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Brogan, Paul Anthony. "Superantigens, endothelial injury and vasculitis in the young." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2003. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1312027/.
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Clarke, L. "Endothelial injury and repair in vasculitis of the young." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2009. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/17421/.
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The vasculitides are a wide spectrum of disorders which are characterised by vascular inflammation. Endothelial injury can occur as a consequence of inappropriate inflammation and is central to the pathogenesis of these varied diseases. This thesis documents the development of assays for detection of novel biomarkers of endothelial injury and/or activation and subsequent reparative responses in children with primary systemic vasculitis. It focuses in particular on circulating endothelial cells, cellular microparticles, growth factors involved in angiogenesis/vasculogenesis and endothelial progenitor cells. Circulating endothelial cells are mature endothelial cells which have become detached from the vessel wall and represent a highly damaged vasculature and were found to be significantly higher in children with active primary systemic vasculitis compared to healthy child controls and patients in remission. Microparticles are released from activated cells, including the endothelium and leukocytes. In this study endothelial and monocyte derived microparticles were found to be elevated during active vasculitis. Growth factors released in response to endothelial injury regulate reparative responses, of which endothelial progenitor cells may play a key role. In this study, patients at disease onset prior to treatment were found to have significantly higher levels of growth factors and endothelial progenitor cells, which decreased with remission inducing therapy. Overall this thesis has investigated the changes in these interlinked biomarkers of injury and repair during active disease, remission and disease flare.
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Liebling, Alison. "Suicide and self-injury amongst young offenders in custody." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303941.
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Powers, Jeffrey Thomas. "Explicit and Implicit Nonsuicidal Self-Injury in Young Adults." TopSCHOLAR®, 2019. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/3137.
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Caron, Angela. "A Romantic Relationship Perspective on Self-Injury in Young Adulthood." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35972.
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Non-suicidal self-injury (referred to hereafter as self-injury) is considered a serious health concern among young adult populations, and is associated with a host of devastating physical and psychological consequences (Hasking, Momeni, Swannell, & Chia, 2008). Self-injury encompasses both thoughts of harming oneself in addition to acts of self-injury. Elevated lifetime prevalence rates of 13-17% suggest that self-injury is an issue of widespread nature, with reports indicating that a considerable proportion of young adults engage in self-injurious thoughts and behaviours (Nixon, Cloutier, & Jansson, 2008; Swannell, Martin, Page, Hasking, & St John, 2014; Whitlock, Eckenrode, & Silverman, 2006). Identifying the factors that precede self-injury is crucial to advancing current clinical conceptualizations and treatment strategies for those engaging in such thoughts and behaviours (Schenk, Noll, & Cassarly, 2010). Despite the recognized role of romantic relationship experiences in contributing to the functioning and adjustment of the individuals comprising the romantic dyad, very little empirical attention has been paid to examining whether dimensions of romantic relationships are linked to the use of self-injury. The present thesis, consisting of two independent studies, sought to provide a better understanding of the factors underlying this troubling phenomenon by examining links between dimensions of romantic relationships and self-injurious thoughts and behaviours among community-based young adults involved in couple relationships. The studies presented in the present thesis were approved by the University of Ottawa’s Research Ethics Board (see Appendix A for the Ethics Approval Certificate).
The first study involved testing a novel conceptual model in which intimate partner violence victimization (i.e., physical, psychological, and sexual violence) was examined as a potential mediator of the relationship between child maltreatment (i.e., neglect; witnessing family violence; and physical, psychological, and sexual abuse) and self-injurious thoughts and behaviours. The sample consisted of 406 young adults (346 females; M = 19.87 years) who were involved in a couple relationship for a duration of at least six months at the time of participation. Results from bootstrapping procedures partially supported the theory put forth. Intimate partner violence victimization partially mediated the direct effect of child maltreatment on self-injurious behaviours. Contrary to predictions, intimate partner violence victimization did not mediate the association between child maltreatment and self-injurious thoughts. Hence, findings suggest that individuals who have experienced both forms of family violence may be particularly vulnerable to engaging in self-injurious behaviours.
The second study comprised an investigation of the links between the three romantic behavioural systems (consisting of the attachment, caregiving, and sexual systems) and self-injurious thoughts and behaviours, and examined the incremental contributions of the systems in the prediction of young adult self-injury. The sample consisted of 255 young adults (223 females; Mage = 19.98 years) currently involved in a couple relationship. Linear discriminant analyses revealed that participants endorsing self-injurious thoughts experienced greater attachment anxiety and avoidance, controlling and compulsive romantic caregiving behaviours, and lower sexual satisfaction than did participants who did not endorse such thoughts. In contrast, findings indicated that the behavioural systems did not predict self-injurious behaviours. Such findings suggest that dimensions of the three interrelated behavioural systems hold unique roles in understanding young adult self-injurious thoughts, and that the constructs that predict self-injurious thoughts may differ from those that predict self-injurious behaviours.
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Westbury, Helen. "Young persons' constructions prior to, and following, parental brain injury." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/7385.
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Despite extensive research into the impact of brain injury on individuals and their adult relatives, much less is know about the impact of parental brain injury on child relatives. The aim of the study was to identify if there was a relationship between changes in how children construed themselves and their parents following the brain injury and adjustment, and to identify if there was a relationship between structure of the child’s construct system and level of adjustment. There were four hypotheses to be tested. Hypothesis one predicted that larger changes in how young people construe themselves and significant others following parental brain injury compared to how they were construed prior to parental brain injury would be associated with poorer adjustment. Hypothesis two predicted that more structured ‘before acquired brain injury’ constructs in comparison to the structure of ‘after acquired brain injury’ constructs would be associated with poorer adjustment. Hypothesis three predicted that more superordinate ‘before acquired brain injury’ constructs in comparison to ‘after acquired brain injury’ constructs would be associated with poorer adjustment. Hypothesis four predicted that tighter construing would be associated with better adjustment following parental brain injury. There were 10 participants in the study aged 10-17 who had a parent with a brain injury. Each participant completed a repertory grid and the Personality Inventory for Youth, a measure of adjustment. It was found that larger distances between how children construed themselves or their parents currently compared to how they were construed pre-injury were related to poorer adjustment. There was also found to be a relationship between relative intensity of the post-brain injury construct system and some aspects of adjustment. There was no significant relationship between adjustment and relative superordinancy of post-injury constructs or adjustment and tightness of construing. Future research is indicated to verify the findings of this study, and to explore possible interventions for young people experiencing poor adjustment following parental brain injury.
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Seeto, Erin. "Young adults' experience of acquired brain injury : implications for counselling psychology." Thesis, City, University of London, 2018. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/19910/.
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Background and Aims: An estimated 275 per 100,000 individuals (UK) sustain an acquired brain injury (ABI) requiring hospital admission. Survivors may suffer from; depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and an increased risk of suicide. From 2002/3- 2011/12, UK admissions for head injuries have risen by 33.5% with traumatic brain injury (TBI) considered the most common cause of disability and death in young adults aged 18-25yrs. The aim of this research was to gain insight into the lived experience of young adults with an ABI and to consider the implications for counselling psychologists. Methods: The research was split into two parts. Stage one: data was collected from five participants (aged 18-30yrs) who had experienced an ABI; this formed the focus group. The focus group participated in eight semi-structured questions, broadly exploring the lived experience of ABI which informed the development of stage two. Stage Two: data was collected from nine different participants (aged 18-30yrs) who had experienced an ABI. They took part in individual interviews involving a narrative exercise called the ‘Train of Life’ followed by four semi-structured questions which provided stage two of the results. Results: Thematic Analysis was utilised for both stage one and stage two of the research process. Focus group emerging themes were- negotiating relationships; growing stronger; and experience of self in the world. Individual Interviews generated the master themes- hidden consequences; discovering a different world; and piecing together a new narrative. Master themes comprised of eleven sub-themes - making sense of what could have been; change as a challenge; coping strategies; person in context; identity; connecting; rejection; surviving in a hostile world; moving beyond ABI; appreciating life and the paradox of survival. Conclusions: Young adults with ABI more frequently access general psychological services. To effectively work within this field, counselling psychologists should have an increased awareness of ABI and its consequences in planning services, policies and work practices. Key words: Acquired brain injury; young adults; Thematic Analysis; narrative exercise and lived experience.
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Armstrong-Betts, Alison Elizabeth. "Perceptions of Executive Functioning in Young Children Following Traumatic Brain Injury." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1314062861.
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Wongvatunyu, Suporn. "Mothers' experience of helping the young adult with traumatic brain injury." Free to MU Campus, others may purchase, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3091981.
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Backe, Stefan. "Safety promotion and injury surveillance with special focus on young people´s club sports : Challenges and possibilities." Doctoral thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för sociala och psykologiska studier, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-34429.
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Physical activity in youth has many benefits, but parallel to these benefits, sport related injuries pose considerable risks. It is important to public health to address sport related injuries, particularly those affecting young people, who comprise the majority of participants in organised sport in Sweden. The first study in this research showed that inspections of local sport environments, where injuries often occur, did not occur uniformly. Two additional studies pointed out the need for better surveillance of injuries, and described the use of ambulance attendance reports as a possible improvement to current surveillance systems, with a possibility to improve safety for youth and other sport participants. Two other studies identify risk factors that were specific to football and climbing sports, which can be used to guide targeted safety interventions for the young participants of these sports. The studies, taken as a whole, provide new information about the factors associated with sport related injuries, particularly for young people, and point out the need for better sport injury surveillance, improved inspection strategies for fields maintained by organised sport clubs in local communities, and the need to address risk factors specific to different sport activities.
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Snyder, Benjamin J. "Immunological Aspects of Muscle Injury and Regeneration in Young and Old Rats." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1016641263.
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Kikukawa, Soki. "Regeneration of dorsal column axons after spinal cord injury in young rats." Kyoto University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/181700.
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要旨pdfファイル:タイトル「幼若ラットにおける脊髄損傷後の索路の再生」Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(医学)
甲第7731号
医博第2084号
新制||医||708(附属図書館)
UT51-99-G325
京都大学大学院医学研究科脳統御医科学系専攻
(主査)教授 金子 武嗣, 教授 柴崎 浩, 教授 川口 三郎
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Koncan, David. "Finite Element Modelling of Sport Impacts: Brain Strains from Falls Resulting in Concussion in Young Children and Adults." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/38510.
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Concussions are injuries that can result in debilitating symptoms, suffered by people of all ages, with children being at elevated risk for injury. Falls account for over 20% of head injuries worldwide, and up to 50% of concussive injuries in children. Following a concussion, children typically take longer for symptoms to resolve compared to adults. It is unknown whether or not children are more, less, or equally susceptible to concussive injury based on the mechanical response, with researchers divided on the subject. There is currently a paucity of published data for concussive injuries in children, with few studies investigating impact biomechanics and strain response in the brain using FE models. Those that exist typically rely on scaled adult models that do not capture age-dependent geometric properties, material properties of tissues, and the developmental stage of the brain reflected by the patterns of grey and white matter within the brain. Newer child models are being developed, however at present they are focused on car crash investigations that do not offer an accurate reflection of sports-related impacts, and those that could be experienced from day-to-day activities since impact characteristics (e.g. magnitude, duration, surface compliance) differ largely between these types of events. Strain magnitudes differ between events causing concussion in adults (falls, collisions, punches, and projectiles), so it follows that the unique impact characteristics of car crash events do not typically coincide with those associated with sports impacts. Car crash events can result in much longer impact durations compared to sporting impacts (100 ms duration in car crashes vs. 5-30 ms in sports impacts). The purpose of this thesis was to assess how the mechanical response of the brain in young children near 6 years old differs from an adult brain in cases resulting in concussive injury for sports impacts.
Study one created a novel FE model of a 6-year-old brain, using medical images to extract an accurate representation of the geometry and tissues inside the head of a 6-year-old child. The developmental stage of the younger brain was captured using a highly-refined mesh to accurately represent the folds of white matter within the cerebrum. With no intracranial data for child cadavers available, published data of adult cadavers was used to validate the brain motion from impacts. Comparisons were made to a scaled adult model to highlight how the different model constructions influence brain motion and resulting strains. The new model showed higher correlation to the cadaver data compared to the scaled model, and yielded “good biofidelity” measures when assessed using a modified version of the normalized integral square error method. For young children, the new model was proposed to be more appropriate for concussion investigations as it captures age-appropriate geometry, material properties, and developmental stage of the brain, reflected in the patterns and volumes of grey and white matter within the brain.
Study two tested the model for sensitivity across three levels of surface compliance and impact velocity consistent with sport impact events, and compared strain responses to a scaled adult model. The 6-year-old model showed unique strain responses compared to the scaled adult model with peak strains being lower across most impact events. Strain patterns also differed between models, with less strain being transmitted into the white matter in the 6-year-old model. Low compliance impacts yielded highest differences in strains (~30%), moderate compliance impacts yielded more similar strains (~9% lower), with high compliance impacts showing a location dependent response with frontal impacts being 14% lower, and side impacts being 9% higher than the scaled model. The sensitivity study characterized the model responses, allowing for better comparisons between the two different model constructions.
Study three then compared the strain responses of reconstructed real-world concussive events for both children and adults. Forty cases of concussion from falls in children and adults (20 children aged 5-7, 20 adults) were reconstructed using physical models, with the measured impact kinematics used to load the FE models. Concussive cases of children showed lower strains than adults, finding a velocity driven relationship since the child concussions occurred at lower impact velocities compared to the adults. Lower peak strains, as well as cumulative strains in the child cases suggest that children are vulnerable to concussion at lower strain compared to adults. Protective strategies for children should address this vulnerability, no longer relying on product scaling to create head protection for youth.
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Hodges, Emma. "Parenting, head injury and aggression : predictive pathways of offending in male young offenders." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/3761.
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Adolescence is a risk period for offending and head injury (HI), with rates of HI in young offender populations frequently exceeding those in the community. Poor parenting practices have been associated with increased risk of offending and development of reactive and proactive aggression. Preliminary research suggests HI may discriminate offender profiles within young offenders, but the influence of HI on offending alongside parenting and aggression is less well known. This study explored the relationships between parenting practices, reactive and proactive aggression, HI and offending in a sample of male young offenders from a Young Offender Institute (n=98) using self report data. A history of at least one HI was reported by 73.5%, with 61.1% reporting a knock out from their worst HI. Poor supervision emerged as a key predictor: predicting knock out history, indicators of offending and reactive and proactive aggression. Repeated HI was predictive of reactive aggression and a knock out history predicted earlier age of first offence. The impact of HI on outcomes via neuropsychological sequelea or as a “marker” for contextual risk factors such as poor supervision and reactive aggression are examined. Clinical implications for young offenders are discussed.
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Schaub, Kristin. "Non suicidal self-injury as an addictive behaviour in adolescents and young adults." Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=121217.
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Researchers have speculated about the addictive features of Non Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) for several years; however, little empirical research has examined this characteristic. The present study sought to advance knowledge of addiction and NSSI by demonstrating the presence of self-reported addictive features in high school and university students who engage in NSSI. A second aim was to identify a clinical profile of students who engage in NSSI with addictive features as compared with students with NSSI who lacked the addictive features. Results of this study indicated that clinically significant addictive features were endorsed by approximately 20% of individuals who self-injure in both the university and high school samples. In addition, significant differences were identified between those students with and without addictive features. University students with NSSI who showed clinically significant addictive features experienced more difficulties in emotion regulation, were more likely to have higher frequencies of NSSI, and were more likely to have engaged in uncontrolled drug abuse and risky sexual behaviour compared to their NSSI peers who lacked the addictive features. For high school students, those who engaged in NSSI with addictive features showed more difficulties in emotion regulation and higher severity of NSSI (significantly more methods, locations of injury, and frequency), as well as reported a higher likelihood of suicidal ideation, self reported depression, at-risk eating behaviours, and physical abuse, compared to those students with NSSI who did not show addictive features. Finally, the present study sought to examine which factors could predict whether addictive features would be present in an individual with NSSI. Across both samples, frequency of NSSI was a significant predictor of addictive features, with high frequencies predicting higher likelihood of addictive features. Emotion regulation difficulties were also a significant predictor in the university sample, while total number of methods of NSSI was a predictor in the high school sample. The results of this study provide new information regarding NSSI as an addictive behaviour as well as the presence of a subtype of NSSI with clinically significant addictive features. These findings are explored in relation to current literature and implications for both researchers and service providers are discussed.Pendant des années, des chercheurs ont émis des hypothèses sur les caractéristiques addictives de l'automutilation non suicidaire (NSSI); cependant, peu de recherches empiriques ont examiné cet aspect. La présente étude a essayé de faire progresser les connaissances sur l'addiction et le NSSI en démontrant la présence d'aspects addictifs auto-déclarés chez les étudiants souffrant de NSSI dans les lycées et les universités. Un deuxième objectif a visé à identifier un profil clinique d'étudiants souffrant de NSSI avec des caractéristiques addictives en les comparant à ceux souffrant de NSSI sans aspect addictif. Les résultats de cette étude ont montré que des caractéristiques addictives cliniquement significatives ont été montrées par environ 20 % des individus qui s'automutilent aussi bien pour les sujets à l'université que pour ceux du lycée. De plus, on a constaté d'importantes différences entre les étudiants avec ou sans caractéristiques addictives. Les étudiants d'université avec le NSSI qui ont montré des aspects addictifs cliniquement significatifs avaient plus de mal à maîtriser leurs émotions, avaient généralement de plus grandes fréquences de NSSI et avaient une plus grande tendance à abuser de la drogue ou à avoir un comportement sexuel dangereux en comparaison avec leurs semblables sans aspect addictif. En ce qui concernent les lycéens, ceux atteints de NSSI avec des caractéristiques addictives avaient plus de mal à maîtriser leurs émotions et montraient un taux de gravité plus élevé de NSSI (bien plus de méthodes, de localisations de blessures et une fréquence plus élevée), de même ils ont signalé une plus grande probabilité d'idéation suicidaire, de dépression auto-déclarée, de comportement alimentaire à risque et d'abus physique, en comparaison avec les lycéens avec NSSI sans aspect addictif. Enfin, l'étude présente a cherché à examiner les facteurs susceptibles de prédire des caractéristiques addictives chez un individu avec NSSI. Au travers de ces deux échantillonnages, la fréquence de NSSI a été un indicateur significatif des caractéristiques addictives, une plus haute fréquence signifiant une plus grande probabilité d'addiction. Les difficultés à maîtriser ses émotions a aussi représenté un indicateur significatif pour l'échantillon à l'université, alors que le nombre total de méthode de NSSI a été un indicateur pour l'échantillon au lycée. Les résultats de cette étude apporte de nouvelles informations concernant le NSSI en tant que comportement addictif ainsi que la présence d'un sous-type de NSSI avec des aspects addictifs cliniquement significatifs. Ces conclusions sont examinées en relation avec la littérature actuelle et on discute de ses implications aussi bien dans le domaine des chercheurs que dans celui des prestataires de service.
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Joly, Melanie. "Parent and peer attachment relationships and non-suicidal self-injury in young adolescents." Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=121550.
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Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is defined as the deliberate destruction of one's own body tissue without suicidal intent and for purposes not socially sanctioned, thus excluding tattooing and piercing (Favazza, 1998). The high prevalence rate in both clinical and community studies have prompted researchers to explore correlates associated with this behaviour. While a large body of research has documented the role of emotion regulation in NSSI, the social functions have not been as extensively studied and warrant further attention (Muehlenkamp, Brausch, Quigley, & Whitlock, 2013). Scholars have provided consistent evidence that family relationship problems are associated with reports of NSSI. However, most used a composite score to measure the overall quality of attachment (e.g., Gratz, Conrad, & Roemer, 2002; Hilt, Nock, Lloyd-Richardson, & Prinstein, 2008a). As proposed by Parkes and Stevenson-Hinde (1982), attachment is a multifaceted concept comprised of behavioural and cognitive/affective domains. Accordingly, there is a need to further investigate which attachment dimensions (e.g., trust, communication, and alienation) are more predictive of NSSI status. Only one study to date has examined the contribution of several parent attachment dimensions to NSSI among college students (Bureau et al., 2010), but this has not been investigated among young adolescents. In the light of the fact that NSSI has its onset typically during the early teen years (Nock, 2009) and that peers are increasingly influential following the transition to high school (Allen & Land, 1999), additional research examining the association between parent and peer attachment dimensions, and NSSI in early adolescence is needed. In order to address this research gap, the main objectives of the current study were a) to examine group (NSSI/ Non-NSSI) and gender differences in parent and peer attachment dimensions (i.e., trust, communication, and alienation); b) to explore a potential interaction between NSSI status and gender; and c) to investigate the relative contribution of parent attachment versus peer attachment to NSSI status. Participants were 65 adolescents (M age = 12.37, SD = .52; 57% female) who reported engaging in NSSI and a comparison group of adolescents matched on gender and school. Participants completed the How I Deal With Stress questionnaire (HIDS; Heath & Ross, 2007) in order to screen for NSSI. They also completed the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA; Armsden & Greenberg, 1987) to examine three attachment dimensions (i.e., trust, communication, and alienation). These self-reported questionnaires were completed during class time in their school classrooms in small groups of 20. Results from a two-way MANOVA indicated that young adolescents who reported engaging in NSSI perceived their relationships with parents and peers more negatively on all attachment dimensions relative to their non-self-injuring counterparts. Furthermore, a logistic regression revealed that parent attachment was more predictive of NSSI status than peer attachment. Overall, this study represents a contribution to the NSSI literature as it extends our knowledge about the relationship between attachment dimensions and NSSI in early adolescence, and suggests that males and females who engage in NSSI are equally affected by quality of communication, the degree of trust, and alienation issues with parents and peers.L'automutilation non-suicidaire est définie comme étant une altération consciente, intentionnelle, et directe des tissus de l'organisme sans intention suicidaire et exclut tous comportements socialement acceptés ou à des fins esthétiques, tels que les tatouages et les perçages (Favazza, 1998). La fréquence élevée d'automutilation non-suicidaire chez les adolescents et jeunes adultes a incité les chercheurs à explorer les raisons occasionnant ce comportement. Alors qu'un important corpus de recherche a documenté le rôle de la régularisation des émotions dans les comportements d'automutilation, les fonctions sociales n'ont pas été autant étudiées et requièrent une attention supplémentaire (Muehlenkamp, Brausch, Quigley, & Whitlock, 2013). Des chercheurs ont fourni des preuves constantes que les problèmes familiaux sont associés aux comportements d'automutilation. Ceci dit, la plupart ont utilisé un indice combiné pour mesurer la qualité de la relation d'attachement parentale (p.ex., Gratz, Conrad, & Roemer, 2002; Hilt, Nock, Lloyd-Richardson, & Prinstein, 2008a). Tel que proposé par Parkes et Stevenson-Hinde (1982), l'attachement est un concept complexe constitué de dimensions comportementales et cognitives/affectives. Ainsi, il s'avère nécessaire d'étudier les dimensions (p.ex., confiance, communication, aliénation) contribuant le plus aux comportements d'automutilation. Une seule étude à ce jour a examiné l'influence de plusieurs dimensions d'attachement sur l'automutilation des jeunes adultes (Bureau et coll., 2010), mais ceci n'a jamais été étudié chez les jeunes adolescents. En tenant compte du fait que l'automutilation fait généralement son apparition en début d'adolescence (Nock, 2009) et que les jeunes sont de plus en plus influencés par leurs paires suite à la transition au secondaire (Allen & Land, 1999), des recherches additionnelles doivent être menées afin d'examiner le lien entre les dimensions d'attachement (parents et paires) et les comportements d'automutilation chez les jeunes adolescents. Afin de combler cette lacune, les objectifs de cette recherche étaient a) d'examiner les dimensions d'attachement (parents et paires) en fonction du groupe (NSSI versus Comparaison) et du sexe des participants; b) d'explorer une interaction entre l'automutilation et le genre; et c) d'investiguer la contribution relative de l'attachement parentale et de l'attachement avec les paires aux comportements d'automutilation. Les participants étaient 65 jeunes adolescents (M âge = 12.37, SD = .52; 57% de filles) qui reportent s'être automutilés et un groupe de comparaison sélectionné selon le sexe et l'école secondaire fréquenté. Les participants ont remplis les questionnaires How I Deal with Stress (HIDS; Heath & Ross, 2007) afin d'identifier la présence d'automutilation non-suicidaire et The Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA; Armsden & Greenberg, 1987) pour examiner trois dimensions d'attachement (confiance, communication, aliénation). Ces questionnaires d'autoévaluation étaient remplis en groupe de 20 étudiants pendant les cours et dans leur classe respective. Les résultats indiquent que les jeunes adolescents qui s'automutilent perçoivent plus négativement leurs relations avec leurs parents et leurs paires au niveau de toutes les dimensions d'attachement comparativement à ceux qui ne s'automutilent pas. De plus, l'attachement parental semble être un meilleur indicateur du statut d'automutilation que l'attachement avec les paires. En somme, cette étude est une contribution à la littérature sur l'automutilation non-suicidaire puisque les résultats raffinent notre savoir sur la relation entre les dimensions d'attachement et l'automutilation en début d'adolescence, et suggèrent que les filles et les garçons qui s'automutilent sont autant affectés par la qualité de la communication, la confiance et le sentiment d'aliénation avec leurs parents et leurs paires.
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Ryznar, Elizabeth. "Patterns of Injury and Indicators of Abuse in Young Children With Forearm Fractures." Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:16145969.
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This retrospective study describes the patterns of injury among young children with forearm fractures in order to identify factors that should raise suspicion for child abuse. Electronic medical records were reviewed for all patients <18 months old presenting with radius and/or ulna fractures to two urban children’s hospitals between 09/01/2007 and 01/01/2012, excluding children with conditions predisposing to bone weakness. Determinations of abuse were based on evaluations by child protection teams upon presentation. The most common fracture types in the 135 patients were buckle (61% of radius fractures, 50% of ulna fractures) and transverse (26% of radius fractures, 35% of ulna fractures), usually occurring after a fall. Child protection teams evaluated 35% of patients and diagnosed 23% with abuse. Children with fractures attributed to abuse presented at a significantly younger age (median 7 versus 12 months), often with other injuries and a changing or absent history compared to children for whom abuse was ruled out. Similar fracture types were seen in both groups. In summary, buckle and transverse fractures can result from falls in young children. No fracture type is specific to abuse and clinicians should pay particular attention to the history provided and the presence of other injuries.
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Dendle, Jac Rhys. "Socio-emotional processing in children, adolescents and young adults with traumatic brain injury." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/26354.
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Objective: Research has demonstrated deficits in socio-emotional processing following childhood traumatic brain injury (TBI; Tonks et al., 2009a). However, it is not known whether a link exists between socio-emotional processing, TBI and offending. Drawing on Ochsner’s (2008) socio-emotional processing model, the current study aimed to investigate facial emotion recognition accuracy and bias in young offenders with TBI. Setting: Research was conducted across three youth offender services. Participants: Thirty seven participants completed the study. Thirteen participants reported a high dosage of TBI. Design: The study had a cross sectional within and between subjects design. Main Measures: Penton-Voak and Munafo’s (2012) emotional recognition task was completed. Results: The results indicated that young offenders with a TBI were not significantly worse at facial emotion recognition compared to those with no TBI. Both groups showed a bias towards positive emotions. No between group differences were found for emotion bias. Conclusion: The findings did not support the use of Ochsner’s (2008) socio-emotional processing model for this population. Due to the small sample size, inadequate power and lack of non-offender control groups, it is not possible to draw any firm conclusions from the results of this study. Future research should aim to investigate whether there are any links between TBI, socio-emotional processing and offending.
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Schrover, Isabella. "An exploration of the experiences of young adults who acquired a brain injury." Thesis, University of East London, 2015. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/4241/.
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In the United Kingdom at least 15,600 young adults are admitted to hospital following an acquired brain injury each year. For those who survive, the brain injury-related consequences to their psychological well-being (e.g. feelings of anxiety and low mood, low self-esteem) and social environment (e.g. very limited social support, loss of relationships and friendships) are understood to be the ones that have the most effect on a young person’s life in the long term. The social environment, such as family and friends, is important for the development of a young person’s identity, independence and self-esteem. Most young people with an acquired brain injury rely on their families to help them to manage the long-term psychosocial consequences. It is understood that society tends to denigrate the unproductiveness and dependence of those young people who do not have a visible sign of the injury. The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of young people aged 18 to 31 living with a brain injury who do not have visible impairments and who sustained their injury more than two years ago. Six men and two women who attended the young people’s group at Headway House in East London were interviewed. Thematic analysis within a critical-realist epistemology was undertaken to analyse the interviews for shared and distinct themes. Four main themes and four subthemes were identified, representing the participants’ experiences of how their brain injury had led to a range of inabilities, for example cognitive, physical, behavioural, communicative and personality, which changed their sense of self, their social relationships and their return to work or school. These changes consequently led to feelings of lost purpose and meaning in life and ultimately to feelings of low mood, frustration and exclusion. The participants felt supported by family and professional services and they described that acknowledgement of inabilities was necessary to make effective use of provided support. Yet, the participants felt that they were excluded by our society and left to their own devices to find themselves a meaningful place in society. Therefore, it is recommended that the general public and professionals would benefit from general education about the challenges young brain injury survivors face and the support they need.
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Levesque, Christine. "Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Through the Lens of Young Adults' Romantic Relationship Functioning." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/39599.
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Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is the direct, purposeful self-infliction of injury, which results in tissue damage, is performed without conscious suicidal intent and through methods that are not socially sanctioned (Nixon & Heath, 2009). The phenomenon of self-injurious behaviours is alarming, especially among adolescents and young adults (Muehlenkamp, 2005). In fact, it is estimated that lifetime prevalence of NSSI in young adults within the general population is around 12% to 38% (for reviews, see Heath, Schaub, Holly, & Nixon, 2009; Jacobson & Gould, 2007; Rodham & Hawton, 2009). While this proportion declines when assessing recent NSSI (i.e., usually performed in the past six months or in the past year), the numbers are still disturbing with 2.5% to 12.5% of young adults reporting current NSSI (for reviews, see Heath et al., 2009; Jacobson & Gould, 2007; Rodham & Hawton, 2009). The goal of this thesis is to investigate the associations between romantic relationships and NSSI in young adults and to address two major limitations that emerge from the literature, namely: a) several theoretical hypotheses have yet to be validated despite considerable advances in the scientific study of NSSI; and b) with the exception of one study, the few studies available relating romantic relationships and NSSI solely focused on the individual level of analysis instead of including both partners in the model. This goal will be addressed through three articles, each targeting specific objectives.
For the sake of methodological rigor and for adequate evaluation of the constructs under study, the purpose of the first study was to validate the factorial structure of the English version of the Dyadic Coping Inventory (DCI; Bodenmann, 2008). A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) corroborated the measurement theory of the DCI by revealing the presence of five coping factors (i.e., stress communication, supportive dyadic coping, delegated dyadic coping, negative dyadic coping, common dyadic coping) and two target factors (i.e., one’s own dyadic coping and partner’s dyadic coping). The English DCI also demonstrated good internal reliability and yielded preliminary evidence of concurrent validity. All together, these findings lead to the conclusion that the English DCI is an accurate and reliable measure of dyadic coping, and that researchers can use the English DCI confidently in their research to evaluate dyadic coping processes. The established factorial structure of the English DCI was then used in subsequent studies of this thesis.
The purpose of the second study was to investigate direct and indirect associations between insecure romantic attachment, difficulties in emotion regulation and common dyadic coping strategies, and endorsement of NSSI behaviours. From an empirical standpoint, this study is the first to explore these specific relationships in one comprehensive model, targeting both interpersonal and intrapersonal strategies to deal with stressful experiences and the role it might have on one’s NSSI behaviours. Overall, the results revealed that difficulties in emotion regulation mediated the relationships between romantic attachment insecurity (i.e., attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance) and NSSI, whereas no such effects were found for common dyadic coping strategies. Findings from this study suggest that intrapersonal strategies (i.e., emotion regulation) might be more influential on one’s NSSI behaviours than behavioural strategies (i.e., common dyadic coping). This study also offers a first step towards the understanding of the romantic relational context of individuals struggling with NSSI behaviours. The next step remains to explore the couple as the unit of analysis rather than focusing on only one member of the relationship, giving way to the third study of this thesis.
The primary aim of the third study was to generate a general portrait of young women’s romantic relationship functioning, distinguishing women who recently self-injured from those who have never self-injured. This study was designed to permit the exploration of not only the individual-level effects, but also potential effects from the romantic partner. Through a series of nonparametric Mann-Whitney U tests, results revealed that women who engage in NSSI behaviours are more likely to report subjective distress in the form of attachment anxiety and distrust compared to women who do not engage in NSSI behaviours. They also reported good, but slightly lower levels of, relationship satisfaction and adaptive dyadic coping strategies compared to women who have never engaged in NSSI. Findings also showed that partners of women who engage in NSSI behaviour reported more attachment anxiety than partners of women who do not engage in NSSI behaviours. The women and their partner’s reports about their romantic relationship experiences provide unique insight into the similarities and differences of individuals who self-injure and those who do not. Furthermore, a cursory exploration of the partners’ NSSI behaviours revealed that nearly one-third of the partners in a relationship with women who self-injured also reported having recently engaged in NSSI behaviours. These findings add some depth to the understanding of the relational context of those who are struggling with NSSI and provide future directions in research.
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Wetherington, Crista E. Hooper Stephen R. "Parent ratings of social-behavioral functioning after traumatic brain injury in very young children." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,390.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006.Title from electronic title page (viewed Oct. 10, 2007). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Education (School Psychology)." Discipline: Education; Department/School: Education.
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McCoy, Katrina. "Thresholds and tolerance of physical pain among young adults who engage in self-injury." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2008. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5917.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2008.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 59 p. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 29-32).
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Hunt, Heloise. "Impulsivity and risk-taking in adolescent young offenders : does traumatic brain injury play a role?" Thesis, University of Exeter, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/16036.
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Objective: To investigate whether traumatic brain injury (TBI) plays a role in impulsivity, risk-taking, aggression and other behaviour problems in young offenders. Setting: Youth Offending Teams in the South West of England. Participants: Participants were 21 young offenders with community sentences, aged between 14 and 18 years old. Design: A cross-sectional correlational design. Main measures: A background questionnaire gathered information about the frequency and severity of TBIs, which was used to calculate the “TBI dose”. The Stoplight task and the Stroop test provided behavioural measures of risk-taking and interference control respectively. Self-report questionnaires provided measures of impulsivity (UPPS Impulsivity Scale), aggression (Reactive and Proactive Aggression Questionnaire) and behaviour (Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire). Results: Seventy-six per cent of the sample reported at least one TBI. TBI was not significantly correlated with either any of the other variables. Impulsivity was significantly positively correlated with reactive aggression. Conclusion: This exploratory study concludes that, in the current sample, TBI is not associated with impulsivity or risk-taking. Therefore, it is equally possible that impulsivity and reactive aggression pre-exist TBI. Future research should use a longitudinal design and a larger sample.
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Meadham, Hannah. "Post-concussion symptoms after self-reported head injury, and reactive aggression in young male offenders." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/14764.
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Objective Adolescence is recognised as a risk period for offending and head injury (HI), with higher rates of HI found in the young offender (YO) population compared to the general population. Drug and alcohol use has also been associated with increased risk of offending. This study aims to explore the relationships between HI, Post-concussion symptoms (PCS), reactive and proactive aggression, and offending behaviour in YOs, whilst considering the effects of drug and alcohol use on these relationships. Participants A sample of ninety eight males was recruited from a Young Offender Institute: the age range was 16-18 years of age with an average age of 17. Design A between subjects cross sectional design was employed. Participants were recruited using an opportunistic sampling strategy. Main Measures Self-rated/report measures of: HI, Post-Concussion Symptoms (Adapted Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptom Questionnaire), Aggression (Reactive-Proactive Scale), criminal histories, and drug and alcohol history. Results HI was reported by 73.5% of the overall sample, with 61.1% reporting a “knock out”. Frequency and severity of HI was associated with significantly higher PCS scores. Examination of covariate- drug and alcohol use did not affect these relationships. PCS were a significant predictor of reactive aggression, total number of convictions and number of previous violent convictions. However, dosage of HI (severity and frequency) was not a significant predictor of reactive aggression or criminal profiles. Conclusions There appears to be a dose-response effect of severity and frequency of HI on PCS, with PCS predicting reactive aggression. Such symptoms may compromise functions and lead to increased aggression. This highlights the need for better screening and interventions for HI and on-going symptoms in YOs.
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Dowling, Sandra Florence. "It's like two different people but me! : identity following acquired brain injury in young people." Thesis, Ulster University, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.516533.
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Payne, Ruth. "Investigation into the frontal lobe functioning of young offenders with and without a head injury." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2014. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/50733/.
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Recent research has established a high prevalence of head injuries in both the adult and youth offending populations. Offenders often have difficulties with tasks that involve executive and frontal lobe functioning compared to non-offenders, but research has often not recorded or controlled for the effect of head injury. This research aimed to investigate whether young offenders in the community, with self-reported traumatic brain injury (TBI), perform differently to young offenders without a TBI on tasks that are associated with frontal lobe functioning. Participants completed a battery of assessment measures that related to four different areas of frontal lobe functioning. In addition measures of mood, socio-economic status (SES) and IQ were taken as possible confounding variables. A total of 20 participants were recruited in the TBI group and 15 in the non-TBI group. Participants were aged between 12-17 years old and had either past or current involvement with Youth Offending Services (YOS). The TBI group had significantly lower IQ and SES than the non-TBI group but similar levels of self-reported depression. The TBI group were more impulsive on an inhibition task and were poorer at intuitive and emotion-based decision making, and reading emotions from the eyes. There were no significant differences between the groups on reaction time tests. The study concluded that within this sample of young offenders, those with a self-reported head injury had poorer performance on some tasks associated with frontal lobe functioning, but not others. The findings are considered in the context of theoretical and clinical implications with suggestions for further research.
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Garcia, Dainelys. "Parent-Child Interaction Therapy as a Family-Focused Approach for Young Children with Traumatic Brain Injury." FIU Digital Commons, 2016. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2577.
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Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death and disability in children and adolescents in the U.S. and disproportionately affects young children. The negative consequences of early childhood TBI include deficits in behavior and attention, cognitive abilities, and academic skills. Behavior problems in particular are one of the most common and persistent consequences following TBI in young children. Therefore, interventions are needed that target the adverse effects of TBI on behavior. The purpose of the current work was to examine the initial outcome, feasibility, acceptability, and satisfaction of a time-limited and intensive format of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) for families with a child aged 2 to 5 years who had sustained a TBI and displayed clinically elevated externalizing behavior problems. The open trial included 10 families that completed a baseline assessment, received the intervention over 5 weeks, and completed post-intervention and 2-month follow-up assessments. Results indicated that children who completed the intervention showed significant improvements in both externalizing and internalizing behavior problems at post-intervention and 2-month follow-up, with the exception of non-significant change in self-regulation at post-intervention and 2-month follow-up, and attention problems at 2-month follow-up. In addition, significant improvements were found on all cognitive measures examining working memory, receptive language, and executive functioning at post-intervention and 2-month follow-up. Similarly, caregivers who completed the intervention displayed significant improvements in their parenting skills during play with their child and reported significant reductions in overall caregiver stress and caregiver stress related to their child’s difficult behaviors. Despite limitations inherent in an open trial (e.g., small sample, lack of a control group, generalizability), the current study addressed a relatively unexplored research question and suggests that an intensive format of PCIT may be a promising approach for improving domains commonly affected by early childhood TBI (e.g., behavioral, cognitive, and family functioning) prior to the development of more severe and persistent problems.
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Best, Amy C. "Quality of life in young adults with head injury living in nursing homes : a comparative study." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3623/.
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Background: Little is known about young adults with Head Injury (HI) who are discharged to nursing homes; particularly with regards to the impact that living environment has on their quality of life (QOL). To date QOL profiles in HI are limited and much of this research has also been confined to those who live in the community. The degree to which existing profiles are meaningful in young adults with HI living in nursing homes is uncertain and further investigation is required. Methods: The present study aims to investigate whether QOL differs for individuals with HI living in nursing homes compared to individuals with HI living in the community and healthy peers. 33 participants were recruited into one of three groups; HI nursing home (n = 11), HI community group (n = 11) and a healthy control group (n = 11). The groups were compared on generic and disease specific self-report measures of QOL. In order to create a picture of factors which are associated with QOL following HI; the HI groups completed a number of measures assessing psychosocial variables (depression, self-esteem, contact with family and friend and completion of recreational activities). Results: No differences in ratings of QOL between the HIN group and HICC and healthy control groups were found. Relationships were found between levels of depression, self-esteem and QOL after HI. Conclusion: No evidence was found to support the hypothesis that QOL is poorer for young adults with HI living in nursing homes. Further support is provided for a number psychological variables associated with QOL. Further research is required to replicate and extend these findings.
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Pickering, Alastair. "A study of outcomes following head injury among children and young adults in full-time education." Thesis, University of Hull, 2007. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:2178.
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Head injuries are often claimed to account for more than one million attendances to emergency departments, across the United Kingdom, per year. A review of head injury epidemiology in the 1970's estimated the number of attendances to emergency departments to be between 1600 and 1700 per 100,000 of the population. With the current UK population quoted as just over 60 million, this would estimate the attendance rate, following head injury, at between 960,000 and 1,020,000 per year.
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Tanskanen, Sanna-Leena. "Associations between TBI, facial emotion recognition, impulse control and aggression in delinquent and vulnerable young people." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/18524.
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Objectives: There is evidence that childhood traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with increased risk of offending and violent crime. This study aimed to explore associations between TBI in a group of delinquent and vulnerable young people (VYP) at risk of offending, and facial emotion recognition (FER) abilities, inhibition control (Stop-IT) and self-reported reactive-proactive aggression (RPQ). Methods: There were two studies. The first study used a cross sectional between group design to compare 45 VYP (with and without TBI) and a control group of 59 students on FER task measuring emotion recognition accuracy of six basic emotions. The second study examined differences between TBI and non-TBI groups in the VYP sample (N=21) on a Stop-IT task, FER accuracy and self-reported reactive-proactive aggression. Results: A history of TBI was reported by 60% of the VYP group (48.9% with loss of consciousness [LoC]), whereas 30% of the control group reported a history of TBI (25.4% with LoC). The VYP group (with and without TBI) demonstrated a similar pattern of reduced overall FER accuracy that was significantly different to the control group. Compared to the control group, The VYP groups (with and without TBI) were less accurate on recognising anger, disgust, sadness and surprise, but not happy and fear. There were no significant differences between the TBI- and non-TBI groups. The second study did not find any significant differences between the TBI and non-TBI groups on overall FER accuracy, Stop-IT performance, and RPQ scores. There were also no significant associations between these measures. Conclusions: Future research requires larger samples that enable investigating the association between different severity of TBI, FER and inhibition control ability. Better and more youth-friendly measures are also needed.
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Martin, M. Jodi. "Quality of Parent-Child Relationships, Attachment, and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury: Two Investigations in Young Adult Samples." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31194.
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Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a destructive behaviour engaged in by a large proportion of youth and young adults in current society. Despite previous work, the recent revision of the DSM does not include NSSI as a distinct syndrome; instead it remains in a category for disorders requiring additional research. Thus, in order to better understand the many etiological components underlying NSSI behaviour, still more investigation is required. To this end the current investigations aimed to further elaborate upon known links between NSSI behaviour and parent-child relationships from two perspectives: first, with regard to the overall quality of relationships with parents, and second, with specific focus on the impact of attachment representations of early relationships with parents. Though both perspectives have been investigated in the past, the current studies were developed to alleviate methodological limitations of the existing literature. Study 1 adopted a person-centered approach to examine patterns of perceived relationship quality reported by self-injuring youth based on the combination of multiple relational characteristics; these patterns were then compared with several indices related to different manifestations of NSSI behaviour. Results show heterogeneity in the perceptions of parent-child relationship quality in self-injurers, such that both negative and positive family backgrounds were implicated in the behaviour. Further analyses demonstrate that the level of risk presented by a self-injuring individual can be differentiated based on perceived quality of parent-child relationship. Study 2 investigated how individuals’ internalized states of mind regarding early attachment experiences are related to NSSI, with particular attention dedicated to the relative influences of child maltreatment and attachment representation. Attachment representations reflecting deficits in emotion regulation (preoccupied, unresolved/cannot classify) were most common in self-injurers. Moreover, self-reported childhood maltreatment and attachment states of mind independently contributed to the prediction of NSSI. Lastly, findings suggest that distinct relational influences characteristic of relationships with mothers and fathers are associated with NSSI. The two studies presented here significantly contribute to existing knowledge concerning parental influences in the etiology of NSSI. These investigations add to existing knowledge of NSSI, and may ultimately aid in preventing and treating this damaging behaviour.
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Douglas, Nicolas J. "'Banged up, bandaged up' : a qualitative study of non-suicidal self injury amongst young women in prison." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.558552.
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This study examined non-suicidal self injury among young wor,nen in two establishments detaining young offenders in England. The study explored the extent to which socio- environmental factors were implicated, since this has received relatively little attention in previous research. The study aimed to: 1) explore the perceptions of women prisoners and prison professionals about the extent to which the environment of prison impacted upon self injury behaviour and, 2) generate information to enhance custodial and healthcare practice in relation to women prisoners who self-injure. Primarily qualitative methods of inquiry were used, including semi-structured individual interviews with 30 young female prisoners and 49 custodial and other prison staff (primarily healthcare and prisoner welfare). Braun and Clarke's (2006) approach to thematic analysis was used to analyse interview material. Literature reviews foregrounded the study, examining nomenclature and definition, the prevalence of self injury among young women in prison relative to other relevant groups and aetiology. The research found that young women primarily engaged in self injury for reasons of affect regulation, often in response to prior traumatic life experiences. However, self injury was exacerbated by a number of socio-environmental factors such as the 'pains of imprisonment' , the imposition of prison discipline, the nature of social relations and the use and management of physical space. Examination of involvement with the Prison Service system for managing self harm risk (ACCT) and psycho-therapeutic interventions available showed scope for improved engagement. The study concludes with policy and practice recommendations such as the need for education for young women prisoners about self injury, full implementation of training for custodial staff, interventions to allow young women prisoners to constructively channel tensions and frustrations, better management of physical space and the investigation and provision of evidence-based psycho-therapeutic interventions to effectively address self injury among young women in prison.
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Trance, Deborah A. "The prediction of functional outcome by trauma scores in infants and young children with traumatic head injuries." Thesis, Boston University, 1991. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/37169.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Boston UniversityPLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.
In this pilot study, 28 subjects ages 0 to 6 years who had sustained head injuries were assessed as to their functional status at one and six months post hospital discharge. The functional assessments used were the Rand Child Health Scale, the Battelle Developmental Inventory Screening Test, the Battelle Developmental Inventory Motor Domain, and the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory. Correlations between these functional measures and trauma scores reported through the National Pediatric Trauma Registry (Glasgow Coma Scale; Injury Severity Score, and Pediatric Trauma Score) were calculated to determine the predictive capacity of the trauma scores in determining functional outcome. The trauma scores were not found to be reliable predictors of functional outcome in these young children.
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Duggan, Jamie. "Body image: an investigation of an intrapersonal risk factor related to non-suicidal self injury among young adults." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=104861.
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The multidimensional construct of body image is an established risk factor related to numerous maladaptive outcomes. Examining the role of the body in self-destructive behaviours, Orbach (1996) theorized that negative bodily experiences and attitudes reduce self-preservative attitudes, and foster the development of detachment and hatred associated with the body, facilitating the likelihood of engaging in self-destructive behaviours. Orbach's theoretical perspective has been validated among self-destructive acts such as disordered eating behaviours, suicidal ideation, and suicidal behaviours. Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) represents an alternative form of self-destructive behaviour, and is defined as the deliberate, self-inflicted destruction of body tissue without conscious suicidal intent, and for purposes not socially sanctioned. The current program of research sought to validate and extend upon Orbach's theory of bodily experiences among a community sample of male and female young adults who reported having engaged in NSSI. Additionally, as emotion dysregulation is a robust risk factor related to NSSI, the current program of research sought to investigate the relationship between dimensions of body image, emotion dysregulation, and NSSI in order to understand the mechanisms through which differential dimensions of body image influence the likelihood of engaging in NSSI. Thus, the current program of research is comprised of two manuscripts. Manuscript 1 tested the factor validity of the Body Influence Assessment Inventory (BIAI; Osman et al., 2006), an instrument that was developed based on an extension of Orbach's (1996) theory of bodily experiences, in a sample of 101 young adults who reported having engaged in NSSI (72% female). Confirmatory factor analysis of the four-factor structure produced strong fit indices, thus findings (a) validated the factor structure of the BIAI among an NSSI sample, and (b) revealed the importance of acknowledging multiple dimensions of body image, including affective, cognitive, and behavioural, as useful variables in the assessment of body image among young adults who report having engaged in NSSI. Building upon these findings, Manuscript 2 investigated the differential role of dimensions of body image (i.e., affective, cognitive, and behavioural) as measured by the BIAI, among a community sample of 101 young adults who reported having engaged in NSSI, and a matched comparison group of 101 young adults who did not (n = 202, 72% female). The study also extended upon Orbach's theory, as path analyses tested a mediational model of self-injury based on the hypothesis that emotion dysregulation would mediate the relationship between dimensions of body image and the possibility of engaging in NSSI. Results indicated that negative attitudes and suicide-related thoughts concerning the body and physical appearance significantly differentiated young adults who reported having engaged in NSSI and those who did not, regardless of gender. Partial support for the proposed mediational model was found, with significant direct and indirect effects between dimensions of body image and NSSI by way of emotion dysregulation. Taken together, the two studies collectively serve to extend Orbach's (1996) theoretical conceptualization of the role of bodily experiences to a community sample of young adults who reported having engaged in NSSI, and expands the theory by identifying emotion dysregulation as a partial mechanism through which body image influences the likelihood of engaging in NSSI. In sum, the program of research identifies dimensions of body image as a robust intrapersonal risk factor, and furthers our understanding of the relationship between dimensions of body image, emotion dysregulation, and NSSI.Examinant le rôle du corps dans les comportements autodestructeurs, Orbach (1996) a émis l'hypothèse que des expériences et des attitudes corporelles négatives réduisent les attitudes de conservation et favorisent le développement de détachement et de haine vis-à-vis le corps, contribuant aux probabilités d'adoption de comportements autodestructeurs. La perspective théorique d'Orbach a été validée relativement à des comportements autodestructeurs tels que les troubles du comportement alimentaire, l'idéation suicidaire et les comportements suicidaires. L'automutilation non-suicidaire (AMNS) représente une forme alternative de comportement autodestructeur et désigne des comportements délibérés de destruction physique sans intention consciente de suicide et à des fins qui ne sont pas sanctionnées socialement. Le programme de recherche cherchait à valider et à approfondir la théorie d'expériences corporelles d'Orbach parmi un échantillon communautaire de jeunes adultes (hommes et femmes) disant avoir posé des gestes d'AMNS. Puisque le dérèglement émotif est un facteur de risque important relié à l'AMNS, le programme de recherche cherchait à examiner la corrélation entre les dimensions de l'image corporelle, le dérèglement émotif et l'AMNS afin de comprendre les mécanismes par lesquels les dimensions différentielles de l'image corporelle influencent la probabilité d'adopter des comportements d'AMNS. Le manuscrit 1 a testé la validité des facteurs du Body Influence Assessment Inventory (BIAI; Osman et al., 2006), un instrument basé sur un prolongement de la théorie d'expériences corporelles d'Orbach (1996) parmi un échantillon de 101 jeunes adultes disant avoir adopté des comportements d'AMNS (72% femmes). Une analyse factorielle confirmatoire de la structure des quatre facteurs a produit des statistiques robustes; les résultats ont donc (a) validé la structure de facteurs de l'instrument BIAI parmi un échantillon AMNS, et (b) révélé l'importance de reconnaître les dimensions multiples de l'image corporelle, dont les dimensions affective, cognitive et comportementale, comme des variables utiles dans l'évaluation de l'image corporelle parmi les jeunes adultes qui disent avoir posé des gestes d'AMNS. Le manuscrit 2 a examiné le rôle différentiel des dimensions de l'image corporelle (ex.: affective, cognitive et comportementale), telles que mesurées par le BIAI, parmi un échantillon communautaire de 101 jeunes adultes disant avoir posé des gestes d'AMNS et un groupe témoin apparié de 101 jeunes adultes qui n'en n'ont pas posés (N = 202, 72% femmes). L'étude a aussi porté plus loin la théorie d'Orbach, alors que des analyses causales ont testé un modèle médiationnel d'automutilation fondé sur l'hypothèse que le dérèglement émotif faciliterait la relation entre les dimensions de l'image corporelle et l'adoption de comportements d'AMNS. Les résultats ont indiqué que les attitudes négatives et les pensées reliées au suicide portant sur le corps et l'apparence physique différentient considérablement les jeunes adultes qui posent des gestes d'AMNS et ceux qui ne le font pas, peu importe le sexe. Un soutien partiel pour le modèle médiationnel proposé a été établi, avec des effets directs et indirects significatifs entre les dimensions de l'image corporelle et l'AMNS par voie du dérèglement émotif. Les deux études servent collectivement à appliquer la conceptualisation théorique d'Orbach (1996) du rôle des expériences corporelles à un échantillon communautaire de jeunes adultes disant avoir posé des gestes d'AMNS, et élargit la théorie en identifiant le dérèglement émotif comme un mécanisme partiel par lequel l'image corporelle influence la probabilité de poser des gestes d'AMNS. Le programme de recherche identifie les dimensions de l'image corporelle comme un facteur de risque intrapersonnel important et nous aide à mieux comprendre le rapport entre les dimensions de l'image corporelle, le dérèglement émotif et l'AMNS.
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Hughes, Jonathon. "Biomechanics of skull fracture and intracranial injury in young children as a consequence of a low height fall." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2014. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/73344/.
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A challenge for clinicians when presented with a significant head injury in a young child and a postulated fall height is to determine the plausibility of such an injury. Previous authors have aimed to determine the head injuries that can result from a low height fall, however due to a lack of clarity it is difficult to determine a fall height at which certain head injuries including skull fracture and intra cranial injury (ICI) becomes more likely. Biomechanical thresholds aimed at young children exist for skull fracture and adult thresholds for subdural haemorrhage, however they have not been assessed against the injuries seen in a clinical setting. Consequently this study investigated low height falls in a paediatric clinical setting to determine differentiating variables and characteristics in the mechanism of head injury between children with a minor head injury and those with a skull fracture and / or ICI. The primary aim of which was to determine a fall height threshold for skull fracture and / ICI in young children. Following this, biomechanical methods were used to include, the development of an accurate anthropomorphic testing device (ATD) and a finite element model of an infant head, to investigate the differentiating variables and ultimately the clinical fall height threshold. Method A case control study of children ≤ 48 months of age who had a minor head injury and those with a skull fracture and / or ICI, to identify variables and characteristics of falls that influenced injury severity. Children were ascertained from those who attended the University Hospital of Wales Cardiff from a low height fall. The clinical characteristics and biomechanical variables evaluated included the mechanism of injury, surface of impact, site of impact and fall height (taking into consideration height of object and centre of gravity of the child’s body and head mass). Categorical variables were assessed using a Chi Square test and continuous variables using Student t-test or the non parametric equivalent. A modified logistic regression was used to evaluate the likelihood of sustaining a skull fracture and /or ICI based on fall height. Initially to investigate the differentiating variables a biofidelic infant headform was designed via image processing and segmentation of computed tomography (CT) datasets and manufactured using materials with similar properties to the bone and soft tissues of the head. The headform impact response was initially validated against infant cadaver data and then it was subject to tests classed as sub-injurious based on the clinical data collected from the hospital. The headform was dropped at impact angles of 90o, 75o and 60o at three velocities (2.4m/s, 3m/s, 3.4m/s) corresponding to three heights (0.3m, 0.45m, 0.6m), onto four domestic surfaces (carpet, carpet & underlay, laminate and wood) using two skin friction surrogates (latex, polyamide). A Student t-test was used to measure the affect of the coefficient of static friction and a three factorial ANOVA to measure the affect of impact velocity, surface type and angle of impact had on kinematic variables (peak g, HIC, rotational acceleration, change in rotational velocity and duration of impact). Finally to investigate the differentiating variables a finite element (FE) model of an infant head was developed, again through image processing of infant head CT datasets. The FE model consisted of the scalp, sutures, cranial bones, dura membranes, cerebral spinal fluid, bridging veins and the brain and the impact response was also initially validated against infant cadaver data. Post validation a parametric test across four different scenarios (0.3m impact onto the occipital, frontal, vertex and parietal areas of the head) was conducted to assess the affect material properties have on impacted response of the model. Finally the FE was used to assess the affect height (0.3m, 0.6m, 1.2m) and anatomical site of impact have on the impact response of the head, including kinematic variables and material response variables. Results Identified cases included 416 children with a minor head injury and 47 with a skull fracture and / or ICI. The mean fall height for minor head injuries was significantly lower than for a fall causing skull fracture and / or ICI (P<0.001). Utilising the height of centre of gravity of the head, no skull fracture and / or ICI was sustained in children who fell <0.6m (2ft). Skull fractures and / or ICI were more likely in children ≤12 months (P<0.001), following impacts to the temporal/parietal or occipital region of the head (P<0.01), and impacts onto wood (P<0.05). All tests using the biofidelic headform were conducted with impact velocities corresponding to fall heights ≤0.6m, where an increase in impact velocity, increase in surface stiffness and a decrease in impact angle significantly affected both rotational and translation kinematic variables (P<0.05). Peak rotational accelerations at 90 degrees were 11, 363 rad/s2 on wood at an impact velocity corresponding to a height of 0.6m and significantly increased to 16,980 rad/s2 with a 30 degree decrease in impact angle (P<0.001). However head injury criterion (HIC) decreased for wood at impact velocity corresponding to 0.6m from 245 to 121 for a 30degree decrease in impact angle (P<0.001). The parametric test using the finite element model indicated that the skull stiffness has the greatest affect on the dynamic response of the head, an increase in the skull stiffness of 7% increased HIC by 26%. Height and anatomical site of impact affected kinematic and material response variables. The mean value of peak G and HIC at the clinical defined threshold of 0.6m fall height was 85g and 284g, respectively. An increase in fall height to The stiffest parts of the head were the frontal areas and the least stiff were impacts focal to the sutures. Impacts focal to sutures indicated high stress zones on adjacent bones, for example an impact to the vertex indicated high stress zones on the left and right parietal bones. The greatest strain on the connectors used to model the bridging veins was at the most focal impact point, the vertex. For a 1.2m fall the greatest peak stretch ratio for a vertex impact was 1.31. Conclusion A threshold above which skull fracture and / or ICI of 0.6m was proposed. The corresponding mean values for peak g and HIC using the finite element models at a 0.6m fall corresponded well with current biomechanical thresholds for skull fracture, particularly the current National Highway Transport Safety Administration standard. This study highlights the importance of developing threshold specific to young children that are both clinically and biomechanically relevant. A clinical finding was that head injury severity was influence by anatomical site of impact. This was supported by the biomechanical analysis where skull fracture risk and strain on the bridging veins were both influenced by site of impact. The high stress on adjacent bones from a single impact focal to the sutures, suggest the potential for fracture on multiple cranial bones from a single point of impact. Whilst further research is required to validate fracture patterns, it highlights the potential for a bi-parietal fracture from a vertex impact.
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Shin, Christoher. "DIFFERENTIAL GLIAL CELL RESPONSES IN THE DENTATE GYRUS IN YOUNG ADULT AND AGED BRAINS FOLLOWING TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY." VCU Scholars Compass, 2011. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2511.
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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects 3 out of every 1000 Americans each year, and is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality after trauma, accounting for as many as 56,000 deaths per year (Dutton and McCunn, 2003). The Centers for Disease and Control and Prevention found that TBI most commonly occurs in adolescents and young adults aged from 15 to 24 years and in the elderly (75 years and older). Following injury, the secondary injury begins almost immediately after the primary injury and is the result of a number of cascades where once activated, exacerbate the already altered homeostasis of the injured brain. Brain trauma leads to complex secondary injury responses that trigger many cellular and molecular pathways, especially inflammation. The cerebral inflammation that occurs after TBI has been described through the processes of glial activation followed by leukocyte recruitment, and upreglation and secretion of cytokines and chemokines. With aging there is a decrease in the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines along with increasing amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines by peripheral blood monoculear cells, microglia, and astrocytes. Studies have shown that inflammation has a strong negative effect on neurogenesis in the adult brain due to the impact of the pro-inflammatory cytokines that are released following the acute injury or disease. In this study, we first examined the differences in glial cells responses in young adult brain and aged brain following a moderate lateral fluid percussion injury and the correlation of glial cell activation with hippocampal neurogenesis. We then examined the effect of anti-inflammation treatment on glial cell response in the young and aged brain. The levels of astrocytic and microglial responses in the DG of the hippocampus following injury at 3, 7 or 28 days post-injury were measured using densitometry image analysis on GFAP or Iba1 immunofluorescent labeled brain tissue sections. We found that injury increased both astrocyte and microglial activation and proliferation in both young and aged brain. The young injured animals exhibited greater levels of GFAP while the aged injured animals exhibited greater levels of Iba1 expression at all three time points. We also found that short time anti-inflammatory treatment with minocycline decreased levels of Iba1 expression while increased levels of GFAP expression in both young and aged brain following injury. Our data suggests that there are differences in glial response in the injured young and aged brain that may contribute to the differences in the regenerative and recovery potential in the two age groups following injury.
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Duricki, Denise. "Functional recovery in young adult and aged rats following delayed, intramuscular treatment with neurotrophin-3 after focal stroke injury." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2012. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/functional-recovery-in-young-adult-and-aged-rats-following-delayed-intramuscular-treatment-with-neurotrophin3-after-focal-stroke-injury(5da72191-6b8c-4d02-b09d-75407e1b2a07).html.
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Stroke is a currently the major cause of locomotor disability and the 3rd most common cause of death worldwide. It occurs when a region of the brain is damaged due to compromised cerebral blood flow either from a clot or rupture of a blood vessel and as a result, the affected area of the brain is unable to perform its normal functions. Stroke often leads to arm disability and neglect of the opposite side of the body, for which there is an urgent need for effective, efficient treatment. This thesis utilises an endothelin-1 model of focal ischemic stroke to evaluate functional recovery in adult and aged rats following treatment with neurotrophin-3 (NTS). Endothelin-1 produces a reduction in local blood flow to levels that produce ischemic injury when applied to areas of the brain. Due to the reproducible nature and location of this injury, we can qualitatively and quantitatively monitor any increase in forelimb sensory or motor function. NT3 is essential for the development and function of locomotor networks and clinical trials for other conditions have shown that systemic, high doses of NT3 are well tolerated. Here we show in three independent, randomised, blinded studies that NT3 reverses sensory neglect and arm disability in rats, when treatment is initiated 24 hours after stroke (a clinically-feasible time-frame). This thesis demonstrates that NT3 induces spinal and supraspinal neuroplasticity: brain imaging during forearm stimulation shows reorganisation upon treatment. Recovery was associated with neuroanatomical plasticity in the spinal cord of spared corticospinal and serotonergic pathways, which express receptors for NTS. Nerve recording during CST stimulation of both hemispheres showed that NTS enhances motor output. We find no evidence that NTS causes pain by lack of sprouting of nociceptive related fibres or no change to cold allodynia responses. This thesis shows that intramuscular injection of AAV-NT3 improves function in elderly rats as well as in young rats, and that intramuscular infusion of recombinant NTS protein improves function in young adult rats, even when treatment is initiated 24 hours after stroke. Furthermore, it provides additional evidence for the beneficial use of NTS following CNS insult and provides novel evidence s for the use of this therapy following an ischemic stroke.
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Kramer, Michaela M. "The Postsecondary Transition Experience for Young Adults with Traumatic Brain Injuries." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1438621743.
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Sornberger, Michael. "Non-suicidal self-injury and gender: patterns of prevalence, methods, and locations among female and male adolescents and young adults." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=95216.
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Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is the deliberate, self-inflicted destruction of body tissue without conscious suicidal intent, for purposes not socially sanctioned. Community-based research estimates that 13 to 23% of adolescents and 4 to 47% of young adults have engaged in NSSI at least once. Little is known about gender's role in this behaviour. The current study investigated gender differences in prevalence, method, and location of NSSI in two samples: adolescents and young adults. Results indicate a pattern of differences between females and males which was only partially consistent across two age samples, which suggests possible developmental differences. Implications for researchers studying NSSI and school psychologists working with clients at risk for NSSI are discussed.L'automutilation non suicidaire (AMNS) est la destruction délibéré et immédiate du tissue corporel sans intention suicidaire, et pour des raisons non sanctionnée par la société. La recherche indique qu'entre 13 et 23% des adolescents et entre 4 et 47% des jeunes adultes ont pratiqué l'AMNS au moins une fois dans leur vie, mais le rôle du sexe dans ce comportement continue d'être incertain. Cette étude a évalué les différences dans la prévalence, les méthodes, et les lieux de mutilation entre les sexes dans deux échantillons: des adolescents et de jeunes adultes. Les résultats indiquent un schéma de différences entre les femelles et mâles qui n'est que partiellement constant entre les deux échantillons. Ceci pourrait suggérer des différences de développement. Des implications pour la recherche dans le domaine de l'AMNS, de même que pour les psychologues scolaires travaillant avec des clients à risque d'AMNS sont discutées.
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Baker, Ruth. "The epidemiology of injuries among children and young people, and the impact of maternal mental illness on child injury risk." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/41383/.
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Background: Preventing injuries among children and young people is a priority in England and worldwide; with injuries a leading cause of death, ill health and disability in children, and resulting in substantial costs to health services and society. Understanding the burden of injuries is important for health service planning and the prioritisation of preventative interventions to those at greatest risk. Despite this, estimating injury burden in England remains a challenge due to fragmented data collection systems and no national surveillance system. The recent linkage of a large primary care research database, the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD), to hospitalisation and mortality data, offers a new opportunity to study the epidemiology of injuries and provide more complete estimates of injury incidence. Mental illnesses are the commonest morbidity women experience during pregnancy and the postnatal period, and are associated with several child health outcomes. The impact of maternal mental illnesses on the occurrence of childhood injuries is underexplored; with existing studies giving mixed findings, focusing upon depression alone and relying on maternal reporting of injury occurrences. Existing studies suggesting an association between maternal perinatal depression and childhood injuries have not considered the role of ongoing maternal depression after the postnatal period, and whether observed associations could be explained by biases in the reporting of injuries by mothers, or the recording of injuries by clinicians. Methods: Three large routinely-collected datasets from England, the CPRD, Hospital Episode Statistics (HES), and Office for National Statistics (ONS) mortality data, were used to conduct a series of studies. 1. The epidemiology of injuries among children and young people. A cohort of 1,928,681 individuals aged 0-24 years old from England who had linked CPRD, HES and ONS mortality data was used to describe the epidemiology of three common injuries (poisonings, fractures, burns). Time-based algorithms were developed to identify incident injury events, distinguishing between repeat records for the same injury, and those for a new event. Injury incidence rates and adjusted incidence rate ratios (aIRR) were estimated by age, sex, calendar year and socioeconomic deprivation. The recording of injury mechanisms and intent were examined for the three data sources. 2. Maternal mental illnesses during pregnancy and the child’s first five years of life. A cohort of 207,048 mother-child pairs from England who had linked CPRD and HES data, with children born 1998-2013, was used to define episodes of maternal depression and/or anxiety (termed ‘depression/anxiety’) using diagnostic, prescription and hospitalisation records. Incidence rates of maternal depression/anxiety were described over the child’s first five years of life. 3. Maternal perinatal depression and injuries in children aged 0-4 years old. A cohort study of 207,048 mother-child pairs compared incidence rates and adjusted incidence rate ratios of child poisonings, fractures, and burns among children whose mothers had experienced perinatal depression with those who had not. To assess how the association between perinatal depression and child injury was affected by subsequent exposure to maternal depression, adjusted incidence rate ratios were compared for mothers whose depression continued beyond or recurred after the postnatal period, with mothers in whom it did not. Analyses were repeated for a group of serious injuries where injury ascertainment was more likely to be complete. 4. Association between episodes of maternal depression/anxiety and rates of child injuries. Two analyses, a traditional cohort analysis (a between person design) and a self-controlled case series (SCCS) analysis (a within person design where individuals act as their own controls), were used to compare incidence rates of child injuries during episodes of maternal depression/anxiety with periods when mothers had no evidence of depression/anxiety in their medical record. These two methods were compared as they account for confounding by different means. Results: 1. The epidemiology of injuries among children and young people. For the period 2001-2011, incidence rates of poisonings, fractures and burns were 41.9 per 10,000 person-years (PY) (95%CI 41.3-42.5), 185.5 (95%CI 184.6-186.4) and 34.6 (95%CI 34.2-35.0), respectively among the cohort of 0-24 year olds. Of the injury events identified in linked CPRD-HES-ONS mortality data, 18,065 (51%) poisonings, 117,102 (75%) fractures, and 26,276 (91%) burns were only recorded in primary care data (CPRD). Injury mechanism and intent recording was high within hospitalisation and mortality data (80-100%), but low in primary care data (2-4% of burns and fractures). Age patterns of injury incidence varied by injury type, with peaks at age 2 (69.4/10,000 PY) and 18 (76.0/10,000 PY) for poisonings, age 13 for fractures (310.1/10,000 PY) and age 1 for burns (113.1/10,000 PY). Over time, fracture incidence rates increased, whereas poisoning rates increased only among 15-24 year olds and burns incidence reduced. Poisoning and burn incidence rates increased with deprivation, with the steepest socioeconomic gradient between most and least deprived quintiles for poisonings (aIRR 2.20, 95%CI 2.07-2.34). 2. Maternal mental illnesses during pregnancy and the child’s first five years of life. 4,210 (2.0%) mothers had antenatal depression, 20,486 (9.9%) had postnatal depression, and 7,413 (3.6%) had both. Between the child’s birth and fifth birthday, 54,702 (26.4%) children were exposed to one or more episode of maternal depression/anxiety, with incidence rates of maternal depression, depression with anxiety and anxiety alone 6.92/100 PY (95%CI 6.86-6.98), 1.30 (95%CI 1.27-1.33) and 1.83 (95%CI 1.80-1.86), respectively. 3. Maternal perinatal depression and injuries in children aged 0-4 years old. Among 207,048 children, 2,614 poisonings, 6,088 fractures and 4,201 burns occurred during follow-up. Children whose mothers had perinatal depression had higher injury rates than children who were unexposed, with associations strongest for poisonings. Compared to those unexposed, poisoning rates were 74% higher among children exposed to antenatal depression (aIRR 1.74, 95%CI 1.39-2.18), 55% higher for postnatal depression (aIRR 1.55, 95%CI 1.39-1.72) and 89% higher for children exposed to both (aIRR 1.89, 95%CI 1.61-2.23). Children also exposed to maternal depression when aged 1-4 years old tended to have higher poisoning, fracture and burn rates than children only exposed to perinatal depression. Significant associations persisted when analyses were restricted to serious fractures and burns. 4. Association between episodes of maternal depression/anxiety and rates of child injuries. In the traditional cohort analysis, child poisoning rates were increased during episodes of maternal depression (aIRR 1.52, 95%CI 1.31-1.76), depression with anxiety (aIRR 2.30, 95%CI 1.93-2.75) and anxiety alone (aIRR 1.63, 95%CI 1.09-2.43). Similarly, rates of burns (aIRR 1.53, 95%CI 1.29-1.81) and fractures (aIRR 1.24, 95%CI 1.06-1.44) were greatest during episodes of maternal depression with anxiety. No association was seen between maternal depression/anxiety and serious child injuries. The study populations for the SCCS analyses consisted of 2,502, 5,836, 4,051 and 909 children who had experienced a poisoning, fracture, burn or serious injury, respectively. For children who experienced a poisoning or burn, poisoning (aIRR 1.48, 95%CI 1.19-1.85) and burn (aIRR 1.29, 95%CI 1.07-1.55) rates were only increased during periods when the mother had depression compared to periods when the mother had no evidence of depression/anxiety in their medical record. No significant differences in fracture or serious injury rates were seen during depression/anxiety episodes compared to unexposed periods. Conclusion and implications: It is essential to use linked primary care, hospitalisation and mortality data to estimate injury burden, as many injury events are only captured within a single data source. Linked routinely-collected data may offer an affordable mechanism for injury surveillance; although is limited by poor recording of injury mechanism and intent within primary care data.Differing injury patterns according to age and injury type reflect differences in underlying injury mechanisms, highlighting the importance of tailored preventative interventions across the life course. Inequalities in injury occurrences support the targeting of preventative interventions to those living in the most deprived areas. Future work includes extending this research to other injury types and incorporating emergency department data when this becomes available.
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Coppock, Clare. "The construal processes of families affected by parental acquired brain injury, and the implications for adjustment in young people and their families." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/17473.
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Acquired Brain Injury (ABI) has been associated with significant family disruption, yet few studies explore the experiences of child-relatives. This cross-sectional study sought to explore the experiences of young people and their families (n = 3) following parental ABI. The major aims were (1) to develop an understanding of the processes by which family members make sense of events, and (2) to explore the implications for adjustment in young people and their families. A Personal Construct Psychology (PCP) methodology was implemented and construal processes were identified through individual interviews facilitated by Perceiver Element Grids (PEG; Procter, 2002). The Family Assessment Device (FAD; Epstein et al., 1983) and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ; Goodman, 1997) were used to explore aspects of adjustment. Data analysis comprised of two parts; intra-family and inter-family exploration of similarities and differences in construal. The themes identified suggest that following ABI, family members may be faced with a process of reconstrual, in which they are required to assimilate new information into their construct systems, renegotiate their roles, and come to terms with loss. The research offers an insight into some of the processes that may contribute to patterns of interpersonal relating that may negatively impact on adjustment. Psychological support following parental ABI may therefore be a crucial component of supporting young people and their families through these changes whilst reducing the impact on their own psychosocial wellbeing. This research offers an insight into the experiences of three families at one moment in time. Further exploration is recommended to better inform clinical practice, and ensure that the needs of this population are not overlooked.
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Winqvist, S. (Satu). "Alcohol misuse in relation to traumatic brain injury:the Northern Finland 1966 birth cohort study." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2008. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514287961.
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Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is often the leading cause of death and the most common cause of permanent disability in children and young adults. The hospital admission rates as well as the incidence and mortality rates of TBI vary enormously in different countries and populations. Even though alcohol misuse is a well-known modifiable risk factor for TBI and other injuries, few studies have been carried out on drinking patterns in relation to TBI, alcohol's role in recurrent brain injuries as well as TBI in relation to alcohol use in children and adolescents.
The Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort was used to study the epidemiology and recurrence of TBI as well as alcohol use by children with TBI by the age of 14 years and those who sustained TBI later in life. The role of parents' alcohol misuse on children's TBI was also studied.
The incidence of TBI in the whole study population was 118/100 000 person-years (PY), and the pediatric incidence of TBI (children aged under 16 years) was 130/100 000 PY. Up to the age of 10 years, the occurrence of TBI did not differ by gender, but after that age, boys and men had a higher incidence compared to girls and women. Mortality from TBI in the whole study population was 14/100 000 PY. Parental alcohol misuse and male gender were significant risk factors for the occurrence of TBI in childhood. Drinking to intoxication at the age of 14 years was a more common habit of TBI subjects than controls, especially among girls. Frequent alcohol drinking and drunkenness reported at the age of 14 years as well as male gender were independent predictors of TBI later in life. An alcohol-related first TBI and urban place of birth were found to be significant risk factors for recurrent TBI. A significant positive correlation between first and recurrent TBIs with respect to alcohol involvement was observed.
Alcohol drinking and parental alcohol misuse should be recognized among children and adolescents with acute TBI. Because alcohol drinking predicts the recurrence of TBI, a brief intervention focused on drinking habits is needed as an immediate preventive measure.
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Smith, Ann Marie. "Caregivers of young adults with traumatic brain injury : burden, cognition, and functional ability three months after discharge from an acute rehabilitation setting /." The Ohio State University, 1995. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487864986609302.
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Harvin, Ashley. "The Effect of Minocycline Treatment on Cell Proliferation and Neurogenesis in the Hippocampus in Young and Aged Brains Following Traumatic Brain Injury." VCU Scholars Compass, 2012. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2747.
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Following traumatic brain injury, there is an enhanced cell proliferative and neurogenic response in the young adult hippocampus, which may be associated with innate cognitive recovery. However, in the aged brain, an increased level of inflammatory cell responses was observed following injury concomitant to decreased hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive recovery in the aging population. This suggests that excessive inflammation produced in the injured aging brain has a detrimental effect on neurogenesis and cognitive function. In this study, we examined the effect of anti-inflammatory treatment with minocycline on cell proliferation and generation of new neurons in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus in both young and aged rats. Fisher 344 rats aged at 3 months and 20 months were subjected to a moderate lateral fluid percussion injury (LFPI) or cortical impact injury (CCI). Minocycline was administered intraperitoneally starting either at 30 minutes or 4 hours post-injury, thereafter twice daily for 2 days. BrdU was injected at 2 days post-injury to label injury-induced proliferating cells. To examine the effect of minocycline on cell proliferation, generation of new neurons, and inflammatory cell response at the acute stage post-injury, the rats were perfused 3 days post-injury. Brain sections were immunostained for BrdU and early neuronal marker doublecortin (DCX). The results show that short-term anti-inflammatory treatment with minocycline reduces the cell proliferative response, presumably inflammatory cell responses, in young and aged rats following LFPI and CCI injury, and enhances generation of new neurons in the hippocampus in both young and aged rats following LFPI and in aged rats following CCI injury. Therapies that enhance hippocampal neurogenesis may also have potential to improve cognitive recovery following TBI.
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Nyman, Edward Jr. "The Effects of an OpenNI / Kinect-Based Biofeedback Intervention on Kinematics at the Knee During Drop Vertical Jump Landings: Implications for Reducing Neuromuscular Predisposition to Non-Contact ACL Injury Risk in the Young Female Athlete." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1381269608.
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Labouliere, Christa D. "The spectrum of self-harm in college undergraduates : the intersection of maladaptive coping and emotion dysregulation." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0003274.
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Barros, Rogério Fortunato de 1978. "Avaliação do impacto do pneumoperitônio cirúrgico com CO2 sobre o parânquima renal de ratos jovens = Acute kidney injury during surgical CO2 pneumoperitoneum in young rats." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/310693.
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Orientadores: Márcio Lopes Miranda, Joaquim Murray Bustorff SilvaTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T17:35:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barros_RogerioFortunatode_D.pdf: 7693178 bytes, checksum: 55f02301a0933dc093626f6cdc21d65b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012
Resumo: Objetivo: Elevações da pressão intra-abdominal durante o pneumoperitônio podem ocasionar oligúria ou anúria em mamíferos. Possível lesão renal decorrente ainda não foi bem documentada na literatura médica. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o impacto do pneumoperitônio no parênquima renal em um modelo experimental de ratos jovens, através da expressão da neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (N-GAL), um biomarcador de lesão renal precoce. Materiais e Métodos: Vinte ratos machos jovens Sprague-Dowley foram utilizados no trabalho. Dezesseis ratos foram previamente anestesiados, traqueostomizados, flebotomizados e ventilados mecanicamente. Para análise, foram distribuídos em 4 grupos: Pneumoperitônio 1hora(h), Controle 1h, Pneumoperitônio 2h, Controle 2h. O quinto grupo, de quatro ratos, foi submetido à lesão renal através da administração de cisplatina para testar o biomarcador. Após 24h, todos os ratos foram submetidos à coleta de urina por 2 horas em gaiola metabólica; nefrectomia esquerda para quantificação por western blotting e nefrectomia direita para qualificação por immunofluorescência utilizando o biomarcador N-GAL Resultados: Os resultados foram analisados em 5 grupos de 4 ratos: Pneumoperitônio 1 e 2h, Controle 1 e 2h e Cisplatina. A expressão do N-GAL estava significantemente aumentada no grupo Cisplatina. Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os grupos Pneumoperitônio 1 e 2h e Controle 1 e 2h (P>0,05). . Conclusão: O Pneumoperitônio controlado de 1 e 2 horas em ratos não promoveu lesão renal aguda
Abstract: Objective: Elevations of intra-abdominal pressure during pneumoperitoneum can lead to oliguria or anuria in mammals. Consequent kidney injury has not been well demonstrated in the literature. The aim of this study is to investigate the post-operative kidney status after pneumoperitoneum in a rat model through expression of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (N-GAL), an early kidney injury biomarker. Materials and methods: Twenty male Sprague-Dowley rats were used in this experiment. Sixteen rats were previously anesthetized, tracheostomized, phlebotomized and mechanically ventilated were distributed in 4 groups: Pneumoperitoneum 1hour (h), Control 1h, Pneumoperitoneum 2h and Control 2h. The fifth group, composed of four rats, was kidney injuried with cisplatine to test the biomarker. After 24 hours all rats were submitted to a urine 2 hours output measurement, left nefrectomy to western blotting quantification and a right nefrectomy to immunofluorescence qualification of N-GAL. Results: The results were analyzed within 5 groups: Pneumoperitoneum 1 and 2h, Control 1 and 2h and Cisplatine group. The N-Gal expression was increased in the Cisplatine group. There weren't significant statistical difference between Pneumoperitoneum 1 and 2h and Control 1 and 2h groups (P>0,05). Conclusion: The 1 and 2hours controlled pneumoperitoneum isn't related to acute renal injury
Doutorado
Ciências da Cirurgia
Doutor em Ciências
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Clark, Alison Mary. "'From alpha male to omega male' : a grounded theory study of sexuality and intimacy in the lives of young men who have sustained traumatic brain injury." Thesis, City, University of London, 2017. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/19581/.
Full textAbstract:
Original Aims: To explore the experiences, changes and difficulties in relation to their sexuality and intimate relationships, of young men who sustained a traumatic brain injury (TBI) between the ages of 16-25. To review practical and emotional support received during rehabilitation in relation to sexuality and explore how this might be improved. To address some of the gaps in the literature relating to this area. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted and analysed using the social constructionist approach to grounded theory. Participants: Eight men who had sustained a TBI between the ages of 16-25, with no pre-existing disabilities or mental health difficulties, were recruited to participate in the research. Main Findings: Four central categories and one core category were constructed from the analysis of the data. The central categories were “I felt like I was sinking at times” – “Wanting my old life back”; The aloneness of TBI; “A wasteland of intimacy” and A shift in the narrative of time. A core category of “From alpha male to omega male”: an unwanted, uninvited individuation was developed and elevated to this central position within the analysis because of its ability to account for and contain all the other categories embedded within the data. Proposals are made for possible theoretical developments which may help healthcare professionals to understand and work with people post –TBI; these include the concept of an unwanted, uninvited individuation and a development of Boss’ theory of ambiguous loss to specifically account for intrapersonal ambiguous loss in addition to interpersonal ambiguous loss.
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Boone, Shannon Danielle. "Physical Activity as a Contributing Factor to Engagement in Self-Harm Behaviors Among Youth." TopSCHOLAR®, 2015. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1445.
Full textAbstract:
This study explored the potential for physical activity to be an effective, healthy coping strategy alternative to self-harm behaviors. Regression analyses were performed to assess how physical activity level related to risk factors (i.e., emotional dysregulation, self-esteem, and depression) and self-harm behaviors. The relationship between selfharm and exercise motivations was also examined. Participants were recruited from two high schools (n = 95) and one university (n = 72) in the southeastern region of the United States. Analyses were run using the following measures from a survey packet: adapted Exercise Questionnaire (Helmerhorst, Brage, Warren, Besson, & Ekelund, 2012), Exercise Motivations Inventory—Second Edition (Markland & Ingledew, 1997), Inventory of Statements About Self-Injury (Klonsky & Olino, 2008), Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale – 2nd Edition (Reynolds, 2002), Eating Disorders Inventory – 3 (Garner, 2004), and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (Miller, Anton, & Townson, 2008). Of the 167 who participated, 41.3% endorsed at least one instance of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). Results indicated that NSSI frequency was significantly negatively associated with physical activity (β = -.22, p < 0.01). An interaction was found between physical activity and depression, such that physical activity moderated the relationship between depression and self-harm. The overall model explained 28.2% of the variance, F(3,145) = 10.02, p < .01. Affiliation and appearancebased exercise motivations significantly associated with decreased (β = -.244, p = .047) and increased (β = .320, p = .001) frequencies of self-harm, respectively. Overall, the findings suggest that physical activity may possess a protective nature against self-harm behaviors, especially in individuals with depressive symptoms.
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Ockhuizen, Helen Ju-Reyn. "The prevalence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and an investigation of behavioural and executive functioning outcomes (among those who have sustained TBIs) in a sample of male young offenders." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12881.
Full textAbstract:
Includes bibliographical references.Adolescents are at risk for antisocial behaviour as well as for sustaining traumatic brain injuries (TBI; Moffitt, 1993; Williams, Cordan, Mewse, Tonks & Burgess, 2010). International literature has long made known the explicit link that exists between TBI and delinquent behavior (Eslinger, Flaherty-Craig, & Benton, 2004; S. Anderson, Bechara, Damasio, Tranel, & Damasio, 1999). The onset of antisocial behaviour post-TBI may not be surprising given the vulnerability of the frontal lobes in sustaining such an injury. Considering the strong overlap between the behaviour of offenders and the behavioural outcomes of sustaining TBIs, the high prevalence rates of TBI in offending populations is not surprising (Perron & Howard, 2008; Slaughter, Fann, & Ehde, 2003; Turkstra, Jones, & Toler, 2003; Williams et al., 2010). In this study, I investigate the prevalence of TBI in an offending population and the overlap between offending behaviour and outcomes of sustaining TBIs.