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Academic literature on the topic 'Innovation – Aspect économique'
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Journal articles on the topic "Innovation – Aspect économique"
Foray, Dominique, and Christian Le Bas. "Diffusion de l’innovation dans l’industrie et fonction de recherche technique : dichotomie ou intégration." Économie appliquée 39, no. 3 (1986): 615–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ecoap.1986.4086.
Full textMolina, Sergio Andrés Pulgarín, and Marleny Cardona Acevedo. "Caracterización del comportamiento emprendedor para los estudiantes de administración de la Universidad Nacional = Characterization of the enterpreneurial behavior of business administration students at Universidad del Rosario." Revista EAN, no. 71 (August 1, 2013): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21158/01208160.n71.2011.549.
Full textCardin, Jean-Réal. "Convention collective et sécurité sociale." Relations industrielles 18, no. 1 (January 24, 2014): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1021451ar.
Full textAnne, Abdoulaye, and Yassine El Bahlouli. "La technologie des registres distribués (TRD) : usages et perspectives dans le secteur de l’éducation." Médiations et médiatisations, no. 14 (March 25, 2023): 11–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.52358/mm.vi14.307.
Full textAdla, Ludivine, and Virginie Gallego-Roquelaure. "La dynamique de construction d’une GRH sociétale dans une PME française du secteur de l’économie sociale et solidaire." Articles 73, no. 1 (April 10, 2018): 67–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1044427ar.
Full textCazenobe, Colette. "L'Histoire de Madame de Montbrillant : un laboratoire de formes romansques." Revue d'histoire littéraire de la France o 96, no. 2 (February 1, 1996): 229–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rhlf.g1996.96n2.0229.
Full textLindström, Olle, John Bull, Beverly Collins, Inger M. Mees, Michael Barnes, Alison E. Chapman, Arne Olofsson, et al. "Reviews and notices." Moderna Språk 84, no. 2 (November 13, 1990): 170–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.58221/mosp.v84i2.10444.
Full textRaftis, J. A. "Mater et Magistra: a Challenge to the Catholicity of the Church." Relations industrielles 18, no. 1 (January 24, 2014): 17–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1021452ar.
Full textGUYOMARD, H., B. COUDURIER, and P. HERPIN. "Avant-propos." INRAE Productions Animales 22, no. 3 (April 17, 2009): 147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.2009.22.3.3341.
Full textMartins, Allysson Viana, Vanessa Forte, and Jaqueline Damaceno. "Um panorama da produção brasileira especializada em MMA." Sur le journalisme, About journalism, Sobre jornalismo 10, no. 2 (December 19, 2021): 34–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.25200/slj.v10.n2.2021.444.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Innovation – Aspect économique"
Danguy, Jérôme. "Essays on the globalization of innovation using patent-based indicators." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209409.
Full textFirst, the relevance of patent statistics as indicators of innovation is evaluated by studying the relationship between expenditures in R&D activities and patenting efforts. Chapter 2 decomposes this relationship at the industry level to shed light on the origins of the worldwide surge in patent applications. The empirical investigation of the R&D-patent relationship relies on a unique panel dataset composed of 18 manufacturing industries in 19 countries covering the period from 1987 to 2005, for which five broad patent indicators are developed. This study shows that patent applications at the industry level reflect not only research productivity, but also two main components of the propensity to patent which are firms’ strategic considerations: the decision to protect an invention with a patent (the “appropriability strategy”) and the number of patents filed to protect an innovation (the “filing strategy”). The comparison between the results for various patent count indicators provides also interesting insights. While some industries (computers and communication technologies) and countries (South Korea, Spain, and Poland) have experienced a drastic increase in patent applications, the ratio of priority patent applications to R&D expenditures has been generally constant. This result suggests that there has been no spurt in innovation productivity. In contrast, regional applications (filings at the United States Patent and Trademark Office or at the European Patent Office) have been increasing since the early 1990s, suggesting that the patent explosion observed in large regional patent offices is due to the greater globalization of intellectual property rights rather than a surge in research productivity. Innovative firms are increasingly targeting global markets and hence have a higher tendency to seek protection in key markets worldwide.
Chapter 3 introduces, firstly, aggregate patent-based indicators to measure the globalization of innovation production. Secondly, it describes the patterns in international technology production for a large panel dataset covering 21 industries in 29 countries from 1980 to 2005. A strong growth in the intensity of globalization of innovation is confirmed not only in terms of cross-border ownership of innovation, but also in terms of international technological collaborations. More interestingly, heterogeneity across countries and industries is observed. On the one hand, more innovative countries (or industries) do not present more globalized innovation footprint. On the other hand, the ownership of innovation is still strongly concentrated in a few countries, although its location is increasingly dispersed across the world. Thirdly, it investigates empirically two main opposing motives driving the internationalization of innovation: home-base augmenting and home-base exploiting strategies. The results show that the degree of internationalization of innovation is negatively related to the revealed technological advantage of countries across industries. Countries tend to be more technologically globalized in industrial sectors in which they are less technologically specialized. The empirical findings suggest also that countries with multidisciplinary technological knowledge are more likely to take part in international co-inventions of new technologies and to be attractive for foreign innovative firms. This aggregated patent-based analysis provides additional evidence that globalization of innovation is a means of acquiring competences abroad that are lacking at home, suggesting that home-base augmenting motives matter in the globalization of innovation production. By contrast, the internationalization of innovation does not seem to be purely market-driven since large economies are not the target of foreign innovative firms and international patenting is more related to international competitiveness of country-industry pairs than to the direction of trade flows.
While the previous chapter studies the globalization of innovation of a country with the rest of world, Chapter 4 aims at explaining who collaborates with whom in the international production of technology. In particular, the impact of technological distance between partner’s economies is investigated for a panel dataset covering international co-inventions between 29 countries in 21 industries between 1988 and 2005. The descriptive analysis highlights that the overall growth in internationalization of innovation is due to both the increase in the number of international innovative actors and the rise of the average intensity of collaboration. The empirical findings then suggest that the two main arguments related to technological distance – ‘similarity versus diversity’ – can be reconciled by taking an industry approach. Indeed, the estimation results show that the impact of technological distance is twofold on the intensity of collaborative innovation at industry level. On the one hand, the more similar the industry-specific knowledge of two countries (low technological distance within the industry), the more easily they collaborate by sharing common industrial knowledge. On the other hand, the more different their non-industry-specific knowledge (high technological distance outside the scope of the industry), the more they collaborate to gain access to broad and interdisciplinary expertise. It suggests that the relative absorptive capacity between partner’s economies and the search for novel and complementary knowledge are key drivers of the globalization of innovation. Moreover, the results confirm the moderating effect of non-technological distance factors (spatial proximity, ease of communication, institutional proximity, and overall economic ties) in cross-border innovative relationships.
The topic of Chapter 5 is the cost-benefit analysis of the creation of a new ‘globalized’ patent: the EU Patent (formerly known as Community Patent) which consists in a single patent covering the entire EU territory for both application procedure and legal enforcement after grant. The objective of this chapter is threefold: (i) simulate the budgetary consequences in terms of renewal fees’ income for the European and national patent offices; (ii) evaluate the implications for the business sector in terms of absolute and relative fees; (iii) assess the total economic impact for the most important actors of the European patent system. Based on an econometric model explaining the determinants of the maintenance rate of patents, the simulations suggest that – with a sound renewal fee structure – the EU patent could generate more income for nearly all patent offices than under the current status quo. It would, at the same time, substantially reduce the relative patenting costs for applicants. Finally, the loss of economic rents by patent attorneys, translators and lawyers, and the drop of controlling power by national patent offices elucidate further the persistence of a fragmented European patent system.
Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
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Frenken, Koen. "Innovation de produit : une application de la théorie des systèmes complexes." Grenoble 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001GRE21033.
Full textGrimal, Laurent. "Protection de l'environnement, innovation et emploi : recherches sur la cohérence de la politique économique." Toulouse 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOU10054.
Full textLaperche, Blandine. "Appropriabilité de l'information scientifique et technique, innovation et normalisation des techniques de production." Littoral, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997DUNK0011.
Full textScientific and technical information is an organized system of knowledge, learning and know-how. It is the principal input of production of material or immaterial goods. As a production means, it crystallizes the capitalist relations in which it has been built. Scientific and technical information cannot be, therefore, considered as a public good, freely distributed ; its appropriation is carried out by the work necessary for its formation, in the sphere of production. The capitalist competition, which requires the constant renewal of production means, is at the origin, within national systems of innovation, of the combination of informations in information pools systematically integrated in production processes. The erratic succession of periods of growth and crisis, during the long waves of accumulation multiplies, for big firms, the methods appropriation of informations and limits the access to the externalities produced by technological innovation. In the actual context of global technical competition, firms organized themselves in networks which make easier the appropriation and the protection of scientific and technical informations nodal to production processes. The standardization, upstream the production, of production techniques and informational pools, gives, for innovative firms, monopolistic rents reinvested, in function of opportunities of profits, in processes of knowledge accumulation. This process leads to the diffusion of protected informational pools and the correspondant methods of work. This diffusion of protected informational pools is, in industrialized countries, at the origin of industrial and salarial stratifications for the benefit of the most competitive firms and the most qualified workers. The countries which have weak national systems of innovation bump into the important cost of information appropriation and endogeneisation of these standards
Marinescu, Ioana. "Coûts et procédures de licenciement, croissance et innovation technologique." Paris, EHESS, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005EHES0038.
Full textThe right for workers to challenge their dismissal at court generates costs for firms. What is the economic impact of these costs? Using a change in British law, we show how an increase in firing costs can diminish the probability of termination and likely increase the quality of matches, and hence productivity. We then study the relationship between these firing costs and the economic cycle. Thus, in France the rate of appeal to labour courts (prud'hommes) is pro cyclical. Moreover in France as the United Kingdom, trials for irregular dismissal are more often decided in favor of firms when unemployment is higher. Lastly, we ask if innovative firms use a specific type of finance. We show that this indeed the case : in particular, the more innovative a firm gets, the less it uses debt as a source of finance
Sebai, Jihane. "Coopération interfirmes et innovation dans le secteur de l'industrie pharmaceutique : une appréhension par les compétences." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006VERS005S.
Full textThis doctoral dissertation focuses on the necessary competences and characteristics of firms involved in cooperative innovation projects. It subscribes to the hypothesis that involvement in cooperative agreements requires the presence of a certain number of factors (and competences). This dissertation goes beyond the restrictive resource allocation perspective (which draws on the transaction cost theory), by placing inter firm co-operation in a context of competence creation and by distinguishing the characteristics of firms participating in co-operative relationships. The empirical investigations, based on the R&D intensive pharmaceutical industry, aim at identifying the various co-operative forms characteristic of this sector, the competences which contribute to innovation and R&D project activities, and the factors which determine co-operative involvement. The results suggest that the aptitude to innovate in the pharmaceutical sector depends on certain organisational, technological, relational and means competences. Furthermore, participation in co-operative relationships is stimulated by the presence of the fore-mentioned competences as well as certain firm characteristics. The variables influencing pharmaceutical firm participation in innovation agreements differ, however, according to the nature of the pharmaceutical partners (big pharma, start-up, biotechnology firms, public research laboratories, etc. ) and their geographical locations (France, Europe, North America, countries in other continents)
van, Zeebroeck Nicolas. "Essays on the empirical analysis of patent systems." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210551.
Full text2. The evolution: Chapter 2 presents a detailed descriptive analysis of the evolution in the size of patent applications filed to the European Patent Office (EPO). In this chapter, we propose two measures of patent voluminosity and identify the main patterns in their evolution. Based on a dataset with about 2 million documents filed at the EPO, the results show that the average voluminosity of patent applications – measured in terms of the number of pages and claims contained in each document – has doubled over the past 25 years. Nevertheless, this evolution varies widely across countries, technologies and filing procedures chosen by the applicant. This increasing voluminosity of filings has a strong impact on the workload of the EPO, which justifies the need for regulatory and policy actions.
3. The drivers: The evolution in patent voluminosity observed in chapter 2 calls for a multivariate analysis of its determinants. Chapter 3 therefore proposes and tests 4 different hypotheses that may contribute to explaining the observed inflation in size: the influence of national laws and practices and their diffusion to other countries with the progressive globalization of patenting procedures, the complexification of research activities and inventions, the emergence of new sectors with less established norms and vocabularies, and the construction of patent portfolios. The econometric results first reveal that the four hypotheses are significantly associated with longer documents and are therefore empirically supported. It appears however that the first hypothesis – the diffusion of national drafting practices through international patenting procedures – is the strongest contributor of all, resulting in a progressive harmonization of drafting styles toward American standards, which are longer by nature. The portfolio construction hypothesis seems a less important driver but nevertheless highlights substantial changes in patenting practices. These results raise two questions: Do these evolving patenting practices indicate more valuable patents? Do they induce any embarrassment for the patent system?
4. Measuring patent value: If the former of these two questions is to be addressed, measures are needed to identify higher value patents. Chapter 4 therefore proposes a review of the state of the art on patent value indicators and analyses several issues in their measurement and interpretation. Five classes of indicators proposed in the literature may be obtained directly from patent databases: the number of countries in which each patent is enforced, the number of years during which each patent has been renewed, the grant decision taken, the number of citations received from subsequent patents, and whether it has been opposed by a third party before the EPO. Because the former two measures are closely connected (the geographical scope of protection and length of maintenance can hardly be observed independently), they have been subjected to closer scrutiny in the first section of chapter 4, which shows that these two dimensions have experienced opposite evolutions. A composite measure – the Scope-Year Index – reveals that the overall trend is oriented downwards, which may suggest a substantial decline in the average value of patents. The second section of chapter 4 returns to the five initial classes of measures and underlines their main patterns. It appears that most of them witness the well-known properties of patent value: a severe skewness and large country and technology variations. A closer look at their relationships, however, reveals a high degree of orthogonality between them and opposite trends in their evolution, suggesting that they actually capture different dimensions of a patent’s value and therefore do not always pinpoint the same patents as being the most valuable. This result strongly discourages the reliance on one of the available indicators only and opens some avenue for the creation of one potential composite index of value based upon the five indicators to maximize the chances of capturing all potentially valuable patents in a large database. The proposed index reflects the intensity of the signal provided by all 5 constituting indicators on the potential value of each patent. Its declining trend reflects a rarefaction of this signal on average, leading to different plausible interpretations.
5. The links with patent value: Based upon the six indicators of value proposed in chapter 4 (the five classical ones plus the composite), the question of the association between filing strategies and the value of patents may be analysed. This question is empirically addressed in chapter 5, which focuses on all EPO patents filed between 1990 and 1995. The first section presents a comprehensive review of the existing evidence on the determinants of patent value. The numerous contributions in the field differ widely along three dimensions (the indicator of value chosen as dependent variable, the sampling methodology, and the set of variables tested as determinants), which have translated into many ambiguities across the literature. Section 2 proposes measures to identify different dimensions of filing strategies, which are essentially twofold: they relate to the routes followed by patent filings toward the EPO (PCT, accelerated processing), and to their form (excess claims, share of claims lost in examination), and construction (by assembly or disassembly, divisional). These measures are then included into an econometric model based upon the framework provided by the literature. The proposed model, which integrates the set of filing strategy variables along with some of the classical determinants, is regressed on the six available indicators separately over the full sample. In addition, the sensitivity of the available results to the indicator and the sampling methodology is assessed through 18 geographic and 14 industrial clustered regressions and about 30 regressions over random samples for each indicator. The estimates are then compared across countries, industries and indicators. These results first reveal that filing strategies are indicative of more valuable patents and provide the most stable determinants of all. And third, the results do confirm some classical determinants in their positive association with patent value, but highlight a high degree of sensitivity of most of them to the indicator or the sample chosen for the analysis, requiring much care in generalizing such empirical results.
6. The links with patent length: Chapter 6 focuses on one particular dimension of patent value: the length of patents. To do so, the censored nature of the dependent variable (the time elapsed between the filing of a patent application and its ultimate fall into the public domain) dictates the recourse to a survival time model as proposed by Cox (1972). The analysis is original in three main respects. First of all, despite the fact that renewal data have been exploited for about two decades to obtain estimates of patent value (Pakes and Schankerman, 1984), this chapter provides – to the best of our knowledge – the first comprehensive analysis of the determinants of patent length. Second, whereas most of the empirical literature in the field focuses on granted patents and investigates their maintenance, the analysis reported here includes all patent applications. This comprehensive approach is dictated by the provisional rights provided by pending applications to their holders and by the legal uncertainty these represent for competitors. And third, the model integrates a wide set of explanatory variables, starting with the filing strategy variables proposed in chapter 5. The main results are threefold: first, they clearly show that patent rights have significantly increased in length over the past decades despite a small apparent decline in the average grant rate, but largely due to the expansion of the examination process. Second, they indicate that most filing strategies induce considerable delays in the examination process, possibly to the benefit of the patentee, but most certainly to the expense of legal uncertainty on the markets. And third, they confirm that more valuable patents (more cited or covering a larger geographical scope) take more time to process, and live longer, whereas more complex applications are associated with longer decision lags, but also with lower grant and renewal rates.
7. Conclusions: The potential economic consequences and some policy implications of the findings from the dissertation are discussed in chapter 7. The evolution of patenting practices analysed in these works has some direct consequences for the stakeholders of the patent system. For the EPO, they generate a considerable increase in workload, resulting in growing backlogs and processing lags. For innovative firms, this phenomenon translates into an undesired increase in legal uncertainty, for it complicates the assessment of the limits to each party’s rights and hence of the freedom to operate on a market, which is precisely what the so-called ‘patent trolls’ and ‘submariners’ may be looking for. Although empirical evidence is lacking, some fear that this may result in underinvestment in research, development or commercialization activities (e.g. Hall and Harhoff, 2004). In addition, legal uncertainty is synonymous with an increased risk of litigation, which may hamper the development of SMEs and reduce the level of entrepreneurship. Finally, for society, we are left with a contrasted picture, which is hard to interpret. The European patent system wishes to maintain high quality standards to reduce business uncertainty around granted patents, but it is overloaded with the volume of applications filed, resulting in growing backglogs which translate into legal uncertainty surrounding pending applications. The filing strategies that contribute to this situation might reflect a legitimate need for more time and flexibility in filing more valuable patents, but they could also easily turn into real abuses of the system, allowing some patentees to obtain and artificially maintain provisional rights conferred by pending applications on inventions that might not meet the patentability requirements. Distinguishing between these two cases goes beyond the scope of the present dissertation, but should they be found abusive, they should be fought for they consume resources and generate uncertainty. And if legitimate, then they should be understood and the system adapted accordingly (e.g. by adjusting fees to discourage some strategies, raising the inventive step, fine-tuning the statutory term in certain technologies, providing more legal tools for patent examiners to reject unpatentable applications, etc.) so as to better serve the need of inventors for legal protection in a more efficient way, and to adapt the patent system to the challenges it is or will be facing.
Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
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Tuan, Anh Vu. "Essays on the innovation and intellectual property system in Vietnam." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209583.
Full textMoreover, an in depth study on the patenting cost system of the fast developing ASEAN countries and China explore the impact of FDI and the patenting cost on the growth of resident patent registration ,which is observed following the traditional demand curve. With poor infranstructure and lack of competent IP personnel, the quality of patent granted is in questionaire. Finally, this research explore in depth the enforcement systems in Vietnam, which need further reform.
Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
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Gingras, Patrick. "Entre innovation économique et cohésion sociale : les coopératives forestières et le développement des régions périphériques du Québec." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24905/24905.pdf.
Full textBatsale, Alain. "Innovation technologique et dynamique industrielle : l'exemple de l'industrie informatique." Poitiers, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000POIT4001.
Full textBooks on the topic "Innovation – Aspect économique"
Claude, Desranleau, ed. Innovation industrielle et analyse économique. Montréal, Qué: Morin, 1988.
Find full textThe future of innovation. Farnham, England: Gower, 2009.
Find full textUnited Nations. Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia., ed. Networking research, development and innovation in Arab countries. New York: United Nations, 2005.
Find full textThe economics of innovation: An introduction. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2009.
Find full text1942-, Côté Marcel, ed. Innovation reinvented: Six games that drive growth. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2012.
Find full textInternational Development Research Centre (Canada) and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, eds. Innovation and the development agenda. Paris: OECD, 2010.
Find full textThe sources of innovation. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.
Find full textE, Petrusa Jeffrey, ed. Innovation in the US service sector. London: Routledge, 2006.
Find full textTaylor & Francis, ed. Innovation, networks, and learning regions? London: Jessica Kingsley, 1997.
Find full textInnovation, technology, and hypercompetition. London: Routledge, 2006.
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