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Journal articles on the topic 'Innervation'
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1
Wang, Yu, and Li Ye. "The Afferent Function of Adipose Innervation." Diabetes 73, no. 3 (February 20, 2024): 348–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dbi23-0002.
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Adipose tissue innervation is critical for regulating metabolic and energy homeostasis. While the sympathetic efferent innervation of fat is well characterized, the role of sensory or afferent innervation remains less explored. This article reviews previous work on adipose innervation and recent advances in the study of sensory innervation of adipose tissues. We discuss key open questions, including the physiological implications of adipose afferents in homeostasis as well as potential cross talk with sympathetic neurons, the immune system, and hormonal pathways. We also outline the general technical challenges of studying dorsal root ganglia innervating fat, along with emerging technologies that may overcome these barriers. Finally, we highlight areas for further research to deepen our understanding of the afferent function of adipose innervation.
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Tubbs, R. Shane, Mohammadali M. Shoja, Marios Loukas, Jeffrey Lancaster, Martin M. Mortazavi, Eyas M. Hattab, and Aaron A. Cohen-Gadol. "Study of the cervical plexus innervation of the trapezius muscle." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 14, no. 5 (May 2011): 626–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2011.1.spine10717.
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Object There is conflicting and often anecdotal evidence regarding the potential motor innervation of the trapezius muscle by cervical nerves, with most authors attributing such fibers to proprioception. As knowledge of such potential motor innervations may prove useful to the neurosurgeon, the present study aimed to elucidate this anatomy further. Methods Fifteen adult cadavers (30 sides) underwent dissection of the posterior triangle of the neck and harvesting of cervical nerve fibers found to enter the trapezius muscle. Random fibers were evaluated histologically to determine fiber type (that is, motor vs sensory axons). Results In addition to an innervation from the spinal accessory nerve, the authors also identified cervical nerve innervations of all trapezius muscles. For these innervations, 3 sides were found to have fibers derived from C-2 to C-4, 2 sides had fibers derived from C-2 to C-3, and 25 sides had fibers derived from C-3 to C-4. Fibers derived from C-2 to C-4 were classified as a Type I innervation, those from C-2 to C-3 were classified as a Type II innervation, and those from C-3 to C-4 were classified as a Type III innervation. Immunohistochemical analysis of fibers from each of these types confirmed the presence of motor axons. Conclusions Based on the authors' study, cervical nerves innervate the trapezius muscle with motor fibers. These findings support surgical and clinical experiences in which partial or complete trapezius function is maintained after injury to the spinal accessory nerve. The degree to which these nerves innervate this muscle, however, necessitates further study. Such information may be useful following nerve transfer procedures, denervation techniques for cervical dystonia, or sacrifice of the spinal accessory nerve due to pathological entities.
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Chaware, Prashant, John Santoshi, Manmohan Patel, Mohtashim Ahmad, and Bertha Rathinam. "Surgical Implications of Innervation Pattern of the Triceps Muscle: A Cadaveric Study." Journal of Hand and Microsurgery 10, no. 03 (June 20, 2018): 139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1660771.
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AbstractThe innervation pattern of triceps is complex and not fully comprehended. Anomalous innervations of triceps have been described by various authors. We have attempted to delineate the nerve supply of the triceps and documented the anomalous innervations of its different heads. The brachial plexus and its major branches (in the region of the axilla and arm) and triceps were dissected in 36 embalmed cadaver upper limbs. Long head received one branch from radial nerve in 31 (86%) specimens. Four (11%) specimens received two branches including one that had dual innervation from the radial and axillary nerves, and one (3%) specimen had exclusive innervation from a branch of the axillary nerve. Medial head received two branches arising from the radial nerve in 34 (94%) specimens. One (3%) specimen received three branches from the radial nerve whereas one (3%) had dual supply from the radial and ulnar nerves. Lateral head received multiple branches exclusively from the radial nerve, ranging from 2 to 5, in all (100%) specimens. Knowledge of the variations in innervation of the triceps would not only help the surgeon to avoid inadvertent injury to any of the nerve branches but also offers new options for nerve and free functional muscle transfers.
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Mattson, Erin E., and Christopher D. Marshall. "Follicle Microstructure and Innervation Vary between Pinniped Micro- and Macrovibrissae." Brain, Behavior and Evolution 88, no. 1 (2016): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000447551.
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Histological data from terrestrial, semiaquatic, and fully aquatic mammal vibrissa (whisker) studies indicate that follicle microstructure and innervation vary across the mystacial vibrissal array (i.e. medial microvibrissae to lateral macrovibrissae). However, comparative data are lacking, and current histological studies on pinniped vibrissae only focus on the largest ventrolateral vibrissae. Consequently, we investigated the microstructure, medial-to-lateral innervation, and morphometric trends in harp seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus) vibrissal follicle-sinus complexes (F-SCs). The F-SCs were sectioned either longitudinally or in cross-section and stained with a modified Masson's trichrome stain (microstructure) or Bodian's silver stain (innervation). All F-SCs exhibited a tripartite blood organization system. The dermal capsule thickness, the distribution of major branches of the deep vibrissal nerve, and the hair shaft design were more symmetrical in medial F-SCs, but these features became more asymmetrical as the F-SCs became more lateral. Overall, the mean axon count was 1,221 ± 422.3 axons/F-SC and mean axon counts by column ranged from 550 ± 97.4 axons/F-SC (medially, column 11) to 1,632 ± 173.2 axons/F-SC (laterally, column 2). These values indicate a total of 117,216 axons innervating the entire mystacial vibrissal array. The mean axon count of lateral F-SCs was 1,533 ± 192.9 axons/ F-SC, which is similar to values reported in the literature for other pinniped F-SCs. Our data suggest that conventional studies that only examine the largest ventrolateral vibrissae may overestimate the total innervation by ∼20%. However, our study also accounts for variation in quantification methods and shows that conventional analyses likely only overestimate innervation by ∼10%. The relationship between axon count and cross-sectional F-SC surface area was nonlinear, and axon densities were consistent across the snout. Our data indicate that harp seals exhibit microstructural and innervational differences between their microvibrissae (columns 8-11) and macrovibrissae (columns 1-7). We hypothesize that this feature is conserved among pinnipeds and may result in functional compartmentalization within their mystacial vibrissal arrays.
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Si, Xiaohong, Mridha Md Zakir, and J. David Dickman. "Afferent Innervation of the Utricular Macula in Pigeons." Journal of Neurophysiology 89, no. 3 (March 1, 2003): 1660–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00690.2002.
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Biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was used to retrogradely label afferents innervating the utricular macula in adult pigeons. The pigeon utriclar macula consists of a large rectangular-shaped neuroepithelium with a dorsally curved anterior edge and an extended medioposterior tail. The macula could be demarcated into several regions based on cytoarchitectural differences. The striola occupied 30% of the macula and contained a large density of type I hair cells with fewer type II hair cells. Medial and lateral extrastriola zones were located outside the striola and contained only type II hair cells. A six- to eight-cell-wide band of type II hair cells existed near the center of the striola. The reversal line marked by the morphological polarization of hair cells coursed throughout the epithelium, near the peripheral margin, and through the center of the type II band. Calyx afferents innervated type I hair cells with calyceal terminals that contained between 2 and 15 receptor cells. Calyx afferents were located only in the striola region, exclusive of the type II band, had small total fiber innervation areas and low innervation densities. Dimorph afferents innervated both type I and type II hair cells with calyceal and bouton terminals and were primarily located in the striola region. Dimorph afferents had smaller calyceal terminals with few type I hair cells, extended fiber branches with bouton terminals and larger innervation areas. Bouton afferents innervated only type II hair cells in the extrastriola and type II band regions. Bouton afferents innervating the type II band had smaller terminal fields with fewer bouton terminals and smaller innervation areas than fibers located in the extrastriolar zones. Bouton afferents had the most bouton terminals on the longest fibers, the largest innervation areas with the highest innervation densities of all afferents. Among all afferents, smaller terminal innervation fields were observed in the striola and large fields were located in the extrastriola. The cellular organization and innervation patterns of the utricular maculae in birds appear to represent an organ in adaptive evolution, different from that observed for amphibians or mammals.
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Hwang, Jiyeon, Junichi Okada, Li Liu, Jeffrey E. Pessin, Gary J. Schwartz, and Young-Hwan Jo. "The development of hepatic steatosis depends on the presence of liver-innervating parasympathetic cholinergic neurons in mice fed a high-fat diet." PLOS Biology 22, no. 10 (October 22, 2024): e3002865. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3002865.
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Hepatic lipid metabolism is regulated by the autonomic nervous system of the liver, with the sympathetic innervation being extensively studied, while the parasympathetic efferent innervation is less understood despite its potential importance. In this study, we investigate the consequences of disrupted brain–liver communication on hepatic lipid metabolism in mice exposed to obesogenic conditions. We found that a subset of hepatocytes and cholangiocytes are innervated by parasympathetic nerve terminals originating from the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. The elimination of the brain–liver axis by deleting parasympathetic cholinergic neurons innervating the liver prevents hepatic steatosis and promotes browning of inguinal white adipose tissue (ingWAT). The loss of liver-innervating cholinergic neurons increases hepatic Cyp7b1 expression and fasting serum bile acid levels. Furthermore, knockdown of the G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 gene in ingWAT reverses the beneficial effects of the loss of liver-innervating cholinergic neurons, leading to the reappearance of hepatic steatosis. Deleting liver-innervating cholinergic neurons has a small but significant effect on body weight, which is accompanied by an increase in energy expenditure. Taken together, these data suggest that targeting the parasympathetic cholinergic innervation of the liver is a potential therapeutic approach for enhancing hepatic lipid metabolism in obesity and diabetes.
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Leibovich, Hodaya, Nahum Buzaglo, Shlomo Tsuriel, Liat Peretz, Yaki Caspi, Ben Katz, Shaya Lev, David Lichtstein, and Alexander M. Binshtok. "Abnormal Reinnervation of Denervated Areas Following Nerve Injury Facilitates Neuropathic Pain." Cells 9, no. 4 (April 18, 2020): 1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9041007.
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An injury to peripheral nerves leads to skin denervation, which often is followed by increased pain sensitivity of the denervated areas and the development of neuropathic pain. Changes in innervation patterns during the reinnervation process of the denervated skin could contribute to the development of neuropathic pain. Here, we examined the changes in the innervation pattern during reinnervation and correlated them with the symptoms of neuropathic pain. Using a multispectral labeling technique—PainBow, which we developed, we characterized dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons innervating distinct areas of the rats’ paw. We then used spared nerve injury, causing partial denervation of the paw, and examined the changes in innervation patterns of the denervated areas during the development of allodynia and hyperalgesia. We found that, differently from normal conditions, during the development of neuropathic pain, these areas were mainly innervated by large, non-nociceptive neurons. Moreover, we found that the development of neuropathic pain is correlated with an overall decrease in the number of DRG neurons innervating these areas. Importantly, treatment with ouabain facilitated reinnervation and alleviated neuropathic pain. Our results suggest that local changes in peripheral innervation following denervation contribute to neuropathic pain development. The reversal of these changes decreases neuropathic pain.
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Barajas, Luciano, Li Liu, and Kenneth Powers. "Anatomy of the renal innervation: intrarenal aspects and ganglia of origin." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 70, no. 5 (May 1, 1992): 735–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y92-098.
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The intrinsic innervation of the kidney is described based on studies using ultrastructural, fluorescent, immunocytochemical, and autoradiographic techniques. The efferent sympathetic innervation reaches all the segments of the renal vasculature and to a much lesser extent the tubular nephron. The afferent renal nerves are localized predominantly in the pelvic region, the major vessels, and the corticomedulary connective tissue. The pathways of the renal innervation to the corresponding ganglia, as reported from observations resulting from the combination of axonal transport labeling and immunocytochemical methods, are presented. In the rat the ganglia of origin of the sympathetic efferent innervation include T13–L1 ipsilateral and contralateral paravertebral ganglia and the prevertebral superior mesenteric and celiac ganglia. The sensory afferent innervation presents a different segmental distribution of the dorsal root ganglia for the right and left kidney. For the left kidney, the corresponding ganglia extend from T8 to L2 with the greatest numbers in T12 and T13. For the right kidney, ganglia as high as T6 and as low as L2 harbor neurons innervating the kidney. Current knowledge of the anatomical bases of the function of the renal nerves is discussed.Key words: autoradiography, immunocytochemistry, electron microscopy, axonal transport labeling.
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Shi, Haifei, C. Kay Song, Antonio Giordano, Saverio Cinti, and Timothy J. Bartness. "Sensory or sympathetic white adipose tissue denervation differentially affects depot growth and cellularity." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 288, no. 4 (April 2005): R1028—R1037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00648.2004.
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Functional and histological evidence for the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) innervation of white adipose tissue (WAT) exists for several species; however, its sensory innervation has only been shown in laboratory rats, and its function is unclear. We tested the effects of sensory and SNS innervation of Siberian hamster epididymal and inguinal WAT (EWAT and IWAT) by assessing calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)- and tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactivity (ir), respectively. Next, we tested the role of the sensory innervation of WAT on growth and cellularity because WAT surgical denervation increases pad mass via selective increases in fat cell number, an effect ascribed to SNS denervation but that could be due to the accompanying surgical disruption of WAT sensory innervation. Sensory denervation was accomplished via multiple local microinjections of capsaicin into WAT, and its effects were compared with those of surgical denervation. Surgically denervated IWAT and EWAT showed significantly decreased tyrosine hydroxylase-ir and CGRP-ir, whereas capsaicin-treated WAT had only significantly decreased CGRP-ir. Surgically denervated pad masses were significantly increased; this was accompanied by increased total fat cell number in IWAT, with no change in fat cell size. EWAT only showed a significant increase in the number of small- to medium-sized adipocytes (75–125 μm diameter). By contrast, sensory-denervated pad masses were unchanged, but IWAT showed significantly increased average fat cell size. Collectively, these data provide immunohistochemical evidence for sensory and SNS innervation of WAT in Siberian hamsters and differential control of WAT cellularity by these innervations, as well as the ability of locally applied capsaicin to selectively reduce WAT sensory innervation.
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Giordano, Antonio, C. Kay Song, Robert R. Bowers, J. Christopher Ehlen, Andrea Frontini, Saverio Cinti, and Timothy J. Bartness. "White adipose tissue lacks significant vagal innervation and immunohistochemical evidence of parasympathetic innervation." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 291, no. 5 (November 2006): R1243—R1255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00679.2005.
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Converging evidence indicates that white adipose tissue (WAT) is innervated by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) based on immunohistochemical labeling of a SNS marker (tyrosine hydroxylase [TH]), tract tracing of WAT sympathetic postganglionic innervation, pseudorabies virus (PRV) transneuronal labeling of WAT SNS outflow neurons, and functional evidence from denervation studies. Recently, WAT para-SNS (PSNS) innervation was suggested because local surgical WAT sympathectomy (sparing hypothesized parasympathetic innervation) followed by PRV injection yielded infected cells in the vagal dorsomotor nucleus (DMV), a traditionally-recognized PSNS brain stem site. In addition, local surgical PSNS WAT denervation triggered WAT catabolic responses. We tested histologically whether WAT was parasympathetically innervated by searching for PSNS markers in rat, and normal (C57BL) and obese ( ob/ob) mouse WAT. Vesicular acetylcholine transporter, vasoactive intestinal peptide and neuronal nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivities were absent in WAT pads (retroperitoneal, epididymal, inguinal subcutaneous) from all animals. Nearly all nerves innervating WAT vasculature and parenchyma that were labeled with protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5; pan-nerve marker) also contained TH, attesting to pervasive SNS innervation. When Siberian hamster inguinal WAT was sympathetically denervated via local injections of catecholaminergic toxin 6-hydroxydopamine (sparing putative parasympathetic nerves), subsequent PRV injection resulted in no central nervous system (CNS) or sympathetic chain infections suggesting no PSNS innervation. By contrast, vehicle-injected WAT subsequently inoculated with PRV had typical CNS/sympathetic chain viral infection patterns. Collectively, these data indicate no parasympathetic nerve markers in WAT of several species, with sparse DMV innervation and question the claim of PSNS WAT innervation as well as its functional significance.
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Marko, Stephen B., and Deborah H. Damon. "VEGF promotes vascular sympathetic innervation." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 294, no. 6 (June 2008): H2646—H2652. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00291.2008.
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The sympathetic nervous system, via postganglionic innervation of blood vessels and the heart, is an important determinant of cardiovascular function. The mechanisms underlying sympathetic innervation of targets are not fully understood. This study tests the hypothesis that target-derived vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) promotes sympathetic innervation of blood vessels. Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses indicate that VEGF is produced by vascular cells in arteries and that VEGF receptors are expressed on sympathetic nerve fibers innervating arteries. In vitro, exogenously added VEGF and VEGF produced by vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in sympathetic neurovascular cocultures inhibited semaphorin 3A (Sema3A)-induced collapse of sympathetic growth cones. In the absence of Sema3A, VEGF and VSMCs also increased growth cone area. These effects were mediated via VEGF receptor 1. In vivo, the neutralization of VEGF inhibited the reinnervation of denervated femoral arteries. These data demonstrate that target-derived VEGF plays a previously unrecognized role in promoting the growth of sympathetic axons.
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Byun, Kyung-Hee, Sun-Young Ko, Jae-Woo Kim, and Bong-Hee Lee. "CNS innervation to the heart after skeletal muscle transplantation in the rat." Journal of Medicine and Life Science 2, no. 2 (December 1, 2004): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22730/jmls.2004.2.2.71.
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The congestive heart failure is known as one of the most popular cause of human death. The purpose of this study were to identify the CNS pathway innervating heart after reconstruction using latissimus dorsi muscle by using the pseudorabies virus injection into the hippocampus after entorhinal cortex lesions.The pseudorabies virus labelled neurons were distributed at several different nuclei including paraventricular nucleus. No significant morphological changes were observed in the CNS heart innervation after reconstruction. These data suggested that the CNS innervation showed no morphological changes throughout the whole brain areas after heart reconstruction.
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Ning, Shujie, Yalin Wang, Xuejun Yuan, Shuying Wang, and Libo Huang. "Effect of autonomic nerves on Dickkopf-3 expression in the uterus during early pregnancy of rats." Animal Biology 65, no. 3-4 (2015): 241–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15707563-00002474.
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To explore how uterine innervations affect expression of Dickkopf-3 (DKK-3) during peri-implantation, we first examined the consequence of uterine neurectomy on embryo implantation events. We observed that amputation of autonomic nerves innervating the uterus led to the failure of on-time implantation in rats. We then analyzed the effect of neurectomy on expression of DKK-3 further using immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. We observed that disconnection of autonomic nerve innervation significantly increased DKK-3 expression in the endometrium before and during invasion of the blastocyst. We also observed high levels of DKK-3 immunoreactivity in the vasculature of the uterus during peri-implantation. Thus, we speculate that DKK-3 may relate to implantation. Besides, our findings provide a new line of evidence that DKK-3 may be regulated by the autonomic nervous system.
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Roberts, Shannon L., Alison Stout, and Paul Dreyfuss. "Review of Knee Joint Innervation: Implications for Diagnostic Blocks and Radiofrequency Ablation." Pain Medicine 21, no. 5 (August 13, 2019): 922–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnz189.
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Abstract Objective To determine if commonly used knee radiofrequency ablation (RFA) techniques would be able to completely denervate the knee joint. Methods A comprehensive search of the literature on knee joint innervation was conducted using the databases Medline, Embase, and PubMed from inception through February 1, 2019. Google Scholar was also searched. Data on the origin, number of articular branches, course, distribution, and frequency of each nerve innervating the knee joint were extracted from the included studies and compared in order to identify variations. Results Twelve studies of anterior knee joint innervation and six studies of posterior knee joint innervation were included. The anterior knee joint was innervated by 10 nerves and further subdivided into two parts (anteromedial and anterolateral) or four quadrants (superomedial, inferomedial, superolateral, and inferolateral) based on innervation patterns; the posterior knee joint was innervated by two or three nerves, most commonly via the popliteal plexus. There is a lack of precise, validated anatomic targets identifiable with fluoroscopy and ultrasound for knee diagnostic blocks and RFA. Only three of the 12 or potentially 13 nerves innervating the knee joint are targeted by commonly used knee RFA techniques. Conclusions Commonly used knee RFA techniques would not be able to completely denervate the knee joint. It may not be necessary to capture all of the nerves, but only the nerves mediating a patient’s pain. Further clinical studies are required to validate specific diagnostic blocks and evaluate clinical outcomes using rigorous diagnostic blocks and anatomically specific knee RFA techniques.
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Herdmann, J., K. Bielefeldt, and P. Enck. "Quantification of motor pathways to the pelvic floor in humans." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 260, no. 5 (May 1, 1991): G720—G723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1991.260.5.g720.
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The motor innervation of the pelvic floor plays a major role in defecation disorders such as fecal incontinence. It consists of central motor pathways and peripheral nerve fibers. Transcranial magnetoelectric stimulation of the brain and magnetoelectric stimulation of the lumbosacral motor roots were performed in 10 healthy volunteers. Motor evoked potentials were recorded from the external anal sphincter. This procedure allowed differentiation between a predominantly central and a solely peripheral component of the motor innervation of the external and sphincter. To compare these recordings with well-established data, motor evoked potentials were also recorded from the anterior tibial muscle. The central motor conduction time was 20.9 +/- 2.4 ms to the external anal sphincter and 14.8 +/- 2.3 ms to the anterior tibial muscles. Central motor conduction velocities were 40.7 +/- 5.2 and 55.5 +/- 7.6 m/s, respectively. This showed that conduction in the central fibers to the external anal sphincter was significantly slower than in those to the anterior tibial muscle. We conclude 1) that magnetoelectric stimulation allows differentiation between central and peripheral portions of the motor innervation of the pelvic floor, and 2) that central motor pathways innervating the pelvic floor differ significantly in their physiological properties from those innervating limb muscles.
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Schimmang, T., L. Minichiello, E. Vazquez, I. San Jose, F. Giraldez, R. Klein, and J. Represa. "Developing inner ear sensory neurons require TrkB and TrkC receptors for innervation of their peripheral targets." Development 121, no. 10 (October 1, 1995): 3381–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.121.10.3381.
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The trkB and trkC genes are expressed during the formation of the vestibular and auditory system. To elucidate the function of trkB and trkC during this process, we have analysed mice carrying a germline mutation in the tyrosine kinase catalytic domain of these genes. Neuroanatomical analysis of homozygous mutant mice revealed neuronal deficiencies in the vestibular and cochlear ganglia. In trkB (−/−) animals vestibular neurons and a subset of cochlear neurons responsible for the innervation of outer hair cells were drastically reduced. The peripheral targets of the respective neurons showed severe innervation defects. A comparative analysis of ganglia from trkC (−/−) mutants revealed a moderate reduction of vestibular neurons and a specific loss of cochlear neurons innervating inner hair cells. No nerve fibres were detected in the sensory epithelium containing inner hair cells. A developmental study of trkB (−/−) and trkC (−/−) mice showed that some vestibular and cochlear fibres initially reached their peripheral targets but failed to maintain innervation and degenerated. TrkB and TrkC receptors are therefore required for the survival of specific neuronal populations and the maintenance of target innervation in the peripheral sensory system of the inner ear.
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Tsukanov, A. I., and V. F. Baitinger. "Peculiarities of uretral pacemaker zones innervation." Bulletin of Siberian Medicine 8, no. 3 (June 28, 2009): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.20538/1682-0363-2009-3-69-73.
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Peculiarities of extra-intraorgan innervation of uretral pacemaker zones (upper and lower urethral narrowings) were investigated. Anatomic-histological investigation results showed that upper (the I order pacemaker) and middle (the II order pacemaker) pacemaker zones of the ureter are innervated by single nerve stems from lower aortic-renal ganglion of plexus nervosus. Presence of microganglia in their intramuscular plexus nervosus is the peculiarity of intraorgan innervations of uretral pacemaker zones. The data obtained contribute to cystoid-peristaltic theory of uretral motility organization.
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Borbas, Paul, Karim Eid, Eugene T. Ek, and Georg Feigl. "Innervation of the acromioclavicular joint by the suprascapular nerve." Shoulder & Elbow 12, no. 3 (May 20, 2019): 178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1758573219851005.
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Background The suprascapular nerve is largely responsible for the majority of the sensory innervation of the acromioclavicular joint. In this anatomical study, we describe, in detail, the anatomy of the sensory innervation of the acromioclavicular joint by the branches of the suprascapular nerve. Methods Twenty-seven shoulders from 17 cadaveric specimens were carefully dissected to identify the course of the suprascapular nerve, with the main focus being on the sensory innervation of the acromioclavicular joint. Nine specific measurements of the acromioclavicular joint sensory nerves were made of each shoulder in relation to distinct anatomical landmarks to determine the mean location and course of these nerves. Results In all 27 shoulders (100%), a sensory branch to the acromioclavicular joint with a proximal origin from the suprascapular nerve could be depicted (“first sensory branch”). The mean length of this branch was 4.3 cm (range: 3.3–5.3 cm). In 14 shoulders (52%), a further sensory branch of the suprascapular nerve innervating the posterior acromioclavicular joint capsule could be identified (“second sensory branch”). Discussion A detailed anatomical description of the sensory innervation of the acromioclavicular joint from suprascapular nerve branches was performed, which can potentially aid in the development of more focused anesthetic blockades and acromioclavicular joint denervation procedures.
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Møller, Morten, Pansiri Phansuwan-Pujito, and Corin Badiu. "Neuropeptide Y in the Adult and Fetal Human Pineal Gland." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/868567.
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Neuropeptide Y was isolated from the porcine brain in 1982 and shown to be colocalized with noradrenaline in sympathetic nerve terminals. The peptide has been demonstrated to be present in sympathetic nerve fibers innervating the pineal gland in many mammalian species. In this investigation, we show by use of immunohistochemistry that neuropeptide Y is present in nerve fibers of the adult human pineal gland. The fibers are classical neuropeptidergic fibers endowed with largeboutons en passageand primarily located in a perifollicular position with some fibers entering the pineal parenchyma inside the follicle. The distance from the immunoreactive terminals to the pinealocytes indicates a modulatory function of neuropeptide Y for pineal physiology. Some of the immunoreactive fibers might originate from neurons located in the brain and be a part of the central innervation of the pineal gland. In a series of human fetuses, neuropeptide Y-containing nerve fibers was present and could be detected as early as in the pineal of four- to five-month-old fetuses. This early innervation of the human pineal is different from most rodents, where the innervation starts postnatally.
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Shi, Glenn G., Meredith A. Williams, Joseph L. Whalen, Benjamin K. Wilke, and Jonathan C. Kraus. "An Anatomic and Clinical Study of the Innervation of the Dorsal Midfoot Capsule." Foot & Ankle International 40, no. 10 (July 23, 2019): 1209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071100719858143.
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Background: Dorsal pain from osteoarthritic midfoot joints is thought to be relayed by branches of the medial and lateral plantar, sural, saphenous, and deep peroneal nerves (DPN). However, there is no consensus on the actual number or pathways of the nervous branches for midfoot joint capsular innervation. This study examined the DPN’s terminal branches at the midfoot joint capsules through anatomic dissection and confirmation of their significance in a clinical case series of patients with midfoot pain relief after DPN block. Methods: Eleven cadaveric lower leg specimens, 6 left and 5 right, were dissected using operative loupe magnification. We preserved the terminal branches and recorded their paths and branching patterns. Joint capsular innervations were individually noted. To confirm our hypothesis of significant dorsal midfoot joint capsular innervation by the DPN, we also performed an institutional review board–approved retrospective chart review of 37 patients with painful dorsal midfoot osteoarthritis who underwent diagnostic local anesthetic injection block of the DPN. The percentage of temporary pain relief after the injection was recorded. Results: Terminal innervation of the DPN branches showed distribution of the second and third tarsometatarsal joints in all specimens. Inconsistent innervation of the naviculocuneiform (9/11), fourth (7/11), first (6/11), and fifth (4/11) tarsometatarsal and calcaneocuboid joints (1/11) were observed. The retrospective review of pain relief in patients with dorsal midfoot pain due to arthritis after diagnostic injection demonstrated a mean of 92.1% improvement. Conclusion: Innervation of the dorsal midfoot joint capsule appears to follow a consistent distribution across 3 joints: second and third tarsometatarsal joints and the naviculocuneiform joint. Acute relief of dorsal midfoot arthritic pain after diagnostic injection suggests that dorsal midfoot nociceptive pain is at least partly transmitted by the DPN. Level of Evidence: Level IV, case series.
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Abdelmotalab, Mohammed. "Absence of the Musculocutaneous Nerve; Two Case Reports and Literature Review." AL-Kindy College Medical Journal 20, no. 1 (April 1, 2024): 71–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.47723/2zj9sm98.
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The musculocutaneous nerve is important in the upper extremity because it provides motor innervation to the musculature of the anterior arm region and sensory innervation to the skin on the lateral side of the forearm region. During the dissection of approximately 74 aged male cadaver for the 2021-2022 academic year at the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, International University of Africa, Sudan. Considerable variation was present; the musculocutaneous nerve was observed to be absent in both upper extremities. The median nerve replaces the musculocutaneous nerve innervation’s role on both sides except for the coracobrachialis muscle on the right side. A direct branch from the lateral cord innervated it. Reporting these variations has a critical impact on many surgical and clinical procedures.
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Dorofeeva, A. A., S. S. Panteleev, L. A. Markova, E. B. Pluzhnichenko, V. A. Bagaev, F. N. Makarov, A. A. Dorofeyeva, et al. "STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF NEURONS OF SPINAL SACRAL GANGLIA INNERVATING THE COLON." Morphology 130, no. 6 (December 15, 2006): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/morph.402455.
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The localization and morphological features of viscerosensory neurons of sacral spinal ganglia (SSG), innervating the colon, were investigated. In urethane anaesthetized cats, the solution of horseradish peroxidase was injected under the serosa of ascending and descending parts of the colon as well as of the rectum. After 48 hours animals were repeatedly anesthetized and trans-cardially perfused. Sections of SSG were stained according to Mezulam protocol (1978). All the regions of the colon studied were shown to receive afferent innervation from neurons of SSG SI, SII and SIII. Maximum number of the labeled cells was detected in SSG SII. The intensity of afferent innervation of the colon by the neurons of SSG was found to increase along its length in cranio-caudal direction.
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Scott, T. M., and G. Galway. "The relationship between altered blood vessel structure, hypertension, and the sympathetic nervous system." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 63, no. 4 (April 1, 1985): 387–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y85-069.
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The relationship between sympathetic innervation and arterial medial development has been examined in normotensive, hypertensive, and diabetic rats. Using the jejunal artery as a model, the number of nerve fibres innervating the artery as determined from fluorescent preparations, and the medial thickness and lumen diameter as measured from resin embedded specimens were correlated from animals prepared in various ways. The rats used were normal Sprague–Dawley (SD), SD with induced hypertension, SD with diabetes induced with streptozotocin, SD sympathectomized with 6-hydroxydopamine, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), SHR treated with capsaicin to prevent hypertension development, Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY), and WKY treated with capsaicin. Examination of the jejunal arteries from these rats at 12 weeks of age following normal development, or 8 weeks of hypertension development, or 8 and 12 weeks of diabetes, showed that increased innervation occurred in the SHR under all conditions, and in the diabetic rats after 8 weeks of diabetes. Medial hypertrophy occurred in the SHR and in the SD hypertensive only. It is concluded that the special relationship which exists between the sympathetic innervation and arterial media in the SHR does not occur during hypertension development in the SD rat, nor is it necessary for normal medial development in the SD rat. The sympathetic innervation does appear to have a trophic influence on vascular smooth muscle of diabetic rats, at least in the early stages of the disease.
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Harper, S., and A. M. Davies. "NGF mRNA expression in developing cutaneous epithelium related to innervation density." Development 110, no. 2 (October 1, 1990): 515–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.110.2.515.
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To determine if the initial level of NGF mRNA in developing cutaneous epithelium is correlated with its final innervation density, we measured the concentration of NGF mRNA in the epithelia of the maxillary, mandibular and ophthalmic territories of trigeminal ganglion in the embryonic mouse. At the onset of neuronal death in the ganglion there were marked differences in the concentration of NGF mRNA in these epithelia: the level was highest in the epithelium of the densely innervated maxillary territory, it was lower in the epithelium of the moderately innervated mandibular territory and was lowest in the epithelium of the sparsely innervated ophthalmic territory. These regional differences in the level of NGF mRNA during the early stages of target field innervation suggest that the level of NGF production in target field cells, rather than regional differences in the access of innervating neurons to NGF, governs the number of neurons that survive. Because the same percentage cell death occurs in each of the subsets of trigeminal neurons that innervate the maxillary, mandibular and ophthalmic territories, regional differences in NGF synthesis are not responsible for establishing differences in innervation density, rather they maintain differences that arise earlier in development.
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Czaja, Krzysztof, Robert Kraeling, Magdalena Klimczuk, Amelia Franke-Radowiecka, Waldemar Sienkiewicz, and Mirosław Lakomy. "Distribution of ganglionic sympathetic neurons supplying the subcutaneous, perirenal and mesentery fat tissue depots in the pig." Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 62, no. 4 (December 31, 2002): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.55782/ane-2002-1439.
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Previous morphological studies revealed that the adipose tissue is innervated by adrenergic nerve fibers. Furthermore, physiological studies showed that the metabolism of adipose tissue is controlled by the adrenergic component of the nervous system. However, nothing is known on the sources of innervation of different fat tissue depots. Therefore, we decided to study the distribution of ganglionic sympathetic neurons innervating adipose tissue in the pig by means of a retrograde tracing method. We used 9 male and 9 female pigs of approximately 50 kg body weight. The retrograde tracer, Fast Blue (FB), was injected into the subcutaneous, perirenal and mesentery fat tissue depots. Results of the present study showed that numerous centers of the sympathetic nervous system innervate adipose tissue in the pig. FB+ neurons projecting to the subcutaneous fat tissue were placed in the thoraco-lumbar region of the sympathetic chain ganglia (SChG). However, neurons supplying perirenal and mesentery fat tissue depots were found in both the SChG and prevertebral ganglia (PVG). We conclude that different adipose tissue depots (subcutaneous, perirenal and mesentery) have different sources of innervation and that there is no significant difference in the distribution of neurons innervating adipose tissue in male and female pigs.
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Mackie, G. O. "Giant axons and control of jetting in the squid Loligo and the jellyfish Aglantha." Canadian Journal of Zoology 68, no. 4 (April 1, 1990): 799–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z90-115.
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Both Loligo and Aglantha have sets of giant axons arranged in a cascading series, which transmit impulses at high velocity and with short synaptic delays to the swimming muscles. The layout of the axons is such as to guarantee symmetrical, near-simultaneous contractions of all parts of the swimming muscles, necessary for effective jetting. The giant axons in both animals are multinucleate, syncytial structures. In both animals, the first-order giants receive a rich afferent innervation. Despite these similarities in the layout and properties of their giant axon systems, Loligo and Aglantha control their swimming muscles in very different ways. The most striking difference is that Loligo has separate fast and slow innervations as well as fast and slow muscles, whereas Aglantha has only one innervation and one set of muscles, but can produce two types of contraction by switching between rapidly propagated sodium spikes and slowly propagated calcium spikes in its giant motor axons. A second major difference emerging from recent investigations is that whereas Aglantha uses its fast impulse propagation system for a conventional, short-latency escape response, squid appear (at least in laboratory studies) to use their fast pathway merely to augment the power of contractions brought about by their slow innervation, making no use of the potential the giant fibres hold for short-latency, reflex escape behaviour.
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Häkli, Martta, Satu Jäntti, Tiina Joki, Lassi Sukki, Kaisa Tornberg, Katriina Aalto-Setälä, Pasi Kallio, Mari Pekkanen-Mattila, and Susanna Narkilahti. "Human Neurons Form Axon-Mediated Functional Connections with Human Cardiomyocytes in Compartmentalized Microfluidic Chip." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 6 (March 15, 2022): 3148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23063148.
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The cardiac autonomic nervous system (cANS) regulates cardiac function by innervating cardiac tissue with axons, and cardiomyocytes (CMs) and neurons undergo comaturation during the heart innervation in embryogenesis. As cANS is essential for cardiac function, its dysfunctions might be fatal; therefore, cardiac innervation models for studying embryogenesis, cardiac diseases, and drug screening are needed. However, previously reported neuron-cardiomyocyte (CM) coculture chips lack studies of functional neuron–CM interactions with completely human-based cell models. Here, we present a novel completely human cell-based and electrophysiologically functional cardiac innervation on a chip in which a compartmentalized microfluidic device, a 3D3C chip, was used to coculture human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neurons and CMs. The 3D3C chip enabled the coculture of both cell types with their respective culture media in their own compartments while allowing the neuronal axons to traverse between the compartments via microtunnels connecting the compartments. Furthermore, the 3D3C chip allowed the use of diverse analysis methods, including immunocytochemistry, RT-qPCR and video microscopy. This system resembled the in vivo axon-mediated neuron–CM interaction. In this study, the evaluation of the CM beating response during chemical stimulation of neurons showed that hiPSC-neurons and hiPSC-CMs formed electrophysiologically functional axon-mediated interactions.
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Braham, J. "Sternocleidomastoid innervation." Neurology 40, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): 867. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.40.5.867.
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McHale, Noel G. "Lymphatic Innervation." Journal of Vascular Research 27, no. 2-5 (1990): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000158803.
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Misery, L. "Innervation cutanée." EMC - Cosmétologie et dermatologie esthétique 1, no. 1 (January 2006): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1283-0143(06)41904-x.
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FANTINI, F. "Cutaneous innervation." Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 11 (September 1998): S73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-9959(98)94828-0.
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Misery, L. "Innervation cutanée." EMC - Kinésithérapie - Médecine physique - Réadaptation 3, no. 2 (January 2007): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1283-0887(07)49203-9.
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Daube, Jasper R. "Muscle innervation." Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Evoked Potentials Section 89, no. 6 (December 1993): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-5597(93)90121-5.
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McVary, Kevin T., Kevin E. McKenna, and Chung Lee. "Prostate innervation." Prostate 36, S8 (1998): 2–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0045(1998)8+<2::aid-pros2>3.0.co;2-u.
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Sundin, Lena, and Stefan Nilsson. "Branchial innervation." Journal of Experimental Zoology 293, no. 3 (June 28, 2002): 232–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jez.10130.
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Corniani, Giulia, and Hannes P. Saal. "Tactile innervation densities across the whole body." Journal of Neurophysiology 124, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 1229–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00313.2020.
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The skin is our largest sensory organ and innervated by afferent fibers carrying tactile information to the spinal cord and onto the brain. The density with which different classes of tactile afferents innervate the skin is not constant but varies considerably across different body regions. However, precise estimates of innervation density are only available for some body parts, such as the hands, and estimates of the total number of tactile afferent fibers are inconsistent and incomplete. Here we reconcile different estimates and provide plausible ranges and best estimates for the number of different tactile fiber types innervating different regions of the skin, using evidence from dorsal root fiber counts, microneurography, histology, and psychophysics. We estimate that the skin across the whole body of young adults is innervated by ∼230,000 tactile afferent fibers (plausible range: 200,000–270,000), with a subsequent decrement of 5–8% every decade due to aging. Fifteen percent of fibers innervate the palmar skin of both hands and 19% the region surrounding the face and lips. Slowly and fast-adapting fibers are split roughly evenly, but this breakdown varies with skin region. Innervation density correlates well with psychophysical spatial acuity across different body regions, and, additionally, on hairy skin, with hair follicle density. Innervation density is also weakly correlated with the size of the cortical somatotopic representation but cannot fully account for the magnification of the hands and the face.
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Astruc, Audrey, Léa Roux, Fabien Robin, Ndeye Racky Sall, Ludivine Dion, Vincent Lavoué, Guillaume Legendre, et al. "Advanced Insights into Human Uterine Innervation: Implications for Endometriosis and Pelvic Pain." Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 5 (March 1, 2024): 1433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm13051433.
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(1) Background: Understanding uterine innervation, an essential aspect of female reproductive biology, has often been overlooked. Nevertheless, the complex architecture of uterine innervation plays a significant role in conditions such as endometriosis. Recently, advances in histological techniques have provided unprecedented details about uterine innervation, highlighting its intricate structure, distribution, and density. The intricate nature of uterine innervation and its influence on pathologies such as endometriosis has garnered increasing attention. (2) Objectives: This review aims to compile, analyze, and summarize the existing research on uterine innervation, and investigate its implications for the pathogenesis of endometriosis and associated pain. (3) Methods: A systematic review was conducted in line with PRISMA guidelines. Using the PubMed database, we searched relevant keywords such as “uterine innervation”, “endometriosis”, and “pain association”. (4) Results: The initial literature search yielded a total of 3300 potential studies. Of these, 45 studies met our inclusion criteria and were included in the final review. The analyzed studies consistently demonstrated that the majority of studies focused on macroscopic dissection of uterine innervation for surgical purposes. Fewer studies focused on micro-innervation for uterine innervation. For endometriosis, few studies focused on neural pain pathways whereas many studies underlined an increase in nerve fiber density within ectopic endometrial tissue. This heightened innervation is suggested as a key contributor to the chronic pain experienced by endometriosis patients. (5) Conclusions: The understanding of uterine innervation, and its alterations in endometriosis, offer promising avenues for research and potential treatment.
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Govind, c. K., Philip J. Stephens, and Judith S. Eisen. "Polyneuronal innervation of an adult and embryonic lobster muscle." Development 87, no. 1 (June 1, 1985): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.87.1.13.
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Motor innervation of the deep extensor muscle in the abdomen of lobsters (Homarus americanus) was compared in adults and embryos using electrophysiological techniques. There is widespread innervation of the adult muscle by the common excitor and inhibitor axons and regionally restricted or private innervation by three more excitor axons. In the embryo the earliest sign of functional innervation revealed a single inhibitory and two to three excitatory axons thus denoting simultaneous innervation by the full complement of axons. In corroboration, serial-section electron microscopy revealed several axon profiles invading the embryonic deep extensor muscles and giving rise to well-defined neuromuscular synapses with presynaptic dense bars. Innervation patterns to homologous regions of the embryonic and adult muscles were similar, consisting of a few large inhibitory synapses and many small excitatory ones. Consequently the adult pattern of polyneuronal innervation occurs simultaneously and in toto during embryonic development.
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Liu, Hao, René N. Caballero-Florán, Ty Hergenreder, Tao Yang, Jacob M. Hull, Geng Pan, Ruonan Li, et al. "DSCAM gene triplication causes excessive GABAergic synapses in the neocortex in Down syndrome mouse models." PLOS Biology 21, no. 4 (April 20, 2023): e3002078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3002078.
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Down syndrome (DS) is caused by the trisomy of human chromosome 21 (HSA21). A major challenge in DS research is to identify the HSA21 genes that cause specific symptoms. Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (DSCAM) is encoded by a HSA21 gene. Previous studies have shown that the protein level of the Drosophila homolog of DSCAM determines the size of presynaptic terminals. However, whether the triplication of DSCAM contributes to presynaptic development in DS remains unknown. Here, we show that DSCAM levels regulate GABAergic synapses formed on neocortical pyramidal neurons (PyNs). In the Ts65Dn mouse model for DS, where DSCAM is overexpressed due to DSCAM triplication, GABAergic innervation of PyNs by basket and chandelier interneurons is increased. Genetic normalization of DSCAM expression rescues the excessive GABAergic innervations and the increased inhibition of PyNs. Conversely, loss of DSCAM impairs GABAergic synapse development and function. These findings demonstrate excessive GABAergic innervation and synaptic transmission in the neocortex of DS mouse models and identify DSCAM overexpression as the cause. They also implicate dysregulated DSCAM levels as a potential pathogenic driver in related neurological disorders.
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Zubareva, T. V., and S. V. Gyulnazarova. "Research of innervation and function of shoulder joint stabilizer muscles and parts of deltoid muscles in patients with old fractures of proximal humerus." Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy 20, no. 1 (March 15, 2018): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/brmma12202.
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Neurophysiological study of rotator cuff functions (m. biceps brachii, m. triceps, m. deltoideus dex. et sin.) and its innervation in patients with monolateral old fractures and fracture-dislocations of the proximal humerus are presented. Period after trauma was an average of one year. Significant neuritis of n. axillars and n. musculocutaneus were revealed on the traumatic side. Lowering of M-answers in comparison with individual norm was at 48,5% for n. axillaris, 59% - for n. musculocutaneus, 68% - for n. radialis. Strong degree of n. axillaris damage (M-answer 30% below normal) was observed in 39% of patients, that is more often than neuritis of other plexus nerves: similar effect on n. musculocutaneus was two times more often (18% of cases) and 8 times more often than еffect on n.radialis (5% of cases). An in-depth study of the functions of the anterior, middle and posterior parts of the deltoid muscle was carried out in these patients on both sides. Interferencial electromyography demonstrated significant irregularity of bioelectrical activity of different deltoid parts. Stimulating electromyography of m. deltoideus parts innervation recorded reduced activity of the front part of the muscle, caused by weak innervations of its n. axillaris branch in comparison with the norm. Reliable distinctions in function and innervation of deltoid parts were found between each other as well as between intact and damaged sides. The recommendation to carry out electromyography of each part of deltoid was substantiated for patients with complex old fractures of proximal humerus before reconstruction surgeries or shoulder arthroplasty.
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Barajas, L., and K. V. Powers. "Innervation of the thick ascending limb of Henle." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 255, no. 2 (August 1, 1988): F340—F348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1988.255.2.f340.
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The overlap of accumulations of autoradiographic grains (AAGs) on profiles of the thick ascending limb of Henle (TALH) was measured in autoradiograms of sections from rat kidneys with monoaminergic nerves labeled by means of tritiated norepinephrine. The amount of AAG overlap was used as an indirect means of quantifying innervation along the TALHs of superficial, mid-cortical, and juxtamedullary nephrons. The density of innervation along the TALH showed nephron heterogeneity; the juxtamedullary nephrons with a high pre- and postjuxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) TALH density of innervation and the upper and midcortical nephrons with high TALH innervation densities at the level of the JGA. The pre-JGA TALH of the juxtamedullary nephrons had a significantly higher (P less than 0.001) density of innervation than the midcortical or superficial nephrons. The TALHs of juxtamedullary nephrons were found to have substantially more innervation than the TALHs of the other nephrons. For all three populations of nephrons, the pre-JGA TALH had the greatest amount of innervation. Neural regulation of TALH function would occur mainly along the pre-JGA and level of the JGA TALH. This regulation would increase TALH NaCl reabsorption (decrease luminal NaCl concentration) and therefore influence 1) the urinary concentrating mechanism, and 2) renin secretion via the macula densa mechanism. The innervation of the TALH was predominantly associated with the vasculature of the TALH's own nephron. However, innervation associated with medullary ray capillary beds from deeper nephrons was observed on pre-JGA TALHs from superficial and midcortical nephrons.
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Sun, L. S., P. C. Ursell, and R. B. Robinson. "Chronic exposure to neuropeptide Y determines cardiac alpha 1-adrenergic responsiveness." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 261, no. 3 (September 1, 1991): H969—H973. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1991.261.3.h969.
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The onset of sympathetic innervation induces a developmental change in the cardiac alpha 1-adrenergic chronotropic response from an increase to a decrease in rate. The mechanism by which innervation induces this alteration is unknown. Neuropeptide Y (NPY), which is found abundantly in cardiac sympathetic nerve terminals, was considered as a possible mediator for this effect. Chronic conditioning by NPY in noninnervated myocyte cultures stimulated the effect of sympathetic innervation in inducing the alpha 1-inhibitory chronotropic response. Chronic conditioning by the NPY antagonist PYX-2 blocked the effect of innervation. Thus endogenous NPY may modulate alpha 1-adrenergic responsiveness during the ontogeny of cardiac sympathetic innervation.
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Romeo, Marco, Giuseppe Cuccia, Shan Shan Qiu, Stefania Raimondo, Stefano Geuna, and Bernardo Hontanilla. "Innervation of a Prefabricated Flap: A New Experimental Model." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/549819.
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Introduction. Flap innervation by neoaxonogenesis is a promising field of investigation. The authors evaluated the possibility of innervating an acellular collagen scaffold as component of a potential prefabricated flap.Materials and Methods. Collagen matrix sheets were implanted around the femoral bundle of a murine model to produce two flaps on proximal and distal nerve stumps based on a flow-through model. After thirty days, nerve regeneration and integration into the collagen matrix were evaluated. The specimens were microscopically analyzed to study Schwann cell colonization and axonal integration with the matrix. Axonal count and density were assessed and statistically evaluated.Results. Qualitative structural and ultrastructural evaluation indicated integration, with axonal fibers merged within the collagen matrix, along with a newly formed vascular network on the proximal flap. Wallerian degeneration occurred inside the distal chamber. Axonal count and density did not show statistically significant differences between the nerve inside the proximal flap and the control side.Conclusions. Innervation of an acellular matrix can be obtained by direct nerve stump implantation. The flow-through system was relatively easy to build and reliable to provide adequate blood supply. The collagen scaffold may be a promising support or further studies of preinnervated microsurgical flaps.
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Lath, Nikesh R., Csaba Galambos, Alejandro Best Rocha, Marcus Malek, George K. Gittes, and Douglas A. Potoka. "Defective pulmonary innervation and autonomic imbalance in congenital diaphragmatic hernia." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 302, no. 4 (February 15, 2012): L390—L398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00275.2011.
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Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is associated with significant mortality due to lung hypoplasia and pulmonary hypertension. The role of embryonic pulmonary innervation in normal lung development and lung maldevelopment in CDH has not been defined. We hypothesize that developmental defects of intrapulmonary innervation, in particular autonomic innervation, occur in CDH. This abnormal embryonic pulmonary innervation may contribute to lung developmental defects and postnatal physiological derangement in CDH. To define patterns of pulmonary innervation in CDH, human CDH and control lung autopsy specimens were stained with the pan-neural marker S-100. To further characterize patterns of overall and autonomic pulmonary innervation during lung development in CDH, the murine nitrofen model of CDH was utilized. Immunostaining for protein gene product 9.5 (a pan-neuronal marker), tyrosine hydroxylase (a sympathetic marker), vesicular acetylcholine transporter (a parasympathetic marker), or VIP (a parasympathetic marker) was performed on lung whole mounts and analyzed via confocal microscopy and three-dimensional reconstruction. Peribronchial and perivascular neuronal staining pattern is less complex in human CDH than control lung. In mice, protein gene product 9.5 staining reveals less complex neuronal branching and decreased neural tissue in nitrofen-treated lungs from embryonic day 12.5 to 16.5 compared with controls. Furthermore, nitrofen-treated embryonic lungs exhibited altered autonomic innervation, with a relative increase in sympathetic nerve staining and a decrease in parasympathetic nerve staining compared with controls. These results suggest a primary defect in pulmonary neural developmental in CDH, resulting in less complex neural innervation and autonomic imbalance. Defective embryonic pulmonary innervation may contribute to lung developmental defects and postnatal physiological derangement in CDH.
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Caetano, Edie Benedito, Yuri da Cunha Nakamichi, Renato Alves de Andrade, Maico Minoru Sawada, Mauricio Tadeu Nakasone, Luiz Angelo Vieira, and Rodrigo Guerra Sabongi. "Flexor Pollicis Brevis Muscle. Anatomical Study and Clinical Implications." Open Orthopaedics Journal 11, no. 1 (November 23, 2017): 1321–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874325001711011321.
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Introduction: This paper reports anatomical study of nature, incidence, innervation and clinical implications of Flexor Pollicis Brevis muscle (FPB). Material and Methods: The anatomical dissection of 60 limbs from 30 cadavers were performed in the Department of Anatomy of Medical School of Catholic University of São Paulo. Results: The superficial head of FPB has been innervated by the median nerve in 70% and in 30% it had double innervation. The deep head of FPB were absent in 14%, in 65%, occurred a double innervation. In 17.5% by deep branch of ulnar nerve and in 3.6% by recurrent branch of median nerve. Conclusion: The pattern of innervation more frequent in relationship to the flexor pollicis brevis muscle and should be considered as a normal pattern is that superficial head receives innervation of branches of median nerve and the deep head receives innervation of ulnar and median nerve.
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Bartness, Timothy J., and Maryam Bamshad. "Innervation of mammalian white adipose tissue: implications for the regulation of total body fat." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 275, no. 5 (November 1, 1998): R1399—R1411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1998.275.5.r1399.
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We review the extensive physiological and neuroanatomical evidence for the innervation of white adipose tissue (WAT) by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) as well as what is known about the sensory innervation of this tissue. The SNS innervation of WAT appears to be a part of the general SNS outflow from the central nervous system, consisting of structures and connections throughout the neural axis. The innervation of WAT by the SNS could play a role in the regulation of total body fat in general, most likely plays an important role in regional differences in lipid mobilization specifically, and may have a trophic affect on WAT. The exact nature of the SNS innervation of WAT is not known but it may involve contact with adipocytes and/or their associated vasculature. We hypothesize that the SNS innervation of WAT is an important contributor to the apparent “regulation” of total body fat.
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Hasan, Wohaib. "Autonomic cardiac innervation." Organogenesis 9, no. 3 (July 2013): 176–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/org.24892.
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Hempstead, Barbara L. "Sculpting organ innervation." Journal of Clinical Investigation 113, no. 6 (March 15, 2004): 811–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/jci21309.
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Yates, Darran. "Deciphering striatal innervation." Nature Reviews Neuroscience 14, no. 8 (July 19, 2013): 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3562.
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VanHook, A. M. "Innervation for Branching." Science Signaling 3, no. 141 (September 28, 2010): ec301-ec301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.3141ec301.
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