Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Innovation – Aspect économique'
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Danguy, Jérôme. "Essays on the globalization of innovation using patent-based indicators." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209409.
Full textFirst, the relevance of patent statistics as indicators of innovation is evaluated by studying the relationship between expenditures in R&D activities and patenting efforts. Chapter 2 decomposes this relationship at the industry level to shed light on the origins of the worldwide surge in patent applications. The empirical investigation of the R&D-patent relationship relies on a unique panel dataset composed of 18 manufacturing industries in 19 countries covering the period from 1987 to 2005, for which five broad patent indicators are developed. This study shows that patent applications at the industry level reflect not only research productivity, but also two main components of the propensity to patent which are firms’ strategic considerations: the decision to protect an invention with a patent (the “appropriability strategy”) and the number of patents filed to protect an innovation (the “filing strategy”). The comparison between the results for various patent count indicators provides also interesting insights. While some industries (computers and communication technologies) and countries (South Korea, Spain, and Poland) have experienced a drastic increase in patent applications, the ratio of priority patent applications to R&D expenditures has been generally constant. This result suggests that there has been no spurt in innovation productivity. In contrast, regional applications (filings at the United States Patent and Trademark Office or at the European Patent Office) have been increasing since the early 1990s, suggesting that the patent explosion observed in large regional patent offices is due to the greater globalization of intellectual property rights rather than a surge in research productivity. Innovative firms are increasingly targeting global markets and hence have a higher tendency to seek protection in key markets worldwide.
Chapter 3 introduces, firstly, aggregate patent-based indicators to measure the globalization of innovation production. Secondly, it describes the patterns in international technology production for a large panel dataset covering 21 industries in 29 countries from 1980 to 2005. A strong growth in the intensity of globalization of innovation is confirmed not only in terms of cross-border ownership of innovation, but also in terms of international technological collaborations. More interestingly, heterogeneity across countries and industries is observed. On the one hand, more innovative countries (or industries) do not present more globalized innovation footprint. On the other hand, the ownership of innovation is still strongly concentrated in a few countries, although its location is increasingly dispersed across the world. Thirdly, it investigates empirically two main opposing motives driving the internationalization of innovation: home-base augmenting and home-base exploiting strategies. The results show that the degree of internationalization of innovation is negatively related to the revealed technological advantage of countries across industries. Countries tend to be more technologically globalized in industrial sectors in which they are less technologically specialized. The empirical findings suggest also that countries with multidisciplinary technological knowledge are more likely to take part in international co-inventions of new technologies and to be attractive for foreign innovative firms. This aggregated patent-based analysis provides additional evidence that globalization of innovation is a means of acquiring competences abroad that are lacking at home, suggesting that home-base augmenting motives matter in the globalization of innovation production. By contrast, the internationalization of innovation does not seem to be purely market-driven since large economies are not the target of foreign innovative firms and international patenting is more related to international competitiveness of country-industry pairs than to the direction of trade flows.
While the previous chapter studies the globalization of innovation of a country with the rest of world, Chapter 4 aims at explaining who collaborates with whom in the international production of technology. In particular, the impact of technological distance between partner’s economies is investigated for a panel dataset covering international co-inventions between 29 countries in 21 industries between 1988 and 2005. The descriptive analysis highlights that the overall growth in internationalization of innovation is due to both the increase in the number of international innovative actors and the rise of the average intensity of collaboration. The empirical findings then suggest that the two main arguments related to technological distance – ‘similarity versus diversity’ – can be reconciled by taking an industry approach. Indeed, the estimation results show that the impact of technological distance is twofold on the intensity of collaborative innovation at industry level. On the one hand, the more similar the industry-specific knowledge of two countries (low technological distance within the industry), the more easily they collaborate by sharing common industrial knowledge. On the other hand, the more different their non-industry-specific knowledge (high technological distance outside the scope of the industry), the more they collaborate to gain access to broad and interdisciplinary expertise. It suggests that the relative absorptive capacity between partner’s economies and the search for novel and complementary knowledge are key drivers of the globalization of innovation. Moreover, the results confirm the moderating effect of non-technological distance factors (spatial proximity, ease of communication, institutional proximity, and overall economic ties) in cross-border innovative relationships.
The topic of Chapter 5 is the cost-benefit analysis of the creation of a new ‘globalized’ patent: the EU Patent (formerly known as Community Patent) which consists in a single patent covering the entire EU territory for both application procedure and legal enforcement after grant. The objective of this chapter is threefold: (i) simulate the budgetary consequences in terms of renewal fees’ income for the European and national patent offices; (ii) evaluate the implications for the business sector in terms of absolute and relative fees; (iii) assess the total economic impact for the most important actors of the European patent system. Based on an econometric model explaining the determinants of the maintenance rate of patents, the simulations suggest that – with a sound renewal fee structure – the EU patent could generate more income for nearly all patent offices than under the current status quo. It would, at the same time, substantially reduce the relative patenting costs for applicants. Finally, the loss of economic rents by patent attorneys, translators and lawyers, and the drop of controlling power by national patent offices elucidate further the persistence of a fragmented European patent system.
Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Frenken, Koen. "Innovation de produit : une application de la théorie des systèmes complexes." Grenoble 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001GRE21033.
Full textGrimal, Laurent. "Protection de l'environnement, innovation et emploi : recherches sur la cohérence de la politique économique." Toulouse 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOU10054.
Full textLaperche, Blandine. "Appropriabilité de l'information scientifique et technique, innovation et normalisation des techniques de production." Littoral, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997DUNK0011.
Full textScientific and technical information is an organized system of knowledge, learning and know-how. It is the principal input of production of material or immaterial goods. As a production means, it crystallizes the capitalist relations in which it has been built. Scientific and technical information cannot be, therefore, considered as a public good, freely distributed ; its appropriation is carried out by the work necessary for its formation, in the sphere of production. The capitalist competition, which requires the constant renewal of production means, is at the origin, within national systems of innovation, of the combination of informations in information pools systematically integrated in production processes. The erratic succession of periods of growth and crisis, during the long waves of accumulation multiplies, for big firms, the methods appropriation of informations and limits the access to the externalities produced by technological innovation. In the actual context of global technical competition, firms organized themselves in networks which make easier the appropriation and the protection of scientific and technical informations nodal to production processes. The standardization, upstream the production, of production techniques and informational pools, gives, for innovative firms, monopolistic rents reinvested, in function of opportunities of profits, in processes of knowledge accumulation. This process leads to the diffusion of protected informational pools and the correspondant methods of work. This diffusion of protected informational pools is, in industrialized countries, at the origin of industrial and salarial stratifications for the benefit of the most competitive firms and the most qualified workers. The countries which have weak national systems of innovation bump into the important cost of information appropriation and endogeneisation of these standards
Marinescu, Ioana. "Coûts et procédures de licenciement, croissance et innovation technologique." Paris, EHESS, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005EHES0038.
Full textThe right for workers to challenge their dismissal at court generates costs for firms. What is the economic impact of these costs? Using a change in British law, we show how an increase in firing costs can diminish the probability of termination and likely increase the quality of matches, and hence productivity. We then study the relationship between these firing costs and the economic cycle. Thus, in France the rate of appeal to labour courts (prud'hommes) is pro cyclical. Moreover in France as the United Kingdom, trials for irregular dismissal are more often decided in favor of firms when unemployment is higher. Lastly, we ask if innovative firms use a specific type of finance. We show that this indeed the case : in particular, the more innovative a firm gets, the less it uses debt as a source of finance
Sebai, Jihane. "Coopération interfirmes et innovation dans le secteur de l'industrie pharmaceutique : une appréhension par les compétences." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006VERS005S.
Full textThis doctoral dissertation focuses on the necessary competences and characteristics of firms involved in cooperative innovation projects. It subscribes to the hypothesis that involvement in cooperative agreements requires the presence of a certain number of factors (and competences). This dissertation goes beyond the restrictive resource allocation perspective (which draws on the transaction cost theory), by placing inter firm co-operation in a context of competence creation and by distinguishing the characteristics of firms participating in co-operative relationships. The empirical investigations, based on the R&D intensive pharmaceutical industry, aim at identifying the various co-operative forms characteristic of this sector, the competences which contribute to innovation and R&D project activities, and the factors which determine co-operative involvement. The results suggest that the aptitude to innovate in the pharmaceutical sector depends on certain organisational, technological, relational and means competences. Furthermore, participation in co-operative relationships is stimulated by the presence of the fore-mentioned competences as well as certain firm characteristics. The variables influencing pharmaceutical firm participation in innovation agreements differ, however, according to the nature of the pharmaceutical partners (big pharma, start-up, biotechnology firms, public research laboratories, etc. ) and their geographical locations (France, Europe, North America, countries in other continents)
van, Zeebroeck Nicolas. "Essays on the empirical analysis of patent systems." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210551.
Full text2. The evolution: Chapter 2 presents a detailed descriptive analysis of the evolution in the size of patent applications filed to the European Patent Office (EPO). In this chapter, we propose two measures of patent voluminosity and identify the main patterns in their evolution. Based on a dataset with about 2 million documents filed at the EPO, the results show that the average voluminosity of patent applications – measured in terms of the number of pages and claims contained in each document – has doubled over the past 25 years. Nevertheless, this evolution varies widely across countries, technologies and filing procedures chosen by the applicant. This increasing voluminosity of filings has a strong impact on the workload of the EPO, which justifies the need for regulatory and policy actions.
3. The drivers: The evolution in patent voluminosity observed in chapter 2 calls for a multivariate analysis of its determinants. Chapter 3 therefore proposes and tests 4 different hypotheses that may contribute to explaining the observed inflation in size: the influence of national laws and practices and their diffusion to other countries with the progressive globalization of patenting procedures, the complexification of research activities and inventions, the emergence of new sectors with less established norms and vocabularies, and the construction of patent portfolios. The econometric results first reveal that the four hypotheses are significantly associated with longer documents and are therefore empirically supported. It appears however that the first hypothesis – the diffusion of national drafting practices through international patenting procedures – is the strongest contributor of all, resulting in a progressive harmonization of drafting styles toward American standards, which are longer by nature. The portfolio construction hypothesis seems a less important driver but nevertheless highlights substantial changes in patenting practices. These results raise two questions: Do these evolving patenting practices indicate more valuable patents? Do they induce any embarrassment for the patent system?
4. Measuring patent value: If the former of these two questions is to be addressed, measures are needed to identify higher value patents. Chapter 4 therefore proposes a review of the state of the art on patent value indicators and analyses several issues in their measurement and interpretation. Five classes of indicators proposed in the literature may be obtained directly from patent databases: the number of countries in which each patent is enforced, the number of years during which each patent has been renewed, the grant decision taken, the number of citations received from subsequent patents, and whether it has been opposed by a third party before the EPO. Because the former two measures are closely connected (the geographical scope of protection and length of maintenance can hardly be observed independently), they have been subjected to closer scrutiny in the first section of chapter 4, which shows that these two dimensions have experienced opposite evolutions. A composite measure – the Scope-Year Index – reveals that the overall trend is oriented downwards, which may suggest a substantial decline in the average value of patents. The second section of chapter 4 returns to the five initial classes of measures and underlines their main patterns. It appears that most of them witness the well-known properties of patent value: a severe skewness and large country and technology variations. A closer look at their relationships, however, reveals a high degree of orthogonality between them and opposite trends in their evolution, suggesting that they actually capture different dimensions of a patent’s value and therefore do not always pinpoint the same patents as being the most valuable. This result strongly discourages the reliance on one of the available indicators only and opens some avenue for the creation of one potential composite index of value based upon the five indicators to maximize the chances of capturing all potentially valuable patents in a large database. The proposed index reflects the intensity of the signal provided by all 5 constituting indicators on the potential value of each patent. Its declining trend reflects a rarefaction of this signal on average, leading to different plausible interpretations.
5. The links with patent value: Based upon the six indicators of value proposed in chapter 4 (the five classical ones plus the composite), the question of the association between filing strategies and the value of patents may be analysed. This question is empirically addressed in chapter 5, which focuses on all EPO patents filed between 1990 and 1995. The first section presents a comprehensive review of the existing evidence on the determinants of patent value. The numerous contributions in the field differ widely along three dimensions (the indicator of value chosen as dependent variable, the sampling methodology, and the set of variables tested as determinants), which have translated into many ambiguities across the literature. Section 2 proposes measures to identify different dimensions of filing strategies, which are essentially twofold: they relate to the routes followed by patent filings toward the EPO (PCT, accelerated processing), and to their form (excess claims, share of claims lost in examination), and construction (by assembly or disassembly, divisional). These measures are then included into an econometric model based upon the framework provided by the literature. The proposed model, which integrates the set of filing strategy variables along with some of the classical determinants, is regressed on the six available indicators separately over the full sample. In addition, the sensitivity of the available results to the indicator and the sampling methodology is assessed through 18 geographic and 14 industrial clustered regressions and about 30 regressions over random samples for each indicator. The estimates are then compared across countries, industries and indicators. These results first reveal that filing strategies are indicative of more valuable patents and provide the most stable determinants of all. And third, the results do confirm some classical determinants in their positive association with patent value, but highlight a high degree of sensitivity of most of them to the indicator or the sample chosen for the analysis, requiring much care in generalizing such empirical results.
6. The links with patent length: Chapter 6 focuses on one particular dimension of patent value: the length of patents. To do so, the censored nature of the dependent variable (the time elapsed between the filing of a patent application and its ultimate fall into the public domain) dictates the recourse to a survival time model as proposed by Cox (1972). The analysis is original in three main respects. First of all, despite the fact that renewal data have been exploited for about two decades to obtain estimates of patent value (Pakes and Schankerman, 1984), this chapter provides – to the best of our knowledge – the first comprehensive analysis of the determinants of patent length. Second, whereas most of the empirical literature in the field focuses on granted patents and investigates their maintenance, the analysis reported here includes all patent applications. This comprehensive approach is dictated by the provisional rights provided by pending applications to their holders and by the legal uncertainty these represent for competitors. And third, the model integrates a wide set of explanatory variables, starting with the filing strategy variables proposed in chapter 5. The main results are threefold: first, they clearly show that patent rights have significantly increased in length over the past decades despite a small apparent decline in the average grant rate, but largely due to the expansion of the examination process. Second, they indicate that most filing strategies induce considerable delays in the examination process, possibly to the benefit of the patentee, but most certainly to the expense of legal uncertainty on the markets. And third, they confirm that more valuable patents (more cited or covering a larger geographical scope) take more time to process, and live longer, whereas more complex applications are associated with longer decision lags, but also with lower grant and renewal rates.
7. Conclusions: The potential economic consequences and some policy implications of the findings from the dissertation are discussed in chapter 7. The evolution of patenting practices analysed in these works has some direct consequences for the stakeholders of the patent system. For the EPO, they generate a considerable increase in workload, resulting in growing backlogs and processing lags. For innovative firms, this phenomenon translates into an undesired increase in legal uncertainty, for it complicates the assessment of the limits to each party’s rights and hence of the freedom to operate on a market, which is precisely what the so-called ‘patent trolls’ and ‘submariners’ may be looking for. Although empirical evidence is lacking, some fear that this may result in underinvestment in research, development or commercialization activities (e.g. Hall and Harhoff, 2004). In addition, legal uncertainty is synonymous with an increased risk of litigation, which may hamper the development of SMEs and reduce the level of entrepreneurship. Finally, for society, we are left with a contrasted picture, which is hard to interpret. The European patent system wishes to maintain high quality standards to reduce business uncertainty around granted patents, but it is overloaded with the volume of applications filed, resulting in growing backglogs which translate into legal uncertainty surrounding pending applications. The filing strategies that contribute to this situation might reflect a legitimate need for more time and flexibility in filing more valuable patents, but they could also easily turn into real abuses of the system, allowing some patentees to obtain and artificially maintain provisional rights conferred by pending applications on inventions that might not meet the patentability requirements. Distinguishing between these two cases goes beyond the scope of the present dissertation, but should they be found abusive, they should be fought for they consume resources and generate uncertainty. And if legitimate, then they should be understood and the system adapted accordingly (e.g. by adjusting fees to discourage some strategies, raising the inventive step, fine-tuning the statutory term in certain technologies, providing more legal tools for patent examiners to reject unpatentable applications, etc.) so as to better serve the need of inventors for legal protection in a more efficient way, and to adapt the patent system to the challenges it is or will be facing.
Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Tuan, Anh Vu. "Essays on the innovation and intellectual property system in Vietnam." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209583.
Full textMoreover, an in depth study on the patenting cost system of the fast developing ASEAN countries and China explore the impact of FDI and the patenting cost on the growth of resident patent registration ,which is observed following the traditional demand curve. With poor infranstructure and lack of competent IP personnel, the quality of patent granted is in questionaire. Finally, this research explore in depth the enforcement systems in Vietnam, which need further reform.
Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Gingras, Patrick. "Entre innovation économique et cohésion sociale : les coopératives forestières et le développement des régions périphériques du Québec." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24905/24905.pdf.
Full textBatsale, Alain. "Innovation technologique et dynamique industrielle : l'exemple de l'industrie informatique." Poitiers, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000POIT4001.
Full textDieng, Cheikh Ahmed Tidiane. "Concurrence, innovation et règlementation dans l'industrie des télécommunications en Afrique." Nice, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NICE0016.
Full textAfrica, for its many obstacles, is on race for sustainable development in the telecommunications sector. It constitutes a wide "empty" and "unexplored" market, hence many delays in this area. It is conventional to say that there are many telephones in Tokyo or Manhattan than there are in sub-Saharan Africa. The objective of this thesis is to analyze the telecommunications sector in Africa as a whole, thus determining the dismantling of natural monopolies in this sector and it consequences in the African economy. Our job is to first study the African economy in general in order to understand the causes and consequences of the opening of telecommunications markets and recorded investments in this sector. We will also measure the "numerical fracture" observed between the North and South and even between African countries and try to find solutions to fight against this fracture. We will then analyze the regulation in the lecommunications sector. The regulation has two related aspects: on one hand, the gradual opening of the telecommunications sector till competition, and on the other hand, the redefinition of the regulatory process, taking into account the opening. Its precise shape and degree of advancement depends on specific sectors and countries. In the case of the telecommunications industry, regulation has undergone significant changes with the arrival of new technologies and a deeper theoretical reflection. The contribution of our work is to bring recommendations to the development of telecommunications in
Musolesi, Antonio. "Innovation, R & D et productivité : Analyse théorique et empirique sur données de panel macroéconomiques dans le cas de seize pays de l'OCDE et sur données d'entreprises dans le cas des activités de service en France." Nice, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NICE0046.
Full textThat innovation and diffusion of technology drives long run productivity growth is by now commonly accepted. The crucial question is how. At the macroeconomic level, following an influential literature, we try to determine if trade promotes knowledge flows and technology transmission between trading partners. We obtain mixed results. At the microeconomic level, we analyse how knowledge diffusion, innovation and productivity are related both in a static, both in a dynamic framework.
Bento, Nuno. "La transition vers une économie de l'hydrogène : infrastructures et changement technique." Phd thesis, Grenoble, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GRENE005.
Full textThe double constraint of climate change and increasing scarcity of oil requires that we consider alternative energies for the medium term. This thesis focuses on the development of a hydrogen economy, which is conditional on the existence of an infrastructure for the distribution of the new fuel and the readiness of fuel cells. The main idea is that the state can play a central role in both infrastructure implementation and preparation of fuel cells technology. The thesis begins with a techno-economic analysis of the hydrogen-energy chain, which highlights the difficulty of setting up the infrastructure. The study of the development of electricity and gas networks in the past provides the empirical basis supporting the hypothesis that government can play an important role to consolidate the diffusion of socio-technical networks. In addition, private projects of stations may be justified by early-move benefits, although their financial viability depends on the demand for hydrogen which is in turn dependent on the performance of the fuel cell vehicle. The introduction of radical innovations, such as fuel cell, has been made more difficult by the domination of conventional technologies. This assertion is particularly true in the transport sector which was progressively locked into fossil fuels by a process of technological and institutional co-evolution driven by increasing returns of scale. Hence, fuel cells may primarily diffuse through the accumulation of niches where the innovation is closer to commercialization. These niches may be located in portable applications segment. Investments in research and demonstration are still necessary in order to reduce costs and increase performances of fuel cells. Using a simple model of multitechnological diffusion, we analyze the competition between the hydrogen fuel cell vehicle and the plug-in hybrid car for the automotive market. We show that an early entry of the latter may block the arrival of hydrogen in the market. Other than fuel cell preparedness, a mass diffusion of hydrogen requires a sufficient coverage of the supportive infrastructure. The continuation of public support for R & D, a carbon tax (tax or permits) and demand stimulation are measures capable of accelerating the entry of hydrogen in the market
Tientao, Aligui. "Commerce international, innovation et interdépendance : une approche par l'économétrie spatiale." Thesis, Dijon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DIJOE003/document.
Full textThis thesis studies the consequences for innovation of international trade allowing for spatial interdependence. Indeed, the mechanisms through which international trade affects innovation are based on highlighting factors that, because they are the source of increasing returns, represent real engines of the growth. Yet, the accumulation process of these factors depends on effects which are constraints in space .First, trade flows by which technology is supposed to transmit between countries are interdependent. Second, the results highlighted in existing literature capture only the direct effect of trade on innovation. However, it is possible that a country benefits technology from an another country without any trade between the two countries. It seems convenient to revise the relation between international trade and innovation in the context of spatial interdependence. Based on endogenous growth models, we derive two spatial structural models in order to take into account spatial interdependence. The empirical analysis of spatial models revealed that in addition to traditional variables such as R&D and human capital, externalities contribute strongly to productivity growth and these externalities are especially important for low-income countries. Regarding competition, the effects are mixed. Trade liberalization, by increasing competition, promotes innovation in developped countries. However, it reduces innovation in low-income countries
Yang, Yi. "Contribution à l'évaluation économique des marées vertes." Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0122/document.
Full textDue to seasonal blooms of green macro-algae belonging to the ulvaceae family, green tides are part of the larger class of harmful algal blooms (HAB), which has developed worldwide at a high rate during the last three decades, favoured by the eutrophisation of coastal waters due to human activities. The massive accumulation of seaweeds on the shore resulting from green tides generates a variety of damages to market and non-market activities, and is a potential threat to human health. In the same time, green algae are a natural resource that may be turned into a variety of valuable products through industrial processing. R&D programs devoted to this subject have been launched in countries subject to green tides, such as China and France.The subject of this dissertation is the economic assessment of green tides, in a cost-benefit perspective. To this end, it studies the costs of green tides for private agents and public bodies, as well as the benefits due to the processing of algae.The dissertation relies on two case studies, one in China (Yellow Sea), and the other in France (Brittany). Chapter 1 and chapter 2 are dedicated to the case of the green tides that have developed each spring in the Yellow Sea and reached the southern shore of the Shandong province during the last decade. Chapter 1 investigates the bio-economic mechanisms of these episodes, their economic consequences, public management policies, and stakeholders’ perceptions. Chapter 2 tries to quantify the social cost of green tides, including management costs (minus benefits generated by green algae processing) and residual costs to market and non-market activities. Chapter 3 relies on the Brittany case, and focuses on the economic consequences of green algae industrial processing. Making use of a regionalized input-output table, it estimates, at various geographical scales, the economic impact of a program concerning the industrial processing of algae that are collected during the green tides on the Brittany shoreline
Boubaker, Wided. "Eco-innovation, Performance environnementale et impact économique sur les entreprises : étude de cas des groupes Papetiers présents en France." Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE0048/document.
Full textThis thesis seeks to demonstrate that improved Environmental Performance (EP), through the implementation of eco-innovative initiatives , positively influences Financial Performance ( FP) of a company. As basic hypothesis, we chose that of Porter ( 1991), which emphasizes the benefits of implementing environmental strategies respecting the principle of sustainable development. This hypothesis is totally opposed to the neoclassical vision that considers the costs of environmental protection as additional and excessive costs that may hamper the company's economic development. To validate our research hypothesis , we chose to test econometrically , through the method of linear regression, the relationship between EP and FP choosing as EP indicators, environmental investments and expenses (IE), the percentage of certified fiber (CF) and the "Sustainable Value"Environment indexes, relative to each of the environmental resources. These indexes are calculated using the approach "Sustainable Value" destined to evaluate the corporate sustainability and who represents an application of reasoning of classical financial analysis to environmental resources. We chose to conduct this study in a static and dynamic perspectives in order to assess the effects of EP on FP in a short and a medium term, through the evaluation of both the current effect and the one and two years delayed effect of the EP in FP. The results thus released from the econometric study provided a validation of our main research hypothesis , stating that a good EP influence positively the FP and the profitability of the Company.We note that the environmental initiatives are profitable since the first year of their implementation, except that the intensity of this profit varies according to the nature of Eco-innovation (Eco-innovation product, Eco-innovation process) and according to the characteristics of each company
Duguet, Emmanuel. "Investissement en recherche et développement, innovation et productivité : une analyse économétrique de l'industrie manufacturière française." Paris 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA010071.
Full textThis thesis is about the relationships between investment in research and development, innovation and productivity of french manufacturing firms. There are three parts. In the first one, we explain how the decision to undertake research and the amount possibly invested are simultaneously determined ; the explanative variables include size and market power measures by also a sectoral product imitation rate. In the second part, we link the investments in research to the number of patent applications, through a modeling close to patent race models. In the third part, we estimate a three equations structural model linking research investments to innovlation, and innovation to productivity, using limited dependent variables and count data econometrics for simultaneous equations models. Thus, we can provide an overview of the problem. Productivity differences between the industrial firms can be explained by innovation differences, where innovation is an output. Innovation output itself is explained by research investment but also by firm specific demand and technological opportunities. Last, these research investments depend strongly on the appropriability conditions
Muller, Emmanuel. "Innovation interactions between knowledge-intensive business services and small and medium-sized enterprises : an analysis in terms of evolution, knowledge and territories." Strasbourg 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999STR1EC15.
Full textAssens, Philippe. "Les compétences professionnelles dans l' innovation : le cas du réseau des coopératives d' utilisation de matériel agricole, CUMA." Toulouse 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU10069.
Full textThrough the case of CUMA, this thesis is interested in the professional cooperation in the innovation by means of an approach based on the economy of competence
Bellais, Renaud. "Investissements administrés, technologie et innovation : le cas de la production d'armements en relation avec les industries concurrentielles." Littoral, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998DUNK0020.
Full textUsing a mode of organization alternative to the market, armaments production allows the firms to obtain a rent through an information asymmetry (bilateral monopolies). However this aspect is not essential to understand the specificity of that production. What makes the difference is the importance that the armed forces give to technological performances of armaments. This "technophile bias" arises from the necessity to get or maintain a technological superiority; it engenders a research program permitting to organize armaments as a system and develop innovating research fields. Operating within this mechanism, the armaments production represents more than a mesosystem. The conjugation of industrial, political, financial, budgetary, and also strategic and technological variables gives birth to a "hypersystem" which functioning is ruled by an organizing principle called "syzygy", i. E. A set of relations stemming from a technological fund common to several mesosystems. This original configuration explains the peculiar place of armament in the dynamics of the productive system. The syzygy engenders a scientific and technique potential which overshoots its military objectives and could result in commercial applications. Nevertheless the commercial valorisation of these new technologies calls a voluntary behaviour from the firms. The economic growth or depression explain that the connection between armaments production and commercial activities varies in accordance with the evolution of economic activities and investment opportunities. The armaments firms play an important role in that transfer process, as well as the commercial ones-especially thanks to the creation of interfaces by public centres of military research & development
Tran, Nam-Quoc. "Essays on environmental performance and productivity of firms : applications to Vietnamese SMEs." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAB014.
Full textThis thesis aims to examine the impacts of environmental performance on economic performance of firms which apply to Vietnamese SMEs. In addition, this thesis also develops a theoretical model of tax on firm’s emissions, bribery, and political connection. Chapter 2 examines the synergy effects of environmental compliance, innovation, and export activities on firm TFP. This study finds that the synergy of environmental compliance and product innovation is complementary in explaining firm’s TFP. In addition, the impact of the synergy of export activities and environmental compliance may be influenced by innovation. Chapter 3 presents the impact of these synergies on firm’s survivability. This work reveals that the synergy between environmental compliance and export activities is complementary in enhancing firm survival. The latter may be also affected by separated environmental compliance. Chapter 4 investigates the impact of environmental compliance on firm’s productivity convergence. Its findings indicate that environmental compliance may not directly affect this convergence. This impact may become to be significant if this compliance is accompanied by innovation. Finally, in Chapter 5, we develop a theoretical model of the relationship between emission tax, emissions and willingness to commit bribery and to maintain political connection of firms. The result points out that firm’s political connection canaffect emission tax efficiency. Furthermore, the impacts of tax on bribery and political connection are non-monotonous, depending upon the nature of audit and penalty mechanism, sensitivity of firm’s profit and political connection costs
N'Ghauran, Konan Alain Ives Delaure. "Three essays on innovation networks, cluster policies and regional knowledge production." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSES050.
Full textThis dissertation presents three essays on innovation networks, cluster policies and regional knowledge production. Following the development of policies aiming at supporting innovation networks, especially cluster policies, this thesis intends to empirically test one of the theoretical foundations of these policies suggesting that the structure of innovation networks would have an impact on the knowledge production within regions. In doing so, it provides answers to a fundamental question from the geography of innovation literature and brings a new perspective to the analysis of cluster policies by evaluating them regarding their role for the structuration of innovation networks. The first essay (Chapter 2) thus analyses the extent to which regional innovation is influenced by the structure of innovation networks. Although the development of policies supporting innovation networks suggests the existence of a potential relationship between the structure of innovation networks and knowledge production within regions, empirical evidence supporting this relationship is still scarce. Based from the French case, the results of Chapter 2 highlight the existence of this relationship, confirming that the structure of innovation networks has an impact on regional knowledge production. This result therefore reinforces the relevance of policies supporting innovation networks and underlines their importance for the optimisation of innovation networks. Building on this result, the second and third essays of the thesis (Chapters 3 and 4) propose an evaluation of cluster policies. These chapters stand out from the literature evaluating cluster policies by focusing on network failures
Vayre, Jean-Sébastien. "Des machines à produire des futurs économiques : sociologie des intelligences artificielles marchandes à l'ère du big data." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU20107/document.
Full textThe majority of experts agree to say that the big data is a rupture. Maybe are they right. But this rupture is not really material, nor even organizational. It has already been a long time that the big web actors daily exploring and exploiting the big data. If revolution there is, it is happening elsewhere, at the periphery of the great disruption that depict most of big data promoters. To being aware of, simply ask the following question: pointing the revolutionary nature of big data and devices are provided to treat, what these actors are they doing? They are preparing a massive integration of artificial intelligences within the various spheres of society. If there is a rupture, it is therefore rather here: in this movement that we know today and which consists, for a great diversity of socioeconomic actors, to appropriate of the calculation agents that are increasingly autonomous and powerful. So in order to better understand the issues of this democratization, we propose in this thesis to study the case of machines to produce of the economic futures: what is their role within the socio-technical collectives that compose the markets? To answer this question, we will draw on a multi-situated ethnography we conducted from 2012 to 2015 according to a posture situated at the intersection of market, science and technology sociologies. Specifically, we will be mobilizing a corpus of archives and an important investigative material collected from several professionals, companies and salons to discuss the design and operation of these machines to predict merchant futures. We will see at the level of design environment, these machines are interesting in so far as they generally have a local intelligence that has to happen, in the present, of futures allowing to optimize the economic interests of those that implement. Starting from a series of studies and experimentations dealing with the use of a recommendation agent, we will show that this intelligence is debatable because it may entail of considerable ambivalences from the users point of view. This will allow us to emphasize that cognitive and relational levels, the relevance of the machines to produce of the economic futures must be the subject to a systematic questioning. The stakes are high because it is not impossible that the massive advent of these machines within the organizations introduces new asymmetries in markets that are not a good for the community
Halpert, Marc. "Rencontres dans l’économie et la société de la connaissance : l’opportunité stratégique de la constitution d’une recherche et innovation dans les foires, salons et congrès." Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1A012.
Full textFor more than 150 years, fairs and trade shows have been held as places for exhibiting and disseminating innovations, and congresses have made an essential contribution to the becoming of Science. The purpose of this thesis is to set up a Research and Innovation (RI) in the field of Fairs, Trade shows and Congresses (FTC) in order to contribute to the reinforcement of the strategic role of the FTC in the fields of activities and territories they serve and, more broadly, the economies and societies, and to the development of Research and Innovation themselves in a modernity determined by the issues of Knowledge. This thesis will be limited to FTCs, despite the gro wing predominance of the unifying and simplifying notion of the "event" (without excluding it) and will encompass all the elements of FTC events, infrastructures, professional and political actors involved. It is built on the basis of a transdisciplinary analysis of research work, which is still rare, but which is distributed across many disciplines (history, geography, economics, sociology, management sciences, literature, etc.), on a qualitative field study in the form of semi-directive interviews with a population of professional actors in CSPs and a population of actors in Research and Innovation, and by using the lessons learned from 20 years of management experience in the sector, with multiple forms of cooperation with researchers or actors in the field of research valorisation.On a theoretical level, this thesis can reinforce and more clearly identify the major role of FTC in the theoretical analysis of the Knowledge Economy and Society and their actual, but underestimated, functions in the development of Research and Innovation. It contributes to increasing the theorization of FTC activity and the major levers that its knowledge production mechanisms represent in building its competitiveness. It provides new avenues of research for researchers, mainly in the human and social sciences and management sciences. And it helps to create a new approach and new content for teaching future professionals in the FSC activity and more broadly in the event, and future decision-makers, clients and users.On a practical level, its first contribution is to show how the constitution of Research and Innovation in FTC can be a major and easily accessible strategic opportunity for the Research and Innovation policies of territories, on a regional, national or international scale, of sectors and companies. It also provides the basis for the concrete construction of Research and Innovation projects in the FSC sector and presents new advantages in terms of business and strategic orientations. Developing Research and Innovation can also be a key to strengthen the professionalization of the sector, reinforce its excellence and make its advantages more identifiable in our knowledge-based economy and society
Aka, N'dri Joël Elisée. "Trois essais sur l'impact économique de la procédure d'autorisation de mise sur le marché des produits phytosanitaires en Europe." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENE001/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the regulation of innovations in Europe. In particular, it analyses the economic impact of the market approval procedures on the behavior of economic actors such as innovative firms. This is an applied work in the health sector of plants in which the market approval procedures play a central role. Indeed, in this area, the introduction on the market of pesticides is subject to an official approval. The market approval procedures for new products are to ensure that they do not have unacceptable toxic effects on human health and the environment and to define the conditions of use in which these products were efficient. In Europe, these procedures are investigated by European or national authorities. In the case of pesticides, the active substances are approved at EU level and the pesticides formulation at the national level through mutual recognition within a geographic area. In recent decades, the requirements in the field of health risks have led to a strengthening of the constraints imposed on the approval of pesticides. These stringent requirements have led to a reduction in the number of approved molecules relative to the number of molecules potentially efficient. For example, the number of approved actives substances was reduced by half (800 to 400) over the last ten years. Therefore, the main purpose of this research is to study the effects of market approval procedures on the behavior of agrochemical companies. This research is based on three chapters. The first chapter is theoretical. It analyses the strategic interactions between pesticide regulatory agencies in the context of market approval through the mutual recognition system. The chapter 2 is both a theoretical and an empirical work. It examines the examination delays of plant protection active substances. In Chapter 3, we examine, using a theoretical model, the impact of the regulation of pesticides on the incentives of agrochemical companies to invest in R & D
Souissi, Amel. "Enjeux économiques et environnementaux du tourisme en Tunisie : le cas de l’oasis de Tozeur." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAE004.
Full textTourism, the world's leading industry with 1186 million international arrivals in 2015, is recognized as the priority sector of development of the LCDs (Least Developed Countries) through its direct, indirect and induced effects. Since the late 1960s, Tunisia has opted for a development strategy based on tourism activities. Since the early 1970s, tourism has been a key sector of the Tunisian economy: the deficit’s rate of coverage of the payments’ balance reached 97.7% in 1988. However, since the early 2000s, Tunisian tourism suffers from a low quality brand image, a strong dependence on the European market and major tour operators and a lack of diversification. The achievements of this sector, which has been for a long time considered as a vector of economic growth, seem to be overestimated.To overcome these problems, the State has chosen, since the late 1980s, a national strategy of diversification through the setting in tourism of Southern Tunisia. Currently, this part of the country became a tourist area of high standards including a golf course of 150 hectares and an international airport. However, the choice of tourism-oriented development is of concern, given the characteristics of the Saharan environment and the way in which Saharan tourism is marketed.This thesis aims to analyze, from an economic point of view, and to evaluate the suitability and relevance of the strategic choices which have been made in the tourism sector, particularly in the Saharan zone, taking into account the nature of the milieu characterized by an arid climate. The economic, environmental and social impact of tourism on these fragile environments could be particularly critical.Economically: on the one hand, this choice corresponds to a commodification of an exhaustible natural stock, whose existence is conditioned by access to water, which has created rivalry and conflicts in the use of the resource between the two sectors, namely, tourism and agriculture. On the other hand, the short duration of stay which does not exceed on average 1.3 days, can limit the positive fallout of tourism in these regions.Environmentally: the rival but not exclusive character of water would place it in the category of "common goods" whose availability can be influenced by the "mass effects", which leads us to consider a risk of "tragedy of commons".Socially: in addition to the social distortions that can arise in situations of usage conflicts around the resource, the jobs created in this sector are seasonal and low-skilled, which may negatively affect a real local development process in these regions.In our analyses, we used several theoretical and empirical methodological tools and approaches within a macroeconomic framework. We have mainly used cointegration techniques and error correction models adapted to the study of time series in addition to statistical analyses over the period between 1970 and 2014
Befort, Nicolas. "Pour une mésoéconomie de l'émergence de la bioéconomie : représentations, patrimoines productifs collectifs et stratégies d'acteurs dans la régulation d'une chimie doublement verte." Thesis, Reims, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REIME001/document.
Full textThis thesis analyses the emergence of a new economic space from a mesoeconomic regulationist and evolutionist approach. This space has been called "bioeconomy" by the actors after divergent and conflictual interpretations of this concept. This economic space differs from the traditional ways of representing the division of labour into sectors (chemistry, agriculture, energy). The actors involved in seeking to define this space are reconstructing these sectors into an original and specific field, which is built on the use of biobased plant, animal and algal renewable resources. These actors consider themselves to be becoming the "industry of industries". Thus, instead of providing end products, they produce intermediates for agro- or chemical industries, materials or energy. The field does not cover photovoltaic electricity. Therefore, bioeconomy is a recomposition of the relationships between agriculture and chemistry in which the former becomes the supplier for the latter. We use the concept of the regimes of production of knowledge and of economic activity to describe the diversity of the technological promises made by the actors involved. We show, therefore, that bioeconomy cannot be reduced to the biotechnological revolution. Three broad views of bioeconomy emerge. At a deeper level, we present here three case studies to illustrate this diversity. The actors are weighed down by an "economy of promises" based on their own productive heritages that they are trying to reproduce and project into the future. This leads them to problematize the bioeconomy space in order to determine their resource allocations
Abdourahman, Djama Idyle. "La sélection participative : un mode alternatif d'innovation environnementale en agriculture : trois essais en économie." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENE014.
Full textThis thesis provides an economic analysis of an alternative mode of innovation in the seed sector : Participatory Plant Breeding (PPB). PPB is defined as the involvement of users in the plant breeding process and typically consists in the collaboration of farmers and scientists who become co-researchers. These programs aim at developing local varieties adapted to sustainable agriculture.In the seed sector, regulation plays a key role: a stringent market approval process limits the seeds on the market to pre-defined types of varieties. Marketing rules also influence the orientation of plant breeding and limit the exchanges of farmers’ seeds. In chapter 1, the economic rationale of the seed regulation, its limits and possible alternatives are analyzed. Chapter 2 consists of a case study on the farmers’ motivations for participating in PPB projects. This multifaceted question enables to study the economic, environmental and societal issues at stake. Farmers’ motives are indeed directly related to the history of seed research, the limits of the intensive agricultural model and its environmental impacts, the seed industry’s structure and the regulatory framework. Finally, a theoretical model represents the strategic interactions between commercial and farmers’ seeds. The impacts in terms of price, profit, market coverage, pollutions and social welfare are explored
Cincera, Michele. "Economic and technological performances of international firms." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212081.
Full textThe second chapter illustrates the importance of R&D investments, patenting activities and other measures of technological activities performed by firms over the last 10 years.
The third chapter describes the main features as well as the construction of the database. The raw data sample consists of comparable detailed micro-level data on 2676 large manufacturing firms from several countries. These firms have reported important R&D expenditures over the period 1980-1994.
The fourth chapter explores the dynamic structure of the patent-R&D relationship by considering the number of patent applications as a function of present and lagged levels of R&D expenditures. R&D spillovers as well as technological and geographical opportunities are taken into account as additional determinants in order to explain patenting behaviours. The estimates are based on recently developed econometric techniques that deal with the discrete non-negative nature of the dependent patent variable as well as the simultaneity that can arise between the R&D decisions and patenting. The results show evidence of a rather contemporaneous impact of R&D activities on patenting. As far as R&D spillovers are concerned, these externalities have a significantly higher impact on patenting than own R&D. Furthermore, these effects appear to take more time, three years on average, to show up in patents.
The fifth chapter explores the contribution of own stock of R&D capital to productivity performance of firms. To this end the usual productivity residual methodology is implemented. The empirical section presents a first set of results which replicate the analysis of previous studies and tries to assess the robustness of the findings with regard to the above issues. Then, further results, based on different sub samples of the data set, investigate to what extent the R&D contribution on productivity differs across firms of different industries and geographic areas or between small and large firms and low and high-tech firms. The last section explores more carefully the simultaneity issue. On the whole, the estimates indicate that R&D has a positive impact on productivity performances. Yet, this contribution is far from being homogeneous across the different dimensions of data or according to the various assumptions retained in the productivity model.
The last empirical chapter goes deeper into the analysis of firms' productivity increases, by considering besides own R&D activities the impact of technological spillovers. The chapter begins by surveying the alternative ways proposed in the literature in order to asses the effect of R&D spillovers on productivity. The main findings reported by some studies at the micro level are then outlined. Then, the framework to formalize technological externalities and other technological determinants is exposed. This framework is based on a positioning of firms into a technological space using their patent distribution across technological fields. The question of whether the externalities generated by the technological and geographic neighbours are different on the recipient's productivity is also addressed by splitting the spillover variable into a local and national component. Then, alternative measures of technological proximity are examined. Some interesting observations emerge from the empirical results. First, the impact of spillovers on productivity increases is positive and much more important than the contribution of own R&D. Second, spillover effects are not the same according to whether they emanate from firms specialized in similar technological fields or firms more distant in the technological space. Finally, the magnitude and direction of these effects are radically different within and between the pillars of the Triad. While European firms do not appear to particularly benefit from both national and international sources of spillovers, US firms are mainly receptive to their national stock and Japanese firms take advantage from the international stock.
Doctorat en sciences économiques, Orientation économie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Bitouzet, Christine. "Le concept de communauté : un levier pour le développement du commerce électronique ? : Analyse et études de cas de la construction de l'offre de service en ligne." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001EPXX0037.
Full textThomas, Laetitia. "Les business modèles de l'open source hardware." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAG006.
Full textTo preserve their business model, companies have long protected their innovation processes with patents. « Open source hardware » (OSH) is, on the contrary, a collaborative product development process, where design plans and manufacturing "secrets" are accessible to all. The lines between creators and consumers blur more and more, especially when, for example, digital fabrication tools such as 3D printers or laser cutters accessible via Fab Labs or Maker Spaces, enable citizens to create and test products much more easily. Starting from an isolated phenomenon, there are now 1200 Fab Labs in 100 different countries organized in a "Fab City Network", to help cities produce within forty years 50% of the resources they consume.In this context, building a drone to depollute oceans, connected beehives, or a water filter in « Open Source Hardware » (OSH) aims at creating solutions in a more rapid, efficient and inexpensive manner. Furthermore, these innovations are voluntarily kept free by law. They represent a knowledge base, a "digital common good", meaning a reserve of ideas and solutions available on the internet via numerical platforms. According to Elinor Ostrom, who received the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2009, "the challenge of the current generation is to keep the pathways to discovery open" (Hess & Ostrom, 2011). Without attaining the success of open source software initiatives, in practice, these OSH initiatives have continued to spread.But how can a sustainable economic model be developed when co-constructed innovations can be shared by all? Thus, our research questions are the following: 1) How to monetize value created through OSH? 2) How can the business model framework be extended to include value creation and sharing for all stakeholders? 3) In the context of OSH, how does a business model hold together?The OSH phenomenon is not specific to a single sector, company or territory, but is indicative of much more global transformation. To understand the conditions necessary for the survival and growth of OSH, we conducted a qualitative study on the “OSH ecosystem” that allowed us to study the community, firm and territorial ecosystems levels together.Data was collected in three successive phases. First, qualitative interviews were conducted with twenty-three initiatives from the "Open Source Hardware Observatory". These, of course, corresponded to our research criteria, that is the development of complex mechatronic or textile products labeled opened by their surrounding community. Then we conducted a case study on four actors in the automotive sector to study their reaction to OSH developed by innovation communities. The final phase consisted of running an empirical study of the actors in the OSH innovation ecosystem of the city of Barcelona, chosen for its pivotal role in the "Fab Cities" network.Our results show that these initiatives are strongly focused on democratic values aimed at putting technology at the service of humanity. While these values are a powerful vector for federating actors, success is stalled in companies that do not adhere to them. These will primarily focus on the associated risks. Finally, we identified a diversity of possible and configurable revenues to be shaped according to an organization's strategic needs: 1) external financing; 2) a combination of products and services; 3) strategic competence; 4) the model platform, and 5) the distributed enterprise. Together, they enable an OSH initiative to progressively refine its business model, grow in value, and increase its impact
Edouard, Serge. "Progrès technologique et changement institutionnel : de l'institutionnalisation de l'innovation technologique à la co-évolution techno-institutionnelle." Paris 10, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA100001.
Full textBonnet, Clément. "L'innovation dans les technologies de l'énergie bas-carbone : analyses théoriques et évaluations empiriques." Thesis, Paris 10, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA100177/document.
Full textInnovation in low-carbon energy technologies (LCETs) is impeded by externalities on the environment on the one hand, and on knowledge on the other hand. These market failures need to be addressed through public policies. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the conditions for effectiveness of policies aiming at supporting innovation in LCETs. It does so by having recourse to theoretical analyses in conjunction with empirical assessments. The thesis is structured into five chapters. Chapter 1 questions the need to implement innovation policies specifically dedicated to LCETs — as opposed to neutral innovation policies that do not discriminate between these technologies and other technologies. A review of the economic instruments that have been implemented is proposed and indicates the predominance of a demand-pull approach — over a supply-push approach — to support innovation in LCETs. Chapter 2 evaluates the effects of demand-pull support instruments by conducting a counterfactual analysis to determine the extent to which the diffusion of wind power in six European countries is imputable to these instruments. Chapter 3 develops an econometrical method aiming at providing a robust measure of the produced knowledge that pertains to LCETs. A common latent factor model is used to estimate the quality of inventions that have been patented by six countries between 1980 and 2010 in fifteen low-carbon energy technologies. Chapter 4 revisits the question of the optimal design of a patent system when specifically dedicated to a process invention, whose reward depends on the pricing of environmental externalities. Chapter 5 summarizes our results and articulates key issues and messages
Arcuset, Laurent. "La prise en compte de la diversité des acteurs dans un processus de tourisme durable." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00989600.
Full textLauria, Philippe. "L'approche évolutionniste en économie du changement technique : concepts et mise en oeuvre : un modèle à deux marchés de trajectoires d'entreprises." Grenoble 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992GRE21011.
Full textTaking up biological topics and models and following the heterodox questions of dynamic economics (schumpter, simon. . . ), the evolutionary approach is an attempt to aviod the empediments of technical change analysis. The contribution starts with a systematic explanation of evolutionary fundations (bounded rationality, diversity in structures and firm behaviours, disequilibrium) and concepts (competition and selection, routines, paradigms and techno-economic trajectories). The methodological outlets are of two kinds : taxinomies of industrial structures behavioral models. The second contribution is an analysis of a simulation model (silverberg, 1988) of techno-economic firms trajectories with learning. The model is then extended to give elements of answer to the problem of competition under a require of products variety
Berthélemy, Michel. "L'économie de l'énergie nucléaire : quatre essais sur le rôle de l'innovation et de l'organisation industrielle." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00875147.
Full textCabagnols, Alexandre. "Les déterminants des types de comportements innovants et de leur persistance : analyse évolutionniste et étude économétrique." Lyon 2, 2000. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2000/cabagnols_a.
Full textBrécard, Dorothée. "L'environnement, nouvelle dimension de la compétition économique." Paris 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA010053.
Full textDo environmental policies lead to a reduction of the competitiveness of the polluting firms ? The theory of industrial organization, with its processing of products differenciation, of research and development and of adoption of new technologies, is particularly adapted to answer this question. The environmental policy modifies the arbitration of the firm on the goods market (price, quantity, quality and variety) and, upstream, between its technological choices. It has an effect on the market structure and on the position of polluting firms. Thus, it constitutes a new incentive source for the firms who want to keep their market shares. In this thesis, we lead a reflection in two steps : in the first part, we show how the industrial economics with its microeconomic modelisation of differentiation and innovation helps to deal with our subject ; in the second part, we build specific models of competition for innovation based on some empirical studies to settle the debate. Our models take the form of three stage games between two firms, each of them located in different countries, and the regulator of each country. In the first stage of the game, the regulators choose the level of the environmental tax to impose on their polluting firms. This stage is conditioned by their will to cooperate to wrestle with pollution. Taking as given the tax level(s), firms are engaged in an innovation race to win a patent for the utilization of a clean technology. At the end of this stage, firms compete on the good market (competition a la cournot or a la bertrand, homogeneous or differentiated market). We show the important role of the tax and of the ecological consciousness of consumers in the firms incentive to innovate. We determine the optimal cooperative or non cooperative policies
Pénin, Julien. "Open knowledge disclosure, collective innovations and incomplete information." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2004. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2004/PENIN_Julien_2004.pdf.
Full textThe topic of this thesis deals with behaviours of open knowledge disclosure. In particular, we investigate the economic motives that encourage firms to adopt such behaviours. What are the reasons that lead rational profit-seeking firms to let their researchers publish their work in scientific journals or present their researches in conferences? We put a specific emphasis on reputation effects that are triggered by open knowledge disclosure and that can facilitate, for instance, the formation of cooperative links among agents who are part of the innovation process. We start this thesis by a reminder of the classical theory of knowledge externalities, which enables us to show that it is by endogenising knowledge externalities that economic scholars came to deal with behaviours of open knowledge disclosure. Then we give a definition of open knowledge disclosure. We also provide an overview of empirical evidence and economic rationales of such behaviours. In the third chapter we show, with the help of a simple model that, due to problems of adverse selection, firms willing to collaborate in R&D may wish to openly disclose knowledge in order to increase their reputation, which in turn may facilitate the establishment of links with other agents. In the fourth chapter we develop a theoretical model describing the formation of R&D collaborations among firms, with specific emphasis put on the role played by open knowledge disclosure during this process. The model is then tested with numerical simulations. In the last chapter, we focus on the role of patents as devices to openly disclose knowledge. By combining a theoretical discussion on patents with the first elements of a case study in the field of biotechnologies we show that firms may sometimes value the function disclosure of the knowledge underlying a given innovationʺ of patents as much as the function protection of a given innovationʺ
Zacklad, Rachel. "L’entrepreneuriat dans le champ du vieillissement : de l’analyse structurale de récits biographiques aux trajectoires professionnelles." Thesis, Paris, HESAM, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020HESAC013.
Full textThe economic and social changes of contemporary societies are based on the observation of an inevitable demographic dynamic and on the construction of a particular economic paradigm: on the one hand, the aging of the population, and on the other hand, the importance of innovation as a source of economic growth. The economic paradigm of innovation has been developing since the 1970s, growing from a central preoccupation in large firms, into a larger framework for the development of entrepreneurship more generally, even at a regional level. At the same time, public policies supporting the elderly initially set up during the 20th century for purposes of social protection, have increasingly privileged the initiatives and the development of private actors, thus encouraging the development of the silver economy. It is therefore in light of the interweaving of these two social dynamics that this thesis has sought to study the career paths of innovative entrepreneurs in the aging sector through a qualitative analysis of biographical stories. In an interactionist perspective, and based on the structural analysis of Demazière and Dubar (1997), the thesis studies the links between the operative logics pursued by silver-economy entrepreneurs on the one hand, as shaped by their professional trajectories and by their representations, and on the other hand, the macroeconomic challenges which characterize these logics and these representations. Based on this analysis, the thesis sheds light upon both the contributions and the limits of relevant structuralist methodology of analysis
Ausiandra, Yusuf. "L'évolution institutionnelle du capital risque dans l'environnement du Web 2.0 : une étude comparative et transdisciplinaire." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAA003/document.
Full textThe present doctorate research thesis attempts to resolve three correlated problematics summarized as following: (a) the relation between the use of new tools provided by the 2.0 platforms especially in the field of financial intermediation and the advent of a new financial archetype; (b) the difference between venture capital 2.0 and the conventional venture capital and (c) the concern over the utmost optimum approach in constructing a legal environment adapted to the current evolution introduced by the use of 2.0 tools in the financing of innovation. The research confronts the problematic by conducting a preliminary deconstruction of the ongoing institutional dynamic in regards to the current economical transformation. Subsequently, the research would attempt to define the nature and extent of the economical mutations in constant exposure to the new technologies in information and communication. This research fundamentally adopts a law and economics (L&E) analysis. In addition, the research would complement the traditional L&E analysis with further theoretical instruments by referral to the American neo-institutionnalist school of thought along with the French critical socio-economic theories. This transdisciplinarity would grant the possibility of attaining a more indepth understanding of nature of the economical mutation. The central unifying theme throughout the research resides on the concept of financialization of the economy. The research attributes the major disruption in the form and functioning of contemporary economy to an institutional financial and technological wave of change. The research identifies three economical and legal institutions residing at the core of the American financing of innovation model : the governance through contractual flexibility based on the notion of “private ordering”, financial liquidity and the externalization of the innovation process. A comparative analysis of different venture capital regulatory framework in various national jurisdictions confirms the major importance of the three stated institutions. In sum, the institutional nature of the financing model adopted by the government in support of innovation should be fully considered by national governments. For the case of the US venture capital model, an equilibrium point should be attained between two main regulatory framework objectives: the protection of investors and the creation of financial liquidity. A regulatory oscillation between liquidity creation and regulation would always prevail. Nonetheless, the financialization of the economy in conjunction with IT innovation would oblige private actors to maintain the creation of financial liquidity through private initiative. The emergence of new types of simplified equity financing model contracts such as the KISS contracts and the French variant, AIR contracts confirms this statement. Legislators would have to provide protection against unreasonable risk taking while ensuring that the two main elements of venture capital rest unhindered : conditional speculation and sufficient contractual autonomy to support innovation
Klein, Olivier. "Les horizons de la grande vitesse : Le TGV, une innovation lue à travers les mutations de son époque." Phd thesis, Université Lumière - Lyon II, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00720552.
Full textRochhia, Sylvie. "Rôle et fonctions de la firme dans les processus de changement technologique : éléments d'analyse et étude de cas." Nice, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992NICE0022.
Full textThe subet matter of this thesis consists in studying from an analytical viewpoint the management of processes of change the firm gets involved in, in order to aquire advantages in terms of costs and quality of its products. The study, concerning both the cooperation agreements in the field of commercial satellites, and their consequences in terms of technological development and competitive advantages achieved by aerospatiale, enables to confirm the relevance of analytical tools developed hereby. Learning processes regarding the human resources, the way their activities are coordinatedn are as many factors which take full part in the development of the productive resources of the firm. Nevertheless, if information and skills acquired such a way offer greater opportunity regarding the implementation of new production processes, the latter takes time and generates costs long before new products arrive on the market. This problem of costs recovery also stems from the previous commitments of the firm, both in terms of capital expenditures and of the type of qualifications it benefits from, the viability of processes of change the firms involves itself in, depends then on its capacity to manage costs without disregarding intertemporal complementarities of the production
Riera, Fabien. "Trois classes de facteurs qui influencent le cours de la domestication des espèces marines. Une étude de cas : l'halioticulture biologique en France." Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0138/document.
Full textAbalone aquaculture (Haliotis spp.) or halioticulture provides a good case study of the technical, social and environmental challenges of introducing newly domesticated marine organisms into the market. Abalone farming began in Japan in the 1960s and, according to FAO (2012), is now one of the most dynamic aquaculture industries in the world. Yet all attempts have not met with the same success. This essay aims to understand the factors that have allowed or hindered the environmental, social and technical success of halioticulture, with an emphasis on France.More specifically, we examine three main categories of factors that may explain its evolution:- The importance of socio-ecological factors in the management of abalone resource.- Socio-cultural factors that support the status of the abalone as an eligible resource for aquaculture.- The role of science in the industrialization of abalone farming
Soler, Cora-Lyne. "Analyse économique de l'arbitrage entre brevet et secret." Lyon 2, 2001. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/sdx/theses/lyon2/2001/soler_cl.
Full textGet a patent needs to invest first in R&D, second in private protection and then to invest to keep in force patent. Those investment opportunities give one or several real options to the inventing firm: an opportunity to expand for R&D investment, an opportunity to delay investment concerning the choice of protection way and an opportunity to suspend the protection. However, the option of postponed action is characterized by two opposite strengths: on tendency to preempt competitors (instantly decision) and one to delay the date of deposit in order to develop an innovation with an high level of sophistication (postponed decision). We study a problem of choice between patenting and keeping secret an innovation. First we have to determine the efficiency of patent that is its capacity to attract the inventing firm to use it and its effectiveness that is its ability to deter entry. To show efficiency of patent, we determine optimal decisions of renewal between the will to make profitable or to defend the patents and the initial decisions. Several models of renewal will be presented. Innovative firms tends to protect their innovation as soon as possible and keep their patent in force as long as profit is targeted. In the opposite, firms will try to delay the deposit date and to reduce the patent’s lifetime if they look for fighting against the infringement of patent. To value the effectiveness of patent compared to the secrecy, we have to prove its ability to deter entry. Two models are showed: a static one and a dynamic one. In static case, we show that patent is the more effective way. On the other hand, an innovation is keeping secret if forthcoming information and sequential decisions are included in the process of decision
Carton, Christine. "Dynamique de croissance, environnement technologique et accumulation en Asie : le rôle de l'éducation : Doctorat de Sciences économiques." Nice, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NICE0025.
Full textIslas, Sampério Jorge Marcial. "De la turbine à vapeur à la turbine à gaz électrique : compétition technologique et formation d'un nouveau paradigme." Grenoble 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995GRE21009.
Full textBy adopting an evolutionnary approach of technological change, this study in the domaine of applied economics shows that the present dynamism of gas turbines and the decline of steam turbines result in setting yp of a new technological paradigm in the evolution of the electricity production system. The first part analyses the transformation of the technical principle of the gas turbine in production technology. Gas turbine is presented here as proceeding from the formation of a new potential of technological development in an economi c system. Thus, the exposition is made in the following order : the genesis and the technical principle of gas turbine its co-evolution with the conventional technology, the forrmation of a new base of scientific and technical knowledge, the problems associated with its industrial development, and, the foundation of a new technical system in power production. In the second part, technological trajectory concept is used in understanding the competition between the gas turbine and steam turbine in electricity production. The study shows how the combined effects of technico-economic stagnation of steam turbine, economic and environmental constraints, and organizational changes favor the diffusion of efficient gas turbines. Finally, the study verifies the restructuring effects in electricity production systemes, electro-mechanic industry and gas industries; induced by the expansion of the gas turbine
Aussendou, Pascale. "Biotechnologies : Dynamique technologique, choix stratégiques, cohérence industrielle : essai d'articulation autour du concept de génie biologique." Lyon 2, 1988. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/1988/aussendou_p.
Full textThe intention of this thesis is to expound the many relationships between the different aspects of technology, organization and economics required for the industrialisation of biotechnology, taking as a starting point an analysis of the scientific and technical dynamics associated with the emergence of biotechnology and the concept of biological engineering. This approach enables a critical examination of these economic analyses relevant to the identification of certain characteristics of the innovation process. The valorization of biotechnology is studied with regard to industrial and financial strategies that are supposed to be significant for the setting up of a "bioindustry" or "bioindustries". The potential for the productive of biotechnology cannot be achieved without the inclusion of a range of activities and services with varied abilities, with necessitates reflexion both on the present industrial organization and the prospects for cooperation which could instigate a concerted valorization of biotechnology at the level of the productive system
Le, Corroller-Soriano Anne-Gaëlle. "Apports et limites de l'évaluation économique des innovations biomédicales : l'exemple de la thérapie cellulaire en cancérologie." Paris 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA020048.
Full textThe thesis studies how public economics tools (mainly the cost-benefit analysis) can be used for the evaluation of biomedical innovations and for the optimisation of their technological diffusion. In a first part, we discuss the main methodological questions of the application of different tools, based on the cost-benefit analysis, in the health care field, and more precisely on the field of biomedical innovations. In a second part, we present different empirical works about the economic evaluation of the peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. The pbpc transplantation is a major innovation in the field of cell therapy for the treatment of cancer. The empirical works try to illustrate the methodological questions raised in the first part. Our research programme leads to question the foundation of cost-benefit analysis and its relationship with cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analyses. The main interest of cost-effectiveness analysis and cost-utility analysis for our empirical work was to allowed early evaluations based on surrogate endpoints. Early economic evaluation can give early economic arguments that can be used in the decision making process of the adoption of an innovation. We show, with the example of pbpc transplantation that economic evaluation can interact with the diffusion of a biomedical innovation, if it is realised early in the development and diffusion process. The empirical works presented in this thesis were realised in the context of a very close collaboration with biologists and clinicians. We hope that the more general lessons coming from this experience will contribute to a reconciliation of economic analysis and medical practice
Talens, Gaétan. "La place du personnel dans les opérations hôtelières milieu de gamme en France : les effets de l’engagement des collaborateurs au travail sur la qualité perçue par les clients." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAE001/document.
Full textIn a competitive environment and with constantly changing lifestyle and consumption habits, the hotel industry offer, and the services built around accommodation and catering as we know its today, do not guaranty the attractiveness, or the profitability, that is needed for this sector to remain sustainable. The modeling of a "new" hotel industry is necessary to meet customer expectations while taking into account the costs and operating constraints, particularly the "hotel industry service" playing a key role in the production and distribution processes of the service as well as in the quality perceived by the customer. The determinants of the hotel operational performance have evolved in different cycles turning the "modern" into "traditional".This thesis begins with the exploration of these developments in mid-ranged hotels in France through a field study conducted in twelve hotels and the headquarters of the AccorHotels group in France. This step, questioning the future of mid-ranged hotels in France, raised research questions wondering about the importance of the staff in the production of mid-ranged hotels products and services in our society, and more broadly, the importance of the human capital (in the microeconomic meaning) in the hotel industry.We decided to explore the links between staff and the hotel operational performance. This performance is composed of economic results, the quality perceived by the customers as well as parameters related to the context of the hotels. Based on an in-depth study of all the methodologies and measures of human capital, we chose to measure it through employee engagement at work, using a sample of 146 mid-range hotels (representing 3740 employees) of the AccorHotels group in France. We also measured, for each hotel, a set of context data (size, location, customer mix, level of digitization, renovations...), the operating result (Earnings Before Interest Taxes), the number of business per room available (RevPar) and a measure of the quality perceived by customers (Reputation Performance Score).This thesis shows the links between the operating result per room, the quality perceived by customers and the commitment of employees to work. We will develop their respective antecedents as well as the nature of their cross-statistical relationships.This thesis prooves that as a significant precedent of the quality perceived by the customers (itself an antecedent of the operating result), the commitment of the collaborators into their work is instrumental in order to obtain a better performance for the mid-ranged hotels in France. To go further, the identification of a typology of hotels based on these links makes us able to obtain simultaneously a global and a segmented view of the mid-range hotel business in France and the role by type of hotels of staff in order to reach a higher performance