Journal articles: 'Innervation Zones'

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Tsukanov, A. I., and V. F. Baitinger. "Peculiarities of uretral pacemaker zones innervation." Bulletin of Siberian Medicine 8, no. 3 (June 28, 2009): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.20538/1682-0363-2009-3-69-73.

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Peculiarities of extra-intraorgan innervation of uretral pacemaker zones (upper and lower urethral narrowings) were investigated. Anatomic-histological investigation results showed that upper (the I order pacemaker) and middle (the II order pacemaker) pacemaker zones of the ureter are innervated by single nerve stems from lower aortic-renal ganglion of plexus nervosus. Presence of microganglia in their intramuscular plexus nervosus is the peculiarity of intraorgan innervations of uretral pacemaker zones. The data obtained contribute to cystoid-peristaltic theory of uretral motility organization.

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Savy, Claudine, Axelle Simon, and Jeanine Nguyen-Legros. "Spatial geometry of the dopamine innervation in the avascular area of the human fovea." Visual Neuroscience 7, no. 5 (November 1991): 487–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800009779.

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AbstractThe dopamine (DA) innervation, labeled by tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry in a wholemounted human retina, is described in the avascular area of the fovea. Eleven DA neurons give rise to this innervation, among which five are interplexiform cells, so that the DA innervation consists of two plexuses: one is internal and is formed by the dendrites of all of the DA cells, and the other is external and is formed by the scleral processes of the interplexiform cells. Five concentric zones are delineated according to the focal plane in which the internal DA plexus is observed. The central zone 1 contains DA processes crossing in all directions. Zones 2 and 3 do not contain any cell bodies. In zone 3 the internal plexus begins to undergo a concentric arrangement, which is clearly observed in zones 4 and 5. The external DA innervation displays a different appearance in zones 1, 2, and 3, in which it consists of vertically oriented thin processes and terminals penetrating the outer nuclear layer, vs. zones 4 and 5 in which it consists of both the same type and horizontal processes lying in the outer plexiform layer. On the basis of DA-innervation appearance and distribution of labeled and unlabeled cell somata, it was concluded that zones 1, 2, and 3 contained the DA innervation of the foveola. DA processes filtering between photoreceptor cells are particularly well-observed in this region. This anatomical study of the DA innervation in the human fovea leads to a better understanding of the important role of DA in primate central vision and can be used as a reference for an approach of macular pathology.

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Si, Xiaohong, Mridha Md Zakir, and J. David Dickman. "Afferent Innervation of the Utricular Macula in Pigeons." Journal of Neurophysiology 89, no. 3 (March 1, 2003): 1660–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00690.2002.

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Biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was used to retrogradely label afferents innervating the utricular macula in adult pigeons. The pigeon utriclar macula consists of a large rectangular-shaped neuroepithelium with a dorsally curved anterior edge and an extended medioposterior tail. The macula could be demarcated into several regions based on cytoarchitectural differences. The striola occupied 30% of the macula and contained a large density of type I hair cells with fewer type II hair cells. Medial and lateral extrastriola zones were located outside the striola and contained only type II hair cells. A six- to eight-cell-wide band of type II hair cells existed near the center of the striola. The reversal line marked by the morphological polarization of hair cells coursed throughout the epithelium, near the peripheral margin, and through the center of the type II band. Calyx afferents innervated type I hair cells with calyceal terminals that contained between 2 and 15 receptor cells. Calyx afferents were located only in the striola region, exclusive of the type II band, had small total fiber innervation areas and low innervation densities. Dimorph afferents innervated both type I and type II hair cells with calyceal and bouton terminals and were primarily located in the striola region. Dimorph afferents had smaller calyceal terminals with few type I hair cells, extended fiber branches with bouton terminals and larger innervation areas. Bouton afferents innervated only type II hair cells in the extrastriola and type II band regions. Bouton afferents innervating the type II band had smaller terminal fields with fewer bouton terminals and smaller innervation areas than fibers located in the extrastriolar zones. Bouton afferents had the most bouton terminals on the longest fibers, the largest innervation areas with the highest innervation densities of all afferents. Among all afferents, smaller terminal innervation fields were observed in the striola and large fields were located in the extrastriola. The cellular organization and innervation patterns of the utricular maculae in birds appear to represent an organ in adaptive evolution, different from that observed for amphibians or mammals.

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Fernandez, C., A. Lysakowski, and J. M. Goldberg. "Hair-cell counts and afferent innervation patterns in the cristae ampullares of the squirrel monkey with a comparison to the chinchilla." Journal of Neurophysiology 73, no. 3 (March 1, 1995): 1253–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.73.3.1253.

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1. The numbers of type I and type II hair cells were estimated by dissector techniques applied to semithin, stained sections of the horizontal, superior, and posterior cristae in the squirrel monkey and the chinchilla. 2. The crista in each species was divided into concentrically arranged central, intermediate, and peripheral zones of equal areas. The three zones can be distinguished by the sizes of individual hair cells and calyx endings, by the density of hair cells, and by the relative frequency of calyx endings innervating single or multiple type I hair cells. 3. In the monkey crista, type I hair cells outnumber type II hair cells by a ratio of almost 3:1. The ratio decreases from 4-5:1 in the central and intermediate zones to under 2:1 in the peripheral zone. For the chinchilla, the ratio is near 1:1 for the entire crista and decreases only slightly between the central and peripheral zones. 4. Nerve fibers supplying the cristae in the squirrel monkey were labeled by extracellular injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the vestibular nerve. Peripheral terminations of individual fibers were reconstructed and related to the zones of the cristae they innervated and to the sizes of their parent axons. Results were similar for the horizontal, superior, and posterior cristae. 5. Axons seldom bifurcate below the neuroepithelium. Most fibers begin branching shortly after crossing the basement membrane. Their terminal arbors are compact, usually extending no more than 50-100 microns from the parent exon. A small number of long intraepithelial fibers enter the intermediate and peripheral zones of the cristae near its base, then run unbranched for long distances through the neuroepithelium to reach the central zone. 6. There are three classes of afferent fibers innervating the monkey crista. Calyx fibers terminate exclusively on type I hair cells, and bouton fibers end only on type II hair cells. Dimorphic fibers provide a mixed innervation, including calyx endings to type I hair cells and bouton endings to type II hair cells. Long intraepithelial fibers are calyx and dimorphic units, whose terminal fields are similar to those of other fibers. The central zone is innervated by calyx and dimorphic fibers; the peripheral zone, by bouton and dimorphic fibers; and the intermediate zone, by all three kinds of fibers. Internal (axon) diameters are largest for calyx fibers and smallest for bouton fibers. Of the entire sample of 286 labeled fibers, 52% were dimorphic units, 40% were calyx units, and 8% were bouton units.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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Masuda, Tadashi, and Tsugutake Sadoyama. "Distribution of innervation zones in the human biceps brachii." Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 1, no. 2 (June 1991): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1050-6411(91)90004-o.

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Li, Xiaoyan, Zhiyuan Lu, Inga Wang, Le Li, Argyrios Stampas, and Ping Zhou. "Assessing redistribution of muscle innervation zones after spinal cord injuries." Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 59 (August 2021): 102550. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2021.102550.

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Purcell, I. M., and A. A. Perachio. "Three-Dimensional Analysis of Vestibular Efferent Neurons Innervating Semicircular Canals of the Gerbil." Journal of Neurophysiology 78, no. 6 (December 1, 1997): 3234–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.78.6.3234.

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Purcell, I. M. and A. A. Perachio. Three-dimensional analysis of vestibular efferent neurons innervating semicircular canals of the gerbil. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 3234–3248, 1997. Anterograde labeling techniques were used to examine peripheral innervation patterns of vestibular efferent neurons in the crista ampullares of the gerbil. Vestibular efferent neurons were labeled by extracellular injections of biocytin or biotinylated dextran amine into the contralateral or ipsilateral dorsal subgroup of efferent cell bodies (group e) located dorsolateral to the facial nerve genu. Anterogradely labeled efferent terminal field varicosities consist mainly of boutons en passant with fewer of the terminal type. The bouton swellings are located predominately in apposition to the basolateral borders of the afferent calyces and type II hair cells, but several boutons were identified close to the hair cell apical border on both types. Three-dimensional reconstruction and morphological analysis of the terminal fields from these cells located in the sensory neuroepithelium of the anterior, horizontal, and posterior cristae were performed. We show that efferent neurons densely innervate each end organ in widespread terminal fields. Subepithelial bifurcations of parent axons were minimal, with extensive collateralization occurring after the axons penetrated the basement membrane of the neuroepithelium. Axonal branching ranged between the 6th and 27th orders and terminal field collecting area far exceeds that of the peripheral terminals of primary afferent neurons. The terminal fields of the efferent neurons display three morphologically heterogeneous types: central, peripheral, and planum. All cell types possess terminal fields displaying a high degree of anisotropy with orientations typically parallel to or within ±45° of the longitudinal axis if the crista. Terminal fields of the central and planum zones predominately project medially toward the transverse axis from the more laterally located penetration of the basement membrane by the parent axon. Peripheral zone terminal fields extend predominately toward the planum semilunatum. The innervation areas of efferent terminal fields display a trend from smallest to largest for the central, peripheral, and planum types, respectively. Neurons that innervate the central zone of the crista do not extend into the peripheral or planum regions. Conversely, those neurons with terminal fields in the peripheral or planum regions do not innervate the central zone of the sensory neuroepithelium. The central zone of the crista is innervated preferentially by efferent neurons with cell bodies located in the ipsilateral group e. The peripheral and planum zones of the crista are innervated preferentially by efferent neurons with cell bodies located in the contralateral group e. A model incorporating our anatomic observations is presented describing an ipsilateral closed-loop feedback between ipsilateral efferent neurons and the periphery and an open-loop feed-forward innervation from contralateral efferent neurons. A possible role for the vestibular efferent neurons in the modulation of semicircular canal afferent response dynamics is proposed.

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Shiraishi, Megumi, Tadashi Masuda, Tsugutake Sadoyama, and Morihiko Okada. "Innervation zones in the back muscles investigated by multichannel surface EMG." Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 5, no. 3 (September 1995): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1050-6411(95)00002-h.

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Lateva, Zoia C., Kevin C. McGill, and M. Elise Johanson. "The innervation and organization of motor units in a series-fibered human muscle: the brachioradialis." Journal of Applied Physiology 108, no. 6 (June 2010): 1530–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01163.2009.

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We studied the innervation and organization of motor units in the brachioradialis muscle of 25 normal human subjects. We recorded intramuscular EMG signals at points separated by 15 mm along the proximodistal muscle axis during moderate isometric contractions, identified from 27 to 61 (mean 39) individual motor units per subject using EMG decomposition, and estimated the locations of the endplates and distal muscle/tendon junctions from the motor-unit action potential (MUAP) propagation patterns and terminal standing waves. In three subjects all the motor units were innervated in a single endplate zone. In the other 22 subjects, the motor units were innervated in 3–6 (mean 4) distinct endplate zones separated by 15–55 mm along the proximodistal axis. One-third of the motor units had fibers innervated in more than one zone. The more distally innervated motor units had distinct terminal waves indicating tendonous termination, while the more proximal motor units lacked terminal waves, indicating intrafascicular termination. Analysis of blocked MUAP components revealed that 19% of the motor units had at least one doubly innervated fiber, i.e., a fiber innervated in two different endplate zones by two different motoneurons, and thus belonging to two different motor units. These results are consistent with the brachioradialis muscle having a series-fibered architecture consisting of multiple, overlapping bands of muscle fibers in most individuals and a simple parallel-fibered architecture in some individuals.

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Shcherbakova, Olga G., Carl M. Hurt, Yang Xiang, Mark L. Dell'Acqua, Qi Zhang, Richard W. Tsien, and Brian K. Kobilka. "Organization of β-adrenoceptor signaling compartments by sympathetic innervation of cardiac myocytes." Journal of Cell Biology 176, no. 4 (February 12, 2007): 521–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200604167.

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The sympathetic nervous system regulates cardiac function through the activation of adrenergic receptors (ARs). β1 and β2ARs are the primary sympathetic receptors in the heart and play different roles in regulating cardiac contractile function and remodeling in response to injury. In this study, we examine the targeting and trafficking of β1 and β2ARs at cardiac sympathetic synapses in vitro. Sympathetic neurons form functional synapses with neonatal cardiac myocytes in culture. The myocyte membrane develops into specialized zones that surround contacting axons and contain accumulations of the scaffold proteins SAP97 and AKAP79/150 but are deficient in caveolin-3. The β1ARs are enriched within these zones, whereas β2ARs are excluded from them after stimulation of neuronal activity. The results indicate that specialized signaling domains are organized in cardiac myocytes at sites of contact with sympathetic neurons and that these domains are likely to play a role in the subtype-specific regulation of cardiac function by β1 and β2ARs in vivo.

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Enck, P., H. Franz, F. Azpiroz, X. Fernandez-Fraga, H. Hinninghofen, K. Kaske-Bretag, A. Bottin, S. Martina, and R. Merletti. "Innervation Zones of the External Anal Sphincter in Healthy Male and Female Subjects." Digestion 69, no. 2 (2004): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000077878.

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Masuda, Tadashi, Hisao Miyano, and Tsugutake Sadoyama. "The Position of Innervation Zones in the Biceps Brachii Investigated by Surface Electromyography." IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering BME-32, no. 1 (January 1985): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tbme.1985.325614.

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Mesin, Luca, Marco Gazzoni, and Roberto Merletti. "Automatic localisation of innervation zones: A simulation study of the external anal sphincter." Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 19, no. 6 (December 2009): e413-e421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2009.02.002.

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Dibble, *Christopher F., Saad Javeed, Jawad M. Khalifeh, Rajiv Midha, Lynda J. S. Yang, Neringa Juknis, and Wilson Z. Ray. "Optimizing nerve transfer surgery in tetraplegia: clinical decision making based on innervation patterns in spinal cord injury." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 36, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 498–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2021.6.spine21586.

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OBJECTIVE Nerve transfers are increasingly being utilized in the treatment of chronic tetraplegia, with increasing literature describing significant improvements in sensorimotor function up to years after injury. However, despite technical advances, clinical outcomes remain heterogenous. Preoperative electrodiagnostic testing is the most direct measure of nerve health and may provide prognostic information that can optimize preoperative patient selection. The objective of this study in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) was to determine various zones of injury (ZOIs) via electrodiagnostic assessment (EDX) to predict motor outcomes after nerve transfers in tetraplegia. METHODS This retrospective review of prospectively collected data included all patients with tetraplegia from cervical SCI who underwent nerve transfer at the authors’ institution between 2013 and 2020. Preoperative demographic data, results of EDX, operative details, and postoperative motor outcomes were extracted. EDX was standardized into grades that describe donor and recipient nerves. Five zones of SCI were defined. Motor outcomes were then compared based on various zones of innervation. RESULTS Nineteen tetraplegic patients were identified who underwent 52 nerve transfers targeting hand function, and 75% of these nerve transfers were performed more than 1 year postinjury, with a median interval to surgery following SCI of 24 (range 8–142) months. Normal recipient compound muscle action potential and isolated upper motor neuron injury on electromyography (EMG) were associated with greater motor recovery. When nerve transfers were stratified based on donor EMG, greater motor gains were associated with normal than with abnormal donor EMG motor unit recruitment patterns. When nerve transfers were separated based on donor and recipient nerves, normal flexor donors were more crucial than normal extensor donors in powering their respective flexor recipients. CONCLUSIONS This study elucidates the relationship of the preoperative innervation zones in SCI patients to final motor outcomes. EDX studies can be used to tailor surgical therapies for nerve transfers in patients with tetraplegia. The authors propose an algorithm for optimizing nerve transfer strategies in tetraplegia, whereby understanding the ZOI and grade of the donor/recipient nerve is critical to predicting motor outcomes.

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Rantalainen, Timo, Adam Kłodowski, and Harri Piitulainen. "Effect of innervation zones in estimating biceps brachii force–EMG relationship during isometric contraction." Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 22, no. 1 (February 2012): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2011.09.012.

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Duscher, Dominik, Raphael Wenny, Johanna Entenfellner, Patrick Weninger, and Lena Hirtler. "Cutaneous innervation of the ankle: An anatomical study showing danger zones for ankle surgery." Clinical Anatomy 27, no. 4 (December 17, 2013): 653–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.22347.

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Johnson, Kenneth S., Joanna Rowe, Kanwalgeet Hans, Victoria Gordon, Adam L. Lewis, Clayton Marolt, Gilbert M. Willett, Charles Orth, Sarah Keim-Janssen, and Anthony Olinger. "Effects of Leg Length, Sex, Laterality, and the Intermediate Femoral Cutaneous Nerve on Infrapatellar Innervation." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 10, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 232596712210852. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259671221085272.

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Background: An iatrogenic injury to the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve (IPBSN) is a common precipitant of postoperative knee pain and hypoesthesia. Purpose: To locate potential safe zones for incision by observing the patterns and pathway of the IPBSN while examining the relationship of its location to sex, laterality, and leg length. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: A total of 107 extended knees from 55 formalin-embalmed cadaveric specimens were dissected. The nerve was measured from palpable landmarks: the patella at the medial (point A) and lateral (point B) borders of the patellar ligament, the medial border of the patellar ligament at the patellar apex (point C) and tibial plateau (point D), the medial epicondyle (point E), and the anterior border of the medial collateral ligament at the tibial plateau (point F). The safe zone was defined as 2 SDs from the mean. Results: Findings indicated significant correlations between leg length and height ( r P = 0.832; P < .001) as well as between leg length and vertical measurements (≥45°) from points A and B to the IPBSN ( r P range, 0.193-0.285; P range, .004-.049). Male specimens had a more inferior maximum distance from point A to the intersection of the IPBSN and the medial border of the patellar ligament compared with female specimens (6.17 vs 5.28 cm, respectively; P = .049). Right knees had a more posterior IPBSN from point F compared with left knees (–0.98 vs–0.02 cm, respectively; P = .048). The majority of knees (62.6%; n = 67) had a nerve emerging that penetrated the sartorius muscle. Additionally, 32.7% (n = 35) had redundant innervation, and 25.2% (n = 27) had contribution from the intermediate femoral cutaneous nerve (IFCN). Conclusion: We identified no safe zone. Significant innervation redundancy with a substantial contribution to the infrapatellar area from the IFCN was noted and contributed to the expansion of the danger zone. Clinical Relevance: The location of incision and placement of arthroscopic ports might not be as crucial in postoperative pain management as an appreciation of the variance in infrapatellar innervation. The IFCN is a common contributor. Its damage could explain pain refractory to SN blocks and therefore influence anesthetic and analgesic decisions.

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SHIRAISHI, Megumi, Tadashi MASUDA, Tsugutake SADOYAMA, and Morihiko OKADA. "TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP OF INNERVATION ZONES IN THE BACK MUSCLES INVESTIGATED BY A MULTICHANNEL SURFACE EMG." Biomechanisms 11 (1992): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3951/biomechanisms.11.193.

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Masuda, T., and T. Sadoyama. "Topographical map of innervation zones within single motor units measured with a grid surface electrode." IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 35, no. 8 (August 1988): 623–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/10.4595.

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Boccia, Gennaro, and Alberto Rainoldi. "Innervation zones location and optimal electrodes position of obliquus internus and obliquus externus abdominis muscles." Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 24, no. 1 (February 2014): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2013.10.017.

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Liu, Yang, Yong Ning, Sheng Li, Ping Zhou, William Z. Rymer, and Yingchun Zhang. "Three-Dimensional Innervation Zone Imaging from Multi-Channel Surface EMG Recordings." International Journal of Neural Systems 25, no. 06 (July 9, 2015): 1550024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129065715500240.

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There is an unmet need to accurately identify the locations of innervation zones (IZs) of spastic muscles, so as to guide botulinum toxin (BTX) injections for the best clinical outcome. A novel 3D IZ imaging (3DIZI) approach was developed by combining the bioelectrical source imaging and surface electromyogram (EMG) decomposition methods to image the 3D distribution of IZs in the target muscles. Surface IZ locations of motor units (MUs), identified from the bipolar map of their MU action potentials (MUAPs) were employed as a prior knowledge in the 3DIZI approach to improve its imaging accuracy. The performance of the 3DIZI approach was first optimized and evaluated via a series of designed computer simulations, and then validated with the intramuscular EMG data, together with simultaneously recorded 128-channel surface EMG data from the biceps of two subjects. Both simulation and experimental validation results demonstrate the high performance of the 3DIZI approach in accurately reconstructing the distributions of IZs and the dynamic propagation of internal muscle activities in the biceps from high-density surface EMG recordings.

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Fahim, Daniel K., Sang Don Kim, Dosang Cho, Sangkook Lee, and Daniel H. Kim. "Avoiding abdominal flank bulge after anterolateral approaches to the thoracolumbar spine: cadaveric study and electrophysiological investigation." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 15, no. 5 (November 2011): 532–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2011.7.spine10887.

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Object The thoracolumbar junction is frequently accessed through an anterolateral approach with the incision and muscle dissection extending from the lower thoracic region to the lateral border of the rectus abdominis muscle. This approach is frequently associated with the subsequent development of an unsightly and uncomfortable relaxation of the ipsilateral abdominal wall, or flank bulge, caused by denervation injury to the intercostal nerves. However, the etiology of this complication is not widely recognized by spine surgeons. The object of this study was to better define the relevant anatomy and innervation of the anterolateral abdominal wall musculature. Methods The authors performed 32 cadaveric dissections and 6 intraoperative electromyography (EMG) evaluations. Results The cadaveric dissection studies and intraoperative EMG evaluations provided detailed anatomy of the anterolateral abdominal wall and its innervation. Cadaveric dissections revealed that the most significant intercostal nerve contributions to the anterolateral abdominal wall arise from T11 and T12. Electrophysiological confirmation of these findings was accomplished through intraoperative stimulation in 6 patients undergoing anterolateral retroperitoneal approaches to the thoracolumbar junction. The authors confirmed T11 and T12 innervation of the anterolateral abdominal wall musculature by direct intraoperative EMG recording in all 6 patients. Conclusions The authors classified the 3 potential zones of injury that can be affected during an anterolateral approach to the thoracolumbar junction. Modifications to the operative technique are suggested to avoid the complication of flank bulge. The most significant intercostal nerve contributions to the anterolateral abdominal wall arise from T11 and T12.

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Fernandez, C., R. A. Baird, and J. M. Goldberg. "The vestibular nerve of the chinchilla. I. Peripheral innervation patterns in the horizontal and superior semicircular canals." Journal of Neurophysiology 60, no. 1 (July 1, 1988): 167–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1988.60.1.167.

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1. Afferent fibers supplying the horizontal and superior semicircular canals of the chinchilla were labeled by extracellular injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the vestibular nerve. The arborizations of labeled fibers within the sensory epithelium were reconstructed from serial sections of the crista. 2. The sensory epithelium of the crista can be divided into central, intermediate, and peripheral zones of approximately equal areas. The three zones can be distinguished in normal material by the density of hair cells and by the morphology of calyx endings. 3. Labeled fibers supply either the canalicular or the utricular side of the crista. Axons seldom bifurcate below the basement membrane and they begin dividing into their terminal arborizations almost immediately upon entering the sensory epithelium. The arborizations are compact, seldom extending more than 50 micron from the parent axon. 4. Both calyx and bouton endings were labeled. Calyces can be simple or complex. Simple calyces innervate individual hair cells, whereas complex calyces supply two to three adjacent hair cells. Complex calyces are commonly found only in the central zone. Simple calyces and boutons are located in all regions of the epithelium. Calyces emerge from the parent axon or one of its thick branches. Boutons, whether en passant or terminal, are always located on thin processes. 5. Fibers were classified as calyx, bouton, or dimorphic. The first type only has calyx endings, the second only has bouton endings, and the third has both kinds of endings. Dimorphic units make up some 70% of the labeled fibers, bouton units some 20%, and calyx units some 10%. The three fiber types differ in the diameters of their parent axons and in the regions of the crista they supply. Axon diameters are largest for calyx units and smallest for bouton units. Calyx units are concentrated in the central zone of the crista, whereas bouton units are largely confined to the peripheral zone. Dimorphic units are seen throughout the sensory epithelium. 6. Calyx units are almost always unbranched and end as simple calyces or, less often, as complex calyces. The terminal arbors of bouton units consist of fine processes containing 15-80 endings. Dimorphic units vary in complexity from fibers with a single calyx and a few boutons to those with one to four calyces and more than 50 boutons. 7. The results emphasize the importance of dimorphic units, which were the most numerous type of afferent fiber labeled in this study and were the only units found to innervate all regions of the sensory epithelium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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Ullah, Khalil, Corrado Cescon, Babak Afsharipour, and Roberto Merletti. "Automatic detection of motor unit innervation zones of the external anal sphincter by multichannel surface EMG." Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 24, no. 6 (December 2014): 860–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2014.05.003.

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Duxson, M. J., and P. W. Sheard. "Formation of new myotubes occurs exclusively at the multiple innervation zones of an embryonic large muscle." Developmental Dynamics 204, no. 4 (December 1995): 391–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1002040406.

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Amano, J., J. X. Thomas, M. Lavallee, I. Mirsky, D. Glover, W. T. Manders, W. C. Randall, and S. F. Vatner. "Effects of myocardial ischemia on regional function and stiffness in conscious dogs." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 252, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): H110—H117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1987.252.1.h110.

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The extent to which cardiac nerves influence responses of regional ventricular function to acute myocardial ischemia was investigated in conscious dogs with intact cardiac innervation (N) and dogs with chronic cardiac denervation (D). Following coronary artery occlusion (CAO) left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic pressure increased more (P less than 0.01) in D (18 +/- 3.2 mmHg) than in N dogs (3.4 +/- 0.7 mmHg), whereas heart rate increased more in N (32 +/- 4.8 beats/min) than in D dogs (16 +/- 3.0 beats/min). In nonischemic zones of D dogs there were greater increases, P less than 0.05, in end-diastolic segment length, systolic segment shortening, and velocity of shortening than in N dogs. In ischemic zones, significantly greater increases in end-diastolic segment length were also observed in the D group, but similar reductions in segmental shortening occurred in both N (-116 +/- 2.8%) and D (-108 +/- 5.2%) dogs. The time constant of isovolumic relaxation was not different in the two groups. However, in ischemic zones of N dogs myocardial stiffness constant (k) increased by 109 +/- 24 from 33 +/- 4.9 and end-diastolic stiffness (Eed) rose by 1527 +/- 310 from 253 +/- 34 mmHg, whereas k increased significantly less (P less than 0.05) in D dogs. Eed of ischemic zones also rose significantly less (P less than 0.05) in D dogs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Ignatiuk, V. M., and M. S. Izvolskaia. "LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE-INDUCED IMMUNOLOGICAL STRESS AT EARLY STAGES OF PREGNANCY AFFECTS THE DEVELOPMENT OF GONADOTROPIN RELEASING-HORMONE (GNRH)-PRODUCING SYSTEM." Medical academic journal 19, no. 1S (December 15, 2019): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/maj191s124-26.

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The aim of the present work was to study the development of afferent bonds between GnRH- and monoaminergic neurons in rat fetuses and to identify possible targets affected by LPS-induced inflammation. The innervation was analyzed using retrograde tracing method with DiI dye. At ED17 and ED21 olfactory bulbs (the area of GnRH migration) are innervated with monoaminergic neurons of septum and in lateral hypothalamus. The GnRH- and monoaminergic neuron interaction zones are sensitive to LPS (E. coli) prenatal exposure, which induces pro-inflammatory cytokine synthesis. We suppose that the olfactory bulbs of fetal forebrain can be a possible area of cytokine influence on GnRH- and monoaminergic neuron interaction.

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Beretta-Piccoli, Matteo, Corrado Cescon, Marco Barbero, and Giuseppe D’Antona. "Identification of muscle innervation zones using linear electrode arrays: a fundamental step to measure fibers conduction velocity." Arab Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 28, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 264–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/25765299.2021.1894731.

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Falla, D., P. Dall'Alba, A. Rainoldi, R. Merletti, and G. Jull. "Location of innervation zones of sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles – a basis for clinical and research electromyography applications." Clinical Neurophysiology 113, no. 1 (January 2002): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1388-2457(01)00708-8.

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Hirtler, Lena, Florian A. Huber, and Vincent Wlodek. "Cutaneous innervation of the distal forearm and hand — Minimizing complication rate by defining danger zones for surgical approaches." Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger 220 (November 2018): 38–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aanat.2018.06.007.

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31

Huang, Chengjun, Maoqi Chen, Xiaoyan Li, Yingchun Zhang, Sheng Li, and Ping Zhou. "Neurophysiological Factors Affecting Muscle Innervation Zone Estimation Using Surface EMG: A Simulation Study." Biosensors 11, no. 10 (September 27, 2021): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11100356.

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Surface electromyography (EMG) recorded by a linear or 2-dimensional electrode array can be used to estimate the location of muscle innervation zones (IZ). There are various neurophysiological factors that may influence surface EMG and thus potentially compromise muscle IZ estimation. The objective of this study was to evaluate how surface-EMG-based IZ estimation might be affected by different factors, including varying degrees of motor unit (MU) synchronization in the case of single or double IZs. The study was performed by implementing a model simulating surface EMG activity. Three different MU synchronization conditions were simulated, namely no synchronization, medium level synchronization, and complete synchronization analog to M wave. Surface EMG signals recorded by a 2-dimensional electrode array were simulated from a muscle with single and double IZs, respectively. For each situation, the IZ was estimated from surface EMG and compared with the one used in the model for performance evaluation. For the muscle with only one IZ, the estimated IZ location from surface EMG was consistent with the one used in the model for all the three MU synchronization conditions. For the muscle with double IZs, at least one IZ was appropriately estimated from interference surface EMG when there was no MU synchronization. However, the estimated IZ was different from either of the two IZ locations used in the model for the other two MU synchronization conditions. For muscles with a single IZ, MU synchronization has little effect on IZ estimation from electrode array surface EMG. However, caution is required for multiple IZ muscles since MU synchronization might lead to false IZ estimation.

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Uhlrich, Daniel J., Karen A. Manning, and Thomas P. Pienkowski. "The histaminergic innervation of the lateral geniculate complex in the cat." Visual Neuroscience 10, no. 2 (March 1993): 225–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800003631.

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AbstractThe histaminergic innervation of the thalamic dorsal and ventral lateral geniculate nuclei and the perigeniculate nucleus of the cat was examined immunohistochemically by means of an antibody to histamine.We find histamine-immunoreactive neurons in the cat brain are concentrated in the ventrolateral portion of the posterior hypothalamus, confirming a previous report. However, this cell group also spreads into medial, dorsal, and extreme lateral regions of the posterior hypothalamus and extends as far rostral as the optic chiasm.Histamine-labeled fibers cover all regions of the lateral geniculate complex, but the density of labeling varies. The ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (vLGN) is most densely labeled, the A laminae of the dorsal lateral geniculate are sparsely labeled, and the geniculate C laminae and the perigeniculate nucleus show intermediate amounts of label. Thus, histaminergic fibers demonstrate a predilection for zones innervated by the W-cell system. Labeled fibers exhibit few branchings and numerousen passantswellings, lending a beaded appearance. The vLGN showed more instances of fibers with larger-sized swellings (up to 2 μm).Following injections of biotinylated tracers into the hypothalamus, we find labeled fibers throughout the lateral geniculate complex. The anterogradely labeled fibers resemblethe histaminergic fibers in morphology, distribution, and relative bouton size. Thus, the hypothalamus appears to be the source of the histaminergic fibers in the lateral geniculate complex.Histamine-labeled fibers in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) exhibit uncommon ultrastructural morphology. Many extremely large, round, or elliptical vesicles fill the fiber swellings. Swellings are directly apposed to a variety of other dendritic and axonal profiles, but thus far no convincing synaptic contacts have been seen. The distribution and appearance of these histaminergic fibers resembles those reported for serotonergic fibers.Our results support the idea that histamine works nonsynaptically as a neuromodulator in the lateral geniculate complex, affecting the level of visual arousal.

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Nisht, Aleksey Yur’evich, and Nikolay Fedorovich Fomin. "Unsolved problems of peripheral nerves reconstructive surgery." Journal of Experimental and Clinical Surgery 12, no. 2 (March 29, 2019): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18499/2070-478x-2019-12-2-127-133.

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The modern level of development of surgery can solve the problem of recovery of almost any level and length of traumatic damage to the peripheral nerves. The extraordinary duration of the nerve fibers regeneration leads to morphological and functional losses in target areas, which often causes low efficiency of reconstruction of damaged nerves. There are a number of areas that increase the effectiveness of recovery processes in patients with peripheral nerve injury. Maintaining muscle tissue in a satisfactory condition is possible due to electrical stimulation and physiotherapy procedures that reduce the severity of denervation atrophy. Acceleration of target zones reinnervation can be achieved by increasing the rate of growth of regenerating axons under the targeted influence of neurotrophic factors in the innervation area of the restored nerve. However, from the standpoint of etiology and pathogenesis, the main role in this question belongs to the reconstructive surgery, which allows to bring the source of regenerating nerve fibers to the denervated tissues as close as possible. Performing neurotization of the distal segment of the damaged nerve «end-to-end» or «end-to-side» neurorrhaphy from the donor nerve as an alternative to nerve transplantation can reduce the regeneration time for a period which depends on the level of neurotization of the damaged nerve. The achievement of high functional results of limb recovery after peripheral nerve damage involves the implementation of a complex of therapeutic and preventive measures aimed at the early recovery of the lost innervation. The basic activities of this complex are reconstructive operations based on functional anatomy, corresponding to the basic principles of regeneration of nerve fibers and aimed at creating conditions for tissue reinnervation in the shortest possible time. Active postoperative management of patients is necessary to maintain the functional state of the denervated tissues and accelerate the recovery of the lost innervation and it should include a comprehensive impact on the target tissue.

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Kinnman, Erik, and Zsuzsanna Wiesenfeld-hallin. "Time Course and Characteristics of the Capacity of Sensory Nerves to Reinnervate Skin Territories outside Their Normal Innervation Zones." Somatosensory & Motor Research 10, no. 4 (January 1993): 445–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/08990229309028849.

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Fernandez, C., J. M. Goldberg, and R. A. Baird. "The vestibular nerve of the chinchilla. III. Peripheral innervation patterns in the utricular macula." Journal of Neurophysiology 63, no. 4 (April 1, 1990): 767–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1990.63.4.767.

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1. Nerve fibers supplying the utricular macula of the chinchilla were labeled by extracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase into the vestibular nerve. The peripheral terminations of individual fibers were reconstructed and related to the regions of the end organ they innervated and to the sizes of their parent axons. 2. The macula is divided into medial and lateral parts by the striola, a narrow zone that runs for almost the entire length of the sensory epithelium. The striola can be distinguished from the extrastriolar regions to either side of it by the wider spacing of its hair cells. Calyx endings in the striola have especially thick walls, and, unlike similar endings in the extrastriola, many of them innervate more than one hair cell. The striola occupies 10% of the sensory epithelium; the lateral extrastriola, 50%; and the medial extrastriola, 40%. 3. The utricular nerve penetrates the bony labyrinth anterior to the end organ. Axons reaching the anterior part of the sensory epithelium run directly through the connective tissue stroma. Those supplying more posterior regions first enter a fiber layer located at the bottom of the stroma. Approximately one-third of the axons bifurcate below the epithelium, usually within 5-20 microns of the basement membrane. Bifurcations are more common in fibers destined for the extrastriola than for the striola. 4. Both calyx and bouton endings were labeled. Calyces can be simple or complex. Simple calyces innervate individual hair cells, whereas complex calyces supply 2-4 adjacent hair cells. Complex endings are more heavily concentrated in the striola than in the extrastriola. Simple calyces and boutons are found in all parts of the epithelium. Calyces emerge from the parent axon or one of its thick branches. Boutons, whether en passant or terminal, are located on thin collaterals. 5. Fibers can be classified into calyx, bouton, or dimorphic categories. The first type only has calyx endings; the second, only bouton endings; and the third, both kinds of endings. Calyx units make up 6% of the labeled fibers, bouton units less than 2%, and dimorphic units greater than 92%. The three fiber types differ in the macular zones they supply and in the diameters of their parent axons. Calyx units were restricted to the striola. The few bouton units were found in the extrastriola.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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36

Su, Jianmin, Naomi E. Charalambakis, Ubadah Sabbagh, Rachana D. Somaiya, Aboozar Monavarfeshani, William Guido, and Michael A. Fox. "Retinal inputs signal astrocytes to recruit interneurons into visual thalamus." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 5 (January 21, 2020): 2671–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1913053117.

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Inhibitory interneurons comprise a fraction of the total neurons in the visual thalamus but are essential for sharpening receptive field properties and improving contrast-gain of retinogeniculate transmission. During early development, these interneurons undergo long-range migration from germinal zones, a process regulated by the innervation of the visual thalamus by retinal ganglion cells. Here, using transcriptomic approaches, we identified a motogenic cue, fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15), whose expression in the visual thalamus is regulated by retinal input. Targeted deletion of functional FGF15 in mice led to a reduction in thalamic GABAergic interneurons similar to that observed in the absence of retinal input. This loss may be attributed, at least in part, to misrouting of interneurons into nonvisual thalamic nuclei. Unexpectedly, expression analysis revealed that FGF15 is generated by thalamic astrocytes and not retino-recipient neurons. Thus, these data show that retinal inputs signal through astrocytes to direct the long-range recruitment of interneurons into the visual thalamus.

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Marateb, Hamid Reza, Morteza Farahi, Monica Rojas, Miguel Angel Mañanas, and Dario Farina. "Detection of Multiple Innervation Zones from Multi-Channel Surface EMG Recordings with Low Signal-to-Noise Ratio Using Graph-Cut Segmentation." PLOS ONE 11, no. 12 (December 15, 2016): e0167954. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167954.

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38

Ajijola, Olujimi A., Daigo Yagishita, Krishan J. Patel, Marmar Vaseghi, Wei Zhou, Kentaro Yamakawa, Eileen So, Robert L. Lux, Aman Mahajan, and Kalyanam Shivkumar. "Focal myocardial infarction induces global remodeling of cardiac sympathetic innervation: neural remodeling in a spatial context." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 305, no. 7 (October 1, 2013): H1031—H1040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00434.2013.

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Myocardial infarction (MI) induces neural and electrical remodeling at scar border zones. The impact of focal MI on global functional neural remodeling is not well understood. Sympathetic stimulation was performed in swine with anteroapical infarcts (MI; n = 9) and control swine ( n = 9). A 56-electrode sock was placed over both ventricles to record electrograms at baseline and during left, right, and bilateral stellate ganglion stimulation. Activation recovery intervals (ARIs) were measured from electrograms. Global and regional ARI shortening, dispersion of repolarization, and activation propagation were assessed before and during sympathetic stimulation. At baseline, mean ARI was shorter in MI hearts than control hearts (365 ± 8 vs. 436 ± 9 ms, P < 0.0001), dispersion of repolarization was greater in MI versus control hearts (734 ± 123 vs. 362 ± 32 ms2, P = 0.02), and the infarcted region in MI hearts showed longer ARIs than noninfarcted regions (406 ± 14 vs. 365 ± 8 ms, P = 0.027). In control animals, percent ARI shortening was greater on anterior than posterior walls during right stellate ganglion stimulation ( P = 0.0001), whereas left stellate ganglion stimulation showed the reverse ( P = 0.0003). In infarcted animals, this pattern was completely lost. In 50% of the animals studied, sympathetic stimulation, compared with baseline, significantly altered the direction of activation propagation emanating from the intramyocardial scar during pacing. In conclusion, focal distal anterior MI alters regional and global pattern of sympathetic innervation, resulting in shorter ARIs in infarcted hearts, greater repolarization dispersion, and altered activation propagation. These conditions may underlie the mechanisms by which arrhythmias are initiated when sympathetic tone is enhanced.

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Ezhova, E. A., I. A. Melikhova, and S. V. Balalin. "Value of Confocal Microscopy of the Cornea in Assessment of the Adaptation Period at Patients with Myopia when Using Orthokeratological Lenses." Ophthalmology in Russia 15, no. 2S (July 28, 2018): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18008/1816-5095-2018-2s-183-188.

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Purpose: tо study the histomorphological state of the cornea with the help of confocal microscopy in patients with myopia in the period of adaptation to orthokeratological contact lenses (OCL).Patients and methods. The study of the histomorphological status of the cornea was performed in the central optical, middle peripheral and perilimbal zones using confocal microscopy (ConfoScan-4) in 72 patients (144 eyes) with low myopia (38 people, 76 eyes) and middle myopia (34 persons, 68 eyes) after the appointment of OCL within 1 to 12 months.Results. The maximum significant increase in the degree of epithelial changes in the central optical zone of the cornea was recorded after 7 days of the application of OCL and an increase of nerve fibers activation, the number of activated keratocytes — after 1 month. There were noted the degree of changes in the epithelium, the number of activated keratocytes after 1 month and the degree of activation of nerve fibers after 3 months in the middle peripheral zone of the cornea. At a period of 12 months of the using of OCL in the central optical zone and middle peripheral zone of the cornea the index of the degree of changes in the epithelium, nerve fibers, and the number of activated keratocytes was stabilized. In the perilimbal zone of the cornea the histomorphological parameters did not differ from the initial data at the observation periods, except for innervation. The densities of keratocytes in various layers of the stroma, endothelial cells did not change statistically throughout the study.Conclusions. The results of the histomorphological indices made it possible to single out a “stressful” period of adaptation lasting 1 month, a transitional period of 1 to 3 months and a stable adaptation period, the formation of which was noted after 12 months of the application of OKL. Stable densities of keratocytes in various layers of the corneal stroma, endothelial cells during the entire period of observation indicated a fairly good tolerability of OCL.

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Festoff, B. W., D. Hantaï, J. Soria, A. Thomaïdis, and C. Soria. "Plasminogen activator in mammalian skeletal muscle: characteristics of effect of denervation on urokinase-like and tissue activator." Journal of Cell Biology 103, no. 4 (October 1, 1986): 1415–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.103.4.1415.

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Analyses were made of the fibrinolytic, plasminogen-activating system in skeletal muscle to determine if a regulating influence of the nerve could be detected on these enzymes. Young male mice underwent right sciatic neurectomy. Extracts were prepared from denervated muscle at 2-17 d after axotomy and compared with controls. Using a cascade-style biochemical assay (Rånby, M., B. Norrman, and P. Wallén, 1982, Thromb. Res., 27:743-748) we found that low levels of plasminogen activator (PA) were present in adult, innervated mouse muscle, but that denervation resulted in a marked time-dependent increase in enzyme activity. Qualitative separation showed an eightfold increase in urokinase-like PA with moderate elevation of tissue PA activity after 10 d. Fibrin zymography (Granelli-Piperno, A., and E. Reich, 1978, J. Exp. Med., 148:223-234) revealed clear zones of lysis corresponding to molecular masses of 48 kD for urokinase-like PA and 75 kD for tissue PA, consistent with the molecular masses found for these enzymes in other tissues of the mouse (Danø, K., P. A. Andreasen, J. Grøndahl-Hansen, P. Kristensen, L. S. Nielsen, and L. Skriver, 1985, Adv. Cancer Res., 44:139-266). In other studies we have shown that PA-activated plasmin readily attacks critical adhesive basement membrane molecules. The present results indicate that enzymes involved in plasminogen activation, particularly urokinase-like PA, rapidly increase after axotomy, suggesting they may have a role early in muscle denervation. Similar alterations in PA activity might underlie the elimination of polyneuronal innervation during mammalian muscle development. Certain neuromuscular diseases may also involve activation of these enzymes, resulting in degradation of basement membrane zone components and, therefore, warrant further study.

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Glazov, E. A., D. V. Dmytriiev, E. Y. Dmytriieva, and Y. K. Otkalenko. "Trigeminal nerve block under the ultrasound control in the pain medicine." Pain medicine 3, no. 3 (November 23, 2018): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31636/pmjua.v3i3.7.

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The leading clinical manifestation of trigeminal neuralgia is pain syndrome. Recently, an integrative biopsychosocial approach has been proposed in the study of pain. Trigeminal neuralgia is marked by a significant prevalence, often severe course, lack of sufficiently effective methods of treatment. The aim of the article was to introduce the technique of trigeminal nerve block under the ultrasound control. When the trigeminal nerve block is performed, the terminal sections of its three main branches are to be anesthetized. The maximum full and wide blockade can be achieved with the block of the Gasser's node, but performance of this procedure is complicated, requires a special qualification of a neurosurgeon and fluoroscopic control due to the complexity of the innervation of the head, the presence of mutually overlapping zones and commision. The most frequent indications for trigeminal nerve block are diagnostic, therapeutic and surgical blockades. It is recommened to consider the need for a combination of blocks, when anesthesia is planned. Double navigation with a neurostimulator is used for the accuracy of the needle positioning improvement. In this case, we expect a motor response from the masticatory muscle. Thus, the trigeminal nerve block under the ultrasound control can be used in the management of pain syndrome in trigeminal neuralgia.

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42

de Chadarévian, Jean-Pierre, Christos D. Katsetos, Judy M. Pascasio, Evan Geller, and Martin J. Herman. "Histological Study of Osteoid Osteoma's Blood Supply." Pediatric and Developmental Pathology 10, no. 5 (September 2007): 358–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2350/06-07-0133.1.

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The osteoid osteoma is a painful lesion with a special predilection for the femur and tibia of young patients. Although the lesion has been described as richly innervated, its vascular supply has not been critically appraised to date in the pathology literature. To this end, we have undertaken a morphological study of 16 archival cases of osteoid osteoma, focusing primarily on the patterns of vascularization, utilizing traditional histological and immunohistochemical approaches. The study demonstrated that a prominent arterial and arteriolar blood supply was a constant finding within the various zones of soft tissues, skeletal muscle, and bone surrounding the nidus. It also showed that the caliber of the vessels underwent gradual attenuation throughout their centripetal course toward the nidus, where the vessels lost their muscularis as they merged into the capillary network of the nidus. Immunostaining with antibodies to neurofilament and S100 proteins revealed a pattern of innervation that was overall less exuberant than that described in some reports and that was virtually absent from the nidus. Taken together with data reported in the radiological literature, our findings lead us to wonder whether the osteoid osteoma may represent a response to the local stimulation of bony tissue by a primarily aberrant vasculature, a hypothesis that warrants further elucidation using state-of-the-art imaging approaches.

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Farina, Dario, Andrea Blanchietti, Marco Pozzo, and Roberto Merletti. "M-wave properties during progressive motor unit activation by transcutaneous stimulation." Journal of Applied Physiology 97, no. 2 (August 2004): 545–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00064.2004.

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The aim of this study was to interpret changes in experimentally recorded M waves with progressive motor unit (MU) activation based on simulation of the surface electromyogram. Activation order during transcutaneous electrical stimulation was analyzed by investigating M-wave average rectified value, spectral properties, and conduction velocity (CV) during electrically elicited contractions. M-waves were detected from the biceps brachii muscle of 10 healthy male subjects by a linear adhesive array of eight electrodes. Electrical stimulation was delivered to the motor point at either constant current intensity (40, 60, 80, and 100% of the supramaximal stimulation current) or with linearly increasing current. A model of surface electromyogram generation that varied activation order based on MU size and location was used to interpret the experimental results. From the experimental and model analysis, it was found that 1) MUs tended to be activated from low to high CV and from the superficial to the deep muscle layers with increasing transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the biceps brachii muscle, and 2) characteristic spectral frequencies of the M-wave were affected by many factors other than average CV (such as the activation order by MU location or the spread of the MU innervation zones and CVs), thus decreasing with a concomitant increase in CV during progressive MU activation.

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Mesin, Luca. "Motor Unit Discharges from Multi-Kernel Deconvolution of Single Channel Surface Electromyogram." Electronics 10, no. 16 (August 21, 2021): 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10162022.

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Surface electromyogram (EMG) finds many applications in the non-invasive characterization of muscles. Extracting information on the control of motor units (MU) is difficult when using single channels, e.g., due to the low selectivity and large phase cancellations of MU action potentials (MUAPs). In this paper, we propose a new method to face this problem in the case of a single differential channel. The signal is approximated as a sum of convolutions of different kernels (adapted to the signal) and firing patterns, whose sum is the estimation of the cumulative MU firings. Three simulators were used for testing: muscles of parallel fibres with either two innervation zones (IZs, thus, with MUAPs of different phases) or one IZ and a model with fibres inclined with respect to the skin. Simulations were prepared for different fat thicknesses, distributions of conduction velocity, maximal firing rates, synchronizations of MU discharges, and variability of the inter-spike interval. The performances were measured in terms of cross-correlations of the estimated and simulated cumulative MU firings in the range of 0–50 Hz and compared with those of a state-of-the-art single-kernel algorithm. The median cross-correlations for multi-kernel/single-kernel approaches were 92.2%/82.4%, 98.1%/97.6%, and 95.0%/91.0% for the models with two IZs, one IZ (parallel fibres), and inclined fibres, respectively (all statistically significant differences, which were larger when the MUAP shapes were of greater difference).

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Behan, Felix. "Keystone perforator island flap: a clinical summary of 28 melanoma cases." Australasian Journal of Plastic Surgery 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.34239/ajops.v1n1.66.

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Background: The keystone perforator island flap (KPIF) and its design variations developed as a clinical necessity for reconstructing large surgical defects. This article focuses on melanoma management in 28 cases taken from a series of up to 3,000 established over 20+ years of clinical experience. Method: The dermatome is the basis of the keystone success where vessels accompany nerves. Keystone perforator island flaps are fascial lined, supporting vascular integrity. The design resembles two conjoined VY island flaps facilitating closure under tension as the perforator zones (perforazones) are oriented vertically with a stronger hydrostatic supply than the horizontally aligned subdermal plexus. Tissue match is important and contributes to a sound aesthetic outcome. Results: KPIF reconstructions are pain free even though tension is noted. KPIF reconstructions are almost anaesthetic for the complete dimension of the wound. This is explained by the simple fact that temporary interruption of somatic innervation in this design recovers over a few months in the same way as any longitudinal incision regains its nerve supply. Oedema in the KPIF is rarely observed and could possibly be a sympathetic affect. Reactive hyperaemia is evident in irradiated tissue, breaking another rule in plastic and reconstructive surgery in irradiated tissue where loco–regional reconstruction is contraindicated. Conclusion: With an intact vascular system associated with autonomic and somatic support—including lymphatic drainage, the Gillies principles of replacing ‘like for like’ and the ‘next best tissue is the next best tissue’—reconstructive design principles are maintained.

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Frick, A., W. Zieglgänsberger, and H. U. Dodt. "Glutamate Receptors Form Hot Spots on Apical Dendrites of Neocortical Pyramidal Neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 86, no. 3 (September 1, 2001): 1412–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2001.86.3.1412.

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Apical dendrites of layer V cortical pyramidal neurons are a major target for glutamatergic synaptic inputs from cortical and subcortical brain regions. Because innervation from these regions is somewhat laminar along the dendrites, knowing the distribution of glutamate receptors on the apical dendrites is of prime importance for understanding the function of neural circuits in the neocortex. To examine this issue, we used infrared-guided laser stimulation combined with whole cell recordings to quantify the spatial distribution of glutamate receptors along the apical dendrites of layer V pyramidal neurons. Focally applied (<10 μm) flash photolysis of caged glutamate on the soma and along the apical dendrite revealed a highly nonuniform distribution of glutamate responsivity. Up to four membrane areas (extent 22 μm) of enhanced glutamate responsivity (hot spots) were detected on the dendrites with the amplitude and integral of glutamate-evoked responses at hot spots being three times larger than responses evoked at neighboring sites. We found no association of these physiological hot spots with dendritic branch points. It appeared that the larger responses evoked at hot spots resulted from an increase in activation of both α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and not a recruitment of voltage-activated sodium or calcium conductances. Stimulation of hot spots did, however, facilitate the triggering of both Na+ spikes and Ca2+ spikes, suggesting that hot spots may serve as dendritic initiation zones for regenerative spikes.

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47

Behan, Felix. "Keystone perforator island flap: a clinical summary of 28 melanoma cases." Australasian Journal of Plastic Surgery 1, no. 1 (February 1, 2018): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.34239/ajops.v1i1.66.

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Background: The keystone perforator island flap (KPIF) and its design variations developed as a clinical necessity for reconstructing large surgical defects. This article focuses on melanoma management in 28 cases taken from a series of up to 3,000 established over 20+ years of clinical experience. Method: The dermatome is the basis of the keystone success where vessels accompany nerves. Keystone perforator island flaps are fascial lined, supporting vascular integrity. The design resembles two conjoined VY island flaps facilitating closure under tension as the perforator zones (perforazones) are oriented vertically with a stronger hydrostatic supply than the horizontally aligned subdermal plexus. Tissue match is important and contributes to a sound aesthetic outcome. Results: KPIF reconstructions are pain free even though tension is noted. KPIF reconstructions are almost anaesthetic for the complete dimension of the wound. This is explained by the simple fact that temporary interruption of somatic innervation in this design recovers over a few months in the same way as any longitudinal incision regains its nerve supply. Oedema in the KPIF is rarely observed and could possibly be a sympathetic affect. Reactive hyperaemia is evident in irradiated tissue, breaking another rule in plastic and reconstructive surgery in irradiated tissue where loco–regional reconstruction is contraindicated. Conclusion: With an intact vascular system associated with autonomic and somatic support—including lymphatic drainage, the Gillies principles of replacing ‘like for like’ and the ‘next best tissue is the next best tissue’—reconstructive design principles are maintained.

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48

Duxson, M. J., Y. Usson, and A. J. Harris. "The origin of secondary myotubes in mammalian skeletal muscles: ultrastructural studies." Development 107, no. 4 (December 1, 1989): 743–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.107.4.743.

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The distribution of secondary myotubes and undifferentiated mononucleated cells (presumed to be myoblasts) within foetal IVth lumbrical muscles of the rat was analyzed with serial section electron microscopy. In all myotube clusters for which the innervation zone was located, every secondary myotube overlapped the end-plate region of the primary myotube. No secondary myotubes were ever demonstrated to occur at a distance from the primary myotube innervation zone. This indicates that new secondary myotubes begin to form only in the innervation zone of the muscle. Some young secondary myotubes made direct contact with a nerve terminal, but we cannot say if this is true for all developing secondary myotubes. Myoblasts were not clustered near the innervation zone, but were uniformly distributed throughout the muscle. Myoblasts were frequently interposed between a primary and a secondary myotube, in equally close proximity to both cell membranes. We conclude that specificity in myoblast-myotube fusion does not depend on restrictions in the physical distribution of myoblasts within the muscle, and therefore must reflect more subtle mechanisms for intercellular recognition.

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Strafun, S. S., O. A. Burianov, V. V. Povorozniuk, O. G. Gayko, N. V. Hryhorieva, S. V. Tymoshenko, and V. V. Kotiuk. "Multidisciplinary Consensus: Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type 1. Basic Principles of Diagnostics and Treatment." Visnyk Ortopedii Travmatologii Protezuvannia, no. 1(104) (June 30, 2020): 114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37647/0132-2486-2020-104-1-114-117.

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Summary. Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type I (CRPS I) (G90.5) is a set of condi- tions accompanied by regional pain that is disproportionate in time and degree relative to the normal course of the post-traumatic period or other lesion, does not correspond to the zones of innervation of certain nerves or nerve roots and is usually manifested by sensory, motor, vasomotor, and/or trophic disorders in distal extremities. A multidisciplinary consensus on the basic principles of diagnosis and treatment of complex regional pain syndrome type 1 was adopted at a round table meeting at the XVIII Congress of Orthope- dists Traumatologists of Ukraine in Ivano-Frankivsk on October 10, 2019.Principles of diagnosis and treatment:1) Individual approach taking into account the leading pathogenetic mechanisms of the disease.2) Control over the total number of appointments.3) Using the Bruehl, Atkins or Veldman criteria to diagnose CRPS I.The treatment influence the following links of the pathogenesis of the disease or indi- vidual symptoms: a) inflammation – DMSO (compresses), corticosteroids (short course), b) pain – gabapentin or pregabalin, in case of low effect – antidepressants (in case of no effect – pain treatment by using subanesthetic doses of ketamine, narcotic analge- sics, implantation of neurostimulants or pumps for intrathecal drug administration or sympathetic blocks); c) central nervous system training (mirror therapy, imaging and behavioral therapy, etc.); d) reduction of fear of movements and pain; e) anti-edema and venotonic agents; f) vitamin C; g) activation of the affected limb with increase in range of movements, muscle strength and load tolerance (immobilization only accord- ing to strict indications); с) transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the nerves, ultra high frequency (UHF) in impulse mode and oligothermal dose; i) surgical interventions - surgical treatment is indicated for CRPS type II; for CRPS type I it is indicated in cases where such treatment is intended to eliminate the trigger for CRPS development with adequate multimodal anesthesia/analgesia.

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Sato, Y., and T. Kawasaki. "Operational unit responsible for plane-specific control of eye movement by cerebellar flocculus in cat." Journal of Neurophysiology 64, no. 2 (August 1, 1990): 551–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1990.64.2.551.

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1. Main findings in our previous studies are as follows: 1) there are three Purkinje cell zones running perpendicular to the long axis of the folia in the cat flocculus, 2) the caudal zone controls activity of the superior rectus (SR) and inferior oblique (IO) extraocular muscles via the y-group and oculomotor nucleus (OMN) neurons, and 3) the middle zone controls activity of the lateral (LR) and medial rectus (MR) muscles via the medial vestibular (MV) and abducens nucleus (ABN) neurons. In the present study, the neuronal pathways from the remaining rostral zone were investigated in the anesthetized cat. 2. Target neurons of rostral zone inhibition in the superior vestibular nucleus (SV) were identified by observing cessation of spontaneous discharges after rostral zone stimulation. Efferent projections were studied by the use of systematic microstimulation techniques. Unitary responses to stimulation of the eighth nerves were also investigated. 3. There are two types of the target neurons: 1) those, being located in the central and dorsal parts of the SV, project to the trochlear and oculomotor nuclei innervating superior oblique and inferior rectus muscles via the ipsilateral medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF); and 2) those, being located along the dorsal border of the SV, project to the contralateral oculomotor nucleus innervating superior rectus and inferior oblique muscles via the extra-MLF route. 4. Both types receive monosynaptic anterior canal nerve input but not posterior canal nerve input. Some neurons receive polysynaptic excitatory input from the contralateral eighth nerve, although commissural inhibition was never observed. 5. From neuronal connections of the rostral and caudal zones and action of the extraocular muscles, it was expected that 1) activity changes of Purkinje cells in the rostral and/or caudal zones on one side resulted in conjugate eye movement in the plane of the anterior canal on the side of the activity changes, 2) cooperative increased activity on both sides resulted in conjugate downward eye movement, and 3) increased activity on one side and decreased activity on the other side resulted in conjugate rotatory eye movement. The rostral and caudal zones may be responsible for eye-movement control in the sagittal plane by cooperative activity changes on both sides and in the transverse plane by reciprocal activity changes on both sides. For eye-movement control in the anterior canal plane, Purkinje cell activity on one side would be sufficient to produce the required movement. In a functional sense, we call the rostral and caudal zones, the vertical-plane zones.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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Journal articles on the topic 'Innervation Zones'

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