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Journal articles on the topic 'Injury illness'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 January 2023

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1

SMITH, JEAN C., WILLIAM L. COLEMAN, ADRIAN D. SANDLER, and CATHERINE L. GRUS. "CHRONIC ILLNESS/INJURY." Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 18, no. 2 (April 1997): 133–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004703-199704000-00020.

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Oller, Daria M., W. E. Buckley, Wayne J. Sebastianelli, and Giampietro L. Vairo. "Injury and Illness Epidemiology at a Summer Sport-Camp Program, 2008 Through 2011." Journal of Athletic Training 50, no. 3 (March 1, 2015): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-49.3.93.

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Context: University-sponsored summer sport camps often employ athletic trainers; however, there is a dearth of epidemiologic studies describing the injury and illness experience of sport-camp participants to guide clinicians. Objective: To describe the injury and illness experience of youth participants at a university-sponsored summer sport-camp program during a 4-year period. Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Setting: A National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I university that sponsored 76 to 81 camps for 28 sports each summer. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 44 499 camp participants enrolled during the 4 years. Male and female participants ranged in age from 10 to 17 years and in athletic skill from novice to elite. Main Outcome Measure(s): Data from handwritten injury and illness log books, maintained by sports health care personnel, were accessed retrospectively, entered into an electronic spreadsheet, and coded. Data were applied to the National Athletic Injury/Illness Reporting System. Participant−personnel contacts, defined as any instance when a participant sought health care services from personnel, were calculated per 100 participants. Injury and illness rates were calculated per 10 000 exposures, measured in participant-days. The distribution of injury and illness conditions and affected body regions were calculated. Results: There were 11 735 contacts, for an overall rate of 26 per 100 participants, and 4949 injuries and illnesses, for a rate of 1 per 10 000 participant-days. Participants at single-sex camps were less likely to sustain injuries and illnesses than participants at coeducational camps (rate ratio [RR] = 0.49; 95% confidence interval = 0.45, 0. 35; P < .001, and RR = 0.47; 95% confidence interval = 0.43, 0.51; P < .001, respectively). The lower extremity was injured most frequently (27.9%). Most injury and illness conditions were dermatologic (37.1%). Conclusions: The contact and injury and illness differences observed among sports and between sexes demonstrated potential differences in the sports health care needs of camp participants. These data can be used to make evidence-based clinical decisions, such as determining injury-prevention strategies and sports health care staffing needs.

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Bullock, Garrett S., Tyler Ferguson, Jake Vaughan, Desiree Gillespie, Gary Collins, and Stefan Kluzek. "Temporal Trends and Severity in Injury and Illness Incidence in the National Basketball Association Over 11 Seasons." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 232596712110040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259671211004094.

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Background: There is a paucity of current data describing injuries in professional basketball players. Utilizing publicly available injury data will allow for greater transparency for stakeholders to use the data as a shared resource to create future basketball injury prevention programs. Purpose: To describe injury and illness incidence, severity, and temporal trends in National Basketball Association (NBA) players. Among those who develop time-loss injury or illness, we estimated severity based on games missed because of injury or illness. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Publicly available NBA data were extracted through a reproducible computer-programmed process from the 2008 to 2019 seasons. Data were externally validated by 2 independent reviewers through other publicly available data sources. Injury and illness were calculated per 1000 athlete game-exposures (AGEs). Injury severity was calculated as games missed because of injury or illness. Injury and illness data were stratified by body part, position, severity (slight, minor, moderate, or severe), month, and year. Results: A total of 1369 players played a total of 302,018 player-games, with a total of 5375 injuries and illnesses. The overall injury and illness incidence was 17.80 per 1000 AGEs. The median injury severity was 3 games (interquartile range, 0-6 games) missed per injury. Overall, 33% of injuries were classified as slight; 26%, as minor; 26%, as moderate; and 15%, as severe. The ankle (2.57 injuries/1000 AGEs), knee (2.44 injuries/1000 AGEs), groin/hip/thigh (1.99 injuries/1000 AGEs), and illness (1.85 illnesses/1000 AGEs) had the greatest incidence of injury and illness. Neither injury or illness incidence nor severity was different among basketball playing positions. Injury incidence demonstrated increasing incremental trends with season progression. Injuries were similar throughout the 11-year reporting period, except for a substantial increase in the lockout-shortened 2012 season. Conclusion: The ankle and knee had the greatest injury incidence. Injury incidence was similar among basketball positions. Injury incidence increased throughout the season, demonstrating the potential relationship between player load and injury incidence.

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Olympia, Robert P., Abigail Nelson, Kelly Patterson, Andrew Groff, and Jodi Brady. "Injury and Illness Depicted in Running-Related Films." Clinical Pediatrics 58, no. 7 (March 6, 2019): 721–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0009922819834281.

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The perception that children and adolescents have of injury and illness may be influenced by their depiction in sport-related films. The objective of this study was to determine the depiction of injury and illness in a select number of running-related films. A sample of 31 running-related films were analyzed, with a total of 77 injuries/illnesses depicted. The most common injuries/illnesses depicted were categorized as exertional heat exhaustion/stroke (26%), lower leg muscle cramps/not heat related (12%), ankle sprain (9%), knee ligamentous/meniscus injury (6%), exercise-associated collapse/not heat related (6%), and blister of the toe/foot (6%). Overall, 48/67 (64%) of the injuries/illnesses were considered severe emergencies (injury/illness requiring prompt intervention and immediate discontinuation of sport participation). The disposition of 46% of severe emergencies was the immediate continuation of training/competition. Pediatric health care providers, coaching staff, and parents should stress the importance of injury/illness recognition/disclosure and realistic expectations for rehabilitation to pediatric runners.

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Gajardo-Burgos, Rubén, Manuel Monrroy-Uarac, René Mauricio Barría-Pailaquilén, Yessenia Norambuena-Noches, Dina Christa Janse van Rensburg, Claudio Bascour-Sandoval, and Manuela Besomi. "Frequency of Injury and Illness in the Final 4 Weeks before a Trail Running Competition." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 10 (May 19, 2021): 5431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105431.

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We aimed to (i) determine self-reported injury and illness frequency in trail runners 4 weeks preceding competition; (ii) compare athletes with and without injury/illness by sex, age, body mass index (BMI) and competition distance; (iii) describe mechanism of injury, anatomical region (injury)/organ system (illness) involved, consequences of injury on preparation and self-perception of injury severity; (iv) compare anatomical region (injury) and organ system (illness) by sex. A total of 654 trail runners (age 36.2, IQR 30.6–43.0; 36.9% females) participated in this retrospective cross-sectional study by completing a self-reported questionnaire. Injury and illness frequency rates were 31.3% (n = 205, CI:27.7–35.0%) and 22.3% (n = 146, CI:19.1–25.7%), respectively. No significant difference was found between injured vs. non-injured or ill vs. non-ill study participants by sex, age, BMI and competition distance. Regarding injuries, gradual onset (41.6%) and knee (33.2%) were the most indicated mechanism and anatomical region of injury. At least 85.4% of trail runners changed their training following injury and 79% indicated that their injury would affect their competition performance. Regarding illness, the respiratory tract was the most frequent organ system involved (82.9%). Male and female participants reported similar proportions of anatomical regions (injury) and organ systems (illness) affected. These results could help to generate education strategies and appropriate medical support before and during these competitions.

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Dewar, Anne L., and Elizabeth A. Lee. "Bearing Illness and Injury." Western Journal of Nursing Research 22, no. 8 (December 2000): 912–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01939450022044872.

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Girard, Timothy D., Robert S. Dittus, and E. Wesley Ely. "Critical Illness Brain Injury." Annual Review of Medicine 67, no. 1 (January 14, 2016): 497–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-050913-015722.

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Shepherd, Jonathan, David Farrington, and John Potts. "Relations between Offending, Injury and Illness." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 95, no. 11 (November 2002): 539–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107680209501104.

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The objectives of this study were to determine relations between offending and health, and how illness and injury relate to concurrent offending—whether offending predicts health or vice versa, and whether relations persist after adjustment for childhood predictors of offending. Data collected in the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development were analysed. This is a prospective longitudinal survey of 411 South London males first recruited at age 8. Information about injuries and illnesses between ages 16 and 18 was set against information on offending and other types of antisocial behaviour. Males who were injured (especially in assaults) tended to be convicted, to be violent, to have unskilled manual jobs and to be generally antisocial. Respiratory tract illnesses were negatively related to convictions and antisocial behaviour in general. Drug users were significantly likely to be ill. Adult convictions were predicted by childhood troublesome behaviour, daring/hyperactivity, low IQ/attainment, a convicted parent, family disruption/poor supervision and poverty. Assault injuries and respiratory tract illnesses did not predict adult convictions independently of these childhood factors. It was concluded that injury is one symptom of an antisocial personality that arises in childhood and persists into adulthood. Therefore, measures that lead to a reduction in offending should also lead to a reduction in concurrent injuries. Negative relations between a range of antisocial behaviours and respiratory tract illness deserve further study.

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Fitzpatrick, Jane, and Nirmala Panagodage Perera. "The Biathlon Injury and Illness Surveillance (BIIS) project protocol: a prospective cohort study across two World Cup seasons." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 6, no. 1 (November 2020): e000862. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000862.

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IntroductionReliably and accurately establishing injury and illness epidemiology in biathletes will provide insight into seasonal changes, provide potential to better embed innovative prevention strategies and advance sports medicine through the provision of effective healthcare to biathletes. The main objective of the Biathlon Injury and Illness Study (BIIS) is to provide the first comprehensive epidemiological profile of injury and illness in biathlon athletes during two consecutive Biathlon World Cup seasons over 2-years.MethodsThe BIIS study methodology is established in line with the International Olympic Committee (IOC) injury and illness surveillance protocols using a biathlon-specific injury and illness report form. Team medical staff will provide weekly data using injury and illness definitions of any injury or illness that receives medical attention regardless of time loss. Injuries or illness must be diagnosed and reported by a qualified medical professional (eg, team physician, physiotherapist) to ensure accurate and reliable diagnoses. Descriptive statistics will be used to identify the type, body region and nature of the injury or illness and athlete demographics such as age and gender. Summary measures of injury and illnesses per 1000 athlete-days will be calculated whereby the total number of athletes will be multiplied by the number of days in the season to calculate athlete-days.Ethics and DisseminationThis study has been approved by the Bellbery Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC reference: 2017-10-757). Results will be published irrespective of negative or positive outcomes and disseminated through different platforms to reach a wide range of stakeholders.

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Hisle-Gorman, Elizabeth, and Apryl Susi. "The Impact of Parental Injury on Children’s Mental Health Diagnoses and Classes of Psychotropic Medication by Child Age." Military Medicine 186, Supplement_1 (January 1, 2021): 222–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usaa466.

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ABSTRACT Background Civilian and military research has linked parental illness and injury with increased overall mental health care and psychiatric medication use in children. Care for specific mental health conditions and medications by child age have not been reported. Objective We sought to quantify the effect of parental illness and injury on child mental health care and psychiatric medication use in children overall and stratified by age. Methods A self-controlled case series analyzed the impact of parental illness/injury on mental health and psychiatric medication use of military dependent children. Children were aged 2–16 years (51% male) when their parents were injured and received care in the Military Health System for 2 years before and 2 years after their parent’s illness/injury. We used International Classification of Diseases 9th edition codes to identify outpatient mental healthcare visits. Outpatient care for 14 specific mental health diagnoses was classified using the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality clinical classification system. Outpatient pharmacy records identified psychiatric medication prescriptions by therapeutic class. Parental illness/injury was identified by inclusion in the Military Health System Ill, Injured, and Wounded Warrior database. Adjusted negative binomial regression analysis compared rates of outpatient visits and medication days in the 2 years following parental illness/injury to the 2 years before the parent’s illness/injury overall. Secondary analyses were stratified by age groups of 2–5 years (n = 158,620), 6–12 years (n = 239,614), and 13–16 years n = 86,768) and adjusted for parental pre-injury/illness deployment and child sex. Additional secondary analysis compared post-parental injury/illness care of children whose parents had post-traumatic stress disorder or traumatic brain injury to children of parents with physical/mental health injury/illness. Results There were 485,002 children of 272,211 parents injured during the study period. After adjustment for child sex, years of pre-injury/illness parental deployment, and child age, parental illness/injury was associated with increased mental visits across all categories of care except developmental diagnoses. Post-parental injury visits for suicidal ideation, alcohol abuse, mood, and anxiety disorders were all doubled. For children aged 2–5 years at parental illness/injury, the largest increases in care were in psychotic, anxiety, attention deficit, and mood disorders. In children aged 6–12 years, the largest increases were in psychotic conditions, suicidal ideation, and personality disorders. In adolescents aged 13–16 years, the largest increases were for alcohol and substance abuse disorders, with visits increasing by 4–5 times. For children of all ages, parental injury was associated with increased use of all therapeutic classes of psychiatric medications; use of stimulant medications was increased in younger children and decreased in older children following parental injury (P < .001). Conclusion Parental illness/injury is associated with increased mental health care and days of psychiatric medication use in dependent children. Practitioners who care for families impacted by parental illness/injury should be cognizant of children’s mental health risk. Early identification and treatment of child-related mental health issues can improve family functioning and increase military family readiness.

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Lewis, Nathan A., Andrew J. Simpkin, Sarah Moseley, Gareth Turner, Mark Homer, Ann Redgrave, Charles R. Pedlar, and Richard Burden. "Increased Oxidative Stress in Injured and Ill Elite International Olympic Rowers." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 15, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 625–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0425.

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Background: Identifying strategies that reduce the risk of illness and injury is an objective of sports science and medicine teams. No studies have examined the relationship between oxidative stress (OS) and illness or injury in international athletes undergoing periods of intensified training and competition. Purpose: The authors aimed to identify relationships between illness, injury, and OS. Methods: A longitudinal, observational study of elite male rowers (n = 10) was conducted over 18 weeks, leading into World Championships. Following a recovery day and a 12-hour fast, hydroperoxides (free oxygen radicals test) and total antioxidant capacity (free oxygen radicals defense) were measured in venous blood, with the ratio calculated as the oxidative stress index (OSI). At all study time points, athletes were independently dichotomized as ill or not ill, injured or not injured. OS data were compared between groups using independent t tests. A Cox proportional hazard model was used to assess the association of OS with injury and illness while adjusting for age and body mass index. Results: Free oxygen radicals defense was lower (P < .02) and OSI was higher (P < .001) with illness than without illness. Free oxygen radicals test and OSI were higher with injury than without injury (P < .001). A 0.5 mmol·L−1 increase in free oxygen radicals defense was associated with a 30.6% illness risk reduction (95% confidence interval, 7%–48%, P = .014), whereas 0.5 unit increase in OSI was related to a 11.3% increased illness risk (95% confidence interval, 1%–23%, P = .036). Conclusions: OS is increased in injured and ill athletes. Monitoring OS may be advantageous in assessing recovery from and in reducing injury and illness risk given the association.

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Steffen, Kathrin, Torbjørn Soligard, Margo Mountjoy, Ignacio Dallo, Alan Maximiliano Gessara, Hernan Giuria, Leonel Perez Alamino, et al. "How do the new Olympic sports compare with the traditional Olympic sports? Injury and illness at the 2018 Youth Olympic Summer Games in Buenos Aires, Argentina." British Journal of Sports Medicine 54, no. 3 (December 3, 2019): 168–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2019-101040.

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ObjectiveTo describe injuries and illnesses across traditional and new sports among the participating athletes of the Buenos Aires 2018 Youth Olympic Summer Games (BA YOG) (6–18 October 2018).MethodsWe recorded the daily number of athlete injuries and illnesses (1) through the reporting of all National Olympic Committee (NOC) medical teams and (2) in the polyclinic and medical venues manned by the BA YOG 2018 medical staff.ResultsIn total, 3.984 athletes from 206 NOCs were observed. NOCs and BA YOG 2018 medical staff reported 619 injuries and 334 illnesses, equalling 15.5 injuries and 8.4 illnesses per 100 athletes over the 13-day period. The eight new sports on the Youth Olympic programme (futsal, beach handball, karate, roller speed skating, kitesurfing, BMX freestyle, climbing and break dancing) fell in between the other sports with respect to injury and illness risk. Injury incidence was highest in rugby (43% of all rugby players), followed by boxing (33%) and badminton (24%), and lowest in swimming, archery, roller speed skating, equestrian, climbing and rowing (<5%). The highest incidences of illness were recorded in golf (20%), followed by triathlon (16%), beach volleyball and diving (both 14%). Of the illnesses, 50% affected the respiratory system and 15% the gastrointestinal system. Injury and illness incidences varied between continents with athletes representing Europe having significantly fewer injuries and illnesses compared with other continents, apart from a similar illness incidence to Asian athletes.ConclusionThe overall injury incidence of 15.5 injuries per 100 athletes was higher, while the overall illness incidence of 8.4 illnesses per 100 athletes was similar to previous youth and Olympic Games. The new sports did not differ significantly compared with the other sports with respect to injury and illness risk.

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Lhee, Sang-Hoon, Rahul Jain, Mohanraj Madathur Sadasivam, Sejun Kim, Moonjung Bae, Jungjin Yu, and Do Young Lee. "Sports injury and illness incidence among South Korean elite athletes in the 2018 Asian Games: a single-physician prospective study of 782 athletes." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 7, no. 1 (February 2021): e000689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000689.

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ObjectiveThe increasing incidence of sports injury among athletes calls for systemic surveillance of injuries and illnesses in this field to develop preventive measures. The patterns of injuries and illnesses that occurred among Korean athletes during the 2018 Asian Games held in Indonesia were studied.MethodsWe recorded the occurrence of all injuries and illnesses reported to the chief medical officer, coordinated with the help of an instant social messaging application in real time.ResultsA total of 782 elite athletes participated in 46 sporting events. A total of 141 (18.03%) injuries were recorded, with 121 (15.47%) athletes suffering at least one injury. Out of 141 injuries 80 (56.74%) were in male athletes and 61 (43.26%) were in female athletes. The highest number of injuries was seen among sport climbing athletes (n=10, 71.43%), followed by sepak takraw. A total of 16 (11.35%) injuries were expected to prevent athletes from participation in competition/training. Most of the injuries occurred during training (46.10%), with lower lumbar spine being the most common part injured. A total of 209 (26.72%) illnesses were reported, with at least one illness in 170 (21.73%) athletes. The incidence among female athletes (26.90%) was comparable with that of male athletes (26.90%). Maximum illness rate was reported in table tennis (100%). The most common system involved was gastrointestinal (n=93, 44.49%), followed by respiratory (n=53, 25.36%). Environmental factors were causative in 111 athletes (53.11%) and infection in 79 (37.79%). Illnesses resulted in loss of at least 1 day among 30 (14.35%) athletes.ConclusionOverall 15.47% of athletes suffered at least one injury and 21.73% suffered at least one illness; the incidence of injury and illness varied depending on the type of sports.

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Moody, Valerie J., Taylor J. Purchio, and Charles G. Palmer. "Descriptive analysis of injuries and illnesses self-reported by wildland firefighters." International Journal of Wildland Fire 28, no. 6 (2019): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf18132.

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Wildland firefighters working in remote environments with steep terrain, uneven ground, variable temperatures and fluctuating elevations cultivate injury risk. The purpose of this study was to understand types of injuries and illnesses wildland firefighters (WLFFs) sustain during the fire season. This study was a web-based cross-sectional questionnaire titled Injury surveillance of wildland firefighters. A total of 284 WLFFs responded to the questionnaire, but were not required to answer every question. Quantitative data from the questionnaire were analysed to determine WLFF demographics, types of injuries and illnesses sustained, and the potential influence environmental factors have on injuries sustained. Most WLFFs sustained at least one injury or illness in the past five fire seasons with a majority of those injuries and illnesses occurring on the fireline on rocky mountainside terrain. Nearly half of the 453 injuries and illnesses reported were sprains and strains occurring to the lower back, knee and ankle. Twenty percent of WLFFs reporting injuries felt that their injury or illness was preventable. With most injuries and illnesses occurring on the fireline, the development of a more targeted, job-specific injury and illness prevention program that focuses on the lower extremities is warranted.

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Johnson, James N. "Competitive Swimming Illness and Injury." Current Sports Medicine Reports 2, no. 5 (October 2003): 267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00149619-200310000-00007.

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Gutierrez, Greg, and Suzanne M. Tanner. "Solar Injury and Heat Illness." Physician and Sportsmedicine 23, no. 7 (July 1995): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00913847.1995.11947812.

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Vélez-Mcevoy, Margarita. "Work Related Injury and Illness." AAOHN Journal 52, no. 7 (July 2004): 275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/216507990405200703.

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Batt, Jane, Claudia C. Dos Santos, and Margaret S. Herridge. "Muscle Injury During Critical Illness." JAMA 310, no. 15 (October 16, 2013): 1569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.278482.

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Craddock, Nicole Leigh, Theresa Burgess, and Kim Buchholtz. "Does a greater training load increase the risk of injury and illness in ultramarathon runners? : A prospective, descriptive, longitudinal design." South African Journal of Sports Medicine 32, no. 1 (September 30, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2078-516x/2020/v32i1a8559.

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Background: Ultramarathon running has become extremely popular over the years. Despite the numerous health benefits of running, there are also many negative effects of running, such as increased risk of musculoskeletal injury and illness. Monitoring of an athlete’s training load has become extremely important in terms of injury prevention. Currently, the relationship between training loads and injury and illness incidence is uncertain. Objectives: To determine if there are any associations between injury and illness incidences and training loads among ultramarathon runners in the 12 week period preceding an ultramarathon event and the four week period after the event. Methods: This prospective, descriptive, longitudinal study design was conducted in 119 runners who were training for the 2019 Two Oceans ultramarathon event. Data were collected once a week via an online logbook over 16 weeks. Training parameters measured included weekly average running distance, average duration, average frequency and average sessional RPE. Injury data included injury counts, the structure injured, the main anatomical location and the time-loss as a result of injury. Illness data included illness counts, the main illness-related symptoms and the time-loss as a result of illness. Results: The overall injury incidence was five per 1000 training hours and the overall illness incidence was 16 per 1000 training days. There was a significant relationship between external training load and injury and illness incidence for those who ran less than 30 km per week. There was also a significant relationship between the ACWR (Acute Chronic Workload Ratio) and injury incidence when the ACWR was >1.5 and for illness incidence when the ACWR was <0.5. Conclusion: The use of both absolute and relative workloads in the monitoring of an athlete’s training load with the aim of minimising injury and illness risk and maximising performance in ultramarathon runners is recommended.

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Salim, Ahmad Munawwar Helmi, Mohamad Shariff A. Hamid, Kamarul Hashimy Hussein, and Arshad Puji. "Patterns of Injuries and Illness Among Malaysian Contingents During the Kuala Lumpur South East Asia (KL SEA) Games 2017." International Journal of Human and Health Sciences (IJHHS) 5, no. 3 (February 6, 2021): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.31344/ijhhs.v5i3.286.

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Introduction: Malaysia has participated in many international multi-sport events, but there is limited data on the injury and illness prevalence of the Malaysian contingent.Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the pattern of injuries and illnesses among the athletes and officials in the Malaysian contingent during the KL SEA Games 2017.Materials and methods: The medical records of the Malaysian contingent who received medical attention from the Malaysian medical team contingent during the centralised camp and the Games, were retrieved. The Malaysian medical team used a standardised injury and illness reporting form to record clinical and socio-demographic information of the athletes and officials in the Malaysian contingent.Results and Discussion: The total number of medical consultations received were 509 and 85.4% were with athletes. Two-hundred two injuries and 238 illnesses were diagnosed among the athletes. The most common injury among the athletes was muscle tears and strains, followed by ligamentous injuries, tendon injuries, bruises, and contusions. Majority of the injuries were mild and occurred during training. Recurrent injuries and increase in athlete’s age were significant predictors of injury severity. Comparable to earlier reports, the most common illness among athletes, was the respiratory system, followed by gastroenterology and dermatology. A total of 11 injuries and 58 illnesses were reported among the Malaysian contingent officials. Compared to athletes, the injury rate among the officials was much lower. The illness rate among the officials was half of the athletes’ illness rate, even though there was a higher prevalence of underlying chronic diseases among the officials.Conclusion: The rate of injuries and illness among Malaysian athletes in the KL Sea Games 2017 was comparable to previous reports. However, the rate of injuries and illness of the officials in the Malaysian contingent was lower compared to athletes.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 05 No. 03 July’21 Page: 347-354

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Demeter, Stephen L., and E. Randolph Soo Hoo. "Apportionment of Medical Illness." Guides Newsletter 20, no. 4 (July 1, 2015): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.2015.julaug02.

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Abstract Apportionment sometimes is necessary when a person had a prior injury that affected the same organ system or when there was evidence of a pre-existing disorder that was similar to the injury that will be rated. The past three editions of the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides) include subtle differences in the way that apportionment is defined. In addition to the information provided in the appropriate edition, certain philosophical and mechanistic considerations should be assessed before any apportionment and then should be used consistently in any subsequent cases that require apportionment. The first step in apportionment is a scientifically based causation analysis. Evaluators must avoid arbitrary, opinion-based unscientific apportionment estimates that are little more than speculations. In a situation that involves multiple injuries, if the impairment assessment has reached a defensible position with respect to causation then the rating for the first injury is determined using the edition of the AMA Guides that was used to rate the second injury. For example, if the rating for a second injury will be determined using the sixth edition, then the data for the first injury should be reworked using the sixth edition rules, irrespective of the rating for the first injury and the edition that was used.

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Palmer, Debbie, Lars Engebretsen, Justin Carrard, Natalia Grek, Karsten Königstein, Debbie J. Maurer, Thomas Roos, et al. "Sports injuries and illnesses at the Lausanne 2020 Youth Olympic Winter Games: a prospective study of 1783 athletes from 79 countries." British Journal of Sports Medicine 55, no. 17 (March 3, 2021): 968–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-103514.

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ObjectiveTo describe the injury and illness characteristics among participating athletes during the Lausanne 2020 Youth Olympic Winter Games (YOG 2020), 9–22 January 2020.MethodsThe daily number of athlete injuries and illnesses were recorded (1) through the reporting of all National Olympic Committee (NOC) medical teams and (2) in the polyclinic and medical venues by the Lausanne 2020 medical staff.ResultsIn total, 1783 athletes from 79 NOCs were observed. NOC and Lausanne 2020 medical staff reported 228 injuries and 167 illnesses, equating 11.7 injuries and 8.6 illnesses per 100 athletes over the 14-day period. Injury incidence was highest for snowboard slopestyle (39%), bobsleigh (36%), snowboard big air (29%), ski slopestyle (29%), snowboard cross (24%) and ski cross (21%), and lowest for speed skating, snowboard halfpipe and curling (2%–4%). The highest incidence of illness was recorded for curling (21%), ski mountaineering (15%), snowboard halfpipe (13%), bobsleigh (11%), cross-country skiing (10%) and figure skating (10%). Almost one-third of injuries were expected to result in time loss and 17% of illnesses. Most injuries occurred to the knee (12%) and head (11%), and 64% of illnesses affected the respiratory system. Overall, women suffered more injuries and illness than males.ConclusionOverall, injury and illness rates were similar compared with recent YOG. While the rate and characteristics of injury and illness varied between sports, consistent patterns across YOG are emerging. If addressed, changes in highlighted areas of risk could have a positive impact on the health and well-being of these young athletes.

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Soligard, Torbjørn, Debbie Palmer, Kathrin Steffen, Alexandre Dias Lopes, Marie-Elaine Grant, DooSup Kim, Sae Yong Lee, et al. "Sports injury and illness incidence in the PyeongChang 2018 Olympic Winter Games: a prospective study of 2914 athletes from 92 countries." British Journal of Sports Medicine 53, no. 17 (June 23, 2019): 1085–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-100236.

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ObjectiveTo describe the incidence of injuries and illnesses sustained during the XXIII Olympic Winter Games, hosted by PyeongChang on 9–25 February 2018.MethodsWe recorded the daily number of athlete injuries and illnesses (1) through the reporting of all National Olympic Committee (NOC) medical teams and (2) in the polyclinic and medical venues by the PyeongChang 2018 medical staff.ResultsIn total, 2914 athletes (1210 women, 42%; 1704 men, 58%) from 92 NOCs were observed for occurrence of injury and illness. NOC and PyeongChang 2018 medical staff reported 376 injuries and 279 illnesses, equalling 12.6 injuries and 9.4 illnesses per 100 athletes over the 17-day period. Altogether, 12% of the athletes incurred at least one injury and 9% at least one illness. The injury incidence was highest in ski halfpipe (28%), snowboard cross (26%), ski cross (25%), snowboard slopestyle (21%) and aerials (20%), and lowest in Nordic combined, biathlon, snowboard slalom, moguls and cross-country skiing (2%–6%). Of the 376 injuries recorded, 33% and 13% were estimated to lead to ≥1 day and >7 days of absence from sport, respectively. The highest incidences of illness were recorded in biathlon (15%), curling (14%), bobsleigh (14%) and snowboard slalom (13%). Thirty per cent of the illnesses were expected to result in time loss, and 70% affected the respiratory system. Women suffered 61% more illnesses than men.ConclusionOverall, 12% of the athletes incurred at least one injury during the Games and 9% an illness, incidences that are similar to the Olympic Winter Games of 2010 and 2014.

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Wheat, John R. "Preventing Agricultural-related Illness and Injury." Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine 39, no. 8 (August 1997): 793. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00043764-199708000-00034.

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Faris, William V., and Leon H. Ensalada. "#L-206-Occupational Injury and Illness." Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine 39, no. 8 (August 1997): 801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00043764-199708000-00065.

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Awerbuch, Mark S. "Whiplash in Australia: illness or injury?" Medical Journal of Australia 157, no. 3 (August 1992): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1992.tb137087.x.

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Cullum, David E. "Whiplash in Australia: illness or injury?" Medical Journal of Australia 157, no. 6 (September 1992): 428–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1992.tb137279.x.

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Graham, Geoffrey J., and David S. Butler. "Whiplash in Australia: illness or injury?" Medical Journal of Australia 157, no. 6 (September 1992): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1992.tb137280.x.

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Hayes, John G. "Whiplash in Australia: illness or injury?" Medical Journal of Australia 157, no. 6 (September 1992): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1992.tb137281.x.

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Awerbuch, Mark S. "Whiplash in Australia: illness or injury?" Medical Journal of Australia 157, no. 7 (October 1992): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1992.tb137333.x.

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Champion, G. David, and Mark S. Awerbuch. "Whiplash in Australia: illness or injury?" Medical Journal of Australia 157, no. 8 (October 1992): 574. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1992.tb137383.x.

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Quintner, John. "Whiplash In Australia: Illness or Injury?" Medical Journal of Australia 158, no. 1 (January 1993): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1993.tb121680.x.

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Klnloch, Bruce M. "Whiplash In Australia: Illness or Injury?" Medical Journal of Australia 158, no. 1 (January 1993): 70–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1993.tb121681.x.

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Olsen, Johnn. "Whiplash In Australia: Illness or Injury?" Medical Journal of Australia 158, no. 1 (January 1993): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1993.tb121682.x.

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Maguire, William B., and T. A. R. Dinning. "Whiplash in Australia: illness or injury." Medical Journal of Australia 158, no. 2 (January 1993): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1993.tb137556.x.

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Morse, Janice M. "Researching Illness and Injury: Methodological Considerations." Qualitative Health Research 10, no. 4 (July 2000): 538–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104973200129118624.

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Campbell, G. E., N. Goodchild, and B. G. Charlton. "Depressive symptoms in injury and illness." QJM: An International Journal of Medicine 94, no. 12 (December 2001): 720–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/94.12.720.

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Hoyt, Kenneth. "Workers' compensation for illness and injury." Journal of Emergency Nursing 23, no. 2 (April 1997): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0099-1767(97)90109-4.

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Karam, EG, KM Saliba, and EK Assaf. "Mixed affective illness following brain injury." European Psychiatry 10, no. 4 (1995): 211–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0767-399x(96)80067-8.

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Rodriguez, Tori. "Head Injury May Cause Mental Illness." Scientific American Mind 25, no. 5 (August 14, 2014): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamericanmind0914-22.

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Shepherd, J., D. Farrington, and J. Potts. "Relations between offending, injury and illness." JRSM 95, no. 11 (November 1, 2002): 539–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/jrsm.95.11.539.

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Isaacs, David. "Acute kidney injury in critical illness." Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 54, no. 1 (January 2018): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpc.13804.

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Thyer, Bruce A., Joseph Himle, and George C. Curtis. "Blood-injury-illness phobia: A review." Journal of Clinical Psychology 41, no. 4 (July 1985): 451–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(198507)41:4<451::aid-jclp2270410402>3.0.co;2-o.

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GUNSTAD, JOHN, and JULIE A. SUHR. "Perception of illness: Nonspecificity of Postconcussion Syndrome symptom expectation." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 8, no. 1 (January 2002): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617701020045.

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A growing number of studies show postconcussion syndrome (PCS) symptom report is influenced by factors other than head injury, suggesting symptoms typically associated with PCS may not be specific to head injury. Given the role that symptom expectation has been hypothesized to play in PCS symptom etiology, a comparison of symptoms expected for various disorders seems overdue. The present study asked 82 undergraduates to report the symptoms they currently experience, and then to report the symptoms they would expect to experience if they had had suffered either a head injury, an orthopedic injury, posttraumatic stress, or depression. No current differences in overall symptoms or in symptom subscales emerged. Results showed individuals portraying head injury, posttraumatic stress, and depression expected an increase in total symptoms, though individuals portraying an orthopedic injury did not expect such an increase. Results also showed simulators of head injury, posttraumatic stress, and depression expected equivalent rates of overall symptoms, memory/cognitive complaints, somatic concerns, and distracter symptoms, though head-injured individuals reported fewer affective symptoms than those portraying psychological disorders. In all, these findings suggest that individuals have a relative lack of specificity in symptom expectation for various disorders, with the implication that symptom checklists for “PCS” may not be useful for diagnosis. (JINS, 2002, 8, 37–47.)

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Jeffries, Annie C., Lee Wallace, Aaron J. Coutts, Ashlea Mary Cohen, Alan McCall, and Franco M. Impellizzeri. "Injury, Illness, and Training Load in a Professional Contemporary Dance Company: A Prospective Study." Journal of Athletic Training 55, no. 9 (August 20, 2020): 967–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-477-19.

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Context Professional dance is a demanding physical activity with high injury rates. Currently, no epidemiologic data exist regarding the incidence of injury and illness together with training load (TL) over a long period of time. Objective To provide a detailed description of injury, illness, and TL occurring in professional contemporary dancers. Design Descriptive epidemiology study. Setting A single professional contemporary dance company during a 1-year period. Patients or Other Participants A total of 16 male and female professional contemporary dancers. Main Outcome Measure(s) Injury data consisted of medical-attention injury (Med-Inj) and time-loss injury (Time-Inj). Illness was measured using the Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Survey. Training load was collected for each dance session using the session rating of perceived exertion and classified into 3 groups based on individual and group percentiles: low, medium, or high. Results Reported injuries totaled 79 (86.1% new, 6.3% reinjury, and 7.6% exacerbation). The Med-Inj incidence rate was 4.6 per 1000 hours (95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.8, 5.8), and the Time-Inj rate was 1.4 per 1000 hours (95% CI = 0.8, 2.1). The median time until injury for Med-Inj and Time-Inj was 3 months. The number of days dancers experienced illness symptoms was 39.9 ± 26.9 (range = 1–96), with an incidence rate of 9.1 per 1000 hours (95% CI = 7.7, 10.7). Mean weekly TL was 6685 ± 1605 (4641–10 391; arbitrary units). Inconsistent results were found for the incidence of injury and illness based on individual and group categorizations of TL. Conclusions Professional dancing is associated with high injury and illness rates. This is worrying from a health perspective and underlines the need for further studies to understand how to decrease the risk. The TL is higher than in other sport disciplines, but whether the high incidence of injuries and illnesses is related to high training demands needs additional investigation, possibly conducted as international, multicenter collaborative studies.

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Killian, A., and RA Stretch. "Analysis of patient load data for teams competing in the 2003 Cricket World Cup in South Africa." South African Journal of Sports Medicine 18, no. 4 (December 15, 2006): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2078-516x/2006/v18i4a235.

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Objectives. To evaluate the injury presentation data for all teams taking part in 10 warm-up matches and 46 matches during the 2003 Cricket World Cup played in South Africa, in order to provide organisers with the basis of a sound medical-care plan for future tournaments of a similar nature. Methods. The data collected included the role of the injured person, the nature of the injury, whether the treatment was for an injury or an illness, whether the injury was acute, chronic or acute-on-chronic, and the prognosis (rest, play, unfit to play, sent home, follow-up treatment required). The medical personnel in charge of the medical support documented patient information which included the total number of patient presentations and the category of illness/injury. Results. Ninety patient presentations (1.6 patient presentations per match) were recorded. The most common patient presentations were by the batsmen (50%), followed by the bowlers (29%) and all-rounders (17%). Of the patient presentations, 53% were classified as injuries, while the remaining 47% were classified as illnesses. The patient presentations occurred in the early stages of the competition. The most common presentations were of an acute nature (63%). The main injury pathology categories were trigger point injuries (10%), and bruises / abrasions (10%), while infection (29%) was the main illness pathology. Conclusions. The 2003 Cricket World Cup proved to be an ideal opportunity to collect data on international cricketers participating in an intensive 6-week international competition; the epidemiological data collected should assist national cricket bodies and organisers of future Cricket World Cup competitions to predict participant-related injury rates. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 18 (4) 2006: pp. 129-134

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Trease, Larissa, Kellie Wilkie, Greg Lovell, Michael Drew, and Ivan Hooper. "Epidemiology of injury and illness in 153 Australian international-level rowers over eight international seasons." British Journal of Sports Medicine 54, no. 21 (June 25, 2020): 1288–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2019-101402.

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AimTo report the epidemiology of injury and illness in elite rowers over eight seasons (two Olympiads).MethodsAll athletes selected to the Australian Rowing Team between 2009 and 2016 were monitored prospectively under surveillance for injury and illness. The incidence and burden of injury and illness were calculated per 1000 athlete days (ADs). The body area, mechanism and type of all injuries were recorded and followed until the resumption of full training. We used interrupted time series analyses to examine the association between fixed and dynamic ergometer testing on rowers’ injury rates. Time lost from illness was also recorded.ResultsAll 153 rowers selected over eight seasons were observed for 48 611 AD. 270 injuries occurred with an incidence of 4.1–6.4 injuries per 1000 AD. Training days lost totalled 4522 (9.2% AD). The most frequent area injured was the lumbar region (84 cases, 1.7% AD) but the greatest burden was from chest wall injuries (64 cases, 2.6% AD.) Overuse injuries (n=224, 83%) were more frequent than acute injuries (n=42, 15%). The most common activity at the time of injury was on-water rowing training (n=191, 68). Female rowers were at 1.4 times the relative risk of chest wall injuries than male rowers; they had half the relative risk of lumbar injuries of male rowers. The implementation of a dynamic ergometers testing policy (Concept II on sliders) was positively associated with a lower incidence and burden of low back injury compared with fixed ergometers (Concept II). Illness accounted for the greatest number of case presentations (128, 32.2% cases, 1.2% AD).ConclusionsChest wall and lumbar injuries caused training time loss. Policy decisions regarding ergometer testing modality were associated with lumbar injury rates. As in many sports, illness burden has been under-recognised in elite Australian rowers.

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Palmer-Green, Debbie, Colin Fuller, Rod Jaques, and Glenn Hunter. "The Injury/Illness Performance Project (IIPP): A Novel Epidemiological Approach for Recording the Consequences of Sports Injuries and Illnesses." Journal of Sports Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/523974.

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Background. Describing the frequency, severity, and causes of sports injuries and illnesses reliably is important for quantifying the risk to athletes and providing direction for prevention initiatives.Methods. Time-loss and/or medical-attention definitions have long been used in sports injury/illness epidemiology research, but the limitations to these definitions mean that some events are incorrectly classified or omitted completely, where athletes continue to train and compete at high levels but experience restrictions in their performance. Introducing a graded definition of performance-restriction may provide a solution to this issue.Results. Results from the Great Britain injury/illness performance project (IIPP) are presented using a performance-restriction adaptation of the accepted surveillance consensus methodologies. The IIPP involved 322 Olympic athletes (males: 172; female: 150) from 10 Great Britain Olympic sports between September 2009 and August 2012. Of all injuries (n=565), 216 were classified as causing time-loss, 346 as causing performance-restriction, and 3 were unclassified. For athlete illnesses (n=378), the majority (P<0.01) resulted in time-loss (270) compared with performance-restriction (101) (7 unclassified).Conclusions. Successful implementation of prevention strategies relies on the correct characterisation of injury/illness risk factors. Including a performance-restriction classification could provide a deeper understanding of injuries/illnesses and better informed prevention initiatives.

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Pyne, David B., Evert A. Verhagen, and Margo Mountjoy. "Nutrition, Illness, and Injury in Aquatic Sports." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 24, no. 4 (August 2014): 460–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0008.

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In this review, we outline key principles for prevention of injury and illness in aquatic sports, detail the epidemiology of injury and illness in aquatic athletes at major international competitions and in training, and examine the relevant scientific evidence on nutrients for reducing the risk of illness and injury. Aquatic athletes are encouraged to consume a well-planned diet with sufficient calories, macronutrients (particularly carbohydrate and protein), and micronutrients (particularly iron, zinc, and vitamins A, D, E, B6, and B12) to maintain health and performance. Ingesting carbohydrate via sports drinks, gels, or sports foods during prolonged training sessions is beneficial in maintaining energy availability. Studies of foods or supplements containing plant polyphenols and selected strains of probiotic species are promising, but further research is required. In terms of injury, intake of vitamin D, protein, and total caloric intake, in combination with treatment and resistance training, promotes recovery back to full health and training.

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Jeong, Hee Seong, Sunghe Ha, Dae Hyoun Jeong, David Michael O’Sullivan, and Sae Yong Lee. "Injury and Illness in World Taekwondo Junior Athletes: An Epidemiological Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (February 22, 2021): 2134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18042134.

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Taekwondo has been reported to be one of the most injurious sports in the summer Olympics, however, there is a dearth of data about injury profiles for junior athletes. Therefore, we aimed to identify the incidence and profiles of the injuries and illnesses that occurred during the 2018 World Taekwondo Junior Championships and recorded using an online system. Among the 889 athletes, 67 injuries and four illnesses were reported, corresponding to an overall clinical incidence of 7.5 injuries (95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.7–9.3) and 0.5 illnesses (0.1–0.9) per 100 athletes. The most frequent injuries were lower extremity injuries (n = 33, 3.71% of all athletes), mostly in the foot/toe (n = 11, 1.2% of athletes), followed by head and trunk injuries, mostly in the face (n = 14, 1.6% of athletes), and upper extremity injuries, mostly in the fingers (n = 6, 0.7% of athlete). Contusions (n = 37, 4.2% of athlete) were the most frequent injury type, followed by ligament ruptures/sprains and laceration. The most common injury mechanism was contact during an opponent attack (n = 51, 5.7% of athlete). Three mild concussions none resulted in time loss (none required hospital transfer or had prolonged recovery). The respiratory system was the most affected by illness, with pain and fever as symptoms. Environmental factors were the most common cause of illness. This study shows that 7.5 per 100 athletes (38.5/1000 athlete-exposures and 6.9/1000 min-exposures) had new or recurrent injuries, whereas 0.5 per 100 athletes experienced illness. In conclusion, the data shows male athletes reported more injuries than females and the most common cause of injury was due to contact between athletes. Contusions, ligament rupture/sprains, laceration and fractures to the lower extremities, head, and trunk were the most common injury. Knowing these injury profiles of junior taekwondo athletes can help taekwondo stakeholders, especially medical staff to prepare accordingly to ensure the safety of the athletes.

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