Academic literature on the topic 'Inner retina'
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Journal articles on the topic "Inner retina"
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Chen, Jingfei, Qihui Luo, Chao Huang, Wen Zeng, Ping Chen, Qi Gao, Bing Chen, Wentao Liu, Lingzhen Pan, and Zhengli Chen. "Morphology of Inner Retina in Rhesus Monkeys of Various Ages: A Comparative Study." Journal of Ophthalmology 2019 (March 3, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7089342.
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Purpose. To investigate the changes of thickness in each layer, the morphology and density of inner neurons in rhesus monkeys’ retina at various growth stages, thus contribute useful data for further biological studies. Methods. The thickness of nerve fiber layer (NFL), the whole retina, inner plexiform layer (IPL), and outer plexiform layer (OPL) of rhesus monkeys at different ages were observed with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The morphology and the density of inner neurons of rhesus monkey retina were detected by immunofluorescence. Results. The retina showed the well-known ten layers, the thickness of each retinal layer in rhesus monkeys at various ages increased rapidly after infant, and the retina was the thickest in adulthood, but the retinal thickness stop growing in senescent. Quantitative analysis showed that the maximum density of inner neurons was reached in adolescent, and then, the density of inner neurons decreased in adults and senescent retinas. And some changes in the morphology of rod bipolar cells have occurred in senescent. Conclusions. The structure of retina in rhesus monkeys is relatively immature at infant, and the inner retina of rhesus monkeys is mature in adolescent, while the thickness of each retinal layer was the most developed in the adult group. There was no significant change in senescence for the thickness of each retinal layer, but the number of the neurons in our study has a decreasing trend and the morphological structure has changed.
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Acosta, Monica L., Michael Kalloniatis, and David L. Christie. "Creatine transporter localization in developing and adult retina: importance of creatine to retinal function." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 289, no. 4 (October 2005): C1015—C1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00137.2005.
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Creatine and phosphocreatine are required to maintain ATP needed for normal retinal function and development. The aim of the present study was to determine the distribution of the creatine transporter (CRT) to gain insight to how creatine is transported into the retina. An affinity-purified antibody raised against the CRT was applied to adult vertebrate retinas and to mouse retina during development. Confocal microscopy was used to identify the localization pattern as well as co-localization patterns with a range of retinal neurochemical markers. Strong labeling of the CRT was seen in the photoreceptor inner segments in all species studied and labeling of a variety of inner neuronal cells (amacrine, bipolar, and ganglion cells), the retinal nerve fibers and sites of creatine transport into the retina (retinal pigment epithelium, inner retinal blood vessels, and perivascular astrocytes). The CRT was not expressed in Müller cells of any of the species studied. The lack of labeling of Müller cells suggests that neurons are independent of this glial cell in accumulating creatine. During mouse retinal development, expression of the CRT progressively increased throughout the retina until approximately postnatal day 10, with a subsequent decrease. Comparison of the distribution patterns of the CRT in vascular and avascular vertebrate retinas and studies of the mouse retina during development indicate that creatine and phosphocreatine are important for ATP homeostasis.
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Vlasiuk, Anastasiia, and Hiroki Asari. "Feedback from retinal ganglion cells to the inner retina." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 22, 2021): e0254611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254611.
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Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are thought to be strictly postsynaptic within the retina. They carry visual signals from the eye to the brain, but do not make chemical synapses onto other retinal neurons. Nevertheless, they form gap junctions with other RGCs and amacrine cells, providing possibilities for RGC signals to feed back into the inner retina. Here we identified such feedback circuitry in the salamander and mouse retinas. First, using biologically inspired circuit models, we found mutual inhibition among RGCs of the same type. We then experimentally determined that this effect is mediated by gap junctions with amacrine cells. Finally, we found that this negative feedback lowers RGC visual response gain without affecting feature selectivity. The principal neurons of the retina therefore participate in a recurrent circuit much as those in other brain areas, not being a mere collector of retinal signals, but are actively involved in visual computations.
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DU, XIAOHUA, JAMES BLACKAR MAWOLO, and XIA LIU. "Comparison of neuroglobin distribution and expression between the retina of the adult Bactrian camel, rabbits and sheep." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 76, no. 11 (2020): 6473–2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6473.
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Neuroglobin (Ngb) is a kind of protein largely expressed in the brain and retina of mammals. Numerous studies have reported on Ngb expression and distribution in mammals but none have compared the expression in the adult Bactrian camel, rabbits, and sheep. The study examined the distribution and expression of Ngb between the retina of adult Bactrian camel, rabbits, and sheep and provides detailed insight on the morphology of these mammals’ retinae. The immunohistochemical staining procedures were performed to detect Ngb distribution and its expression in the retinae of the adult Bactrian camel, rabbits, and sheep. The results showed that strong positive Ngb expression was found in all layers of the Bactrian camel except the outer nuclear layer, while in the rabbit retina, the strong positive expression was observed in the cortex of the optic nerve fiber layer, the retina cells layer, the network layer, the photoreceptor inner segment, and the pigment, while weak positive expression was shown in the retina of the kernel layer, outside the outer nuclear layer of the retina and the light receptor section. In the adult sheep retina, Ngb was solely expressed in the nerve fiber layer, inner and outer plexiform layer, optic nerve, inner and outer limiting membrane, and photoreceptor inner segment, while weak positive expression was shown in the ganglion cell layer and inner nuclear layer. There exist no Ngb positive expression in the photoreceptor outer segment, the outer nuclear layer, and retinal pigment epithelium of the adult sheep retina. The study documented that Ngb may have a significant function in the maintenance of retinal oxygen homeostasis and participation in the repair of light damage. The study also provided detailed references for Ngb physiological function and its relationship to extreme environmental conditions
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LIANG, LI, YOSHIAKI KATAGIRI, LUISA M. FRANCO, YASUYUKI YAMAUCHI, VOLKER ENZMANN, HENRY J. KAPLAN, and JULIE H. SANDELL. "Long-term cellular and regional specificity of the photoreceptor toxin, iodoacetic acid (IAA), in the rabbit retina." Visual Neuroscience 25, no. 2 (March 2008): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523808080401.
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AbstractThis study investigated the anatomical consequences of a photoreceptor toxin, iodoacetic acid (IAA), in the rabbit retina. Retinae were examined 2 weeks, 1, 3, and 6 months after systemic IAA injection. The retinae were processed using standard histological methods to assess the gross morphology and topographical distribution of damage, and by immunohistochemistry to examine specific cell populations in the retina. Degeneration was restricted to the photoreceptors and was most common in the ventral retina and visual streak. In damaged regions, the outer nuclear layer was reduced in thickness or eliminated entirely, with a concomitant loss of immunoreactivity for rhodopsin. However, the magnitude of the effect varied between animals with the same IAA dose and survival time, suggesting individual differences in the bioavailability of the toxin. In all eyes, the inner retina remained intact, as judged by the thickness of the inner nuclear layer, and by the pattern of immunoreactivity for protein kinase C-α (rod bipolar cells) and calbindin D-28 (horizontal cells). Müller cell stalks became immunoreactive for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) even in IAA-treated retinae that had no signs of cell loss, indicating a response of the retina to the toxin. However, no marked hypertrophy or proliferation of Müller cells was observed with either GFAP or vimentin immunohistochemistry. Thus the selective, long lasting damage to the photoreceptors produced by this toxin did not lead to a reorganization of the surviving cells, at least with survival as long as 6 months, in contrast to the remodeling of the inner retina that is observed in inherited retinal degenerations such as retinitis pigmentosa and retinal injuries such as retinal detachment.
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Yu, Dao-Yi, and Stephen J. Cringle. "Low oxygen consumption in the inner retina of the visual streak of the rabbit." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 286, no. 1 (January 2004): H419—H423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00643.2003.
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The oxygen requirements of different retinal layers are of interest in understanding the vulnerability of the retina to hypoxic damage in retinal diseases with an ischemic component. Here, we report the first measurements of retinal oxygen consumption in the visual streak of the rabbit retina, the region with the highest density of retinal neurons, and compare it with that in the less-specialized region of the retina underlying the vascularized portion of the rabbit retina. Oxygen-sensitive microelectrodes were used to measure oxygen tension as a function of retinal depth in anesthetized animals. Measurements were performed in the region of the retina containing overlying retinal vessels and in the center of the visual streak. Established mathematical analyses of the intraretinal oxygen distribution were used to quantify the rate of oxygen consumption in the inner and outer retina and the relative oxygen contributions from the choroidal and vitreal sides. Outer retinal oxygen consumption was higher in the visual streak than in the vascularized area (means ± SE, 284 ± 20 vs. 210 ± 23 nl O2·min–1·cm–2, P = 0.026, n = 10). However, inner retinal oxygen consumption in the visual streak was significantly lower than in the vascular area (57 ± 4.3 vs. 146 ± 12 nl O2·min–1·cm–2, P < 0.001). We conclude that despite the higher processing requirements of the inner retina in the visual streak, it has a significantly lower oxygen consumption rate than the inner retina underlying the retinal vasculature. This suggests that the oxygen uptake of the inner retina is regulated to a large degree by the available oxygen supply rather than the processing requirements of the inner retina alone.
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SPRINGER, A. D., and A. E. HENDRICKSON. "Development of the primate area of high acuity. 2. Quantitative morphological changes associated with retinal and pars plana growth." Visual Neuroscience 21, no. 5 (September 2004): 775–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523804215115.
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Mechanisms underlying the development of the primate area of high acuity (AHA) remain poorly understood. Finite-element models have identified retinal stretch and intraocular pressure (IOP) as possible mechanical forces that can form a pit (Springer & Hendrickson, 2004). A series ofMacaca nemestrinamonkey retinas between 68 days postconception (dpc) and adult were used to quantify growth and morphological changes. Retinal and pars plana length, optic disc diameter, disc-pit distance, and inner and outer retinal laminar thickness were measured over development to identify when and where IOP or stretch might operate. Horizontal optic disc diameter increased 500 μm between 115 dpc and 2 months after birth when it reached adult diameter. Disc growth mainly influences the immediate surrounding retina, presumably displacing retinal tissue centrifugally. Pars plana elongation also began at 115 dpc and continued steadily to 3–4 years postnatal, so its influence would be relatively constant over retinal development. Unexpectedly, horizontal retinal length showed nonlinear growth, divided into distinct phases. Retinal length increased rapidly until 115 dpc and then remained unchanged (quiescent phase) between 115–180 dpc. After birth, the retina grew rapidly for 3 months and then very slowly into adulthood. The onset of pit development overlapped the late fetal quiescent phase, suggesting that the major mechanical factor initiating pit formation is IOP, not retinal growth-induced stretch. Developmental changes in the thickness of retinal layers were different for inner and outer retina at many, but not all, of the ten eccentricities examined. Peripheral inner and outer retinal layers thinned appreciably with age, consistent with retinal stretch having a larger effect on the retinal periphery. Central inner retina around the area of high acuity (AHA) changed tri-phasically. It increased in thickness prenatally, thinned transiently after birth, and then resumed thickening. Transient postnatal inner retinal thinning around the pit coincided with the resumption of retinal growth and with cone packing providing evidence that a small amount of growth-induced central retinal stretch may account for cone packing as previously hypothesized (Springer, 1999). Central outer retina around the AHA progressively thickened over the fetal period. It reached asymptotic thickness at birth and continued to thicken into adulthood at some temporal, but not nasal, central eccentricities. These data indicate that peripheral outer and inner retina progressively thin with age because of eye growth-induced stretch, while central retina is minimally affected by stretch. Outer and inner retinal laminar thickness at the same locus can change in different directions, suggesting that they shear with respect to one another. This shearing induces the elongation of Henle axons, while their angle reflects the direction of shear.
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Saari, John C., Robert J. Champer, Mary Ann Asson-Batres, Gregory G. Garwin, Jing Huang, John W. Crabb, and Ann H. Milam. "Characterization and localization of an aldehyde dehydrogenase to amacrine cells of bovine retina." Visual Neuroscience 12, no. 2 (March 1995): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095252380000794x.
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AbstractAn enzyme of bovine retina that catalyzes oxidation of retinaldehyde to retinoic acid was purified to homogeneity and a monoclonal antibody (mAb H-4) was generated. MAb H-4 recognized a single component (Mr = 55,000) in extracts of bovine retina and other bovine tissues. The antibody showed no cross-reactivity with extracts of rat, monkey, or human retinas. A 2067 bp cDNA was selected from a retina cDNA expression library using mAb H-4. The cDNA hybridized with a similarly sized, moderately abundant mRNA prepared from bovine retina. Nucleotide sequence analysis indicated that the cDNA contained a single open reading frame encoding 501 amino acids that have 88% sequence identity with the amino-acid sequence of human hepatic Class 1 aldehyde dehydrogenase. Amino-acid sequence analysis of purified enzyme demonstrated that the cDNA encodes the isolated enzyme. MAb H-4 specifically labeled the somata and processes of a subset of amacrine cells in bovine retinal sections. Labeled amacrine somata were located on both sides of the inner plexiform layer, and their processes ramified into two laminae within the inner plexiform layer. The inner radial processes of Müller (glial) cells were weakly reactive with mAb H-4. Weak immunostaining of amacrine cells was found in monkey retina with mAb H-4, but no signal was detected in rat or human retina. The results provide further evidence for metabolism and function of retinoids within cells of the inner retina and define a novel class of retinal amacrine cells.
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BARNARD, ALUN R., JOANNE M. APPLEFORD, SUMATHI SEKARAN, KRISHNA CHINTHAPALLI, AARON JENKINS, MATHEAS SEELIGER, MARTIN BIEL, et al. "Residual photosensitivity in mice lacking both rod opsin and cone photoreceptor cyclic nucleotide gated channel 3 α subunit." Visual Neuroscience 21, no. 5 (September 2004): 675–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523804215024.
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The mammalian retina contains three classes of photoreceptor. In addition to the rods and cones, a subset of retinal ganglion cells that express the putative sensory photopigment melanopsin are intrinsically photosensitive. Functional and anatomical studies suggest that these inner retinal photoreceptors provide light information for a number of non-image-forming light responses including photoentrainment of the circadian clock and the pupil light reflex. Here, we employ a newly developed mouse model bearing lesions of both rod and cone phototransduction cascades (Rho−/−Cnga3−/−) to further examine the function of these non-rod non-cone photoreceptors. Calcium imaging confirms the presence of inner retinal photoreceptors inRho−/−Cnga3−/−mice. Moreover, these animals retain a pupil light reflex, photoentrainment, and light induction of the immediate early genec-fosin the suprachiasmatic nuclei, consistent with previous findings that pupillary and circadian responses can employ inner retinal photoreceptors.Rho−/−Cnga3−/−mice also show a light-dependent increase in the number of FOS-positive cells in both the ganglion cell and (particularly) inner nuclear layers of the retina. The average number of cells affected is several times greater than the number of melanopsin-positive cells in the mouse retina, suggesting functional intercellular connections from these inner retinal photoreceptors within the retina. Finally, however, while we show that wild types exhibit an increase in heart rate upon light exposure, this response is absent inRho−/−Cnga3−/−mice. Thus, it seems that non-rod non-cone photoreceptors can drive many, but not all, non-image-forming light responses.
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Cahill, Gregory M., and Joseph C. Besharse. "Light-sensitive melatonin synthesis by Xenopus photoreceptors after destruction of the inner retina." Visual Neuroscience 8, no. 5 (May 1992): 487–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800005009.
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AbstractSeveral lines of evidence indicate that retinal photoreceptors produce melatonin. However, there are other potential melatonin sources in the retina, and melatonin synthesis can be regulated by feedback from the inner retina. To analyze cellular mechanisms of melatonin regulation in retinal photoreceptors, we have developed an in vitro method for destruction of the inner retina that preserves functional photoreceptors in contact with the pigment epithelium. Eyecups, which include the neural retina, retinal pigment epithelium, choroid, and sclera were prepared. The vitreal surface of the retina in each eyecup was washed sequentially with 1% Triton X-100, water, and culture medium. This lysed the ganglion cells and neurons and glia of the inner nuclear layer, causing the retina to split apart within the inner nuclear layer. The damaged inner retina was peeled away, leaving photoreceptors attached to the pigment epithelium. The cell density of the inner nuclear layer was reduced 94% by this method, but there was little apparent damage to the photoreceptors. Lesioned eyecups produced normal melatonin levels in darkness at night, and melatonin production was inhibited by light. These results indicate that the inner retina is not necessary for melatonin production nor for regulation of photoreceptor melatonin synthesis by light. The lesion method used in this study may be useful for other physiological and biochemical studies of photoreceptors.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Inner retina"
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Semo, Ma'ayan Mary. "The regulation of the mammalian circadian system by the inner retina." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.407409.
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Mazade, Reece Eric. "Modulation Of Inner Retinal Inhibition With Light Adaptation." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/565903.
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The retina is able to adjust its signaling over a wide range of light levels. A functional result of this is increased visual acuity at brighter luminance levels, such as during the day, due to changes in the organization of retinal receptive fields. This process is commonly referred to as light adaptation. These organizational changes have been shown to occur at the level of the ganglion cells, the output neurons of the retina, which have shifts in their excitatory center-inhibitory surround receptive fields that increase their sensitivity to small stimuli. Recent work supports the idea that light-adapted changes in ganglion cell spatial sensitivity are due in part to inner retinal signaling changes, possibly including changes to inhibition onto bipolar cells, the interneurons at the center of retinal signal processing. However, it is unknown how inhibition to the bipolar cells changes with light adaptation, how any changes affect the light signal or what mediates the changes to the bipolar cells that have been suggested by previous reports. To determine how light adaptation affects bipolar cell inhibition, the inhibitory inputs to OFF bipolar cells were measured. OFF bipolar cells, which respond to the offset of light, in particular may be involved in retinal adaptation as they bridge dim- and bright-light retinal pathways. Their inputs were compared between dark- and light-adapted conditions to determine how any inhibitory changes affects their output onto downstream ganglion cells. We found that there was a compensatory switch from primarily glycinergic-mediated inhibition to OFF bipolar cells in the dark to primarily GABAergic-mediated inhibition in the light. Since glycinergic and GABAergic inhibition perform very different roles and are mediated by morphologically different cells, it is likely this switch underlies a change in the spatial distribution of inhibition to these cells. We found that the spatial inhibitory input to OFF bipolar cells became significantly smaller and narrower with light adaptation, translating to smaller inhibitory surrounds of the OFF bipolar cell receptive fields. Through a model, our data suggested that the OFF bipolar cell output to downstream ganglion cells was stronger in the light, due to the narrowing and reduction in the spatial input, to small light stimuli. This would effectively be one way the retina could use to increase visual acuity. Additionally, we found that the inhibitory changes to OFF bipolar cells with light-adaptation are partially mediated by dopamine D1 receptor signaling. Dopamine is released in the light and has been shown to be an important modulator of retinal light-adaptation. However, there are likely other factors involved in mediating inhibitory changes to OFF bipolar cells. Through these studies, we show that light adaptation heavily influences inner retina inhibition and likely plays a prominent role in determining and shaping light signals under different ambient light conditions which may ultimately be one mechanism for increasing visual sensitivity and acuity.
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May, Christian Albrecht. "Distribution of αB-Crystallin in the Central Retina and Optic Nerve Head of Different Mammals and its Changes during Outer and Inner Retinal Degeneration." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-148413.
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Purpose: To investigate species differences in the distribution and localization of alpha B-crystallin (ABC) in the normal retina and optic nerve head region, and to describe changes during outer and inner retina degeneration.
Material and methods: Animals studied included mice, rats, cats, pigs, cows, and monkeys. Sections of the optic nerve and central retina were labeled with antibodies against ABC and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP).
Results: ABC was located in astrocytes and Muller cells with different intensities. During outer retina degeneration (dystrophic rat and Abyssinian cat), only late stages showed an increase in ABC in the retina and optic nerve head. Inner retina degeneration in the glaucoma mouse model showed no increase of ABC. In the monkey glaucoma model, only the innermost layer of the optic nerve head showed increased labeling for ABC.
Conclusions: The distribution of ABC is species dependent and is (excluding the mouse) present in the nerve fiber layer of the retina and in the optic nerve head (localization of astrocytes). Chronic retinal degeneration does not necessarily lead to an over-expression of ABC. While in outer retinal degeneration induction was predominantly present in late stages, pressure-induced glaucoma led to a specific increase in ABC already in early stages indicating a local stress-response in this region.
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Thangaraj, Gopenath [Verfasser], Paul [Akademischer Betreuer] Layer, and Bodo [Akademischer Betreuer] Laube. "On Roles of Cholinergic Amacrine and Müller Glial Cells in the Development of Networks in the Inner Plexiform Layer of the Chick Retina / Gopenath Thangaraj. Betreuer: Paul Layer ; Bodo Laube." Darmstadt : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Darmstadt, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1106115031/34.
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Mazade, Reece E., and Erika D. Eggers. "Light adaptation alters inner retinal inhibition to shape OFF retinal pathway signaling." AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/617205.
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The retina adjusts its signaling gain over a wide range of light levels. A functional result of this is increased visual acuity at brighter luminance levels (light adaptation) due to shifts in the excitatory center-inhibitory surround receptive field parameters of ganglion cells that increases their sensitivity to smaller light stimuli. Recent work supports the idea that changes in ganglion cell spatial sensitivity with background luminance are due in part to inner retinal mechanisms, possibly including modulation of inhibition onto bipolar cells. To determine how the receptive fields of OFF cone bipolar cells may contribute to changes in ganglion cell resolution, the spatial extent and magnitude of inhibitory and excitatory inputs were measured from OFF bipolar cells under dark- and light-adapted conditions. There was no change in the OFF bipolar cell excitatory input with light adaptation; however, the spatial distributions of inhibitory inputs, including both glycinergic and GABAergic sources, became significantly narrower, smaller, and more transient. The magnitude and size of the OFF bipolar cell center-surround receptive fields as well as light-adapted changes in resting membrane potential were incorporated into a spatial model of OFF bipolar cell output to the downstream ganglion cells, which predicted an increase in signal output strength with light adaptation. We show a prominent role for inner retinal spatial signals in modulating the modeled strength of bipolar cell output to potentially play a role in ganglion cell visual sensitivity and acuity.
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Kawasaki, Aki. "Selective wavelength pupillometry to evaluate outer and inner retinal photoreception." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Oftalmiatrik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-79628.
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Purpose Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) express a unique photopigment called melanopsin. Capable of direct phototransduction, the ipRGCs are also influenced by rods and cones via synaptic inputs. Thus, the photoinput that mediates the pupil light reflex derives from both outer (rods and cones) and inner (melanopsin-mediated) retinal photoreception. This thesis has aimed to develop a pupillometric test that provides quantitative information about the functional status of outer and inner retinal photoreception in healthy eyes and in eyes with retinal degeneration. In addition to regulating the pupil light reflex, the ipRGCs signal light information for the circadian rhythm, thus, these two non-visual physiologic responses to inner retinal photoreception were examined simultaneously. Methods Pupil responses to a long and short wavelength light over a range of intensities (under conditions of light, mesopic and dark adaptation) were recorded using a customized infrared computerized pupillometer. Results were compared for two groups: patients with retinitis pigmentosa and controls. The response function threshold intensity and a half-max intensity was determined from the rod-weighted and cone-weighted pupil responses and correlated to extent of visual loss. The pupil response to light offset was assessed as a measure of direct melanopsin activation. Lastly, pupil responses to red and blue light at equal photo flux were recorded hourly during a 24-hour period and correlated to salivary melatonin concentrations in healthy subjects. Results In normal eyes, the blue light evoked greater pupil responses compared to equiluminant red light. With increasing intensity, pupil contraction became more sustained which was most apparent with the brightest blue light. In patients with retinitis pigmentosa, the pupil responses mediated predominantly by rod and cone activation were significantly reduced compared to controls, (p<0.001) and the relative decrease in their contribution resulted in a greater influence of melanopsin on the post-stimulus response. Even at endstage retinal degeneration, pupil responses that derived predominantly from residual cone activity were detectable. The threshold intensity of the rod-mediated, but not cone-mediated, pupil response was also significantly reduced (p=0.006) in patients and the half-maximal intensity of rods correlated with severity of visual loss (r2=0.7 and p=0.02). In healthy controls, the melanopsin-mediated pupil response demonstrated a circadian modulation whereas the cone-mediated pupil response did not. Conclusion Early and progressive loss of rod function in mild-moderate stages of retinitis pigmentosa is detectable and quantifiable as a progressive loss of pupillary sensitivity to extremely dim blue lights obtained under conditions of dark adaptation. In advanced stages of retinal degeneration, chromatic pupillometry is more sensitive than standard electroretinography for detecting residual levels of rod and especially cone activity. In addition, selective wavelength pupillometry can assess non-visual light-dependent functions. The timing of the post-stimulus pupil response to blue light is in phase with melatonin secretion, suggesting a circadian regulation of this pupil parameter.Bakgrund Jätteganglieceller (intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells, ipRGCs) är en klass av fotoreceptorer som utnyttjar ett unikt vitamin-A-baserat fotopigment som kallas melanopsin. Utöver deras direkta ljuskänslighet, mottar ipRGCs stimulerande och hämmande synaptiska signaler från andra fotoreceptorer (tappar och stavar) som därigenom kan modulera aktiviteten hos ipRGCs. Ögats pupillreflex medieras alltså av ljus både via yttre (stavar och tappar) och inre (melanopsin-medierad) retinal fotoreception, och den gemensamma afferenta pupillomotor-signalen leds till den pretectala nucleus olivarius via axoner från ipRGCs. Arbetet i denna avhandling syftar till att utveckla ett kliniskt pupilltest som ger kvantitativ information om yttre och inre retinala fotoreceptorers funktionella status hos friska försökspersoner och patienter med retinal degeneration. Förutom att styra pupillreflexen, skickar ipRGCs även impulser som påverkar kroppens dygnsrytm. Därför ingår även en delstudie i vilken ipRGCs aktivitet studeras genom att avläsa icke-visuella fysiologiska reaktioner på inre retinal fotoreception. Metoder Ljus av lång (röd) respektive kort (blå) våglängd presenterades med stegvis ökad ljusstyrka för att selektivt stimulera stavar, tappar eller melanopsin. Pupillreaktionerna registrerades med en infraröd datoriserad pupillometer och jämfördes mellan friska kontroller och patienter med retinitis pigmentosa. I uppföljande experiment gjordes mer noggranna tester i syfte att isolera aktiveringen av varje ljusmottagande element. Tröskelintensiteten för stav- eller tapp-medierad pupillreaktion bestämdes med linjär regressionsanalys. Reaktionskurvan för stavmedierad pupillreflex kvantifierades (halv-maximal intensitet) och jämfördes med svårighetsgraden av sjukdomen i två familjer med samma sjukdomsframkallande mutation för retinitis pigmentosa. För att undersöka icke-visuella reaktioner på inre fotoreception från ipRGCs, undersöktes pupillreaktion på rött och blått ljus varje timme under en 24-timmarsperiod och korrelerades till melatoninkoncentration i saliv hos friska personer med normal syn. Resultat I normala ögon, gav blått ljus en kraftigare pupillreaktion jämfört med rött ljus av samma ljusstyrka. Med ökande intensitet, blev pupillkontraktionen mer ihållande, vilket var tydligast med starkt blått ljus. Hos patienter med retinitis pigmentosa, var både tapp- och stav-medierad pupillreaktion signifikant reducerad jämfört med kontroller, (p<0,001). Patienter med avancerad sjukdom och icke-reaktivt elektro-retinogram hade fortfarande mätbar pupillreflex, huvudsakligen härrörande från kvarvarande stavaktivitet. I två familjer med retinitis pigmentosa beroende på en enda missense-mutation av NR2E3 genen, var tröskelvärdet för stavmedierad pupillreflex signifikant reducerat (p= 0,006) och korrelerade till sjukdomens svårighetsgrad. Tappmedierad pupillreflex hos dessa patienter skilde sig dock inte signifikant från kontroller, trots att fotopiskt (tapp) elektroretinogram var klart avvikande. Hos friska kontroller visade melanopsinmedierat pupillsvar en dygnsvariation medan tapp-medierat pupillsvar inte gjorde det. Slutsatser Som tillägg till standardundersökningar kan selektiv våglängds-pupillometri (kromatisk pupillometri) vara användbart för utvärdering av funktionen hos stavar och tappar. Denna avhandling visar att tidig och gradvis förlust av stav-funktion i milt-måttligt stadium av retinitis pigmentosa är detekterbar och mätbar som en progressiv förlust av pupillens känslighet för mycket svagt blått ljus, efter mörkeradaptation. I avancerade stadier av retinal degeneration är kromatisk pupillometri känsligare än standardelektroretinografi för att detektera kvarvarande nivåer av stav- och speciellt tapp-aktivitet. Hos unga patienter, där elektroretinografi kan vara tekniskt svårt, är pupillometri en lovande teknik för att värdera yttre retinal fotoreception relaterad till synfunktion. Dessutom kan selektiv våglängdspupillometri ge information om icke-visuella ljusberoende funktioner. Pupillreaktionen på blått ljus varierar med melatoninsekretionen, vilket tyder på en cirkadisk reglering. Ytterligare studier krävs för att undersöka om selektiv våglängds-pupillometri även kan användas i samband med sjukdomar relaterade till störd dygnsrytm, som sömnlöshet och årstidsbunden depression.
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Pires, Susana Salgado. "Characterisation of the Vertabrate inner-retinal photiopigments melanapsin (Opn4) and vertebrate ancient(VA) opsin." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.490346.
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The most robust entrainment cue to the circadian clock is light. In response to this, organisms have evolved light detection mechanisms which allow them to measure and transduce irradiance information to specific centres in the brain. To perceive light, these receptors use photosensitive opsins that are remarkably divergent from those involved in image-forming photoreception. The main focus of this work was to understand if the photopigment function of the inner-retinal opsins can be inferred from their sequence and predicted structure. To this end we have isolated and characterised melanopsin and VA opsin from vertebrate species that have evolved under different environments.
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Rheey, Jinguen. "Otx2 promotes survival of injured adult retinal ganglion cells non cell-autonomously and regulates development of inner retinal cells in post-natal mouse cell autonomously." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066176.
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Shavers, Levi. "Strategies used to Retain Teachers in Hard to Staff Schools." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5123.
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Teacher attrition has serious consequences in hard to staff schools. Mostly poor and ethnic minority students are deprived of being taught by stable, experienced teachers. The purpose of this study was to explore the strategies used to effectively retain teachers in such schools through the perspective of teachers at a high school that comprises poor and ethnic minority students in southwest Georgia. The conceptual framework that guided this study was Chen's theory about race and social class which postulated that a high percentage of poor ethnic minority students results in low teacher morale. This study explored the reasons why teachers stay at a school where there is a high proportion of poor and ethnic minority students. In this research, the case study strategy of inquiry was employed and data were collected from interviews with 10 teachers (using a 16-question interview guide) to solicit their perspectives on the working conditions at their school. The data were then examined for patterns and themes in the text. The findings produced 4 consolidated themes that revealed (a) aspects of a successful environment created by the principal; (b) an effective mentoring program that was aimed at assisting, developing, and supporting new and inexperienced teachers; (c) good parental involvement where parents were enthusiastic about supporting the school and their child's educational progress; and (d) stable and charismatic leadership that promoted retention. If implemented at hard to staff schools, these best practices can lead to improved teacher morale, better prepared teachers, and higher student achievement.
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Lipski, Deborah. "Study of the mechanisms of local auto-antigen presentation and inner blood-retinal barrier breakdown during non-infectious uveitis." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/262873.
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Le développement de l’uvéite auto-immune expérimentale (UAE) se fait en plusieurs étapes, commençant par l’activation en périphérie de lymphocytes T auxiliaires auto-réactifs spécifiques d’antigènes rétiniens, leur migration vers l’œil, où ils sont réactivés de façon antigène-spécifique et CMH II (complexe majeur d’histocompatibilité de classe II)-dépendante pour enfin induire la rupture de la barrière hémato-rétinienne (BHR), permettant le recrutement aspécifique de cellules inflammatoires responsables des dommages tissulaires. Tous ces processus représentent des cibles potentielles pour des thérapies biologiques ciblées. Dans cette perspective, notre travail a pour but d’approfondir la compréhension des mécanismes impliqués dans le recrutement de cellules inflammatoires, la présentation locale d’antigènes rétiniens et la rupture de la BHR interne lors de l’induction de l’UAE par transfert adoptif.L’expression de molécules d’adhésion par les cellules de la BHR joue un rôle central dans l’infiltration de cellules inflammatoires dans l’œil. Dans ce contexte, nous avons d’abord montré qu’à l’instar de ce que nous avions démontré pour VCAM-1, l’expression d’ICAM-1 est fortement induite dans la rétine durant l’UAE, avec une intensité et une extension corrélées à la sévérité de la maladie. Cependant, alors que VCAM-1 est uniquement inductible, une expression basale d’ICAM-1 est détectée dans la rétine naïve. Le ligand d’ICAM-1, LFA-1, est exprimé de façon ubiquitaire par les cellules immunes circulantes, contrairement au ligand de VCAM-1, VLA-4, qui n’est exprimé que par une minorité de cellules. Par ailleurs, nous avons observé une répartition tissulaire différente de ces deux molécules d’adhésion dans la rétine. En effet, si ICAM-1 prédomine dans l’épithélium pigmentaire rétinien, VCAM-1 est fortement exprimé au niveau des lésions de vasculite, à la fois sur les cellules endothéliales et gliales péri- vasculaires. Ces 2 sites correspondent respectivement à la BHR externe et interne. Ces différences majeures en termes de distribution rétinienne des molécules d’adhésion pourraient refléter des voies d’entrée distinctes pour les cellules inflammatoires lors de leur pénétration dans l’œil.Comme les lymphocytes T auto-réactifs n’induisent la maladie qu’après avoir localement reconnu leur antigène, nous nous sommes ensuite intéressés à identifier les cellules présentatrices d’antigène (CPA) potentielles exprimant du CMH II dans la rétine lors de l’UAE. Nous avons tout d’abord observé une forte induction de l’expression de molécules du CMH II dans la rétine lors de l’inflammation intraoculaire, corrélée avec la sévérité de la maladie. Celle-ci est associée avec l’induction de l’expression de molécules de co-stimulation, particulièrement sur les cellules exprimant fortement le CMH II. L’expression la plus forte de CMH II se retrouve dans la rétine interne, au niveau des vaisseaux enflammés et s’étend vers les couches externes de la rétine et l’espace sous-rétinien dans les uvéites sévères. Nous avons identifié 3 populations de CPA potentielles exprimant le CMH II dans la rétine :des cellules CD45-CD11b- non-hématopoïétiques exprimant faiblement le CMH II et des cellules CD45+CD11b+ hématopoïétiques exprimant plus fortement le CMH II, pouvant être subdivisées en cellules Ly6C+ et Ly6C-. L’analyse bio-informatique à l’aveugle du transcriptome de ces 3 populations mène à une ségrégation claire des échantillons, avec un enrichissement en marqueurs de macrophages et de microglie dans les cellules Ly6C+ et Ly6C-, respectivement. Cependant, l’expression de Ly6C ne permet pas une ségrégation absolue entre macrophages infiltrants et microglie résidente. L’analyse fonctionnelle à l’aide de DAVID (Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery) révèle que les 2 populations de cellules hématopoïétiques sont plus compétentes dans la présentation d’antigène associée au CMH II et l’activation des lymphocytes T que les cellules non-hématopoïétiques.Paradoxalement, nos données n’ont pas mis en évidence d’expression de CMH II par les principales cellules de la BHR que sont les cellules endothéliales et les cellules de l’épithélium pigmentaire rétinien. Cependant, il est bien établi que les cellules endothéliales rétiniennes subissent un changement majeur de phénotype lors du développement d’une UAE. Afin d’investiguer de façon globale les mécanismes sous-jacents à la rupture de la BHR interne, nous avons étudié la régulation de l’expression génique des cellules endothéliales rétiniennes lors de l’uvéite non-infectieuse. En accord avec les données de nos travaux précédents, l’analyse du transcriptome des cellules endothéliales rétiniennes n’a pas mis en évidence d’expression de CMH II lors de l’UAE. En revanche, cette approche nous a permis d’identifier 65 gènes modulés dans les cellules endothéliales rétiniennes lors du développement d’une UAE, confirmant non seulement l’implication de certaines molécules dont le rôle pathogénique est déjà connu, mais procurant également une liste de nouveaux gènes candidats et de voies fonctionnelles potentiellement associées à la rupture de la BHR lors d’une uvéite non- infectieuse.Doctorat en Sciences médicales (Médecine)
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Books on the topic "Inner retina"
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1947-, Weiler Reto, Osborne Neville N, and North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Scientific Affairs Division., eds. Neurobiology of the inner retina. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1989.
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Weiler, Reto, and Neville N. Osborne, eds. Neurobiology of the Inner Retina. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74149-4.
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Cabigiosu, Anna, and Anna Moretti. Osservatorio Nazionale sulle reti d’impresa 2020. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-484-4.
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L’anno 2020 ha visto svilupparsi una crisi senza precedenti a causa della pandemia. A fronte di questa situazione, l’edizione 2020 dell’Osservatorio vuole proporre una riflessione su come le reti d’imprese possano rappresentare uno strumento di resilienza delle imprese, guardando alle relazioni inter-organizzative come strumento di flessibilità, cambiamento e adattamento. L’edizione 2020 dell’Osservatorio sviluppa un approfondimento sulla relazione tra il funzionamento della rete e la performance delle imprese in rete ed è arricchito da alcuni approfondimenti settoriali. I risultati presentati aiuteranno i manager a massimizzare le opportunità offerte dalla rete ed i policy maker ad orientare in modo ancora più efficace l’utilizzo dei contratti di rete come strumento di resilienza.
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Osborne, Neville N., and Reto Weiler. Neurobiology of the Inner Retina. Springer, 2011.
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Osborne, Neville N., and Reto Weiler. Neurobiology of the Inner Retina. Springer London, Limited, 2013.
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Neurobiology of the Inner Retina NATO Asi Series Closed NATO Asi Subseries H Closed. Springer, 2012.
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Chai, Lin. Proteoglycans in the inner limiting membrane and their influence on axonal behavior in embryonic chicken retina. 1993.
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Hausteiner, Eva Marlene, Grit Straßenberger, and Felix Wassermann, eds. Politische Stabilität. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748907565.
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Our political times appear unstable: Liberal democracy is struggling to retain its inner balance and is being destabilised by both internal and external forces. How can stability be achieved — and what is stability? When does stability become undemocratic? And what can we learn from historical diagnoses of crises and instability for current debates on political, economic and international stability? Political theory and the history of political thought on stability offer answers to these questions: They examine stability as a fundamental norm of Democracy — and destabilise ideas of overly static stability. With contributions by Tobias Albrecht, Vincent August, Manuel Becker, Andreas Braune, Frank Decker, Verena Frick, Johannes Gerschewski, Jens Hacke, Eva Hausteiner, Frauke Höntzsch, Michael Kubiak, Sebastian Lange, Philip Manow, Christoph Michael, Tobias Schottdorf, Veith Selk, Grit Straßenberger, RiekeTrimcev, Felix Wassermann.
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Li Bassi, Gianluigi, and J. D. Marti. Chest physiotherapy and tracheobronchial suction in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0121.
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The airway lining fluid is a biphasic layer covering the respiratory tract epithelium. It has antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties, and it is formed by a gel-phase (mucus), and a low-viscosity inner layer (sol-phase) that provides lubrication for ciliary beating. Mucus is continuously cleared from the airways through the ciliated epithelium and via the two-phase gas–liquid flow mechanism (i.e. coughing). Mucus production in healthy subjects is approximately 10–100 mL/day. Whereas, mucociliary clearance rates range between 4 and 20 mm/min. Critically-ill, mechanically-ventilated patients often retain mucus. Several chest physiotherapy techniques are applied to promote mucus clearance in these patients. The role of chest physiotherapy in mechanically-ventilated patients is debated, due to the lack of evidence from well-designed clinical trials. Retained mucus is aspirated through tracheobronchial suctioning. Closed suctioning is beneficial in patients with severe lung failure and at risk of alveolar collapse upon ventilator disconnection.
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Esquith, Rafe. There Are No Shortcuts: How an inner-city teacher--winner of the American Teacher Award--inspires his students and challenges us to rethink the way we educate our children. Pantheon, 2003.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Inner retina"
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Seidenbecher, Constanze I., C. Reissner, and Michael R. Kreutz. "Caldendrins in the Inner Retina." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 451–63. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0121-3_27.
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Ehinger, B. "Glutamate as a Retinal Neurotransmitter." In Neurobiology of the Inner Retina, 1–14. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74149-4_1.
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Ammermüller, J., and R. Weiler. "Correlation Between Electrophysiological Responses and Morphological Classes of Turtle Retinal Amacrine Cells." In Neurobiology of the Inner Retina, 117–32. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74149-4_10.
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Negishi, K., and T. Teranishi. "Dendritic Morphology of a Class of Interstitial Amacrine Cells in Carp Retina." In Neurobiology of the Inner Retina, 133–43. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74149-4_11.
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Wagner, H. J. "How Many Amacrine Cells Does a Retina Need?" In Neurobiology of the Inner Retina, 145–55. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74149-4_12.
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Vaney, David I., Shaun P. Collin, and Heather M. Young. "Dendritic Relationships between Cholinergic Amacrine Cells and Direction-Selective Retinal Ganglion Cells." In Neurobiology of the Inner Retina, 157–68. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74149-4_13.
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Famiglietti, E. V. "Structural Organization and Development of Dorsally-Directed (Vertical) Asymmetrical Amacrine Cells in Rabbit Retina." In Neurobiology of the Inner Retina, 169–80. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74149-4_14.
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Djamgoz, M. B. A., A. J. Capp, J. C. Low, and J. E. G. Downing. "Amacrine Cells and Control of Retinal Sensitivity." In Neurobiology of the Inner Retina, 181–93. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74149-4_15.
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Djamgoz, Mustafa B. A., and Silvana Vallerga. "Structure-Function Correlation: Amacrine Cells of Fish and Amphibian Retinae." In Neurobiology of the Inner Retina, 195–208. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74149-4_16.
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McReynolds, John S., and Peter D. Lukasiewicz. "Integration of Synaptic Input from On and Off Pathways in Mudpuppy Retinal Ganglion Cells." In Neurobiology of the Inner Retina, 209–20. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74149-4_17.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Inner retina"
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Liu, Yihao, Aaron Carass, Angeliki Filippatou, Yufan He, Sharon D. Solomon, Shiv Saidha, Peter A. Calabresi, and Jerry L. Prince. "Projection Artifact Suppression For Inner Retina In Oct Angiography." In 2019 IEEE 16th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isbi.2019.8759466.
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Mujat, Mircea, Yang Lu, Gopi Maguluri, Nicusor Iftimia, and R. Daniel Ferguson. "Simultaneous Multi-Channel AOSLO Imaging for Visualizing Inner Retina Structures." In CLEO: Applications and Technology. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_at.2018.jw3p.3.
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Cloherty, S. L., R. C. S. Wong, A. E. Hadjinicolaou, H. Meffin, M. R. Ibbotson, and B. J. O'Brien. "Epiretinal electrical stimulation and the inner limiting membrane in rat retina." In 2012 34th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc.2012.6346592.
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Zhang II, Yan, Barry Cense, Ravi S. Jonnal, Weihua Gao, Steve Jones, Scot Olivier, and Donald T. Miller. "Volumetric imaging of inner retina with adaptive optics spectral-domain optical coherence tomography." In Biomedical Optics (BiOS) 2007, edited by Fabrice Manns, Per G. Soederberg, Arthur Ho, Bruce E. Stuck, and Michael Belkin. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.701960.
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O'Brien, Emily E., Erica L. Fletcher, Hamish Meffin, Anthony N. Burkitt, David B. Grayden, and Ursula Greferath. "Viability of the inner retina in a novel mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa." In 2010 32nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2010.5626489.
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Hammer, Daniel X., Zhuolin Liu, Katherine Kovalick, Osamah Saeedi, and Daniel M. Harrison. "Adaptive optics: optical coherence tomography imaging of the inner retina in multiple sclerosis." In Ophthalmic Technologies XXXII, edited by Daniel X. Hammer, Karen M. Joos, and Daniel V. Palanker. SPIE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2608765.
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Pini, Roberto, Guido Toci, Francesca Rossi, Fabrizio Giansanti, and Ugo Menchini. "A model of photothermally induced damage to the retina during indocyanine-green-assisted peeling of the inner limiting membrane." In Biomedical Optics 2004, edited by Fabrice Manns, Per G. Soderberg, and Arthur Ho. SPIE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.530401.
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Söderberg, Per G., Filip Malmberg, and Camilla Sandberg-Melin. "Further analysis of clinical feasibility of OCT-based glaucoma diagnosis with Pigment epithelium central limit- Inner limit of the retina Minimal Distance (PIMD)." In SPIE BiOS, edited by Fabrice Manns, Per G. Söderberg, and Arthur Ho. SPIE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2260139.
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Sandberg-Melin, Camilla, and Per Söderberg. "Angular distribution of Pigment epithelium central limit-Inner limit of the retina Minimal Distance (PIMD), in the young not pathological optic nerve head imaged by OCT." In Ophthalmic Technologies XXVIII, edited by Fabrice Manns, Per G. Söderberg, and Arthur Ho. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2299723.
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Liu, Zhuolin. "Tracking inner retinal changes associated with glaucoma progression with AO-OCT." In Ophthalmic Technologies XXXI, edited by Daniel X. Hammer, Karen M. Joos, and Daniel V. Palanker. SPIE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2582639.
Full textReports on the topic "Inner retina"
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Soenko, Yevgeny. TYPOLOGY OF PERIPHERAL VISION. Intellectual Archive, May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32370/iaj.2331.
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The research is based on the statement that retina produces the proper level of electrical activity, sourcing visual system. I started the research with partial darkening of different parts of the visual fields of humans to register possible psychological and physiological changes. The tested showed dramatically increasing variability and number of changes within just four exact types of darkening. More, emotional and physiological aspects of those changes were polarized into general acceptance and general rejection of a certain type of darkening in most of the individual tests. Thus the tested formed two opposite groups within every one of those types of darkening: a group with general negative reactions and a group with general positive ones. Further, those types of darkening turned out combined in pairs. General tune of reactions of most of the tested changed to strictly reverse within a pair of upper-lower types of darkening of peripheral vision and outer-inner ones as well. Between the pairs of types of darkening, there was no correspondence. The tested showed stability of their reactions during at least several months. Thus I may state a possibility of existence in the visual system of humans of two independent neuropsychological structures both having two alternative modes of functioning with a stable preference of just one of them in every individual case. If it is true, there may be a vision-based typology.
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Nordaune, Kristin, Lisebet Skeie Skarpaas, Lise Haveraaen, Randi Wågø Aas, Mikkel Magnus Thørrisen, and Hildegunn Sagvaag. Alkoholbruk og alkoholkultur innen olje- og gassnæringen: En case-rapport fra forskningsprosjektet WIRUS. University of Stavanger, April 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.220.
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Nesten ni av ti arbeidstakere drikker alkohol. Dette blir ofte forklart med alle de positive aspektene bruk av alkohol har i sosiale sammenhenger. En kartlegging utført av Statistisk sentralbyrå viser imidlertid at 17 prosent av befolkningen har et drikkemønster som kan betegnes som risikofylt (Halkjelsvik & Storvoll, 2014). Økt alkoholkonsum, herunder også arbeidsrelatert alkoholkonsum, henger blant annet sammen med økt tilgjengelighet til alkohol (Frøyland, 2005). Alkoholkonsum på et risikofylt nivå er forbundet med sosiale, medisinske, jobbrelaterte og økonomiske problemer (Babor, Higgins-Biddle, Saunders & Monteiro, 2001). Det er vanskelig å gi et klart svar på hvor grensen for risikofylt drikking går. Grenseverdier på 14 alkoholenheter pr. uke for kvinner og 21 enheter pr. uke for menn har blitt foreslått (Fauske, 1993). Babor et al. (2001) har fremhevet at såkalt "lavrisikodrikking" innebærer maksimalt 20 gram alkohol pr. dag maksimalt 5 dager i uken. Det amerikanske National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (2016) understreker at grenseverdien for risikodrikking går ved 7 enheter pr. uke (og maksimalt 3 enheter på én dag) for kvinner og ved 14 enheter pr. uke (og maksimalt 4 enheter på én dag) for menn. Likevel vil slike grenseverdier alltid være kulturspesifikke, og i Norge har man funnet det hensiktsmessig å operere med verdier på 8 alkoholenheter pr. uke for kvinner og 13 enheter pr. uke for menn (Nesvåg & Lie, 2004). Forskning har vist at det er behov for å kartlegge mer enn bare antall alkoholenheter over tid for å vite noe om reell risikodrikking. Eksempelvis vil forhold som hvor mye en drikker ved hver drikkeanledning kunne medføre mer negative konsekvenser for sykefravær enn hvor mye en typisk drikker over en gitt periode (Bacharach, Bamberger & Biron, 2010). Dette kan forklares ved at helsekonsekvenser av høyt gjennomsnittsforbruk først viser seg over tid, mens episoder med stordrikking (såkalt binge-drikking der en drikker store mengder alkohol ved én og samme anledning) gjerne medfører midlertidige funksjonsnedsettelser (eksempelvis "fyllesyke") som resulterer i sykefravær (Bacharach et al., 2010; Salonsalmi, Laaksonen, Lahlema & Rahkonen, 2009). Individuelle forskjeller vil også spille en rolle med hensyn til hva som er risikofylt drikking. Det er individuelt hvor mye en tåler og andre aspekter ved livsstilen, for eksempel om en er fysisk aktiv, vil kunne påvirke hvor mye en tåler før negative konsekvenser inntreffer. For enkelte grupper vil ethvert alkoholinntak kunne betraktes som risikofylt. Dette gjelder for eksempel: (1) personer som skal kjøre bil eller håndtere maskiner/verktøy, (2) personer som bruker medisiner som interagerer med alkohol, (3) personer som har en medisinsk tilstand som kan forverres av alkohol, og (4) personer som er gravide (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 2016). I Norge drikkes det lite i direkte arbeidssituasjoner, men alkoholbruk relatert til arbeidssammenhenger hevdes å være utbredt (Frøyland, 2005). Sammenkomster som inkluderer alkohol foregår da på fritiden, men i regi av arbeidsplassen, kunder/klienter eller på initiativ fra kollegaer. Dette skjer dermed i gråsoner mellom arbeid og fritid. Nesvåg (2005) fant at 23 prosent av det samlede alkoholkonsumet blant et utvalg ansatte i privat norsk næringsliv var arbeidsrelatert. Flere studier har pekt på at ansatte, både på ledernivå og medarbeidernivå, har positive forventninger til jobbrelatert alkoholbruk, herunder forventninger om at alkohol er en effektiv strategi for å mestre arbeidsbelastninger og at alkohol bidrar til å skape gode fellesskap og sosiale relasjoner (Cooper, Russell & Frone, 1990; Henderson, Hutcheson & Davies, 1996). Normer og forventninger utvikles og formes i relasjonelt samspill, blant annet på arbeidsplassen, (Kjærheim, Mykletun, Aasland, Haldorsen & Andersen, 1995) og disse normene og forventningene påvirker ansattes alkoholvaner (Ames & Janes, 1992). Ansattes alkoholnormer og –forventninger kan således betraktes som uttrykk for en felles kultur på arbeidsplassen, som i større eller mindre grad kan gjenspeiles i de ansattes alkoholbruk. Tradisjonelt sett har det vært gruppen med store alkoholproblemer som har fått tilbud og oppmerksomhet gjennom arbeidsplassens helse-, miljø- og sikkerhetsarbeid. Her har man i de senere årene sett en endring i retning av økt fokus på den betydelig større gruppen som drikker risikofylt. Dette er bakgrunnen for prosjektet WIRUS, som er finansiert av Helsedirektoratet. I dette prosjektet deltar blant annet en privat bedrift innen olje- og gassnæringen. Denne rapporten er en presentasjon av denne bedriftens resultater fra fire av områdene som inngår i WIRUS-studien: (1) alkoholbruk, (2) arbeidsrelaterte alkoholnormer, (3) alkoholforventninger, og (4) situasjoner tilknyttet den aktuelle bedriften der alkoholbruk inngår. Målet med denne rapporten er å beskrive alkoholbruken, arbeidsrelaterte alkoholnormer og alkoholforventninger blant ansatte i denne bedriften, og beskrive hvilke jobbrelaterte situasjoner ansatte i bedriften drikker alkohol. Rapporten kan brukes som et kunnskapsgrunnlag for arbeid med ruspolicy tilknyttet arbeidsplassen, og i gråsonen mellom jobb og fritid.
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Kirchhoff, Helmut, and Ziv Reich. Protection of the photosynthetic apparatus during desiccation in resurrection plants. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7699861.bard.
Full textAbstract:
In this project, we studied the photosynthetic apparatus during dehydration and rehydration of the homoiochlorophyllous resurrection plant Craterostigmapumilum (retains most of the photosynthetic components during desiccation). Resurrection plants have the remarkable capability to withstand desiccation, being able to revive after prolonged severe water deficit in a few days upon rehydration. Homoiochlorophyllous resurrection plants are very efficient in protecting the photosynthetic machinery against damage by reactive oxygen production under drought. The main purpose of this BARD project was to unravel these largely unknown protection strategies for C. pumilum. In detail, the specific objectives were: (1) To determine the distribution and local organization of photosynthetic protein complexes and formation of inverted hexagonal phases within the thylakoid membranes at different dehydration/rehydration states. (2) To determine the 3D structure and characterize the geometry, topology, and mechanics of the thylakoid network at the different states. (3) Generation of molecular models for thylakoids at the different states and study the implications for diffusion within the thylakoid lumen. (4) Characterization of inter-system electron transport, quantum efficiencies, photosystem antenna sizes and distribution, NPQ, and photoinhibition at different hydration states. (5) Measuring the partition of photosynthetic reducing equivalents between the Calvin cycle, photorespiration, and the water-water cycle. At the beginning of the project, we decided to use C. pumilum instead of C. wilmsii because the former species was available from our collaborator Dr. Farrant. In addition to the original two dehydration states (40 relative water content=RWC and 5% RWC), we characterized a third state (15-20%) because some interesting changes occurs at this RWC. Furthermore, it was not possible to detect D1 protein levels by Western blot analysis because antibodies against other higher plants failed to detect D1 in C. pumilum. We developed growth conditions that allow reproducible generation of different dehydration and rehydration states for C. pumilum. Furthermore, advanced spectroscopy and microscopy for C. pumilum were established to obtain a detailed picture of structural and functional changes of the photosynthetic apparatus in different hydrated states. Main findings of our study are: 1. Anthocyan accumulation during desiccation alleviates the light pressure within the leaves (Fig. 1). 2. During desiccation, stomatal closure leads to drastic reductions in CO2 fixation and photorespiration. We could not identify alternative electron sinks as a solution to reduce ROS production. 3. On the supramolecular level, semicrystalline protein arrays were identified in thylakoid membranes in the desiccated state (see Fig. 3). On the electron transport level, a specific series of shut downs occur (summarized in Fig. 2). The main events include: Early shutdown of the ATPase activity, cessation of electron transport between cyt. bf complex and PSI (can reduce ROS formation at PSI); at higher dehydration levels uncoupling of LHCII from PSII and cessation of electron flow from PSII accompanied by crystal formation. The later could severe as a swift PSII reservoir during rehydration. The specific order of events in the course of dehydration and rehydration discovered in this project is indicative for regulated structural transitions specifically realized in resurrection plants. This detailed knowledge can serve as an interesting starting point for rationale genetic engineering of drought-tolerant crops.
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Hillestad, Torgeir Martin. The Metapsychology of Evil: Main Theoretical Perspectives Causes, Consequences and Critique. University of Stavanger, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.224.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this text or dissertation is to throw some basic light on a fundamental problem concerning manhood, namely the question of evil, its main sources, dynamics and importance for human attitudes and behaviour. The perspective behind the analysis itself is that of psychology. Somebody, or many, may feel at bit nervous by the word “evil” itself. It may very well be seen as too connected to religion, myth and even superstition. Yet those who are motivated to lose oneself in the subject retain a deep interest in human destructiveness, malevolence and hate, significant themes pointing at threatening prospects for mankind. The text is organized or divided into four main ordinary chapters, the three first of them organized or divided into continuous and numbered sections. A crucial point or question is of cause how to define evil itself. It can of cause be done both intentional, instrumental and by consequence. Other theorists however have stated that the concept of evil exclusively rests on a myth originated in the Judean-Christian conception of Satan and ultimate evil. This last argument presupposes evil itself as non-existent in the real rational world. It seems however a fact that most people attach certain basic meaning to the concept, mainly that it represents ultimately bad and terrible actions and behaviour directed toward common people for the purpose of bringing upon them ultimate pain and suffer. However, there is no room for essentialism here, meaning that we simply can look “inside” some original matter to get to know what it “really” is. Rather, a phenomenon gets its identity from the constituted meaning operating within a certain human communities and contexts loaded with intentionality and inter-subjective meaning. As mentioned above, the concept of evil can be interpreted both instrumental and intentional, the first being the broadest of them. Here evil stands for behaviour and human deeds having terrifying or fatal consequences for subjects and people or in general, regardless of the intentions behind. The intentional interpretation however, links the concept to certain predispositions, characteristics and even strong motives in subjects, groups and sometimes political systems and nations. I will keep in mind and clear the way for both these perspectives for the discussion in prospect. This essay represents a psychological perspective on evil, but makes it clear that a more or less complete account of such a psychological view also should include a thorough understanding or integration of some basic social and even biological assumptions. However, I consider a social psychological position of significant importance, especially because in my opinion it represents some sort of coordination of knowledge and theoretical perspectives inherent in the subject or problem itself, the main task here being to integrate perspectives of a psychological as well as social and biological kind. Since humans are essential social creatures, the way itself to present knowledge concerning the human condition, must be social of some sort and kind, however not referring to some kind of reductionism where social models of explanation possess or holds monopoly. Social and social psychological perspectives itself represents parts of the whole matter regarding understanding and explanation of human evil. The fact that humans present, or has to represent themselves as humans among other humans, means that basically a social language is required both to explain and describe human manners and ways of being. This then truly represents its own way or, more correctly, level or standard of explanation, which makes social psychology some sort of significant, though not sufficient. More substantial, the vision itself of integrating different ontological and theoretical levels and objects of science for the purpose of manifesting or make real a full-fledged psychological perspective on evil, should be considered or characterized a meta-psychological perspective. The text is partially constructed as a review of existing theories and theorists concerning the matter of evil and logically associated themes such as violence, mass murder, genocide, antisocial behaviour in general, aggression, hate and cruelty. However, the demands of making a theoretical distinction between these themes, although connected, is stressed. Above all, an integral perspective combining different scientific disciplines is aimed at.
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Haveraaen, Lise, Randi Wågø Aas, Mikkel Magnus Thørrisen, Hildegunn Sagvaag, and Lisebet Skeie Skarpaas. Alkoholbruk og alkoholkultur i en industribedrift: En case-rapport fra forskningsprosjektet WIRUS. University of Stavanger, June 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.216.
Full textAbstract:
Nesten ni av ti arbeidstakere drikker alkohol. Dette blir ofte forklart med alle de positive aspektene bruk av alkohol har i sosiale sammenhenger. En kartlegging utført av Statistisk sentralbyrå viser imidlertid at 17 prosent av befolkningen har et drikkemønster som kan betegnes som risikofylt (Halkjelsvik & Storvoll, 2014). Økt alkoholkonsum, herunder også arbeidsrelatert alkoholkonsum, henger blant annet sammen med økt tilgjengelighet til alkohol (Frøyland, 2005). Alkoholkonsum på et risikofylt nivå er forbundet med sosiale, medisinske, jobbrelaterte og økonomiske problemstillinger (Babor, Higgins-Biddle, Saunders & Monteiro, 2001). Det er vanskelig å gi et klart svar på hvor grensen for risikofylt drikking går. Grenseverdier på 14 alkoholenheter pr. uke for kvinner og 21 enheter pr. uke for menn har blitt foreslått (Fauske, 1993). Babor mfl. (2001) har fremhevet at såkalt "lavrisikodrikking" innebærer maksimalt 20 gram alkohol pr. dag maksimalt 5 dager i uken. Det amerikanske National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (2016) understreker at grenseverdien for risikodrikking går ved 7 enheter pr. uke (og maksimalt 3 enheter på én dag) for kvinner og ved 14 enheter pr. uke (og maksimalt 4 enheter på én dag) for menn. Likevel vil slike grenseverdier alltid være kulturspesifikke og individuelle. I Norge har man funnet det hensiktsmessig å operere med verdier på 8 alkoholenheter pr. uke for kvinner og 13 enheter pr. uke for menn (Nesvåg & Lie, 2004). Forskning har vist at det er behov for å kartlegge mer enn bare antall alkoholenheter over tid for å vite noe om reell risikodrikking. Eksempelvis vil forhold som hvor mye en drikker ved hver situasjon kunne medføre mer negative konsekvenser for sykefravær enn hvor mye en typisk drikker over en gitt periode (Bacharach, Bamberger & Biron, 2010). Dette kan forklares ved at helsekonsekvenser av høyt gjennomsnittsforbruk først viser seg over tid, mens episoder med stordrikking (såkalt binge-drikking der en drikker store mengder alkohol ved én og samme anledning) gjerne medfører midlertidige funksjonsnedsettelser (eksempelvis "fyllesyke") som kan resultere i sykefravær (Bacharach mfl., 2010; Salonsalmi, Laaksonen, Lahlema & Rahkonen, 2009) eller sykenærvær, dvs. å være på jobben uten å kunne yte som normalt. Individuelle forskjeller vil også spille en rolle med hensyn til hva som er risikofylt drikking. Det er individuelt hvor mye en tåler, og andre aspekter ved livsstilen, for eksempel om en er fysisk aktiv, vil kunne påvirke hvor mye en kan drikke før negative konsekvenser inntreffer. For enkelte grupper vil ethvert alkoholinntak kunne betraktes som risikofylt. Dette gjelder for eksempel: (1) personer som skal kjøre bil eller håndtere maskiner/verktøy, (2) personer som bruker medisiner som interagerer med alkohol, (3) personer som har en medisinsk tilstand som kan forverres av alkohol, og (4) personer som er gravide (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 2016). I Norge drikkes det lite i direkte arbeidssituasjoner, men alkoholbruk relatert til arbeidssammenhenger hevdes å være utbredt (Frøyland, 2005). Sammenkomster som inkluderer alkohol foregår da utenfor primærarbeidstiden, men i regi av arbeidsplassen, kunder/klienter eller på initiativ fra kollegaer. Bruk av alkohol skjer dermed i gråsoner mellom arbeid og fritid. Nesvåg (2005) fant at 23 prosent av det samlede alkoholkonsumet blant et utvalg ansatte i privat norsk næringsliv var arbeidsrelatert. Flere studier har pekt på at ansatte, både på ledernivå og medarbeidernivå, har positive forventninger til jobbrelatert alkoholbruk, herunder forventninger om at alkohol er en effektiv strategi for å mestre arbeidsbelastninger og at alkohol bidrar til å skape gode fellesskap og sosiale relasjoner (Cooper, Russell & Frone, 1990; Henderson, Hutcheson & Davies, 1996). Normer og forventninger utvikles og formes i relasjonelt samspill, blant annet på arbeidsplassen (Kjærheim, Mykletun, Aasland, Haldorsen & Andersen, 1995) og disse normene og forventningene påvirker ansattes alkoholvaner (Ames & Janes, 1992). Ansattes alkoholnormer og –forventninger kan således betraktes som uttrykk for en felles kultur på arbeidsplassen, som i større eller mindre grad kan gjenspeiles i de ansattes alkoholbruk. Tradisjonelt sett har det vært gruppen med store alkoholproblemer som har fått tilbud og oppmerksomhet gjennom arbeidsplassens helse-, miljø- og sikkerhetsarbeid. Her har man i de senere årene sett en endring i retning av økt fokus på den betydelig større gruppen som drikker risikofylt. Dette er bakgrunnen for prosjektet WIRUS, som er finansiert av Helsedirektoratet. I prosjektet deltar blant annet en privat bedrift innen industrien. Denne rapporten er en presentasjon av denne bedriftens resultater fra fire av områdene som inngår i WIRUS-studien: (1) alkoholbruk, (2) arbeidsrelaterte alkoholnormer, (3) forventninger til alkoholbruk, og (4) situasjoner tilknyttet den aktuelle bedriften der ansatte eksponeres for alkohol.