Journal articles: 'Innatene'

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Ben-Shaul, Yoram. "Labeled as Innate, but Not Innately Labeled." Neuron 93, no. 5 (March 2017): 992–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2017.02.038.

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Vanzo, Alberto. "Leibniz on Innate Ideas and Kant on the Origin of the Categories." Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie 100, no. 1 (March 7, 2018): 19–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agph-2018-0002.

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Abstract: In his essay against Eberhard, Kant denies that there are innate concepts. Several scholars take Kant’s statement at face value. They claim that Kant did not endorse concept innatism, that the categories are not innate concepts and that Kant’s views on innateness are significantly different from Leibniz’s. This paper takes issue with those claims. It argues that Kant’s views on the origin of intellectual concepts are remarkably similar to Leibniz’s. Given two widespread notions of innateness, the dispositional notion and the input/output notion, intellectual concepts are innate for Kant no less than for Leibniz.

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Berent, Iris, Melanie Platt, and Gwendolyn M. Sandoboe. "People’s Intuitions About Innateness." Open Mind 3 (October 2019): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/opmi_a_00029.

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Few questions in science are as controversial as the origins of knowledge. Whether knowledge (e.g., “objects are cohesive”) is partly innate has been debated for centuries. Here, we ask whether our difficulties with innate knowledge could be grounded in human cognition itself. In eight experiments, we compared reasoning about the innateness of traits that capture knowledge (cognitive traits) with noncognitive (sensorimotor and emotive) traits. Experiments 1–4 examined adult and infant traits; Experiment 5 presented detailed descriptions of published infant experiments. Results showed that people viewed cognitive traits as less likely to be innate in humans—the stronger the association with “thinking,” the lower the rating for “innateness.” Experiments 6–8 explored human, bird, and alien traits that were presented as innate. Participants, however, still considered cognitive traits as less likely to emerge spontaneously (i.e., be innate). These results show that people are selectively biased in reasoning about the origins of knowledge.

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Bulov, Ilya Yu. "What Does it Mean for Cognitive Function to be Innate?" Voprosy Filosofii, no. 7 (2022): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2022-7-87-97.

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The article is devoted to answering the question “what is innateness in regard to cognitive functions?” To answer this question, we decided to formulate the most plausible definition of “innate”. This aim can be reached by adopting S. Haslanger’s amelioration and/or R. Carnap’s explication as a definition-forming technique. This strategy of defining presupposes the certain criteria for a good definition: 1) a definition has to meet the set of requirements (consistency, practicality, etc.); 2) a definition has to be appropriate for the set of picked areas of knowledge; 3) a definition has to be applicable for the set of picked tasks. First, we described the relevant areas of knowledge and tasks for “innate”. Then, we examined the poverty of the stimulus approach to the problem of innateness on whether the definitions that we can deduce from it meet the mentioned criteria. As we found out, the definition of “innate” that was deduced from the poverty of the stimulus approach meets these criteria. Hence, we can conclude that this definition of “innate” can be efficiently used for solving scientific and philosophical problems concerning innate cognitive functions. Finally, we answered to some possible criticisms.

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Lynn, David J., Geoffrey L. Winsor, Calvin Chan, Nicolas Richard, Matthew R. Laird, Aaron Barsky, Jennifer L. Gardy, et al. "InnateDB: facilitating systems‐level analyses of the mammalian innate immune response." Molecular Systems Biology 4, no. 1 (January 2008): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/msb.2008.55.

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Shea, Nicholas. "New thinking, innateness and inherited representation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367, no. 1599 (August 5, 2012): 2234–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0125.

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The New Thinking contained in this volume rejects an Evolutionary Psychology that is committed to innate domain-specific psychological mechanisms: gene-based adaptations that are unlearnt, developmentally fixed and culturally universal. But the New Thinking does not simply deny the importance of innate psychological traits. The problem runs deeper: the concept of innateness is not suited to distinguishing between the New Thinking and Evolutionary Psychology. That points to a more serious problem with the concept of innateness as it is applied to human psychological phenotypes. This paper argues that the features of recent human evolution highlighted by the New Thinking imply that the concept of inherited representation , set out here, is a better tool for theorizing about human cognitive evolution.

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Zaretsky, Elena, and Jean Berko Gleason. "The inheritance and innateness of grammars. Myrna Gopnik (Ed.). New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. Pp. 232." Applied Psycholinguistics 21, no. 2 (June 2000): 287–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400222078.

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What could possibly be innate? John Morton asked this question in a symposium on psycholinguistics in 1969 (Morton, 1970), and, as this book makes clear, he was certainly not the last to ask it. The Inheritance and Innateness of Grammars is one of the most recent manifestations of our fascination with the question of just what it is that makes it possible for humans – and only humans – to learn language as we know it. The book is the product of a conference that was held at Simon Fraser University in Vancouver in 1993. Nine chapters present work by authors whose expertise includes such topics as speech perception, neurobiology, sign language, language impairment, and, of course, developmental psycholinguistics. Although the word “inheritance” in the title can be understood to refer to genetics, it would have been helpful if the authors had provided their definitions of the term “innateness.” In its primary sense, innate means inborn or present at birth, but clearly no one is arguing that language itself is present at birth, although most would agree that some capacities that may underlie language can be demonstrated in very young infants. Eric Lenneberg provided one definition of innateness in his book, Biological Foundations of Language (1967), which may be what some authors have in mind since his work is frequently referenced: Animals may be thought of as functioning like machines. Their inner structure is not the result of accidental circumstances. The machine unfolds during development, and the internal structure is programmed onto the ontogenetic process. Let us call the internal structure innate mechanisms and the modes of operation that are determined by these mechanisms innate behavior. (p. 220)

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Helfrich, Sofia, and Claudia U. Duerr. "Regulating the development of pulmonary Group 2 innate lymphoid cells." Biological Chemistry 400, no. 11 (November 26, 2019): 1497–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hsz-2019-0175.

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Abstract Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are members of the family of innate lymphoid cells and are innately committed to type 2 immune responses. In the lungs, ILC2s are the predominant population of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and their development is orchestrated by several different transcription factors ensuring lineage commitment by intrinsic regulation. ILC2s are present in the lungs from the foetal period onwards and are thus exposed to extrinsic regulation due to the airways’ continuous morphological changes upon birth. In this review, we will briefly summarise the dependence of ILC2s on transcription factors and discuss recently described characteristics and function of early life ILC2s in the lungs.

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Breuer, Karin, Amir K. Foroushani, Matthew R. Laird, Carol Chen, Anastasia Sribnaia, Raymond Lo, Geoffrey L. Winsor, Robert E. W. Hancock, Fiona S. L. Brinkman, and David J. Lynn. "InnateDB: systems biology of innate immunity and beyond—recent updates and continuing curation." Nucleic Acids Research 41, no. D1 (November 23, 2012): D1228—D1233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gks1147.

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Shook, John R. "Are People Born to be Believers, or are Gods Born to be Believed?" Method and Theory in the Study of Religion 29, no. 4-5 (November 16, 2017): 353–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700682-12341389.

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AbstractProposals that god-belief is an innate capacity of all humanity have not been confirmed by empirical studies. Scientific disciplines presently lean against god-belief’s innateness. Perhaps religion should be relieved that belief in gods is not innate. Intuitive cognitive functions supporting god-belief offer little convergence upon any god. Religious pluralism back to the Stone Age displays no consensus either. Any cognition for god-belief can only be deemed as mostly or entirely misleading. Theology has tried to forestall that skeptical judgment, by dictating what counts as authentic religiosity and who enjoys a valid idea of god. Justin Barrett exemplifies this theological interference with scientific inquiry. Contorting the anthropology and cognitive science of religion too far, his quest for a primal natural religion won’t match up with his search for intuitive conceptions of god. His quest for god-belief’s innateness devolves into theological dogmatism, deepening doubts that scientific theories of religion will validate god-belief.

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Gorham, Geoffrey. "Descartes on the Innateness of All Ideas." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 32, no. 3 (September 2002): 355–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.2002.10716523.

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Though Descartes is traditionally associated with the moderately nativist doctrine that our ideas of God, of eternal truths, and of true and immutable natures are innate, on two occasions he explicitly argued that all of our ideas, even sensory ideas, are innate in the mind (AT 8B 358, AT 3 418; CSM 1 304, CSMK 187). One reason it is surprising to find Descartes endorsing universal innateness is that such a view seems to leave no role for bodies in the production of our ideas of them.

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Bronstein, David, and Whitney Schwab. "Is Plato an Innatist in the Meno?" Phronesis 64, no. 4 (October 25, 2019): 392–430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685284-12341969.

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AbstractPlato in the Meno is standardly interpreted as committed to condition innatism: human beings are born with latent innate states of knowledge. Against this view, Gail Fine has argued for prenatalism: human souls possess knowledge in a disembodied state but lose it upon being embodied. We argue against both views and in favor of content innatism: human beings are born with innate cognitive contents that can be, but do not exist innately in the soul as, the contents of states of knowledge. Content innatism has strong textual support and constitutes a philosophically interesting theory.

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Gardy, Jennifer, D. Lynn, G. Winsor, A. Barsky, F. Roche, T. Chan, M. Laird, et al. "InnateDB & Cerebral: user‐friendly tools for the systems‐level analysis of innate immunity." FASEB Journal 22, S2 (April 2008): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.22.2_supplement.541.

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14

Lyonhart, Jonathan David. "Wrangling about Innate Ideas? Reflections on Locke and Cudworth." Religions 14, no. 3 (March 16, 2023): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel14030404.

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Locke contended that knowledge is learned from experience, taught from without rather than innately known from within. The notion of innate ideas has since been seen by many as innately ridiculous, as a battle long ago waged and won in the first book of Locke’s Essay Concerning Human Understanding. However, there was no fight in the first place, for the most comprehensive defence of innate ideas in the 17th century was not published until the 18th century. Ralph Cudworth’s Treatise Concerning Eternal and Immutable Morality was published posthumously nearly fifty years after its writing, and while Locke and Cudworth wrote on similar subjects—and around the same time and place—the fates never aligned for them to meet and ‘have it out’. This paper places Locke and Cudworth into conversation on this question of innate ideas. Such analysis will reveal that Cudworth sidestepped much of Locke’s critique by hanging his argument not on universal consent but on the Platonic principle of like-knows-like. In the process, Cudworth anticipated many of the responses to Locke that would come in the next century from Berkeley, Hume, and Kant. Thus, his forgotten role in this narrative in the history of philosophy cries out for reappraisal, along with the renewed insights he might bring to the on-going contemporary discussion.

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Wild, Markus. "Marin Cureau de la Chambre on the Natural Cognition of the Vegetative Soul: An Early Modern Theory of Instinct." Vivarium 46, no. 3 (2008): 443–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853408x360993.

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AbstractAccording to Marin Cureau de La Chambre—steering a middleway between the Aristotelian and the Cartesian conception of the soul—everything that lives cognizes and everything that cognizes is alive. Cureau sticks with the general tripart distinction of vegetative, sensitive, and intellectual soul. Each part of the soul has its own cognition. Cognition is the way in which living beings regulate bodily equilibirum and environmental navigation. This regulative activity is gouverned by acquired or by innate images. Natural cognition (or instinct) is cognition by innate images only. Cureau develops a highly originel theory of natural (or 'specialized') instinct. His theory attempts to explain five features of instinct (innateness, specialization, species-specifitiy, coerciveness, teleological nature). According to my interpretation, Cureau proposes a species of what is called a 'teleosemantic theory' of innate cognition.

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Barrett, Justin L. "On Naturalness, Innateness, and God-beliefs: A Reply to Shook." Method and Theory in the Study of Religion 29, no. 4-5 (November 16, 2017): 374–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700682-12341399.

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Abstract Shook (2017) argues that if god-beliefs are “innate,” one is obligated to be skeptical about them by virtue of their mutually incompatible plurality and nativist origin. Second, Shook suggests that even if god-beliefs are not innate, it is still epistemically vicious to believe in gods. Shook also raises concerns about using theology to motivate or interpret scientific inquiry. This response essay clarifies the character of the theories offered in the cognitive science of religion (csr), including rejecting that innateness of god-beliefs is a common view. Shook’s primary claims are then evaluated with the conclusion that they are not adequately argued or substantiated.

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Berent, Iris. "Can we get human nature right?" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 39 (September 23, 2021): e2108274118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2108274118.

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Few questions in science are as controversial as human nature. At stake is whether our basic concepts and emotions are all learned from experience, or whether some are innate. Here, I demonstrate that reasoning about innateness is biased by the basic workings of the human mind. Psychological science suggests that newborns possess core concepts of “object” and “number.” Laypeople, however, believe that newborns are devoid of such notions but that they can recognize emotions. Moreover, people presume that concepts are learned, whereas emotions (along with sensations and actions) are innate. I trace these beliefs to two tacit psychological principles: intuitive dualism and essentialism. Essentialism guides tacit reasoning about biological inheritance and suggests that innate traits reside in the body; per intuitive dualism, however, the mind seems ethereal, distinct from the body. It thus follows that, in our intuitive psychology, concepts (which people falsely consider as disembodied) must be learned, whereas emotions, sensations, and emotions (which are considered embodied) are likely innate; these predictions are in line with the experimental results. These conclusions do not speak to the question of whether concepts and emotions are innate, but they suggest caution in its scientific evaluation.

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Nissen, Scott J., and Michael E. Foley. "Correlative Inhibition and Dormancy in Root Buds of Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula)." Weed Science 35, no. 2 (March 1987): 155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500078966.

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Root buds of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esulaL. # EPHES) were found to be quiescent during most of the growing season due to correlative inhibition rather than innate dormancy. Excised root buds taken from plants that were fully flowering showed reduced elongation, indicating a period of innate dormancy. This innate dormancy could be eliminated by chilling plants for 8 days at 4 C. Root buds from plants showing late summer regrowth were no longer innately dormant. IAA (indole-3-acetic acid) and NAA (1-napthaleneacetic acid) completely inhibited the growth of excised leafy spurge root buds at concentrations of 10−3and 10−5M, respectively. A significant increase in root bud elongation was produced by 1 mM TIBA (2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid) applied to stem and root tissue. These data provide further evidence for the involvement of IAA in correlative control of root bud growth in leafy spurge.

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White, Lydia. "Universal Grammar, crosslinguistic variation and second language acquisition." Language Teaching 45, no. 3 (June 15, 2012): 309–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261444812000146.

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According to generative linguistic theory, certain principles underlying language structure are innately given, accounting for how children are able to acquire their mother tongues (L1s) despite a mismatch between the linguistic input and the complex unconscious mental representation of language that children achieve. This innate structure is referred to as Universal Grammar (UG); it includes universal principles, as well as parameters which allow for constrained variation across languages.

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Mameli, Matteo, and Patrick Bateson. "An evaluation of the concept of innateness." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, no. 1563 (February 12, 2011): 436–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0174.

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The concept of innateness is often used in explanations and classifications of biological and cognitive traits. But does this concept have a legitimate role to play in contemporary scientific discourse? Empirical studies and theoretical developments have revealed that simple and intuitively appealing ways of classifying traits (e.g. genetically specified versus owing to the environment) are inadequate. They have also revealed a variety of scientifically interesting ways of classifying traits each of which captures some aspect of the innate/non-innate distinction. These include things such as whether a trait is canalized, whether it has a history of natural selection, whether it developed without learning or without a specific set of environmental triggers, whether it is causally correlated with the action of certain specific genes, etc. We offer an analogy: the term ‘jade’ was once thought to refer to a single natural kind; it was then discovered that it refers to two different chemical compounds, jadeite and nephrite. In the same way, we argue, researchers should recognize that ‘innateness’ refers not to a single natural kind but to a set of (possibly related) natural kinds. When this happens, it will be easier to progress in the field of biological and cognitive sciences.

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Bulov, Ilya Y. "Contemporary Concept Nativism: Some Methodological Remarks." Russian Journal of Philosophical Sciences 62, no. 7 (October 10, 2019): 96–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.30727/0235-1188-2019-62-7-96-109.

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The innate knowledge problem is a classical problem in philosophy, which has been known since the classical antiquity. Plato in his dialogues Meno and Phaedo formulated the doctrine of innate ideas and proposed an early version of the poverty of the stimulus argument, which is the most frequently used argument in innate knowledge debates. In the history of philosophy there was also an opposite view. This approach is often associated with J. Locke’s philosophy. Locke thought that all our knowledge about the world is a product of the universal learning mechanisms whose functioning is based on perception. The question about the presence of innate ideas in the human mind still remains relevant. New findings in cognitive science and neurosciences and also some recent arguments from philosophers contribute to the contemporary discussion between the spokesmen of the rival approaches to this problem. The paper presents the investigation of one of the approaches to solving the problem of innate concepts, which is called a “concept nativism.” It highlights the outstanding characteristics of the concept nativism: (a) domain specificity position, (b) belief that domain-specific mechanisms of learning are innate and (c) belief that at least some concepts are innate. The article also proposes an analysis of notions “innateness” and “idea” which is important for understanding nativists’ approach to innate ideas theory. And finally, it describes the most popular nativists’ arguments: (a) references to empirical studies using the preferential looking technique, (b) the poverty of the stimulus argument and (c) the argument from animals.

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Porksakorn, Chantima, Surang Nuchprayoon, Kiwon Park, and Alan L. Scott. "Proinflammatory Cytokine Gene Expression by Murine Macrophages in Response toBrugia malayi WolbachiaSurface Protein." Mediators of Inflammation 2007 (2007): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/84318.

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Wolbachia, an endosymbiotic bacterium found in most species of filarial parasites, is thought to play a significant role in inducing innate inflammatory responses in lymphatic filariasis patients. However, theWolbachia-derived molecules that are recognized by the innate immune system have not yet been identified. In this study, we exposed the murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 to a recombinant form of the majorWolbachiasurface protein (rWSP) to determine if WSP is capable of innately inducing cytokine transcription. Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) mRNAs were all upregulated by the rWSP stimulation in a dose-dependant manner. TNF transcription peaked at 3 hours, whereas IL-1βand IL-6 transcription peaked at 6 hours post-rWSP exposure. The levels of innate cytokine expression induced by a high-dose (9.0μg/mL) rWSP in the RAW 264.7 cells were comparable to the levels induced by 0.1μg/mLE. coli-derived lipopolysaccharides. Pretreatment of the rWSP with proteinase-K drastically reduced IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF transcription. However, the proinflammatory response was not inhibited by polymyxin B treatment. These results strongly suggest that the majorWolbachiasurface protein molecule WSP is an important inducer of innate immune responses during filarial infections.

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Kanovsky, Martin. "Essentialism and Folksociology: Ethnicity Again." Journal of Cognition and Culture 7, no. 3-4 (2007): 241–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853707x208503.

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AbstractThe aim of this article is to show that empirical evidence suggests that no particular causal process of essence acquisition is constitutive for essentialism in folksociology. Innate potential and biological inheritance, however powerful they may be for the human cognitive mind in the domain of folkbiology, are far from necessary in essentialist folksociological classifications. Essentialism in folksociology is not defined by any particular causal process of essence acquisition. Even when we are able to detect the innateness in a particular folksociology, we should always look for other features of essentialism (inherence, sharp boundaries, immutability of identity, etc.). The article reviews some influential cognitive proposals concerning folksociology (Astuti, Gil-White, Hirschfeld), and provides arguments and empirical evidence collected in Western Ukraine in favour of the claim that the innateness is not the constitutive part of sociology, let alone of psychological essentialism.

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JUSTUS, TIMOTHY, and JEFFREY J. HUTSLER. "FUNDAMENTAL ISSUES IN THE EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY OF MUSIC: Assessing Innateness and Domain Specificity." Music Perception 23, no. 1 (September 1, 2005): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mp.2005.23.1.1.

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EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY OFTEN does not sufficiently document the innate constr aint and domain specificity required for strong adaptationist argument. We develop these criteria within the domain of music. First, we advocate combining computational, developmental, cross-cultural, and neuroscience research to address the ways in which a domain is innately constrained. Candidate constraints in music include the importance of the octave and other simple pitch ratios, the categorization of the octave into tones, the importance of melodic contour, tonal hierarchies, and principles of grouping and meter. Second, we advocate combining psychological, neuroscience, and genetic research across cognitive domains to address the domain specificity of such constraints. Currently available evidence suggests that the innate constraints in music are not specific to that domain, making it unclear which domain(s) provided the relevant selection pressures.

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Vernier, Cassondra L., Iris M. Chin, Boahemaa Adu-Oppong, Joshua J. Krupp, Joel Levine, Gautam Dantas, and Yehuda Ben-Shahar. "The gut microbiome defines social group membership in honey bee colonies." Science Advances 6, no. 42 (October 2020): eabd3431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3431.

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In the honey bee, genetically related colony members innately develop colony-specific cuticular hydrocarbon profiles, which serve as pheromonal nestmate recognition cues. Yet, despite high intracolony relatedness, the innate development of colony-specific chemical signatures by individual colony members is largely determined by the colony environment, rather than solely relying on genetic variants shared by nestmates. Therefore, it is puzzling how a nongenic factor could drive the innate development of a quantitative trait that is shared by members of the same colony. Here, we provide one solution to this conundrum by showing that nestmate recognition cues in honey bees are defined, at least in part, by shared characteristics of the gut microbiome across individual colony members. These results illustrate the importance of host-microbiome interactions as a source of variation in animal behavioral traits.

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Roinila, Markku. "Common Notions and Instincts as Sources of Moral Knowledge in Leibniz’s New Essays on Human Understanding." Journal of Early Modern Studies 8, no. 1 (2019): 141–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jems2019816.

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In his defense of innateness in New Essays on Human Understanding (1704), Leibniz attributes innateness to concepts and principles which do not originate from the senses rather than to the ideas that we are born with. He argues that the innate concepts and principles can be known in two ways: through reason or natural light (necessary truths), and through instincts (other innate truths and principles). In this paper I will show how theoretical and moral reasoning differ from each other in Leibniz, and compare moral reasoning and instincts as sources of knowledge in his practical philosophy. As the practical instincts are closely related to pleasure and passions, which are by nature cognitive, my emphasis will be on the affective character of instinctive moral action and especially deliberation which leads to moral action. I will argue that inclinations arising from moral instinct, which lead us to pleasure while avoiding sorrow, can direct our moral action and sometimes anticipate reasoning when conclusions are not readily available. Acting by will, which is related to moral reasoning, and acting by instincts can lead us to the same moral knowledge independently, but they can also complement each other. To illustrate the two alternative ways to reach moral knowledge, I will discuss the case of happiness, which is the goal of all human moral action for Leibniz.

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M, Yamashita, Millward CA, Inoshita H, Saikia P, Chattopadhyay S, Sen GC, and Emancipator SN. "Antiviral innate immunity disturbs podocyte cell function." Nihon Shoni Jinzobyo Gakkai Zasshi 28, no. 1 (2015): 81–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3165/jjpn.28.81.

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Marler, Peter. "Innateness and the instinct to learn." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 76, no. 2 (June 2004): 189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652004000200002.

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Concepts of innateness were at the heart of Darwin's approach to behavior and central to the ethological theorizing of Lorenz and, at least to start with, of Tinbergen. Then Tinbergen did an about face, and for some twenty years the term 'innate' became highly suspect. He attributed the change to Lehrman's famous 1953 critique in which he asserted that classifying behaviors as innate tells us nothing about how they develop. Although Lehrman made many valid points, I will argue that this exchange also led to profound misunderstandings that were ultimately damaging to progress in research on the development of behavior. The concept of 'instincts to learn', receiving renewed support from current theorizing among geneticists about phenotypic plasticity, provides a potential resolution of some of the controversies that Lehrman created. Bioacoustical studies, particularly on song learning in birds, serve both to confirm some of Lehrman's anxieties about the term 'innate', but also to make a case that he threw out the genetic baby with the bathwater. The breathtaking progress in molecular and developmental genetics has prepared the way for a fuller understanding of the complexities underlying even the simplest notions of innate behavior, necessary before we can begin to comprehend the ontogeny of behavior.

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Scholz, Barbara C. "Innateness." Nature 415, no. 6873 (February 2002): 739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/415739a.

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Amichai, Eran, and Yossi Yovel. "Echolocating bats rely on an innate speed-of-sound reference." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 19 (May 3, 2021): e2024352118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2024352118.

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Animals must encode fundamental physical relationships in their brains. A heron plunging its head underwater to skewer a fish must correct for light refraction, an archerfish shooting down an insect must “consider” gravity, and an echolocating bat that is attacking prey must account for the speed of sound in order to assess its distance. Do animals learn these relations or are they encoded innately and can they adjust them as adults are all open questions. We addressed this question by shifting the speed of sound and assessing the sensory behavior of a bat species that naturally experiences different speeds of sound. We found that both newborn pups and adults are unable to adjust to this shift, suggesting that the speed of sound is innately encoded in the bat brain. Moreover, our results suggest that bats encode the world in terms of time and do not translate time into distance. Our results shed light on the evolution of innate and flexible sensory perception.

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Bronstein, David. "Aristotle’s Critique of Plato’s Theory of Innate Knowledge." History of Philosophy and Logical Analysis 19, no. 1 (April 5, 2016): 126–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/26664275-01901009.

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In Posterior Analytics 2.19, Aristotle argues that we cannot have innate knowledge of first principles because if we did we would have the most precise items of knowledge without noticing, which is impossible. To understand Aristotle’s argument we need to understand why he thinks we cannot possess these items of knowledge without noticing. In this paper, I present three different answers to this question and three different readings of his argument corresponding to them. The first two readings focus on the fact that we do not use the knowledge we allegedly possess innately. However, I argue that these readings fail to produce convincing arguments. I then offer a third reading, which focuses on the fact that we do not notice the knowledge we allegedly possess innately when we use it for the first time (i. e., on Plato’s account, when we recollect). I argue that this reading produces a more convincing argument than either of the first two.

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Ma, Shuhua, Anastasia Nijnik, Laurence Madera, Melissa Elliott, Donna Easton, Matthew Mayer, Jason Kindrachuk, et al. "Innate Defence Regulator Peptides as a Novel Anti-infective Strategy (94.2)." Journal of Immunology 184, no. 1_Supplement (April 1, 2010): 94.2. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.184.supp.94.2.

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Abstract The therapy of bacterial infections is under great threat as multiple antibiotic resistance increases and there is a paucity of new antibiotic discovery and development. Synthetic Innate Defence Regulator (IDR) peptides, which mimic natural host defence (antimicrobial) peptides, have been designed as a novel anti-infective strategy, working by selectively boosting innate immune protective mechanisms while dampening potentially harmful inflammation. These peptides can resolve serious infections in animal models. The optimal method of use of these peptides was evaluated here using an animal model infection by one of the highly resistant bacteria (Superbugs) afflicting our society, Staphylococcus aureus. A luminescent version of this bacterium was utilized to follow the kinetics of infection non-invasively using IVIS imaging. Protection was achieved by both prophylactic and therapeutic administration. Investigation of the mechanism of protection by examining cells infiltrating the infection site and cytokines/chemokines revealed remarkable parallels between in vitro action of the peptides in primary human cells and these animal models. System biology approaches such as Microarray and InnateDB are being utilized to decipher the complex. This has revealed several receptors, signaling pathways, transcription factors and effector proteins involved in the modulation by peptides of innate immunity.

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Exline, Julie J., David F. Bradley, Alex Uzdavines, and Nick Stauner. "God Belief as an Innate Aspect of Human Nature: A Response to John Shook and Questions for Justin Barrett." Method and Theory in the Study of Religion 29, no. 4-5 (November 16, 2017): 387–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700682-12341400.

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Abstract John Shook’s article “Are People Born to be Believers, or are Gods Born to be Believed?” (this volume) critiques research findings and writings by Justin Barrett suggesting that god beliefs may be innate among human beings. In response to points raised by Shook, we first discuss several complications that need to be balanced when defining and assessing the innateness hypothesis. Second, we address the question of how both god believers and nonbelievers might have both favorable and unfavorable responses to claims of god beliefs being innate. Third, we consider whether certain additional features, besides (vague) god beliefs themselves, might be part of a human predisposition toward religious belief. We agree with Shook’s claims that researchers’ own beliefs may impact their research questions, methods, and interpretations of findings. Given the pervasive risk of blind spots and biases, we conclude by emphasizing the need for accountability, transparency, skepticism, open-mindedness, and collegiality among scholars.

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van de Weijer, Jeroen, and Marjoleine Sloos. "Acquiring markedness constraints." Linguistics in the Netherlands 2013 30 (November 18, 2013): 188–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/avt.30.14van.

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This paper questions the assumption made in classic Optimality Theory (Prince & Smolensky 1993 [2004]) that markedness constraints are an innate part of Universal Grammar. Instead, we argue that constraints are acquired on the basis of the language data to which L1 learning children are exposed. This is argued both on general grounds (innateness is an assumption that should not be invoked lightly) and on the basis of empirical evidence. We investigate this issue for six general markedness constraints in French, and show that all constraints could be acquired on the basis of the ambient data. Second, we show that the order of acquisition of the marked structures matches the frequency of violations of the relevant constraints in the input quite well. This argues in favour of a phonological model in which constraints are acquired, not innate, i.e. a model in which grammatical notions such as constraints are derived from language use.

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Nemec, John. "Somānanda on the Meaningfulness of Language." Indo-Iranian Journal 62, no. 3 (July 25, 2019): 227–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15728536-06203002.

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Abstract The present article examines Somānanda’s understanding of the denotative capacity of speech (śabda) as presented in his Śivadṛṣṭi, āhnika four. Somānanda argues that this denotative capacity is innate in words because based in a real sāmānya or universal; that a permanent connection links śabda and its object (artha), not convention (saṃketa); and that the referent of speech is an object innately imbued with linguistic capacity in the form of an ever-present, innate sāmānya. Each of these positions is also supported by the Mīmāṃsā, and Somānanda, citing both Śabara and Kumārila, assents to their positions on these points on the understanding that they may only be accepted as philosophically sound if one presumes the existence of a Śaiva non-duality of all as Śiva-as-consciousness. These positions, in turn, are all deployed as arguments against those of the Buddhist Pramāṇa Theorists, whose views in each of these three areas Somānanda contests.

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Dai, Lingli, Zaixia Liu, Lili Guo, Yuan Chai, Yanda Yang, Yu Wang, Yanfen Ma, Caixia Shi, and Wenguang Zhang. "Multi-Tissue Transcriptome Study of Innate Immune Gene Expression Profiling Reveals Negative Energy Balance Altered the Defense and Promoted System Inflammation of Dairy Cows." Veterinary Sciences 10, no. 2 (February 1, 2023): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10020107.

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Negative energy balance (NEB) during the perinatal period leads to metabolic and immunological disorders in dairy cows, resulting in systemic responses and inflammation. The innate immune system is crucial for the host’s protection and inflammatory response. However, systematic research is still lacking on how NEB affects the innate immune system to alter the ’host defense capability and inflammatory response. In this investigation, raw transcriptome data of adipose, blood, endometrial, hypothalamus, and liver tissues were downloaded from a public database, cleaned, aligned, quantified, and batch-corrected. The innate immune gene list was retrieved from innateDB, followed by the expression matrix of innate immune genes in various tissues for differential expression analysis, principle component analysis (PCA), and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Under the effect of NEB, adipose tissue had the most differentially expressed genes, which were predominantly up-regulated, whereas blood GSEA had the most enriched biological processes, which were predominantly down-regulated. The gene sets shared by different tissues, which are predominantly involved in biological processes associated with defense responses and inflammation, were dramatically down-regulated in endometrial tissues and highly up-regulated in other tissues. Under the impact of NEB, LBP, PTX3, S100A12, and LCN2 play essential roles in metabolism and immunological control. In conclusion, NEB can downregulate the defensive response of innate immune genes in endometrial, upregulate the immune and inflammatory response of other tissues, activate the host defense response, and increase the systemic inflammatory response. The analysis of the effects of NEB on innate immune genes from the multiple tissues analysis provides new insights into the crosstalk between metabolism and immunity and also provides potential molecular targets for disease diagnosis and disease resistance breeding in dairy cows.

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Miles, Murray. "The Idea of Extension: Innate or Adventitious? On R. F. McRae's Interpretation of Descartes." Dialogue 27, no. 1 (1988): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0012217300019442.

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In two separate studies, published some four years apart, Robert McRae has argued the provocative thesis that the idea of extension is not to be numbered among the ideas accounted innate by Descartes, but among the adventitious. He has defended this view despite explicit statements to the contrary by Descartes both in the Correspondence and in the second part of the Principles of Philosophy. Against such evidence McRae has urged the overriding importance of the sixth Meditation, where, he alleges, Descartes asserts “unequivocally… that the idea of extension is produced in us by bodies and is therefore not innate” (147; my emphasis). It is only in the later of the two studies that McRae's reasons for regarding the testimony of the sixth Meditation as authoritative are fully spelt out. Express statements to the contrary “must give away”, he writes, “for the proof of the existence of body by the adventitious idea of it is absolutely crucial to the Meditations” (L 100; my emphasis). In this paper I propose to challenge McRae's interpretation of the extension of the concept “innate idea”, while acknowledging his signal contribution to the clearing up of the intensional meaning, or rather meanings, of the concept of innateness. My thesis is that “extension” is an innate idea, though constraints of time will allow me to do little more than try to show that McRae's stated reasons for rejecting this view are not compelling.

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Mameli, Matteo. "On Innateness." Journal of Philosophy 105, no. 12 (2008): 719–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jphil20081051216.

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Adler, E. M. "Innately Malignant?" Science's STKE 2006, no. 357 (October 10, 2006): tw355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/stke.3572006tw355.

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Adler, E. M. "Innately Allergenic?" Science Signaling 2, no. 56 (February 3, 2009): ec42-ec42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.256ec42.

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Weissmann, Gerald. "Gulliver inNature." Hospital Practice 22, no. 9 (September 15, 1987): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21548331.1987.11703302.

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RISPOLI, MATTHEW. "Rethinking innateness." Journal of Child Language 26, no. 1 (February 1999): 217–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000998213742.

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Review essay on: ELMAN, J., BATES, E., JOHNSON, M., KARMILOFF-SMITH, A., PARISI, D. & PLUNKETT, K. Rethinking innateness: a connectionist perspective on development. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press (1996). Pp. 447.I believe that the field of developmental psycholinguistics suffers from two major weaknesses. The first is its impressionistic and inexact formulations. The second is its divisive polarizations. One can see the reasons for the first weakness. Developmental psycholinguistics is only about 30 years old (ignoring diary studies which preceded the linguistic and cognitive surge of the sixties). But speculation and hypothesizing on the basis of relatively little data and passing acquaintance with phenomena has reached the level of customary ‘business as usual’. We are skilful at hypothesis construction, yet we are regretfully delinquent at formulating clear tests of our hypotheses. We are fond of conjecture about causal relationships, but our empirical tests progress no further than weak forms of correlation.With regard to our second major weakness, our knack for polarizing opinion regarding chimerical questions such as the innateness of language can also be understood. After all, are we not following the classical dialectic model of thesis, antithesis and eventual synthesis? I think this is an idealized view of ourselves. In fact, we are driven by hunch and bias far more often than we would like to admit. Following hunches may be a real sign of creativity and vitality in our thinking. However, polarization driven by biases is ultimately detrimental. At some point we must disentangle ourselves from customary dialogue and transcend our deeply rutted patterns of thought.When I began Rethinking innateness, I had hoped that the book might help us overcome these two weaknesses. I believe that it contributes positively to the goal of increasing the precision of our hypotheses and their empirical substantiation. At the same time, I am afraid that it will have a negative impact by aggravating the degree of polarization in our field.

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Marcus, Gary. "Misrepresentational Innateness." Child Development Perspectives 3, no. 2 (August 2009): 94–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2009.00084.x.

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Crain, Stephen. "Language acquisition in the absence of experience." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14, no. 4 (December 1991): 597–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00071491.

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AbstractA fundamental goal of linguistic theory is to explain how natural languages are acquired. This paper describes some recent findings on how learners acquire syntactic knowledge for which there is little, if any, decisive evidence from the environment. The first section presents several general observations about language acquisition that linguistic theory has tried to explain and discusses the thesis that certain linguistic properties are innate because they appear universally and in the absence of corresponding experience. A third diagnostic for innateness, early emergence, is the focus of the second section of the paper, in which linguistic theory is tested against recent experimental evidence on children's acquisition of syntax.

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Iwata, Naoya. "Plato’s Recollection Argument in the Philebus." Rhizomata 6, no. 2 (November 27, 2018): 189–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rhiz-2018-0009.

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Abstract Many scholars have denied that Plato’s argument about desire at Philebus 34c10–35d7 is related to his recollection arguments in the Meno and Phaedo, because it is concerned only with postnatal experiences of pleasure. This paper argues against their denial by showing that the desire argument in question is intended to prove the soul’s possession of innate memory of pleasure. This innateness interpretation will be supported by a close analysis of the Timaeus, where Plato suggests that our inborn desires for food and drink derive from the primitive experiences of pleasure that have naturally been incorporated into the appetitive part of the soul.

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Procacci, Nicole M., Kelsey M. Allen, Gael E. Robb, Rebecca Ijekah, Hudson Lynam, and Jennifer L. Hoy. "Context-dependent modulation of natural approach behaviour in mice." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1934 (September 2, 2020): 20201189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1189.

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Specific features of visual objects innately draw approach responses in animals, and provide natural signals of potential reward. However, visual sampling behaviours and the detection of salient, rewarding stimuli are context and behavioural state-dependent and it remains unclear how visual perception and orienting responses change with specific expectations. To start to address this question, we employed a virtual stimulus orienting paradigm based on prey capture to quantify the conditional expression of visual stimulus-evoked innate approaches in freely moving mice. We found that specific combinations of stimulus features selectively evoked innate approach or freezing responses when stimuli were unexpected. We discovered that prey capture experience, and therefore the expectation of prey in the environment, selectively modified approach frequency, as well as altered those visual features that evoked approach. Thus, we found that mice exhibit robust and selective orienting responses to parameterized visual stimuli that can be robustly and specifically modified via natural experience. This work provides critical insight into how natural appetitive behaviours are driven by both specific features of visual motion and internal states that alter stimulus salience.

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McDERMOTT, JOSH, and MARC HAUSER. "THE ORIGINS OF MUSIC: INNATENESS, UNIQUENESS, AND EVOLUTION." Music Perception 23, no. 1 (September 1, 2005): 29–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mp.2005.23.1.29.

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THE ORIGINS and adaptive significance of music, long an elusive target, are now active topics of empirical study, with many interesting developments over the past few years. This article reviews research in anthropology, ethnomusicology, developmental and comparative psychology, neuropsychology, and neurophysiology that bears on questions concerning the origins and evolution of music. We focus on the hypothesis that music perception is constrained by innate, possibly human- and musicspecific principles of organization, as these are candidates for evolutionary explanations. We begin by discussing the distinct roles of different fields of inquiry in constraining claims about innateness and adaptation, and then proceed to review the available evidence. Although research on many of these topics is still in its infancy, at present there is converging evidence that a few basic features of music (relative pitch, the importance of the octave, intervals with simple ratios, tonality, and perhaps elementary musical preferences) are determined in part by innate constraints. At present, it is unclear how many of these constraints are uniquely human and specific to music. Many, however, are unlikely to be adaptations for music, but rather are probably side effects of more general-purpose mechanisms. We conclude by reiterating the significance of identifying processes that are innate, unique to humans, and specific to music, and highlight several possible directions for future research.

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Wu, Yin, Fernanda Kyle-Cezar, Richard T. Woolf, Cristina Naceur-Lombardelli, Julie Owen, Dhruva Biswas, Anna Lorenc, et al. "An innate-like Vδ1+ γδ T cell compartment in the human breast is associated with remission in triple-negative breast cancer." Science Translational Medicine 11, no. 513 (October 9, 2019): eaax9364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aax9364.

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Innate-like tissue-resident γδ T cell compartments capable of protecting against carcinogenesis are well established in mice. Conversely, the degree to which they exist in humans, their potential properties, and their contributions to host benefit are mostly unresolved. Here, we demonstrate that healthy human breast harbors a distinct γδ T cell compartment, primarily expressing T cell receptor (TCR) Vδ1 chains, by comparison to Vδ2 chains that predominate in peripheral blood. Breast-resident Vδ1+ cells were functionally skewed toward cytolysis and IFN-γ production, but not IL-17, which has been linked with inflammatory pathologies. Breast-resident Vδ1+ cells could be activated innately via the NKG2D receptor, whereas neighboring CD8+ αβ T cells required TCR signaling. A comparable population of Vδ1+ cells was found in human breast tumors, and when paired tumor and nonmalignant samples from 11 patients with triple-negative breast cancer were analyzed, progression-free and overall survival correlated with Vδ1+ cell representation, but not with either total γδ T cells or Vδ2+ T cells. As expected, progression-free survival also correlated with αβ TCRs. However, whereas in most cases TCRαβ repertoires focused, typical of antigen-specific responses, this was not observed for Vδ1+ cells, consistent with their innate-like responsiveness. Thus, maximal patient benefit may accrue from the collaboration of innate-like responses mounted by tissue-resident Vδ1+ compartments and adaptive responses mounted by αβ T cells.

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Oyama, Susan. "Innate selfishness, innate sociality." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12, no. 4 (December 1989): 717–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00025486.

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WATANABE, Tomohiro, Yoshihisa TSUJI, and Tsutomu CHIBA. "Acute pancreatitis and innate immunity." Suizo 29, no. 1 (2014): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2958/suizo.29.45.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Innatene'

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