhang. "First Report of Bacterial Leaf Streak of Strelitzia reginae Caused by Burkholderia cepacia." Plant Disease 98, no. 5 (May 2014): 682. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-02-13-0205-pdn.

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In 2011, the bacterial leaf streak disease of the monocotyledonous flowering plant, commonly known as bird of paradise (Strelitzia reginae), occurred in a nursery in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China. Lesions on diseased leaves began as water-soaked leaf spots or streaks near the central and secondary veins, eventually expanded along veins and became brown necrotic streaks. Occasionally, during wet conditions, seedlings were completely blighted. The disease incidence was about 12% in the nursery. Bacteria were consistently isolated on nutrient agar (NA) (4) from surface-sterilized symptomatic lesions and purified on NA. Three bacterial strains were tested for pathogenicity on S. reginae plants. Three plants were inoculated per bacterial strain (bacterial suspensions 107 CFU/ml in nutrient broth [NB] [4]) by wounding three young, fully expanded leaves (four wounds per leaf) with needle. Plants were placed in polyethylene bags 1 day before inoculation and maintained for 7 days after inoculation. Three control plants were inoculated with NB. Water-soaked areas on leaves were observed on all inoculated plants 7 days after inoculation. Within 10 days, brown streaks were observed. All strains induced similar symptoms as those observed on the plants in the nursery. Control plants showed no symptoms. For molecular identification, a near full-length sequence of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified from strain TNT1-1 (GenBank Accession No. JX901049.1) with primers 27F and 1492R (3), obtaining a PCR product of ~1,500 bp. A BLAST search in GenBank revealed the highest similarity (99.5%) to sequences of Burkholderia cepacia (FN178432.1 and FN178432.1). BIOLOG identification showed that TTN1-1 had the highest probability index of 0.85 and highest similarity index of 0.85 to B. cepacia. For biochemical characteristics, the strain was gram negative, anaerobic growth test negative, oxidase negative, catalase positive, did not produce fluorescent pigment on KB (4), did not grow on DIM agar (4), arginine dihydrolysis negative, nitrate reduction negative, starch hydrolysis negative, gelatin liquefaction negative, citrate, D-arabinose, L-fructose, trehalose, and maltose utilization positive, didn't produce acid from glucose, and grew on Tween 80 medium at 41°C. The above characteristics were identical to that of reference isolate B. cepacia ATCC 25416. Additionally, bacteria isolated on NA from the leading edge of lesions of inoculated plants with the strain were identical to the inoculated strain based on 16S rDNA sequence analysis, but no bacteria were recovered from the wounded sites on the control plants. Therefore, bacterial leaf streak of bird of paradise is caused by B. cepacia based on Koch's postulates. In contrast, two bacterial diseases on S. reginae were previously reported to be caused by Xanthomonas campestris (1) and B. gladioli (2) in the United States and Italy, respectively. A similar leaf streak disease on S. nicolai was caused by Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae in the United States (5). To our knowledge, this is the first report of a leaf streak disease on S. reginae caused by B. cepacia. References: (1) A. R. Chase and J. B. Jones. Plant Dis. 71:845, 1987. (2) G. Cirvilleri et al. Plant Dis. 90:1553, 2006. (3) I. M. Lee et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:2631, 1997. (4) N. W. Schaad et al. Laboratory Guide for Identification of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. 3rd ed. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 2001. (5) T. E. Seijo and N. A. Peres. Plant Dis. 95:1474, 2011.

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Goodyear, Andrew, Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann, Herbert Schweizer, and Steven Dow. "Persistent Gastric Colonization with Burkholderia pseudomallei and Dissemination from the Gastrointestinal Tract following Mucosal Inoculation of Mice." PLoS ONE 7, no. 5 (May 18, 2012): e37324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0037324.

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Govindarajan, Munusamy, Jacques Balandreau, Soon-Wo Kwon, Hang-Yeon Weon, and Cunthipuram Lakshminarasimhan. "Effects of the Inoculation of Burkholderia vietnamensis and Related Endophytic Diazotrophic Bacteria on Grain Yield of Rice." Microbial Ecology 55, no. 1 (April 4, 2007): 21–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00248-007-9247-9.

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Akhtar, Saqib Saleem, Mathias Neumann Andersen, Muhammad Naveed, Zahir Ahmad Zahir, and Fulai Liu. "Interactive effect of biochar and plant growth-promoting bacterial endophytes on ameliorating salinity stress in maize." Functional Plant Biology 42, no. 8 (2015): 770. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp15054.

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The objective of this work was to study the interactive effect of biochar and plant growth-promoting endophytic bacteria containing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase and exopolysaccharide activity on mitigating salinity stress in maize (Zea mays L.). The plants were grown in a greenhouse under controlled conditions, and were subjected to separate or combined treatments of biochar (0% and 5%, w/w) and two endophytic bacterial strains (Burkholderia phytofirmans (PsJN) and Enterobacter sp. (FD17)) and salinity stress. The results indicated that salinity significantly decreased the growth of maize, whereas both biochar and inoculation mitigated the negative effects of salinity on maize performance either by decreasing the xylem Na+ concentration ([Na+]xylem) uptake or by maintaining nutrient balance within the plant, especially when the two treatments were applied in combination. Moreover, in biochar-amended saline soil, strain FD17 performed significantly better than did PsJN in reducing [Na+]xylem. Our results suggested that inoculation of plants with endophytic baterial strains along with biochar amendment could be an effective approach for sustaining crop production in salt-affected soils.

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Riera, Nadia, Han Wang, Yong Li, Jinyun Li, Kirsten Pelz-Stelinski, and Nian Wang. "Induced Systemic Resistance Against Citrus Canker Disease by Rhizobacteria." Phytopathology® 108, no. 9 (September 2018): 1038–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-07-17-0244-r.

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Citrus canker, caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, is an important citrus disease that causes significant economic losses worldwide. All commercial citrus varieties are susceptible to citrus canker. Currently, chemical control with copper based products is the main approach to control X. citri subsp. citri dispersal and plant colonization. However, extensive use of copper compounds can result in copper-resistant strains and cause adverse effects on the environment. Alternatives to chemical control involve the activation of citrus immunity to control the disease. Here, we investigated the ability of multiple rhizobacteria to induce a systemic defense response in cultivar Duncan grapefruit. Burkholderia territorii strain A63, Burkholderia metallica strain A53, and Pseudomonas geniculata strain 95 were found to effectively activate plant defense and significantly reduce symptom development in leaves challenged with X. citri subsp. citri. In the priming phase, root application of P. geniculata induced the expression of salicylic acid (SA)-signaling pathway marker genes (PR1, PR2, PR5, and salicylic acid carboxyl methyltransferase [SAM-SACM]). Gene expression analyses after X. citri subsp. citri challenge showed that root inoculation with P. geniculata strain 95 increased the relative levels of phenylalanine ammonia lyase 1 and SAM-SACM, two genes involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway as well as the biosynthesis of SA and methyl salicylate (MeSA), respectively. However, hormone analyses by UPLC-MS/MS showed no significant difference between SA in P. geniculata-treated plants and control plants at 8 days post-beneficial bacteria root inoculation. Moreover, P. geniculata root-treated plants contained higher reactive oxygen species levels in aerial tissues than control plants 8 days post-treatment application. This study demonstrates that rhizobacteria can modulate citrus immunity resulting in a systemic defense response against X. citri subsp. citri under greenhouse conditions.

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Kim, Namgyu, Mohamed Mannaa, Juyun Kim, Ji-Eun Ra, Sang-Min Kim, Chaeyeong Lee, Hyun-Hee Lee, and Young-Su Seo. "The In Vitro and In Planta Interspecies Interactions Among Rice-Pathogenic Burkholderia Species." Plant Disease 105, no. 1 (January 2021): 134–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-06-20-1252-re.

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Burkholderia glumae, B. plantarii, and B. gladioli are responsible for serious diseases in rice crops and co-occurrence among them has been reported. In this study, in vitro assays revealed antagonistic activity among these organisms, with B. gladioli demonstrating strong inhibition of B. glumae and B. plantarii. Strains of B. glumae and B. plantarii that express green fluorescent protein were constructed and used for cocultivation assays with B. gladioli, which confirmed the strong inhibitory activity of B. gladioli. Cell-free supernatants from each species were tested against cultures of counterpart species to evaluate the potential to inhibit bacterial growth. To investigate the inhibitory activity of B. gladioli on B. glumae and B. plantarii in rice, rice plant assays were performed and quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays were developed for in planta bacterial quantification. The results indicated that coinoculation with B. gladioli leads to significantly reduced disease severity and colonization of rice tissues compared with single inoculation with B. glumae or B. plantarii. This study demonstrates the interactions among three rice-pathogenic Burkholderia species and strong antagonistic activity of B. gladioli in vitro and in planta. The qPCR assays developed here could be applied for accurate quantification of these organisms from in planta samples in future studies.

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Appukuttan, Anuraj, Abhijith Valsalan, Sherin Shaji, and Gowri Gopal. "Lesser Sac Haematoma-Melioidosis - A Surgical Surprise." Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare 8, no. 16 (April 19, 2021): 1087–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.18410/jebmh/2021/210.

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Melioidosis, a potentially fatal disease endemic in South East Asia and Northern Australia is caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, a potential bioterror agent. It is a motile, aerobic non-spore forming gram negative bacillus often characterised by pneumonia and multiple abscesses, but it can also present as septic arthritis, cutaneous ulcer and osteomyelitis. Modes of acquisition are inhalation, inoculation and rarely ingestion from a contaminated environment.1 General and gastro surgeons rarely come across abdominal melioidosis and rare is a lesser sac haematoma secondary to mycotic aneurysm of splenic artery caused by melioidosis. Clinical manifestations can vary from asymptomatic infections to localised abscesses to fulminating diseases with multiorgan involvement and eventual death. Due to evolving lifestyle, extensive travel and climate changes the disease which was previously confined to specific countries has crossed its boundaries. Increase in cases of comorbid conditions like diabetes and immunocompromised states have added on to the cause of increasing rates of the disease worldwide. India has seen isolated case reports from few states. Most often Burkholderia pseudomallei is misreported as pseudomonas species especially in resource-poor laboratories making the disease potentially fatal due to error in the treatment protocol.2 Due to its high chance of recurrence, prolonged treatment with combinations of antibiotics is required for complete eradication.

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MichÃ¯Â¿Â½, Lucie, and Jacques Balandreau. "Effects of Rice Seed Surface Sterilization with Hypochlorite on Inoculated Burkholderia vietnamiensis." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 7 (July 1, 2001): 3046–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.7.3046-3052.2001.

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ABSTRACT When a combination of hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorite was used to surface sterilize rice seeds, a 102- to 104-fold decrease in CFU was observed during the first 15 h after inoculation of the rice rhizosphere organismBurkholderia vietnamiensis TVV75. This artifact could not be eliminated simply by rinsing the seeds, even thoroughly, with sterile distilled water. When growth resumed, a significant increase in the frequency of rifampin- and nalidixic acid-resistant mutants in the population was observed compared to the control without seeds. This phenomenon was a specific effect of hypochlorite; it was not observed with hydrogen peroxide alone. It was also not observed when the effect of hypochlorite was counteracted by sodium thiosulfate. We hypothesized that the hypochlorite used for disinfection reacted with the rice seed surface, forming a chlorine cover which was not removed by rinsing and generated mutagenic chloramines. We studied a set of rifampin- and nalidixic acid-resistant mutants obtained after seed surface sterilization. The corresponding rpoB and gyrAgenes were amplified and sequenced to characterize the induced mutations. The mutations in five of seven nalidixic acid-resistant mutants and all of the rifampin-resistant mutants studied were found to correspond to single amino acid substitutions. Hypochlorite surface sterilization can thus be a source of artifacts when the initial bacterial colonization of a plant is studied.

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Su, Fan, Sandra Villaume, Fanja Rabenoelina, Jérôme Crouzet, Christophe Clément, Nathalie Vaillant-Gaveau, and Sandrine Dhondt-Cordelier. "Different Arabidopsis thaliana photosynthetic and defense responses to hemibiotrophic pathogen induced by local or distal inoculation of Burkholderia phytofirmans." Photosynthesis Research 134, no. 2 (August 24, 2017): 201–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11120-017-0435-2.

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Fan, Xianwei, Haiyang Hu, Guiyuan Huang, Feiyan Huang, Youzhi Li, and Jairo Palta. "Soil inoculation with Burkholderia sp. LD-11 has positive effect on water-use efficiency in inbred lines of maize." Plant and Soil 390, no. 1-2 (February 12, 2015): 337–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-015-2410-z.

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Nghĩa, Nguyễn Khởi, and Nguyễn Thị Kiều Oanh. "Selecion of carrier material and substrate for biofertilizer by-product containing three halophilic plant growth promoting bacteria (Burkholderia cepacia BL1-10, Bacillus megaterium ST2-9 and Bacillus aquimaris KG6-3)." Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology 15, no. 2 (April 20, 2018): 381–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1811-4989/15/2/12356.

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In biofertilizer production, carriers and substrates have an important role in maintaining an efficacy of the commercial biofertilizer by-product. The aim of this study was to select the best carrier material and substrate and as well substrate’s moisture to sustainably store biofertilizer by-product containing three halophilic plant growth promoting bacterial strains. They are Bacillus aquimaris KG6-3 (KG6-1), Burkholderia sp. BL1-10 (BL1-10) and Bacillus megaterium ST2-9 (ST2-9) with a function of non-symbiosic nitrogen fixer, phosphorous solubilizing bacteria and IAA producing bacteria, respectively. All the experiments in this study were conducted under the laboratory conditions. Spent coffee ground and domestic coal ash were used as carrier materials. Besides that, rice bran, banana peel, banana flesh, cocopeat and brown sugar were used as substrate materials. The results showed that the domestic coal ash was able to sustain the highest viable cell number of ST2-9 and KG6-3 strains after 16 incubation hours whilst BL1-10 was found to be highest viable cell number in carrier material of spent coffee ground and the viable cell number of mixed inoculum including three bacterial strains was shown to be not significantly different among the three tested carrier materials. Moreover, the viable cell number of all three bacterial strains regardless of single or mixed inoculation was found to be highest during 15 weeks in rice bran substrate with 50% of moisture content. The mixed viable cell number of bacterial consortium achieved highest in the substrate containing rice bran + brown sugar (15:1, w/w) and when taking into account a comparion between two inoculation means, it was shown that the viable cell number in treatments with bacteria immobilized in domestic coal ash was always higher than that in treatments with free cell bacteria inoculation method. Thus, it was concluded that domestic coal ash and rice bran + brown sugar mixture (15:1) was the best carrier material type and substrate for biofertilizer by-product containing the three holophilic plant growth promoting bacteria and the immobilization technique to inoculate bacteria via carrier material was the best option for microbial inoculation.

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Gupta, Abhishek Prakash, Ratan Halder, Mandira Chakraborty, and Partha Pratim Chakraborty. "Isolated splenic abscess due to melioidosis in type 1 diabetes mellitus: laboratory diagnosis of Burkholderia pseudomallei in resource-restricted setting." BMJ Case Reports 14, no. 2 (February 2021): e238985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2020-238985.

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Diabetes mellitus, type 1 in particular, is a well-recognised risk factor for melioidosis, a disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei. Melioidosis is endemic in Southeast Asia and in northern Australia and has a variety of clinical presentation, isolated splenic abscess being one of them. B. pseudomallei, however, is an uncommon aetiology of splenic abscess. The diagnosis of melioidosis is often overlooked unless the clinician and the microbiologist are suspicious of the condition. Multiple splenic abscesses and perisplenic collection were noted in CT scan of the abdomen in a patient of type 1 diabetes, presenting with fever for preceding 4 weeks. B. pseudomallei was isolated from the splenic aspirate and the diagnosis was made based on gram stain and routine biochemical tests. He was successfully treated with antibiotics. We postulate that the likely route of infection was inoculation through skin, the integrity of which was compromised by multiple subcutaneous insulin injections.

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Suharti, Tati, Triwidodo Arwiyanto, and Tri Joko. "Pertumbuhan dan Perkembangan Bibit Akor yang Diinokulasi Bakteri Patogen Terbawa Benih." Jurnal Fitopatologi Indonesia 14, no. 5 (January 29, 2019): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.14692/jfi.14.5.159.

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Growth and Development of Inoculated in Northern Black Wattle Seedling with Seed Borne Bacterial PathogensNorthern black wattle (Acacia auriculiformis) is a fast growing species that has multipurpose benefits such as pulpwood, solid wood, firewood, charcoal and pellet. Seed-borne bacterial pathogens were reported to reduce seed germination and seedling growth. The objective of this study was to evaluate effect of seed borne bacterial pathogen of A. auriculiformis on seed germination and 12 weeks-old seedling growth. Bacterial seed inoculation was performed by soaking the seed into respective bacterial suspension for 2 hours. The tested bacteria were Acinetobacter sp., Alcaligenes faecalis, Burkholderia cepacia complex, Escherichia hermannii, Paenochrobactrum sp., Pseudomonas stutzeri, Ralstonia sp., and Salmonella bongori. The results showed that all tested bacteria could reduce seed germination, but those does not affect seedling growth significantly. All tested bacteria excluding Acinetobacter sp. could inhibit seedling growth and development.

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Hantrakun, Viriya, Patpong Rongkard, Malinee Oyuchua, Premjit Amornchai, Cherry Lim, Vanaporn Wuthiekanun, Nicholas P. J. Day, Sharon J. Peacock, and Direk Limmathurotsakul. "Soil Nutrient Depletion Is Associated with the Presence of Burkholderia pseudomallei." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, no. 24 (September 30, 2016): 7086–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02538-16.

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ABSTRACTBurkholderia pseudomalleiis a soil-dwelling bacterium and the cause of melioidosis, which kills an estimated 89,000 people per year worldwide. Agricultural workers are at high risk of infection due to repeated exposure to the bacterium. Little is known about the soil physicochemical properties associated with the presence or absence of the organism. Here, we evaluated the soil physicochemical properties and presence ofB. pseudomalleiin 6,100 soil samples collected from 61 rice fields in Thailand. The presence ofB. pseudomalleiwas negatively associated with the proportion of clay, proportion of moisture, level of salinity, percentage of organic matter, presence of cadmium, and nutrient levels (phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and iron). The presence ofB. pseudomalleiwas not associated with the level of soil acidity (P= 0.54). In a multivariable logistic regression model, the presence ofB. pseudomalleiwas negatively associated with the percentage of organic matter (odds ratio [OR], 0.06; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.01 to 0.47;P= 0.007), level of salinity (OR, 0.06; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.74;P= 0.03), and percentage of soil moisture (OR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.66 to 1.00;P= 0.05). Our study suggests thatB. pseudomalleithrives in rice fields that are nutrient depleted. Some agricultural practices result in a decline in soil nutrients, which may impact the presence and amount ofB. pseudomalleibacteria in affected areas.IMPORTANCEBurkholderia pseudomalleiis an environmental Gram-negative bacillus and the cause of melioidosis. Humans acquire the disease following skin inoculation, inhalation, or ingestion of the bacterium in the environment. The presence ofB. pseudomalleiin soil defines geographic regions where humans and livestock are at risk of melioidosis, yet little is known about the soil properties associated with the presence of the organism. We evaluated the soil properties and presence ofB. pseudomalleiin 61 rice fields in East, Central, and Northeast Thailand. We demonstrated that the organism was more commonly found in soils with lower levels of organic matter and nutrients, including phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and iron. We also demonstrated that crop residue burning after harvest, which can reduce soil nutrients, was not uncommon. Some agricultural practices result in a decline in soil nutrients, which may impact the presence and amount ofB. pseudomalleibacteria in affected areas.

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Pellegrini, Marika, Giancarlo Pagnani, Massimiliano Rossi, Sara D’Egidio, Maddalena Del Gallo, and Cinzia Forni. "Daucus carota L. Seed Inoculation with a Consortium of Bacteria Improves Plant Growth, Soil Fertility Status and Microbial Community." Applied Sciences 11, no. 7 (April 6, 2021): 3274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11073274.

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The present work aimed to study suitability of a consortium of Azospirillum brasilense, Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus, Herbaspirillum seropedicae, and Burkholderia ambifaria as biofertilizers. Strains were assayed for plant growth-promoting characteristics (i.e., auxins production, phosphate solubilizing capability, and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase activity). The consortium of four bacteria was then inoculated on carrot seeds and tested in an open field experiment. During the open field experiment, plant growth (morphological parameters, chlorophylls, and carotenoids), soil chemical analysis, and molecular and physiological profiles of soils were investigated. Each strain produced different amounts of indole-3acetic acid and several indole-derivates molecules. All strains showed phosphate solubilization capability, while 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase activity was only detected in H. seropedicae and B. ambifaria. The bacterial consortium of the four strains gave interesting results in the open field cultivation of carrot. Plant development was positively affected by the presence of the consortium, as was soil fertility and microbial community structure and diversity. The present work allowed for deepening our knowledge on four bacteria, already known for years for having several interesting characteristics, but whose interactions were almost unknown, particularly in view of their use as a consortium in a valid fertilization strategy, in substitution of agrochemicals for a sustainable agriculture.

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Zhou, X. G. "First Report of Bacterial Panicle Blight of Rice Caused by Burkholderia glumae in South Africa." Plant Disease 98, no. 4 (April 2014): 566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-13-0913-pdn.

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In April 2013, upright, straw-colored panicles were observed in rice (Oryza sativa L.) fields with center pivot sprinkler irrigation at Ukulima farm in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Affected panicles contained florets that initially exhibited discoloration ranging from light green to light brown on the basal portion of the glumes and later developed a reddish-brown margin separating this area from the rest of the glume that became straw-colored. The stems of infected florets remained green. Affected grains were partially filled or aborted, causing panicles to remain upright. These symptoms appeared on approximately 25% of the rice plants of the varieties Presidio and WAB56-104. A gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium was isolated consistently from symptomatic panicles. These strains produced circular, smooth-margined, convex colonies on King's B medium (KB) with a yellowish-green, diffusible non-fluorescent pigment. Four strains, two from each of the two varieties, were selected for physiological, molecular, and pathogenicity assays. These strains grew on nutrient-broth yeast (NBY) agar at 40°C and in NBY amended with 3% NaCl. They utilized acetate, adonitol, and citrate, and were positive for gelatin hydrolysis, but negative for oxidase and arginine dihydrolase. These morphological and physiological data indicate that the characteristics of these strains were similar to those of Burkholderia glumae. The strains were further verified using B. glumae-specific PCR method (2). In a greenhouse, 12 panicles each of Presidio and WAB56-104 were spray-inoculated at the flowering stage with a bacterial suspension (108 CFU/ml) of each strain generated from cultures grown on KB at 30°C for 24 h. Twelve panicles of each variety treated in the same way with sterile water served as controls. After inoculation, treated panicles were covered with transparent polyethylene bags and maintained in the greenhouse with temperatures ranging from 24 to 35°C. After 2 days, the polyethylene bags were removed. Symptoms similar to those observed in the field developed on all the panicles inoculated with each strain by 10 days of inoculation. No symptoms were observed on the control panicles. Bacteria with the same morphological and cultural characteristics of B. glumae were consistently re-isolated from diseased panicles. All eight randomly selected, re-isolated strains were confirmed to be B. glumae based on the B. glumae-specific PCR and physiological assays described above. This pathogenicity experiment was repeated once with similar results. This is the first report of bacterial panicle blight of rice caused by B. glumae in South Africa. Overhead sprinkler irrigation appeared to promote the development and spread of the disease. Since the bacterium is seedborne (3) and there are no acceptable levels of resistance available in commercial varieties, bacterial panicle blight poses a threat to rice production. This bacterium was first described in Japan as the causing agent of grain rot and seedling rot on rice grown under flood irrigation conditions (1). Bacterial panicle blight caused by B. glumae has since been reported in China, Korea, Latin America, the Philippines, and the United States (2). References: (1) K. Goto and K. Ohata. Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Jpn. 21:46, 1956. (2) R. Nandakumar et al. Plant Dis. 93:896, 2009. (3) R. J. Sayler et al. Plant Dis. 90:603, 2006.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Inoculation with Burkholderia'

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