Journal articles on the topic 'Injury'
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Bisaccia, Michele, Luigi Piscitelli, Giovanni Colleruoli, Giuseppe Rinonapoli, Cristina Vicente, Gabriele Falzarano, Antonio Medici, Luigi Meccariello, Olga Bisaccia, and Auro Caraffa. "EPIDEMIOLOGY OF INJURIES AND DISEASES DUE TO OVERUSE IN RUGBY: OBSERVATIONAL STUDY OF THE PLAYERS OF “CUS PERUGIA RUGBY”." International Journal of Surgery and Medicine 2, no. 3 (2016): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ijsm.rugby-injury.
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Cassar-Pullicino, Victor N., and Antonio Leone. "Imaging in paediatric spinal injury." Trauma 19, no. 1_suppl (August 30, 2017): 50–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1460408617725781.
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Background Paediatric spinal injury is rare and exhibits many unique features. Attending clinicians and radiologists often lack knowledge, expertise and experience in dealing with a potential injury to the paediatric spine. Within the paediatric age range itself there are different age-dependent mechanisms that can injure the paediatric spine. Moreover, the anatomical features and degree of osseous maturity of the developing paediatric spine determine the biomechanical characteristics which promote unique patterns of spinal injury in each paediatric age group. Methods An expert illustrated narrative review of the literature. Results Multiple factors make the imaging interpretation of the injured paediatric spine challenging. Each imaging modality has strengths and weaknesses in depicting spinal anatomy which vary with the type of spinal injury and age of the paediatric patient. Conclusions Attending doctors need to be familiar with the imaging appearances of the normal paediatric spine, its normal variants as well as the imaging features characteristics of paediatric spinal injury seen on radiographs, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.
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NGUTTER, CRYSTAL, and CATHERINE DONNELLY. "Nitrite-Induced Injury of Listeria monocytogenes and the Effect of Selective Versus Nonselective Recovery Procedures on Its Isolation from Frankfurters." Journal of Food Protection 66, no. 12 (December 1, 2003): 2252–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-66.12.2252.
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Sodium nitrite (NaNO2) is used as a curing agent in frankfurters. Although previous studies have documented the bacteriostatic abilities of NaNO2 toward Listeria monocytogenes, few if any studies have been conducted that consider the possibility of sublethal injury to L. monocytogenes by exposure to NaNO2. The goals of this study were to determine whether NaNO2 has the ability to injure L. monocytogenes, to determine whether nitrite injury is reversible, and to compare the recovery of L. monocytogenes from frankfurters containing nitrite with Listeria repair broth (LRB) and University of Vermont modified Listeria enrichment broth (UVM). NaNO2, when used at concentrations of 100 and 200 ppm, was found to injure L. monocytogenes. The injury was completely reversible, or growth of uninjured Listeria occurred in LRB when injury was between 98.5 and 98.7%. However, total recovery was not observed in LRB when injury exceeded 99%. UVM was unable to reverse the effects of nitrite-injured L. monocytogenes. With respect to time, inoculum, and meat type, LRB was found to be consistently superior to UVM at recovering L. monocytogenes from frankfurters. Nitrite injury might be a factor influencing detection and recovery of L. monocytogenes from frankfurters.
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Porterfield, Dunk, Wesley J. Everman, and John W. Wilcut. "Soybean Response to Residual and In-Season Treatments of Trifloxysulfuron." Weed Technology 20, no. 2 (June 2006): 384–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-05-033r.1.
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Experiments were conducted from 1998 to 2000 at Rocky Mount, NC, in weed-free environments to determine soybean tolerance to preplant (PP) applications of trifloxysulfuron and the potential for trifloxysulfuron applied preemergence (PRE) and postemergence (POST) to cotton to injure soybean grown in rotation the following year. Trifloxysulfuron at 3.75 and 7.5 g ai/ha applied PP 2 wk before seeding injured conventional soybean less than 5%, whereas no injury was observed when seeding was delayed 4 or 6 wk after PP treatment. No injury to sulfonylurea-resistant soybean (SR) was observed for any treatment. Soybean yields were not influenced by trifloxysulfuron treatment. Cotton injury was 7% or less with trifloxysulfuron applied PRE or POST at 3.75 and 7.5 g/ha. Trifloxysulfuron at 15 g/ha PRE or POST injured cotton a maximum of 14 to 18%. Trifloxysulfuron did not reduce cotton lint yields regardless of method or rate of application. Both conventional and SR soybean were not injured nor were yields influenced by trifloxysulfuron applied PRE or POST the previous year to cotton.
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Miotke, Sam, Kathleen S. Romanowski, Tina L. Palmieri, David G. Greenhalgh, and Soman Sen. "626 Causes and Injury Patterns of Elderly Burn Patients." Journal of Burn Care & Research 41, Supplement_1 (March 2020): S158—S159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbcr/iraa024.250.
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Abstract Introduction Older patients are a particularly vulnerable population with respect to burn injuries. The American Burn Association has invested resources in improving burn care and burn prevention within this age group, recognizing the difficulties in both the identification and subsequent modification of risk factors. The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) is maintained by the Consumer Product Safety Commission to surveil for injury trends and is populated with data from a representative group of approximately 100 emergency departments in the United States. This database could serve as a useful tool to evaluate burn injury patterns in elderly patients with an eye toward targeted prevention measures. Methods The NEISS was queried for patients aged 55 years and older with a diagnosis of scald, thermal, chemical, electrical, or unspecified burn injuries for the years 2008 - 2017. Each injury was classified by body part(s) burned, causative product, gender, and age group of patient (55–64, 65–74, 75–84, 85 and older). The ten most commonly burned sites as well as the ten most common causative products were determined for each gender and age group and in aggregate. Weighted estimates from the NEISS data were utilized to calculate injury numbers across the population. Results The most common etiology of burn injuries for all patients aged 55 and older was hot water. Men were most commonly injured by gasoline, a product which did not rank in the top ten for women in any age group. Additionally, within each age group, gasoline was among the top 4 products that was associated with burn injuries in men. Cookware was the second most common cause of burn injury among women aged 55 and older and was the sixth most common cause among men. For women, the combination of cookware and ranges/ovens was among the top 2 products associated with burn injury within each age group. The most commonly injured body part for all patients was the face. This held across most age and gender groupings except for women aged 75 to 84 (upper trunk), and women 85 and older (foot). Men were more likely to injure their hands than women. Conclusions The most common cause of burn injuries in older adults is hot water, and the most common body part affected is the face. Women are more likely to be injured by cookware and ranges/ovens. Men are more likely to be injured secondary to gasoline and are more likely to injure their hands. Applicability of Research to Practice NEISS data could be useful in the development of targeted prevention campaigns, such as focused education about the dangers of hot liquids, cooking, and accelerants.
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Wang, Jing, Mokarram Hossain, Ajitha Thanabalasuriar, Matthias Gunzer, Cynthia Meininger, and Paul Kubes. "Visualizing the function and fate of neutrophils in sterile injury and repair." Science 358, no. 6359 (October 5, 2017): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aam9690.
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Neutrophils have been implicated as harmful cells in a variety of inappropriate inflammatory conditions where they injure the host, leading to the death of the neutrophils and their subsequent phagocytosis by monocytes and macrophages. Here we show that in a fully repairing sterile thermal hepatic injury, neutrophils also penetrate the injury site and perform the critical tasks of dismantling injured vessels and creating channels for new vascular regrowth. Upon completion of these tasks, they neither die at the injury site nor are phagocytosed. Instead, many of these neutrophils reenter the vasculature and have a preprogrammed journey that entails a sojourn in the lungs to up-regulate CXCR4 (C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4) before entering the bone marrow, where they undergo apoptosis.
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Sevick, Johnathan L., Bryan J. Heard, Ian KY Lo, John A. Randle, Cyril B. Frank, Nigel G. Shrive, and Gail M. Thornton. "Are re-injured ligaments equivalent mechanically to injured ligaments: The role of re-injury severity?" Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 232, no. 7 (July 2018): 665–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954411918784088.
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The consequences of ligament re-injury have received limited attention. Although the mechanical properties of injured ligaments improve over time, these properties are never fully recaptured, rendering these injured ligaments susceptible to re-injury. Previous injury is a significant risk factor for recurrent injury, and this re-injury can result in longer absence from activity than the initial injury. A rabbit medial collateral ligament model was used to compare mechanically re-injured right medial collateral ligaments to injured left medial collateral ligaments. Two groups of different re-injury severity were investigated: ‘minor’ re-injury comparing transection re-injured right medial collateral ligaments to transection injured left medial collateral ligaments; ‘major’ re-injury comparing gap re-injured right medial collateral ligaments to transection injured left medial collateral ligaments. Initial injuries for both groups were right medial collateral ligament transections 1 week before re-injury. After 5–6 weeks of healing, mechanical testing was performed to determine (dimensionally) cross-sectional area; (structurally) medial collateral ligament laxity, failure load, and stiffness; and (materially) cyclic creep strain and failure stress. Because we wanted to evaluate whether the mechanical properties of re-injured ligaments were equivalent or, at least, no worse than injured ligaments, we used equivalence/noninferiority testing. This approach evaluates a research hypothesis of equivalence, rather than difference, and determines whether comparisons are ‘statistically equivalent’, ‘noninferior’, or ‘potentially inferior’. Transection re-injured and gap re-injured ligaments were ‘statistically equivalent’ structurally to transection injured ligaments. Transection re-injured ligaments were ‘noninferior’ both materially and dimensionally to transection injured ligaments. Gap re-injured ligaments were ‘potentially inferior’ both materially and dimensionally to transection injured ligaments. Two differences between the re-injuries, which affect healing, may explain the mechanical outcomes: the presence or lack of healing products and the proximity of ligament ends at the time of re-injury. Our findings suggest that (in the short term) there is a severity of re-injury below which there is no additional disadvantage to the healing process, mechanical behaviour, and resulting potential for re-injury.
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Hamm, Robert J., Brian R. Pike, Dianne M. O'Dell, and Bruce G. Lyeth. "Traumatic brain injury enhances the amnesic effect of an NMDA antagonist in rats." Journal of Neurosurgery 81, no. 2 (August 1994): 267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1994.81.2.0267.
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✓ The authors have examined the effect of experimental traumatic brain injury on the amnesia produced by the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist MK-801. Rats were either subjected to a moderate level of fluid-percussion injury or prepared for injury but not injured (“sham injury”). Nine days following injury or sham injury, the rats were injected either with saline (sham/saline group, nine rats; injured/saline group, nine rats) or with 0.1 mg/kg of MK-801 (sham/MK-801 group, nine rats; injured/MK-801 group, eight rats) 30 minutes before being trained on a passive-avoidance task. Twenty-four hours later, the rats were tested for retention of the passive-avoidance task. Results revealed that the low dose of MK-801 did not significantly affect retention of the passive-avoidance task in the sham-injured group. In injured animals, administration of MK-801 produced a profound amnesia in contrast to the sham-injured animals treated with MK-801 and the injured animals treated with saline. To further investigate this enhanced sensitivity to the amnesic effects of MK-801 exhibited by the injured animals, nine injured and eight sham-injured rats were injected with 0.3 mg/kg of MK-801 15 minutes before injury. Results indicated that the animals treated with MK-801 before injury did not significantly differ from the sham-injured animals in retention of the passive-avoidance task. In addition, test results in the animals treated with MK-801 before injury and reinjected with MK-801 before passive-avoidance testing did not differ from those in untreated injured animals reinjected with saline before passive-avoidance testing. These findings indicate that MK-801 treatment before injury prevented the enhanced sensitivity to MK-801-induced amnesia that follows traumatic brain injury.
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Deng, Kangli, Brian M. Balog, Dan Li Lin, Brett Hanzlicek, Qi-Xiang Song, Hui Zhu, and Margot S. Damaser. "Daily bilateral pudendal nerve electrical stimulation improves recovery from stress urinary incontinence." Interface Focus 9, no. 4 (June 14, 2019): 20190020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2019.0020.
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Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in women is strongly associated with childbirth which injures the pudendal nerve (PN) and the external urethral sphincter (EUS) during delivery. Electrical stimulation (ES) can increase brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in injured neurons, activate Schwann cells and promote neuroregeneration after nerve injury. The aim of this study was to determine if more frequent ES would increase recovery from SUI in a rat model. Forty female Sprague–Dawley rats underwent either sham injury or pudendal nerve crush (PNC) and vaginal distention (VD) to establish SUI. Immediately after injury, electrodes were implanted at the pudendal nerve bilaterally. Each injured animal underwent sham ES, twice per week ES (2/week), or daily ES of 1 h duration for two weeks. Urethral and nerve function were assessed with leak point pressure (LPP), EUS electromyography and pudendal nerve sensory branch potential (PNSBP) recordings two weeks after injury. LPP was significantly increased after daily ES compared to 2/week ES. EUS neuromuscular junction innervation was decreased after injury with sham ES, but improved after 2/week or daily ES. This study demonstrates that daily bilateral ES to the pudendal nerve can accelerate recovery from SUI. Daily ES improved urethral function more than 2/week ES.
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Samtani, Jayesh B., John B. Masiunas, and James E. Appleby. "White Oak and Northern Red Oak Leaf Injury from Exposure to Chloroacetanilide Herbicides." HortScience 45, no. 4 (April 2010): 696–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.4.696.
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Previous research by the authors found simulated acetochlor (with atrazine) and s-metolachlor drift to white oak at the leaf unfolding stage caused loss of interveinal tissues (leaf tatters). Reports of leaf tatters in the landscape and nursery settings are more common on white oak (Quercus alba L.) than on northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.). Our objectives were to determine if white and northern red oak differed in susceptibility to chloroacetanilide herbicides, if injury varied between chloroacetanilide herbicides, and if adding atrazine increased leaf injury. Two-year-old seedlings at the leaf unfolding stage were treated with acetochlor, s-metolachlor, and dimethenamid-P alone or combined with atrazine at 1%, 10%, and 25% of the standard field use rate. Within 6 days, all chloroacetanilides at 10% and 25% field use rates, alone or combined with atrazine, caused leaf tatter injury in both species. Acetochlor, s-metolachlor, and dimethenamid-P caused a similar type of leaf injury. Atrazine did not cause loss of leaf tissues or increase injury from chloroacetanilides. At 1% field use rate, only acetochlor, acetochlor + atrazine, and dimethenamid-P caused leaf injury to northern red oaks. The white oaks were not injured by all of the chloroacetanilide treatments at 1% field use rate. The northern red oaks were slightly more susceptible to chloroacetanilides compared with the white oaks. A second study found acetochlor only injured northern red oak when applied at the leaf unfolding stage and only at 25% of field use rate. Acetochlor at 1% field use rate did not injure red oak. Research is needed to explain the greater frequency of leaf tatters on white oaks than on northern red oaks in the landscape and to develop strategies to avoid tree injury.
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Brophy, Robert H., Edward M. Wojtys, Christina D. Mack, Kalyani Hawaldar, Mackenzie M. Herzog, and Brett D. Owens. "Factors Associated With the Mechanism of ACL Tears in the National Football League: A Video-Based Analysis." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 232596712110533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259671211053301.
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Background: The factors associated with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury mechanism in professional American football players are not well-understood. Hypothesis: It was hypothesized that football-related and player-specific factors, such as position and body mass index (BMI), are associated with ACL injury mechanism in these athletes. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Videos of ACL tears occurring in National Football League (NFL) games over 6 consecutive seasons from 2014 to 2019 were reviewed by 2 orthopaedic surgeons who specialize in sports medicine. For each injury, the role of contact ( direct contact [contact to the injured knee/lower extremity], indirect contact [contact not involving the injured knee/lower extremity], or no contact) as well as playing situation and lower extremity position were recorded. Additional player characteristics, timing of injury, and surface information were obtained from NFL game-day and injury database statistics. Results: Of the 140 ACL tears, a minority occurred via direct contact to the injured lower extremity (30%), although this varied by position. Just over two-thirds (70%) of ACL tears in offensive linemen occurred via direct contact to the injured lower extremity, while wide receivers had no direct contact ACL tears. Elevated BMI was associated with a greater likelihood of ACL tears occurring via direct contact (53% in players with BMI ≥35 kg/m2 vs 24% in players with BMI <35 kg/m2; P = <.01). Rookies had the lowest percentage of direct contact ACL tears (18%; P = .22). ACL tears that occurred during the middle 8 weeks of the regular season resulted more often from direct contact (38%; P = .06). ACL tears that occurred in the third quarter were the most likely to occur via direct contact (44%), while those that occurred in the fourth quarter were the least likely to occur via direct contact (13%; P < .01). Conclusion: Although most NFL players sustained ACL tears via a noncontact mechanism (ie, through indirect or no contact), players with an elevated BMI, especially on the offensive line, were more likely to injure their ACL through direct contact. Position-dependent variance in injury mechanism may help guide injury prevention efforts in these athletes.
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Madrigal, Leilani, Katherine Wurst, and Diane L. Gill. "The Role of Mental Toughness in Coping and Injury Response in Female Roller Derby and Rugby Athletes." Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 10, no. 2 (June 2016): 137–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2015-0021.
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In this study, we explored mental toughness, injury response, and coping among female athletes in roller derby (n = 68) and collegiate rugby (n = 122). Participants completed a survey with measures of mental toughness, hardiness, optimism, coping with injury and psychological response to injury, as well as questions regarding injury status. Injured roller derby players had a more negative response to injury than injured rugby players, but did not differ on mental toughness. Mental toughness was related to approach styles of coping and negatively related to adverse psychological responses to injury. Rugby players who would play through injury reported higher mental toughness than those who would not play through injury; however, the reverse was found for roller derby players. Mental toughness is related to adaptive coping and positive injury response, but also to engaging in activity when injured, with potential detrimental effects.
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Rector, Lucas S., Kara B. Pittman, Shawn C. Beam, Kevin W. Bamber, Charles W. Cahoon, William H. Frame, and Michael L. Flessner. "Herbicide carryover to various fall-planted cover crop species." Weed Technology 34, no. 1 (August 22, 2019): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2019.79.
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AbstractResidual herbicides applied to summer cash crops have the potential to injure subsequent winter annual cover crops, yet little information is available to guide growers’ choices. Field studies were conducted in 2016 and 2017 in Blacksburg and Suffolk, Virginia, to determine carryover of 30 herbicides commonly used in corn, soybean, or cotton on wheat, barley, cereal rye, oats, annual ryegrass, forage radish, Austrian winter pea, crimson clover, hairy vetch, and rapeseed cover crops. Herbicides were applied to bare ground either 14 wk before cover crop planting for a PRE timing or 10 wk for a POST timing. Visible injury was recorded 3 and 6 wk after planting (WAP), and cover crop biomass was collected 6 WAP. There were no differences observed in cover crop biomass among herbicide treatments, despite visible injury that suggested some residual herbicides have the potential to effect cover crop establishment. Visible injury on grass cover crop species did not exceed 20% from any herbicide. Fomesafen resulted in the greatest injury recorded on forage radish, with greater than 50% injury in 1 site-year. Trifloxysulfuron and atrazine resulted in greater than 20% visible injury on forage radish. Trifloxysulfuron resulted in the greatest injury (30%) observed on crimson clover in 1 site-year. Prosulfuron and isoxaflutole significantly injured rapeseed (17% to 21%). Results indicate that commonly used residual herbicides applied in the previous cash crop growing season result in little injury on grass cover crop species, and only a few residual herbicides could potentially affect the establishment of a forage radish, crimson clover, or rapeseed cover crop.
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Aune, Kyle T., and Joseph M. Powers. "Injuries in an Extreme Conditioning Program." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 9, no. 1 (October 21, 2016): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738116674895.
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Background: Extreme conditioning programs (ECPs) are fitness training regimens relying on aerobic, plyometric, and resistance training exercises, often with high levels of intensity for a short duration of time. These programs have grown rapidly in popularity in recent years, but science describing the safety profile of these programs is lacking. Hypothesis: The rate of injury in the extreme conditioning program is greater than the injury rate of weightlifting and the majority of injuries occur to the shoulder and back. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Methods: This is a retrospective survey of injuries reported by athletes participating in an ECP. An injury survey was sent to 1100 members of Iron Tribe Fitness, a gym franchise with 5 locations across Birmingham, Alabama, that employs exercises consistent with an ECP in this study. An injury was defined as a physical condition resulting from ECP participation that caused the athlete to either seek medical treatment, take time off from exercising, or make modifications to his or her technique to continue. Results: A total of 247 athletes (22%) completed the survey. The majority (57%) of athletes were male (n = 139), and 94% of athletes were white (n = 227). The mean age of athletes was 38.9 years (±8.9 years). Athletes reported participation in the ECP for, on average, 3.6 hours per week (± 1.2 hours). Eighty-five athletes (34%) reported that they had sustained an injury while participating in the ECP. A total of 132 injuries were recorded, yielding an estimated incidence of 2.71 per 1000 hours. The shoulder or upper arm was the most commonly injured body site, accounting for 38 injuries (15% of athletes). Athletes with a previous shoulder injury were 8.1 times as likely to injure their shoulder in the ECP compared with athletes with healthy shoulders. The trunk, back, head, or neck (n = 29, 12%) and the leg or knee (n = 29, 12%) were the second most commonly injured sites. The injury incidence rate among athletes with <6 months of experience in the ECP was 2.5 times greater than that of more experienced athletes (≥6 months of experience). Of the 132 injuries, 23 (17%) required surgical intervention. Squat cleans, ring dips, overhead squats, and push presses were more likely to cause injury. Athletes reported that 35% of injuries were due to overexertion and 20% were due to improper technique. Conclusion: The estimated injury rate among athletes participating in this ECP was similar to the rate of injury in weightlifting and most other recreational activities. The shoulder or upper arm was the most commonly injured area, and previous shoulder injury predisposed to new shoulder injury. New athletes are at considerable risk of injury compared with more experienced athletes. Clinical Relevance: Extreme conditioning programs are growing in popularity, and there is disagreement between science and anecdotal reports from athletes, coaches, and physicians about their relative safety. This study estimates the incidence of injury in extreme conditioning programs, which appears to be similar to other weight-training programs.
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Jordan, David L., Daniel B. Reynolds, and Stephen H. Crawford. "Rice (Oryza sativa) Response to Soil Residues of Selected Herbicides." Weed Technology 11, no. 2 (June 1997): 379–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00043104.
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The potential of alachlor, SAN 582H (Proposed name, dimethenamid), chlorimuron plus metribuzin, clomazone, imazaquin, imazethapyr, metolachlor, sulfentrazone, and trifluralin plus flumetsulam to injure rice the year following application to soybean was evaluated on silty clay and silt loam soils in Louisiana. These herbicides did not cause rice injury or yield reduction. Rice tolerance of the amine salt of 2,4-D or thifensulfuron plus tribenuron applied 0, 7, 14, and 28 d prior to planting was also evaluated on these soils. The amine salt of 2,4-D at 1.1 kg ai/ha injured rice 43 and 52% on silty clay and silt loam soils, respectively, in 1994 when applied the day of planting. In 1995, injury was 78 and 88% on these respective soils at this timing. When applied 7 d or more before planting, 2,4-D amine injured rice in one of four trials. Thifensulfuron plus tribenuron (17 + 9 g ai/ha) injured rice in one of four trials when applied the day of planting, but did not injure rice when applied 7 d before planting. No visual rice injury was observed when 2,4-D amine or thifensulfuron plus tribenuron was applied 14 or 28 d before planting. Rice grain yield was not affected by thifensulfuron plus tribenuron regardless of the interval between application and rice planting. In contrast, rice grain yield was reduced in all trials when 2,4-D amine was applied on the day of planting, and in one of four trials when applied 7 or 14 d before planting.
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Brown, Benjamin P., and Julie Chor. "Adding Injury to Injury." Obstetrics & Gynecology 123, no. 6 (June 2014): 1348–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aog.0000000000000265.
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Fine, Sylvia. "Adding Injury to Injury." Obstetrics & Gynecology 124, no. 3 (September 2014): 636. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aog.0000000000000441.
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Toida, Chiaki, Takashi Muguruma, Masayasu Gakumazawa, Mafumi Shinohara, Takeru Abe, and Ichiro Takeuchi. "Ten-year in-hospital mortality trends among Japanese injured patients by age, injury severity, injury mechanism, and injury region: A nationwide observational study." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 22, 2022): e0272573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272573.
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The Injury Severity Score (ISS) is widely used in trauma research worldwide. An ISS cutoff value of ≥16 is frequently used as the definition of severe injury in Japan. The mortality of patients with ISS ≥16 has decreased in recent years, owing to the developing the trauma care system. This study aimed to analyze the prevalence, in-hospital mortality, and odds ratio (OR) for mortality in Japanese injured patients by age, injury mechanism, injury region, and injury severity over 10 years. This study used the Japan Trauma Data Bank (JTDB) dataset, which included 315,614 patients registered between 2009 and 2018. 209,290 injured patients were utilized. This study evaluated 10-year trends of the prevalence and in-hospital mortality and risk factors associated with in-hospital mortality. The overall in-hospital mortality was 10.5%. During the 10-year study period in Japan, the mortality trend among all injured patient groups with ISS 0–15, 16–25, and ≥26 showed significant decreases (p <0.001). Moreover, the mortality risk of patients with ISS ≥26 was significantly higher than that of patients with ISS 0–15 and 16–25 (p <0.001, OR = 0.05 and p<0.001, OR = 0.22). If we define injured patients who are expected to have a mortality rate of 20% or more as severely injured, it may be necessary to change the injury severity definition according to reduction of trauma mortality as ISS cutoff values to ≥26 instead of ≥16. From 2009 to 2018, the in-hospital mortality trend among all injured patient groups with ISS 0–15, 16–25, and ≥26 showed significant decreases in Japan. Differences were noted in mortality trends and risks according to anatomical injury severity.
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Burke, Aoife, Sarah Dillon, Siobhán O’Connor, Enda F. Whyte, Shane Gore, and Kieran A. Moran. "Comparison of impact accelerations between injury-resistant and recently injured recreational runners." PLOS ONE 17, no. 9 (September 9, 2022): e0273716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273716.
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Introduction/Purpose Previous injury has consistently been shown to be one of the greatest risk factors for running-related injuries (RRIs). Runners returning to participation following injury may still demonstrate injury-related mechanics (e.g. repetitive high impact loading), potentially exposing them to further injuries. The aim of this study was to determine if the magnitude (Peakaccel) and rate of loading (Rateaccel) at the tibia and sacrum differ between runners who have never been injured, those who have acquired injury resistance (runners who have not been injured in the past 2 years) and those who have been recently injured (RRI sustained 3–12 months ago). Methods Runners completed an online survey capturing details of their RRI history over the previous 2 years. Never injured runners were matched by sex, quarterly annual mileage and typical training speed to runners who had acquired injury resistance and to runners who had been recently injured. Differences in Peakaccel and Rateaccel of the tibia and sacrum were assessed between the three groups during a treadmill run at a set speed, with consideration for sex. Results A total of 147 runners made up the three injury status groups (n: 49 per group). There was a significant main effect of injury status for Peakaccel and Rateaccel at the sacrum, with recently injured runners demonstrating significantly greater Rateaccel than never injured and acquired injury resistant runners. There was also a significant main effect for sex, with females demonstrating greater tibial Peakaccel, sacrum Peakaccel and Rateaccel than males. Conclusion Rateaccel at the sacrum distinguishes recently injured runners from never injured runners and runners who may have acquired injury resistance, potentially highlighting poor impact acceleration attenuation in recently injured runners.
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Barden, Cynthia L., and Larry A. Hull. "Storage Quality of Apples following Natural and Artificial Tufted Apple Bud Moth Feeding Injury." HortScience 33, no. 5 (August 1998): 872–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.5.872.
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`Golden Delicious', `Delicious', and `York Imperial' apples (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) with various amounts of tufted apple bud moth (TABM) [Platynota idaeusalis (Walker)] feeding injury were evaluated for quality at harvest and following storage in air and controlled atmosphere. In addition, apples were artificially injured during two seasons to mimic TABM feeding injury. There was little or no effect of natural TABM injury on the quality of apples in many experiments. At harvest, firmness was not influenced by natural TABM injury, soluble solids concentration (SSC) was increased in three of 11 experiments, and starch levels decreased in two of 11 experiments. These results indicate a slight advancement of maturity of injured fruit. More severely injured fruit tended to have more decay after storage than fruit with less injury. Some injury, especially first brood injury, up to ≈7 to 10 mm2 surface damage, can be tolerated without compromising storage quality of processing apples. However, severe injury (>79 mm2) can increase decay. Second brood injury, whether caused by natural feeding of TABM or through artificial means, usually caused a higher incidence of decay than first brood injury. Artificial injury imposed close to harvest led to more decay in storage than did similar injury imposed earlier.
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Sullivan, Patrick J. "Allowing harm because we care: Self-injury and harm minimisation." Clinical Ethics 13, no. 2 (January 10, 2018): 88–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477750917749953.
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Harm minimisation has been proposed as a means of supporting people who self-injure. When adopting this approach, rather than trying to stop self-injury immediately the person is allowed to injure safely whilst developing more appropriate ways of dealing with distress. The approach is controversial as the health care professional actively allows harm to occur. This paper will consider a specific objection to harm minimisation. That is, it is a misguided collaboration between the health care professional and the person who self-injures that is morally and clinically questionable. The objection has two components. The first component is moral in nature and asserts that the health care professional is complicit in any harm that occurs and as a result they can be held morally responsible and subject to moral blame. The second component is clinical in nature and suggests that harm minimisation involves the health care professional in colluding in the perpetuation of self-injury. This element of the objection is based on a psychodynamic understanding of why self-injury occurs and it is argued that harm minimisation is merely a mechanism for avoiding thinking about the psychotherapeutic issues that need to be addressed. Thus, the health care professional merely reinforces a dysfunctional pattern of behaviour and supports the perpetuation of self-injury. I will consider this objection and argue that it fails on both counts. I conclude that the use of harm minimisation techniques is an appropriate form of intervention that is helpful to certain individuals in some situations.
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Asada, Yujiro, Seiichiro Hara, Atsushi Tsuneyoshi, Kinta Hatakeyama, Atsushi Kisanuki, Kousuke Marutsuka, Yuichiro Sato, Yu-ichi Kamikubo, and Akinobu Sumiyoshi. "Fibrin-Rich and Platelet-Rich Thrombus Formation on Neointima: Recombinant Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor Prevents Fibrin Formation and Neointimal Development following Repeated Balloon Injury of Rabbit Aorta." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 80, no. 09 (1998): 506–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1615237.
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SummaryThrombus formation and neointimal growth are the critical events in restenosis after balloon angioplasty. However, the responses of diseased vessels to injuries caused by balloon angioplasty have not been well examined. We investigated the thrombus formation and neointimal development following the balloon injury to the previously induced neointima in the rabbit aorta and the effects of recombinant tissue factor pathway inhibitor (rTFPI) on these responses. Rabbit thoracic aortas were subjected to injury with a Fogarty 4F balloon catheter at 1.75 atm (first injury), and 4 weeks later the same vessels were subjected to the second injury with a Swan-Ganz 5F balloon catheter at 1.4 atm (mild-injury group) or 1.8 atm (severe-injury group), and immediately after that a retrograde bolus injection of rTFPI (100 μg/kg body weight) or saline was performed into the injured segments via the central tube of the Swan-Ganz catheter. Twenty minutes after the second injury, the injured surfaces were covered with platelet-rich thrombi in the mild-injury group and with fibrin-rich thrombi in the severe-injury group. Damaged intimal smooth muscle cells, which were immunohistochemically positive for tissue factor (TF), were observed beneath the fibrin-rich thrombi. The neointima 4 weeks after the second injury was significantly thicker in the severe-injury group than in the mild-injury group. The bolus infusion of rTFPI markedly inhibited fibrin formation on the injured surfaces, and significantly reduced the neointimal development in the severe-injury group at 4 weeks after the second injury. These results indicate that TF-dependent coagulation pathway is primarily responsible for fibrin-rich thrombus formation and may play an important role in neointimal development following the balloon injury to the rabbit aortic neointima. Additionally the bolus administration of rTFPI to the injured vessels could prevent mural thrombus formation and neointimal growth after balloon angioplasty.
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Matsuura, Yuiko, Mika Hangai, Keisuke Koizumi, Koji Ueno, Norimasa Hirai, Hiroshi Akuzawa, and Koji Kaneoka. "Injury trend analysis in the Japan national swim team from 2002 to 2016: effect of the lumbar injury prevention project." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 5, no. 1 (November 2019): e000615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000615.
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ObjectivesThis study aimed to clarify the trends of injury occurrence in the Japan national swim team for 15 years and to evaluate the effectiveness of the lumbar injury prevention project. It also aimed to verify the incidence of swimming-related injuries among swimmers by sex, age and swimming style.MethodsThe target group comprised 488 swimmers who participated in the Olympics, Asian Games and Universiade from 2002 to 2016; we compiled data for the total number of injuries in each body part. The lumbar injury prevention project started in 2008 and included two components (deep trunk muscle exercises and evaluation of lumbar disc degeneration using MRI). We analysed the prevalence of lumbar injury before (2002–2008) and after (2009–2016) implementation of the lumbar injury prevention project by χ2 test. We compared age, sex and swim strokes between the injured and non-injured groups by χ2 test and unpaired t-test.ResultsThe most common injury site was the lower back, followed by the shoulder and knee. The lumbar injury prevalence was significantly lower after implementation of the prevention project (23.5% vs 14.8%; p<0.05). Shoulder injuries were common in backstroke swimmers. The injury rate was significantly higher in female than in male swimmers. The injured group was significantly older than the non-injured group.ConclusionsLumbar injury prevention intervention might be effective to prevent lower back injury in swimmers. Injury risk factors included female and old age; younger female athletes should prevent the development of injuries as they mature.
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Sutherland, G. R., A. L. Amacher, W. J. Sibbald, and A. L. Driedger. "Heart injury in head-injured adolescents." Child's Nervous System 1, no. 4 (October 1985): 219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00270766.
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Harmoney, Keith R., Phillip W. Stahlman, Patrick W. Geier, and Robert Rupp. "Effects of a New Herbicide (Aminocyclopyrachlor) on Buffalograss and Forbs in Shortgrass Prairie." Weed Technology 26, no. 3 (September 2012): 455–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-11-00126.1.
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Herbicides used to control many forb species in pastures may injure desirable native grass species. Buffalograss, a major component of shortgrass rangeland, often is injured by some growth regulator herbicides, such as 2,4-D and dicamba. Aminocyclopyrachlor (formerly known as DPX-MAT28 and herein termed ACPCR), a new synthetic auxin herbicide chemistry for control of broadleaf weeds, was investigated for injury to buffalograss and control of forbs in shortgrass prairie at varying rates of application. In the season of application, ACPCR at rates of 140 g ai ha−1or less caused buffalograss injury that was either negligible or short-lived, and visual estimates of grass injury were 8% or less at the end of the growing season. At ACPCR rates of 280 g ha−1, more injury was evident at 3 wk after treatment (WAT) than at the end of the season if adequate precipitation was available for new leaf growth. When precipitation was lacking, evidence of injury persisted through to the end of the season when treated at the greatest rate of ACPCR. Buffalograss injury was mainly in the form of browned leaf tips, but total buffalograss dry matter yield was not different between any treatments in either year. The year after treatment, no buffalograss injury was evident from any of the herbicide rates. Final forb control was 97% or greater each year for ACPCR at the 140 and 280 g ha−1rates. In this experiment, rates as low as ACPCR at 140 g ha−1provided excellent forb control and maintained buffalograss productivity.
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Derr, Jeffrey F., and Bonnie Lee Appleton. "Phytotoxicity and Yellow Nutsedge Control in Azalea and Liriope with Basagran (bentazon)." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 7, no. 3 (September 1, 1989): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-7.3.91.
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Abstract Tolerance of eight azalea cultivars and three liriope cultivars to two broadcast applications of Basagran at 1.1 and 2.2 kg/ha (1.0 and 2.0 lb/A) was determined in container studies. No injury was observed on azalea cultivars ‘Rosebud’, ‘Tradition’, ‘Delaware Valley White’ or ‘Elsie Lee’ 40 days after the second application of Basagran at 2.2 kg ai/ha (2.0 lb/A) plus crop oil. This treatment injured ‘Hershey's Red’ and ‘Girard's Rose’, but two applications of Basagran at 2.2 kg/ha applied alone or at 1.1 kg/ha (1.0 lb/A) with or without crop oil did not injure these two varieties. Slight injury (16%) was observed on ‘Corsage’ 20 days after the second application of Basagran at 1.1 kg/ha (1.0 lb/A), although no injury was seen with other treatments. Greater injury (22 to 35%) occurred to ‘Pleasant White’ 20 days after treatment when Basagran was applied twice at 1.1 or 2.2 kg/ha (1.0 or 2.0 lb/A) with or without crop oil. Injury to all azalea cultivars decreased with time, with no injury apparent 70 days after treatment. Greater injury (22 to 27%) was observed in variegated than green liriope or Liriope spicata (8 to 13%) 20 days after the second application of Basagran at 1.1 or 2.2 kg/ha (1.0 or 2.0 lb/A) with or without crop oil. Addition of crop oil improved the control of yellow nutsedge with Basagran at 1.1 or 2.2 kg/ha (1.0 or 2.0 lb/A).
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Curran, William S., Ellery L. Knake, and Rex A. Liebl. "Corn (Zea mays) Injury Following Use of Clomazone, Chlorimuron, Imazaquin, and Imazethapyr." Weed Technology 5, no. 3 (September 1991): 539–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00027299.
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This study examined the response of corn to clomazone, chlorimuron, imazaquin, and imazethapyr the year following their application to soybeans. Herbicides were surface-applied from one-half to three times the labeled application rates. Soybeans were planted the year of application and crop tolerance was evaluated. Corn was planted in rotation the following season. Soybeans were tolerant of all four herbicides. The highest rates of clomazone, chlorimuron, and imazaquin injured the corn early in the season. Imazethapyr did not influence corn growth. Visual estimates of clomazone injury were as high as 39% chlorosis. Seedling dry weight reductions at the highest chlorimuron and imazaquin rates were 32% and 24%, respectively. Although corn was injured by higher rates of clomazone, imazaquin, and chlorimuron at the 3-leaf stage, none of the herbicides significantly reduced grain yield. This study suggests that these herbicides can carry over and injure corn, especially if labeled application rates are exceeded. However, low to moderate early season injury to corn may not affect grain yield.
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Winter, Sara C., Susan Gordon, Sara M. Brice, Daniel Lindsay, and Sue Barrs. "A Multifactorial Approach to Overuse Running Injuries: A 1-Year Prospective Study." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 12, no. 3 (January 29, 2020): 296–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738119888504.
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Background: Because of the complex and multifaceted nature of running injuries, a multifactorial approach when investigating running injuries is required. Hypothesis: Compared with uninjured runners, injured runners would exhibit different running biomechanics, display more fatigue changes, and would run a greater weekly running volume; more injured runners would also report having a previous injury. Study Design: Prospective cohort study. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Methods: At commencement of the study, data were collected on demographics, anthropometrics, training history, previous injury history, and center-of-mass accelerations during a long-distance overground run. Participants completed weekly training diaries and were monitored for 1 year for an injury. Results: A total of 76 runners completed the study, with 39 (22 male; 17 female) reporting an injury. Compared with male uninjured runners, male injured runners were heavier and ran a greater weekly distance. Male runners (injured and uninjured) exhibited increases in mediolateral center-of-mass accelerations during the run. Compared with female uninjured runners, female injured runners were heavier, ran with longer flight times and lower step frequencies, and more of them had reported an injury in the previous year and had increased speed training in the weeks prior to injury. Over 60% of male injured runners and over 50% of female injured runners had increased their weekly running distance by >30% between consecutive weeks at least once in the 4 weeks prior to injury. Conclusion: Factors that may be related to injury for male runners include being heavier, running a greater weekly distance, and exhibiting fatigue changes in mediolateral center-of-mass accelerations. Factors that may be related to injury for female runners include being heavier, having an injury in the previous year, running with longer flight times and lower step frequencies, and increasing speed training prior to injury. Increases in weekly running distance in 1 consecutive week (particularly >30%) needs to be monitored in training, and this along with the other factors found may have contributed to injury development. Clinical Relevance: This study found that multiple factors are related to running injuries and that some factors are sex specific. The findings can aid in injury prevention and management.
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Thompson, Paul G., Boyett Graves, and John C. Schneider. "Sweetpotato Weevil Resistance to Stem and Root Injury Sweetpotato Plant Introductions." HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 499A—499. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.499a.
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The sweetpotato weevil is the most-destructive worldwide pest of sweetpotato and only low to moderate levels of resistance to the insect are available in acceptable cultivars. No sources of high resistance levels have been identified; consequently, there is a need to identify additional sources of resistance genes to develop high resistance levels. To begin a search for sources of resistance, plant introductions were evaluated for injury levels. In 1993, 100 plant introductions were evaluated for sweetpotato weevil injury and 62 of the least injured were tested again in 1994. In 1995, 36 of the least injured in 1993 and 1994, plus 24 additional PIs were evaluated. Control cultivars included `Regal', moderately resistant; `Jewel', intermediate; and `Beauregard' and `Centennial', susceptible. Measurements of injury were percentage of roots injured, and, stem and root injury scores based on a 0–5 scale, with 0 being no injury. First year results indicated that a low level of resistance to stem injury is available in the PIs tested. Stem injury was more severe in the following year and no differences were found. Lower weevil populations will be required to screen for low levels of stem injury resistance. Percentage injured roots and root injury scores were lower over the 3 years for five PIs than for `Regal'.
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Yamamoto, Tatsuo, and Yoshihiko Sakashita. "Differential Effects of Intrathecally Administered Morphine and Its Interaction with Cholecystokinin-B Antagonist on Thermal Hyperalgesia following Two Models of Experimental Mononeuropathy in the Rat." Anesthesiology 90, no. 5 (May 1, 1999): 1382–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199905000-00023.
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Background Cholecystokinin-B receptor activation has been reported to reduce morphine analgesia. Neuropathic pain is thought to be relatively refractory to opioids. One possible mechanisms for a reduced effect of morphine on neuropathic pain is the induction of cholecystokinin in the spinal cord by nerve injury. The authors evaluated the role of the spinal cholecystokinin-B receptor on morphine analgesia in two rat neuropathic pain models: chronic constriction injury and partial sciatic nerve injury. Methods A chronic constriction injury is created by placing four loosely tied ligatures around the right sciatic nerve. A partial sciatic nerve injury was created by tight ligation of one third to one half of the right sciatic nerve. All drugs were injected intrathecally 7 and 11 days after the nerve injury. The effect of the drugs was reflected in the degree of paw withdrawal latency to thermal nociceptive stimulation. The paw withdrawal latencies of injured and uninjured paws were measured 5, 15, 30, and 60 min after the drugs were injected. Results In the chronic constriction injury model, intrathecal morphine increased the paw withdrawal latencies of injured and uninjured paws. PD135158, a cholecystokinin-B receptor antagonist, potentiated the analgesic effect of morphine on injured and uninjured paws. In the partial sciatic nerve injury model, the effect of morphine on the injured paw was less potent than that on the uninjured paw, and PD135158 potentiated the morphine analgesia in the uninjured paw and had only a minor effect on the morphine analgesia in the injured paw. Conclusions The effectiveness of morphine for thermal hyperalgesia after nerve injury depends on the type of nerve injury. The role of the cholecystokinin-B receptor in morphine analgesia in thermal hyperalgesia after nerve injury also depends on the type of nerve injury.
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Asfaw, Abay, and Leslie I. Boden. "Impact of workplace injury on opioid dependence, abuse, illicit use and overdose: a 36-month retrospective study of insurance claims." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 77, no. 9 (April 24, 2020): 648–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2020-106535.
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ObjectivesTo examine the impact of workplace injury on opioid dependence, abuse and overdose (opioid-related morbidity) and if severity of injury increases the hazard of these health effects.MethodsWe used MarketScan databases to follow injured and propensity score matched non-injured workers, both without prior opioid-related diagnoses. Using a Cox proportional hazard model, we examined the impact of workplace injury on opioid-related morbidity.ResultsThe hazard of opioid-related morbidity for injured workers was 1.79 times than that of matched non-injured workers (95% CI 1.89 to 3.60). For medical-only and lost-time injured workers, it was respectively 1.54 (95% CI 1.02 to 2.32) and 2.91 (95% CI 1.75 to 4.84) times that of non-injured workers.ConclusionsReducing workplace injury or severity of workplace injury, as well as efforts to ensure appropriate opioid prescribing for injured workers, may help to reduce the societal costs of opioid use.
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Andrianov, Viacheslav V., Vladimir A. Kulchitsky, Guzel G. Yafarova, Leah V. Bazan, Tatiana K. Bogodvid, Irina B. Deryabina, Lyudmila N. Muranova, et al. "Investigation of NO Role in Neural Tissue in Brain and Spinal Cord Injury." Molecules 28, no. 21 (October 31, 2023): 7359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28217359.
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Nitric oxide (NO) production in injured and intact brain regions was compared by EPR spectroscopy in a model of brain and spinal cord injury in Wistar rats. The precentral gyrus of the brain was injured, followed by the spinal cord at the level of the first lumbar vertebra. Seven days after brain injury, a reduction in NO content of 84% in injured brain regions and 66% in intact brain regions was found. The difference in NO production in injured and uninjured brain regions persisted 7 days after injury. The copper content in the brain remained unchanged one week after modeling of brain and spinal cord injury. The data obtained in the experiments help to explain the problems in the therapy of patients with combined brain injury.
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Nordin-Bates, Sanna M., Imogen J. Walker, Jo Baker, Jocelyn Garner, Cinzia Hardy, Sarah Irvine, Corinne Jola, Helen Laws, and Peta Blevins. "Injury, Imagery, and Self-esteem in Dance." Journal of Dance Medicine & Science 15, no. 2 (June 2011): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1089313x1101500204.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate a selection of psychological variables (help-seeking behaviors, mental imagery, self-esteem) in relation to injury among UK dancers. We recruited 216 participants from eight dance styles and six levels of involvement. It was found that 83.5% of the participants had experienced at least one injury in the past year. The most common response to injury was to inform someone, and most continued to dance when injured, albeit carefully. Physical therapy was the most common treatment sought when an injury occurred (38.1%), and dancers seemed to follow recommendations offered. Injured and non-injured dancers did not differ in their imagery frequencies (facilitative, debilitative, or injury-related) and scored similarly (and relatively high) in self-esteem. Neither facilitative nor debilitative imagery was correlated with self-esteem, but dancers who engaged in more facilitative imagery in general also reported doing so when injured. Altogether, it appears that injury is not related to dancers’ self-esteem or imagery, at least not when injuries are mild or moderate. Even so, such conclusions should be made with caution, given that most dancers do sustain at least one injury each year.
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Mitchell, Rebecca J., Kate Curtis, and Kim Foster. "A 10-year review of child injury hospitalisations, health outcomes and treatment costs in Australia." Injury Prevention 24, no. 5 (July 27, 2017): 344–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2017-042451.
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BackgroundChildhood injury is a leading cause of hospitalisation, yet there has been no comprehensive examination of child injury and survival over time in Australia. To examine the characteristics, temporal trend and survival for children who were hospitalised as a result of injury in Australia.MethodA retrospective examination of linked hospitalisation and mortality data for injured children aged 16 years or less during 1 July 2001 to 30 June 2012. Negative binomial regression examined change in injury hospitalisation trends. Cox proportional hazard regression examined the association of risk factors on 30-day survival.ResultsThere were 6 86 409 injury hospitalisations, with an age-standardised rate of 1489 per 1 00 000 population (95% CI 1485.3 to 1492.4) in Australia. Child injury hospitalisation rates did not change over the 10-year period. For every severely injured child, there are at least 13 children hospitalised with minor or moderate injuries. The total cost of child injury hospitalisations was $A2.1 billion (annually $A212 million). Falls (38.4%) were the most common injury mechanism. Factors associated with a higher risk of 30-day mortality were: child was aged ≤10 years, higher injury severity, head injury, injured in a transport incident or following drowning and submersion or other threats to breathing, during self-harm and usual residence was regional/remote Australia.ConclusionsChildhood injury hospitalisation rates have not reduced in 10 years. Children’s patterns of injury change with age, and priorities for injury prevention alter according to developmental stages. The development of a national multisectorial childhood injury monitoring and prevention strategy in Australia is long overdue.
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Bilek, Anastacia M., Kay C. Dee, and Donald P. Gaver. "Mechanisms of surface-tension-induced epithelial cell damage in a model of pulmonary airway reopening." Journal of Applied Physiology 94, no. 2 (February 1, 2003): 770–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00764.2002.
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Airway collapse and reopening due to mechanical ventilation exerts mechanical stress on airway walls and injures surfactant-compromised lungs. The reopening of a collapsed airway was modeled experimentally and computationally by the progression of a semi-infinite bubble in a narrow fluid-occluded channel. The extent of injury caused by bubble progression to pulmonary epithelial cells lining the channel was evaluated. Counterintuitively, cell damage increased with decreasing opening velocity. The presence of pulmonary surfactant, Infasurf, completely abated the injury. These results support the hypotheses that mechanical stresses associated with airway reopening injure pulmonary epithelial cells and that pulmonary surfactant protects the epithelium from this injury. Computational simulations identified the magnitudes of components of the stress cycle associated with airway reopening (shear stress, pressure, shear stress gradient, or pressure gradient) that may be injurious to the epithelial cells. By comparing these magnitudes to the observed damage, we conclude that the steep pressure gradient near the bubble front was the most likely cause of the observed cellular damage.
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McLeod, Geordie, Siobhán O’Connor, Damian Morgan, Alex Kountouris, Caroline F. Finch, and Lauren V. Fortington. "Medical-attention injuries in community cricket: a systematic review." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 6, no. 1 (March 2020): e000670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000670.
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ObjectivesThe aim was to identify and describe outcomes from original published studies that present the number, nature, mechanism and severity of medically treated injuries sustained in community-level cricket.DesignSystematic review.MethodsNine databases were systematically searched to December 2019 using terms “cricket*” and “injur*”. Original, peer-reviewed studies reporting injury for at least one injury descriptor (body region, nature of injury and/or mechanism of injury) in community-level cricketers of all ages were included. Qualitative synthesis, critical appraisal and descriptive summary results are reported within the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines.ResultsSix studies were included: five reported hospital-treated data and one reported insurance claims data. Two had a low risk of bias. In hospital-based studies, fractures were the most frequent injury type. Upper and lower limb injuries (age ≥15 years) and injuries to the head (age <15 years) were the most common body region injured. Being struck by the ball was the most common mechanism for injury presenting to hospitals. Children were also commonly struck by equipment. One study using insurance claims data reported soft tissue injuries as the main of injury type.ConclusionHospital treatment data were most prominent, which emphasised injuries of a more serious nature or requiring acute care. These injuries were primarily fractures, dislocation/sprain and strains, bruising and open wounds with the majority resulting from players being struck by the ball. Research into whether properly fitted protective equipment, at an approved standard, is worn and is effective, is recommended.
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Kleppe, Craig D., and Robert G. Harvey. "Postemergence-Directed Sprayers for Wild-Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum) Control." Weed Technology 5, no. 1 (March 1991): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00033492.
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Several precision postemergence-directed sprayers with different nozzle designs and arrangements were evaluated for potential use in sweet corn for wild-proso millet (PANMI) control in field trials from 1987 to 1989. Ametryn at 2270 g ha-1plus oil-emulsifier mixture (OEM) at 1.3% v/v and sethoxydim alone or plus OEM applied postemergence-directed selectively controlled PANMI in sweet corn. Sethoxydim at 220 g ha-1plus OEM controlled PANMI best when averaged over the 3-yr period. Ametryn plus OEM did not injure corn and sethoxydim at 110 g ha-1plus OEM caused little or no corn injury and no yield reductions when applied with any of the sprayers. Generally, only sethoxydim at 220 g ha-1plus OEM injured corn. The amount of injury was different among sprayers, with the nozzle designs and arrangements responsible for corn injury. Injury was minimized when sethoxydim was applied with a sprayer equipped with 150 degree dual orifice nozzles spaced 38 cm apart and mounted on skids that contacted the soil to assure constant nozzle height. This sprayer, or sprayers of similar nozzle design, show the most potential for use by sweet corn growers.
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Coen, S. Diane. "Spinal Cord Injury: Preventing Secondary Injury." AACN Advanced Critical Care 3, no. 1 (February 1, 1992): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/15597768-1992-1005.
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Spinal cord injury is devastating to the victim, as well as being costly in terms of medical expenses, lost wages, and lost independence. The initial damage to the spinal cord results from several mechanisms of injury—flexion, extension, compression, penetration, rotation, and the disease process. When the spinal cord is injured and there is necrosis of the nervous tissue, no regeneration of that tissue occurs. Unlike in the peripheral nervous system, where regeneration is possible, the spinal cord is part of the central nervous system, as is the brain. The spinal cord extends from the base of the skull to the L1 vertebrae: the cervical levels innervate the diaphragm and muscles of the arms; the thoracic levels innervate the muscles of the chest and abdomen; and the lumbar and sacral levels innervate the muscles of the legs. In addition, the sacral levels are responsible for bowel, bladder, and sexual function. The higher the level of injury, the more severe the loss of function because, not only is the level of injury affected, but also the levels below. Injury occurs by initial trauma to the surrounding ligaments, bones, and muscles, which then affect the spinal cord. There may be total loss of function with damage completely across the cord or partial loss of function with damage affecting only part of the cord. No current treatment can reverse this initial injury, which causes irreversible damage within minutes of injury. Secondary damage occurs as the injury spreads over several hours. Treatment can help prevent this secondary damage
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Adelson, P. David. "Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury : Present and Future Considerations in Management(Traumatic Brain Injury: Recent Advances)." Japanese Journal of Neurosurgery 19, no. 3 (2010): 196–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.7887/jcns.19.196.
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Sahoo, Debasis, Caroline Deck, and Remy Willinger. "OS7-3 BRAIN INJURY CRITERIA EXPRESSED IN TERMS OF AXONS STRAINS(OS7: Injury Biomechanics I)." Proceedings of the Asian Pacific Conference on Biomechanics : emerging science and technology in biomechanics 2015.8 (2015): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeapbio.2015.8.103.
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Bhandari, Vinod, and Mahak Bhandari. "Comprehensive study of blunt injury abdomen in single center." International Surgery Journal 7, no. 3 (February 26, 2020): 710. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20200808.
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Background: Blunt injury abdomen is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in all age groups. Blunt trauma differs from penetrating trauma as different organs are characteristically injured by compression from blunt straining. Focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST) and computed tomography (CT) abdomen are very beneficial to detect those patients with minimal and clinically undetectable signs of abdominal injury. Objective of the study was to evaluate the incidence of blunt injury abdomen, mode of injury, organs involved in patients.Methods: A retrospective study was done on blunt injury abdomen. 48 patients were enrolled in this study.Results: Out of 48, 35 (72.9%) male patients more commonly encountered blunt injury to the abdomen. 28 (58.3%) was the highest incidence for age group 21-40 years. The most common mode of injury was road traffic accidents 36 (75.0%). Grade III splenic injuries were encountered in majority 19 cases and 13 cases involved laceration of parenchyma >3 cm depth and 6 cases were subcapsular hematoma (>50%). Spleen was the most common injured organ accounting for 25 (52.0%) and second most common injury was Ileal perforation 6 (12.5%), liver injury 6 (12.5%) of the cases.Conclusions: Blunt injury abdomen mainly affected male and the younger population between the age group 21-40 years. The most common mode of injury is road traffic accidents. In this study the spleen was found to be the most common organ injured in blunt injury abdomen.
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Kruzan, Kaylee Payne, Janis Whitlock, and Natalya N. Bazarova. "Examining the Relationship Between the Use of a Mobile Peer-Support App and Self-Injury Outcomes: Longitudinal Mixed Methods Study." JMIR Mental Health 8, no. 1 (January 28, 2021): e21854. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/21854.
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Background Many individuals who self-injure seek support and information through online communities and mobile peer-support apps. Although researchers have identified risks and benefits of participation, empirical work linking participation in these web-based spaces to self-injury behaviors and thoughts is limited. Objective This study aims to investigate the relationship between behavioral and linguistic traces on a mobile peer support app and self-injury outcomes. Methods Natural use data and web-based surveys (N=697) assessing self-injury outcomes were collected from 268 users (aged 13-38 years; median 19; 149/268, 55.6% female) of a mobile peer-support app for 4 months. Participants were identified as having posted self-injury content using an internal classifier. Natural log data was used to predict self-injury outcomes in a series of multilevel logistic and linear regressions. Results Greater engagement on a mobile peer-support app was associated with a decreased likelihood of self-injury thoughts (odds ratio [OR] 0.25, 95% CI 0.09-0.73) and fewer intentions to self-injure (b=−0.37, SE 0.09), whereas posting triggering content was associated with an increased likelihood of engaging in behaviors (OR 5.37, 95% CI 1.25-23.05) and having self-injury thoughts (OR 17.87, 95% CI 1.64-194.15). Moreover, viewing triggering content was related to both a greater ability to resist (b=1.39, SE 0.66) and a greater intention to self-injure (b=1.50, SE 0.06). Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first study to connect naturally occurring log data to survey data assessing self-injury outcomes over time. This work provides empirical support for the relationship between participation in online forums and self-injury outcomes, and it articulates mechanisms contributing to this relationship.
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Ngo, Jake K., Patricio Solis-Urra, and Javier Sanchez-Martinez. "Injury Profile Among Street Workout Practitioners." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 232596712199092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121990926.
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Background: Street workout (SW) is an urban sport based on calisthenic exercises. Injury profiles and risk factors are widely explored in various sport disciplines. However, because of the lack of research in SW, injury profiles have not yet been established. Purpose: To investigate the characteristics and prevalence of injuries and variables that may increase these odds in SW practitioners. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: An electronic survey was conducted between September 2018 and March 2019 in order to obtain practitioner information, physical activity level, training characteristics, and injury information of SW practitioners. Responses from 93 practitioners were eligible for analysis. Univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression analyses were used to examine the association among several variables and the presence of injury in the past 12 months based on odds ratios (ORs). Results: Overall, 62.4% of the 93 participants reported an injury in the previous 12 months, and tendinopathy was the most reported diagnosis (31.0% of injured practitioners). High injury frequency was reported in the shoulder (23.0%) and back (upper and mid) (18.4%). Overtraining was the most reported perception of cause of injury (56.9%). Most injured practitioners (20.7%) performed freestyle exercises before the injury, followed by upper body exercises. A history of previous injuries (OR, 4.078; P = .005) and the middle and higher tertiles of vigorous physical activity (OR, 4.370; P = .015 and OR, 5.634; P = .003, respectively) were associated with a higher odds of injury. Conclusion: In SW, the shoulder and back (upper and mid) were the most injured body parts, with tendinopathy being the most frequent diagnosis. Overtraining was typically reported as the perceived cause of injury, with freestyle and upper limb exercises the most performed exercises when injured. A history of previous injuries, along with vigorous physical activity, was found to augment the odds of injury. More research is needed to corroborate our findings, along with increased knowledge about SW practice and injuries.
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Kim, Jae Heon, Jae Young Park, and Yun Seob Song. "Traumatic Penile Injury: From Circumcision Injury to Penile Amputation." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/375285.
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The treatment of external genitalia trauma is diverse according to the nature of trauma and injured anatomic site. The classification of trauma is important to establish a strategy of treatment; however, to date there has been less effort to make a classification for trauma of external genitalia. The classification of external trauma in male could be established by the nature of injury mechanism or anatomic site: accidental versus self-mutilation injury and penis versus penis plus scrotum or perineum. Accidental injury covers large portion of external genitalia trauma because of high prevalence and severity of this disease. The aim of this study is to summarize the mechanism and treatment of the traumatic injury of penis. This study is the first review describing the issue.
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Takeda, K., M. J. Knapp, W. G. Wolfe, and J. D. Crapo. "Hypoxia enhances unilateral lung injury by increasing blood flow to the injured lung." Journal of Applied Physiology 63, no. 6 (December 1, 1987): 2516–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.63.6.2516.
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We hypothesized that in unilateral lung injury, bilateral hypoxic ventilation would induce vasoconstriction in the normal lung, redirect blood flow to the injured lung, and cause enhanced edema formation. Unilateral left lung injury was induced by intrabronchial instillation of 1.5 ml/kg of 0.1 N HCl. After HCl injury, blood flow to the injured left lung decreased progressively from 0.70 +/- 0.04 to 0.37 +/- 0.05 l/min and percent of flow to the injured left lung (QL/QT) decreased from 37.7 +/- 2.2 to 23.6 +/- 2.2% at 240 min. Exposure to hypoxia (12% O2) for three 10-min episodes did not affect QL/QT in normal animals, but after unilateral HCl injury, it caused blood flow to the injured left lung to increase significantly. A concomitant decrease in blood flow occurred to the noninjured right lung, resulting in a significant increase in QL/QT. The enhanced blood flow to the injured lung was associated with a significant increase in the wet-to-dry lung weight ratio in the dependent regions of the injured lung. These findings demonstrate that in unilateral HCl-induced lung injury, transient hypoxia can enhance blood flow to the areas of injury and increase lung edema formation.
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Freitas, Sandro R., Filipe Abrantes, Francisco Santos, Vasco Mascarenhas, Raúl Oliveira, Telmo Firmino, Bruno Mendes, Mauricio Cerda, and João R. Vaz. "Is Biceps Femoris Aponeurosis Size an Independent Risk Factor for Strain Injury?" International Journal of Sports Medicine 41, no. 08 (April 14, 2020): 552–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1028-7322.
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AbstractThis study examined whether professional footballers with previous biceps femoris long head (BFLH) injury in the last 3-years present a smaller proximal aponeurosis (Apo-BFLH) size compared to footballers with no previous injury. We examined the Apo-BFLH and BFLH size using magnetic resonance imaging and tested the knee flexor maximal isometric strength in 80 thighs of 40 footballers. Apo-BFLH size parameters were processed using a semi-automated procedure. Outcomes were compared between thighs with (n=9) vs. without (n=71) previous BFLH injury. No differences were observed between injured and non-injured thighs for the Apo-BFLH and BFLH size parameters (p>0.05) except for Apo-BFLH volume, which was higher in the non-injured thighs of athletes with previous injury (3692.1±2638.4 mm3, p<0.006) compared to the left (2274.1±798.7 mm3) thighs of athletes without previous injury. A higher knee flexor isometric strength was observed in the injured limb of athletes with previous BFLH injury (196.5±31.9 Nm, p<0.003) compared to the left (156.2±31.4 Nm) and right (160.0±31.4 Nm) thighs of non-injured athletes. The present results suggest that BFLH proximal aponeurosis size should not be considered as an independent risk factor for strain injury.
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Haxhiu, Bekim, Ardiana Murtezani, Bedri Zahiti, Ismet Shalaj, and Sabit Sllamniku. "Risk Factors for Injuries in Professional Football Players / Факторы Риска Получения Травм Профессиональными Футболистами." Folia Medica 57, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 138–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/folmed-2015-0033.
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AbstractAIM: The aim of this study was to identify risk factors related to the occurrence of injuries in football players. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 216 football players from 12 teams in the elite football league. Football-related injury data were collected prospectively during the 2012/2013 competitive season. At baseline the following information was collected for the players: anthropometric measurements (weight, height, BMI, subcutaneous skinfolds), playing experience, injury history, physical fitness performance test (agility run), peak oxygen uptake. The incidence, type and severity of injuries and training and game exposure times were prospectively documented for each player. RESULTS: Most of the players (n = 155, 71.7%) sustained the injures during the study period. The overall injury incidence during the regular season was 6.3 injuries per 1000 athlete-exposures (95% confidence interval, 4.31-9.67). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that playing experience (odds ratio [OR] = 0.44; 95% CI = 0.32-0.61, p < 0.01), age (OR = 2.05; 95% CI = 1.49-2.81, p < 0.01) and a previous injury (OR = 4.4; 95% CI = 2.14-9.07, p < 0.01) were significantly correlated to increased risk of injuries. Body mass index was not associated with risk of injury. Strains (34.19%) and sprains (25.81%) were the major injury types. Twenty-seven percent of injured players were absent from football for more than 1 month, with knee injuries (25.42%) being the most severe type. CONCLUSION: The risk factors that increase injury rates in football players were previous injury, higher age and years of playing. Future research should include adequate rehabilitation program to reduce the risk of injuries.
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Kolarić, Dinko, Ana Kolarić, Drago Ambroš, Siniša Popek, Zoran Vrbanac, and Lana Ružić. "INFLUENCE OF EXTERNAL RISK FACTORS ON ALPINE SKIING INJURIES IN RECREATIONAL SKIERS." SportLogia 17, no. 1 (December 29, 2021): 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5550/sgia.211701.en.kkap.
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The main goal of this study was to identify potential external risk factors for injury in recreational skiers through a survey questionnaire. Subjects were divided into injured skiers and a control group who never had an injury. Injured skiers (N=212) answered questions that helped define potential risk factors. The control group (N=206) completed the same questionnaire but without questions about injury. Common questions were used to determine the possibility of injury using Chi-Square test, and additional questions were used to determine the influence on injury severity using Fisher’s test. An analysis of external factors showed that formal ski school was not statistically related to the possibility and severity of injury, but significantly increased knowledge of skiing. Skiing with another person did not decrease the possibility of injury but did increase the severity of injury. Visibility, field of vision, condition of the slope, temperature, and weather conditions are not statistically related to injury severity, but when combined, they could be an important factor in the possibility of injury.
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Hills, Michael W., and Stephen A. Deane. "HEAD INJURY AND FACIAL INJURY." Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 33, no. 1 (July 1992): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005373-199207000-00052.
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Hills, Michael W., and Stephen A. Deane. "HEAD INJURY AND FACIAL INJURY." Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 34, no. 4 (April 1993): 549–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005373-199304000-00011.
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