Journal articles: 'Injury criterion'

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Gao, Dalong, and Charles Wampler. "Head injury criterion." IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine 16, no. 4 (December 2009): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mra.2009.934824.

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Fan, Jun Qi, Jun Xia Yang, Fu Li Kong, and Kui Huang. "A Theoretical Model on Blast Lung Injury from an Explosion." Advanced Materials Research 850-851 (December 2013): 1220–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.850-851.1220.

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About the prediction of the biological damage effects on the lung of human under explosion wave, there are three different criterions, including excessive pressure-impulse criterion, kinematic velocity criterion and specific energy criterion. In the paper, based on the established three criterions and the practical anatomical structure of lung , a new theoretical model on blast lung injury from an explosion is developed. In the present model, the problem of blast lung injury is simplified as the one-dimensional propagation of stress wave in metal foam. Results show that the failure stress of the lung is 0.036~0.072 MPa, and the three criterions can convert to each other.

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Jelen, K., O. Fanta, R. Billich, D. Hadraba, and P. Kubový. "Whiplash Injury and Head Injury Criterion during Deceleration." Transactions on Transport Sciences 4, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10158-011-0022-8.

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Jelen, Karel, Ondrej Fanta, and Petr Kubovy. "WHIPLASH INJURY AND HEAD INJURY CRITERION DURING DECELERATION." Journal of Biomechanics 45 (July 2012): S349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9290(12)70350-0.

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Mariotti, G. Virzi. "Head Injury Criterion: Mini Review." American Journal of Biomedical Science & Research 5, no. 5 (October 16, 2019): 406–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.34297/ajbsr.2019.05.000957.

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Wright, Rika M., and K. T. Ramesh. "An axonal strain injury criterion for traumatic brain injury." Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology 11, no. 1-2 (April 8, 2011): 245–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10237-011-0307-1.

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Yoon, Jong-Min, Youngmyung Lee, Sang-Ok Park, Yong-Ha Han, and Gyung-Jin Park. "Crash optimization considering the head injury criterion." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, no. 11 (October 29, 2018): 2879–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407018809298.

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In the crashworthiness of the vehicle, the head injury criterion is the most significant factor in the injury rate. Crash optimization has been employed to enhance the head injury criterion value. Since the head injury criterion value is calculated from acceleration, a surrogate-model-based crash optimization method is generally used. However, when the number of design variables increases, the cost of analysis increases extremely. Conceptual design such as topology optimization is difficult to apply since it has many design variables. A crash optimization methodology that considers the head injury criterion value is proposed based on the equivalent static loads method. The proposed method calculates the head injury criterion value using the finite difference method, and the channel frequency classes filter during linear static-response structural optimization with the equivalent static loads. Two practical large-scale problems are solved to validate the proposed method. For the headform impact on the upper interior, size optimization is carried out to satisfy the constraint on the head injury criterion value while the mass is minimized. Topology optimization is performed in the case of the hood headform impact. The material distribution of the inner panel in the hood is determined to minimize the head injury criterion value.

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BABBS, CHARLES F. "A NEW BIOMECHANICAL HEAD INJURY CRITERION." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 06, no. 04 (December 2006): 349–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021951940600200x.

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This paper presents a new analysis of the physics of closed head injury caused by intense acceleration of the head. At rest a 1 cm gap filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) separates the adult human brain from the skull. During impact, whole head acceleration induces artificial gravity within the skull. Because its density differs slightly from that of CSF, the brain accelerates, strikes the inner aspect of the rigid skull, and undergoes viscoelastic deformation. Analytical methods for a lumped parameter model of the brain predict internal brain motions that correlate well with published high-speed photographic studies. The same methods predict a truncated hyperbolic strength-duration curve for impacts that produce a given critical compressive strain. A family of such curves exists for different critical strains. Each truncated hyperbolic curve defines a head injury criterion (HIC) or threshold for injury, which is little changed by small offsetting corrections for curvature of the brain and for viscous damping. Such curves predict results of experimental studies of closed head injury, known limits for safe versus dangerous falls, and the relative resistance of smaller versus larger animals to acceleration of the head. The underlying theory provides improved understanding of closed head injury and better guidance to designers of protective equipment and to those extrapolating research results from animals to man.

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Hutchinson, John, Mark J. Kaiser, and Hamid M. Lankarani. "The Head Injury Criterion (HIC) functional." Applied Mathematics and Computation 96, no. 1 (October 1998): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0096-3003(97)10106-0.

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Croft, Arthur C., Patti Herring, Michael D. Freeman, and Michael T. Haneline. "The neck injury criterion: future considerations." Accident Analysis & Prevention 34, no. 2 (March 2002): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-4575(01)00020-3.

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Wang, J. T. "Analytical Studies of Injury Criteria for the Thorax." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 111, no. 2 (May 1, 1989): 128–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3168353.

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The viscous criterion is a recently developed criterion to assess injury severity of the human thorax. In the viscous criterion, the peak viscous response, which is defined as the maximum product of deformation velocity and compression of an object, is proposed as a predictor of injury risk. However, the physical meaning of the criterion is not very clear. In this paper, the mathematical properties of the viscous criterion are analyzed. A mechanical thorax model is then used to relate the criterion to the physical quantities of the model using energy concepts. It is found that the so-called peak viscous response is strongly related to the peak energy storing rate of the thorax which is not related to the viscosity of the thorax. It is also shown that the viscous response of the thorax is given by the integral of the velocity squared with respect to time. The analysis is further expanded to a more general case to result in four criteria based upon the energy concepts. A hypothesis for injury assessment is proposed by using the four criteria.

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Henn, H. W. "Crash Tests and the Head Injury Criterion." Teaching Mathematics and its Applications 17, no. 4 (December 1, 1998): 162–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/teamat/17.4.162.

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WANG, FANG, BINGYU WANG, YONG HAN, XIAOQUN HUANG, and JIKUANG YANG. "A NUMERICAL STUDY ON CORRELATION OF RIB FRACTURES WITH THORACIC INJURY CRITERIA IN OBLIQUE IMPACT." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 17, no. 08 (December 2017): 1750113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519417501135.

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Thoracic injury is one of the vital issues in vehicle side crashes. Experiments have been done widely to study thoracic injuries using biological subjects but less virtual tests were made by using Finite Element (FE) models. This study aimed at determining the correlation of the computationally calculated thoracic injury (Number of Rib Fractures NRF) with existing thoracic injury criteria under pure side and oblique impacts. For this purpose, a previously developed thorax FE model was validated by using Post Mortem Human Subject (PMHS) tests in pure side and oblique impacts in this study. The rib fractures were reconstructed and compared with the fractures observed in the PMHS tests. The model was then used to simulate rib fractures in human thorax impactor tests at Principal Direction of Force (PDOF) angles of 90[Formula: see text] to 35[Formula: see text] (total of 12 impacts). Furthermore, the normalized NRF were calculated and analyzed for comparing with normalized simulated injury parameters based on various human thoracic injury criteria, including contact force criterion, thorax deflection criterion, compression criterion, upper spine acceleration criterion and Thoracic Trauma Index (TTI). It is suggested that the TTI criterion has better correlation with the NRF than the other injury criteria.

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Balandin, D. V., N. N. Bolotnik, J. R. Crandall, W. D. Pilkey, and S. V. Purtsezov. "Optimal Impact Isolation for Injury Prevention Evaluated by the Head Injury Criterion." Shock and Vibration 14, no. 5 (2007): 355–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/175156.

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The optimal control of the deceleration of a particle moving along a straight line after an impact against an isolated surface is considered. The force applied to the particle by the surface is treated as the control variable. The deceleration distance is minimized subject to a constraint on the Head Injury Criterion functional. This functional is an integral criterion that is utilized in engineering biomechanics to evaluate the expected severity of impact-induced head injury of a human being. The solution obtained provides characteristics of the limiting capabilities for the prevention of head injuries by means of an impact isolator, such as a coating of the surface against which the impacts occur. The head injuries can be due to impact occurrences, including traffic crashes, falling, and contacts with ballistic objects.

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Grzebieta, Raphael, Mike Bambach, and Andrew McIntosh. "Motorcyclist Impacts into Roadside Barriers." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2377, no. 1 (January 2013): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2377-09.

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This paper reports on a study that reviewed the European Standard EN 1317-8 for motorists crashing into barriers and the relevance to Australian motorcycle fatalities. The data collection and analysis of 78 Australian motorcyclist-into-barrier fatalities described here were used to justify the review. In Australia each year approximately 15 motorcyclists die from striking a road safety barrier. A retrospective analysis of the fatalities during 2001 to 2006 (n = 78) was carried out. Consistent with European findings, approximately half the motorcyclists were in the upright posture when they struck the barrier, whereas half slid into the barrier. The mean precrash speed was 100.8 km/h, and the mean impact angle was 15.48. The areas of the body that were injured were similar across different barrier types (concrete, wire rope, and W-beam) and crash postures. The thorax area had the highest incidence of injury and maximum injury in fatal motorcycle crashes into barriers; the head area had the second-highest incidence of injury. Moreover, thorax and pelvis injuries had a greater association with sliding crashes than with those in the upright posture. The existing European Standard EN 1317-8 addresses only the sliding mechanism, uses a head injury criterion, and does not specify any thorax injury criterion. It was proposed that a thorax injury criterion and an additional test should be introduced with the rider in the upright position when striking the barrier and then sliding along the top of the barrier.

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Bor-Seng-Shu, Edson, and Manoel Jacobsen Teixeira. "Brain Vasospasm After Head Injury." Journal of Neurosurgery 106, no. 4 (April 2007): 728–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2007.106.4.728.

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Object. The purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate the cumulative incidence, duration, and time course of cerebral vasospasm after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in a cohort of 299 patients. Methods. Transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography studies of blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral and basilar arteries (VMCA and VBA, respectively) were performed at regular intervals during the first 2 weeks posttrauma in association with 133Xe cerebral blood flow (CBF) measurements. According to current definitions of vasospasm, five different criteria were used to classify the patients: A (VMCA > 120 cm/second); B (VMCA > 120 cm/second and a Lindegaard ratio [LR] > 3); C (spasm index [SI] in the anterior circulation > 3.4); D (VBA > 90 cm/second); and E (SI in the posterior circulation > 2.5). Criteria C and E were considered to represent hemodynamically significant vasospasm. Mixed-effects spline models were used to analyze the data of multiple measurements with an inconsistent sampling rate. Overall 45.2% of the patients demonstrated at least one criterion for vasospasm. The patients in whom vasospasm developed were significantly younger and had lower Glasgow Coma Scale scores on admission. The normalized cumulative incidences were 36.9 and 36.2% for patients with Criteria A and B, respectively. Hemodynamically significant vasospasm in the anterior circulation (Criterion C) was found in 44.6% of the patients, whereas vasospasm in the BA—Criterion D or E—was found in only 19 and 22.5% of the patients, respectively. The most common day of onset for Criteria A, B, D, and E was postinjury Day 2. The highest risk of developing hemodynamically significant vasospasm in the anterior circulation was found on Day 3. The daily prevalence of vasospasm in patients in the intensive care unit was 30% from postinjury Day 2 to Day 13. Vasospasm resolved after a duration of 5 days in 50% of the patients with Criterion A or B and after a period of 3.5 days in 50% of those patients with Criterion D or E. Hemodynamically significant vasospasm in the anterior circulation resolved after 2.5 days in 50% of the patients. The time course of that vasospasm was primarily determined by a decrease in CBF. Conclusions. The incidence of vasospasm after TBI is similar to that following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Because vasospasm is a significant event in a high proportion of patients after severe head injury, close TCD and CBF monitoring is recommended for the treatment of such patients.

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Neal-Sturgess, C. E. "A thermomechanical theory of impact trauma." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 216, no. 11 (November 1, 2002): 883–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440702321031432.

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A review of injuries in impact trauma reveals a plethora of ‘injury criteria’, many of which are enshrined in legislation. It is assumed here that injuries can be modelled as mechanical dissipative processes, and the formalism of continuum damage mechanics based on irreversible thermodynamics is applied to impact trauma. It is shown that peak virtual power (PVP) predicts the severity of injury, measured on the abbreviated injury scale, in around 90 per cent of cases for all types of injury to all body regions (brain, skull, thorax, spine, upper and lower extremities) for car occupants from the CCIS and NASS-CDC databases. Consideration of injury to body regions shows that PVP predicts the form of acceleration-based criteria, the head injury criterion and the viscous criterion. It is shown that in general the lower bound of severity of injury is proportional to δ V3 or (ETS)3, where ETS is equivalent test speed, for restrained vehicle occupants, and the upper bound proportional to δ V2 or (ETS)2 for unrestrained occupants. It is concluded that PVP is a suitable candidate for an objective universal injury criterion which can be correlated to real-world injury experience.

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Parr, Jeffrey C., Michael E. Miller, Christine M. Schubert Kabban, Joseph A. Pellettiere, and Chris E. Perry. "Development of an Updated Tensile Neck Injury Criterion." Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 85, no. 10 (October 1, 2014): 1026–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3357/asem.4020.2014.

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19

Zagadou, Brissi, Philemon Chan, and Kevin Ho. "An Interim LAeq8 Criterion for Impulse Noise Injury." Military Medicine 181, no. 5S (May 2016): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7205/milmed-d-15-00185.

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Ivancic, Paul C., Shigeki Ito, Manohar M. Panjabi, Adam M. Pearson, Yasuhiro Tominaga, Jaw-Lin Wang, and S. Elena Gimenez. "Intervertebral Neck Injury Criterion for Simulated Frontal Impacts." Traffic Injury Prevention 6, no. 2 (June 2005): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15389580590931671.

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21

Morganti, B., G. Scivoletto, P. Ditunno, J. F. Ditunno, and M. Molinari. "Walking index for spinal cord injury (WISCI): criterion validation." Spinal Cord 43, no. 1 (November 2, 2004): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.sc.3101658.

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22

Viano, David C., and Ian V. Lau. "A viscous tolerance criterion for soft tissue injury assessment." Journal of Biomechanics 21, no. 5 (January 1988): 387–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(88)90145-5.

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Beliaev, Andrei M., and Ian Civil. "Asymptomatic carotid blunt cerebrovascular injury: a new screening criterion." ANZ Journal of Surgery 84, no. 6 (October 29, 2013): 491–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ans.12314.

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Bondarenko, Ol'ga. "ASSESSMENT OF THE SAFETY OF PASSENGER CARS IN CASE OF AN EMERGENCY ROLLOVER ON THE RAILROAD TRACKS." Bulletin of Bryansk state technical university 2021, no. 9 (September 8, 2021): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/1999-8775-2021-9-49-54.

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The purpose of the work is to assess the safety of passenger cars in case of an emergency rollover on the body of railroad tracks. The paper introduces a method for predicting injury of railway transport passengers as a result of swinging over the wagon on the body of railroad tracks. The method of research is mathematical modeling of scenarios of swinging over the wagon on a flat bottom or earth tramp of the railway track. A model of a passenger compartment has been developed, which is supplemented with models of a roomette, hand luggage and an anthropometric dummy. The originality of the work is the use of mannequin models for an accident with the rollover of a compartment car on the body of the railroad tracks and obtaining data on the interaction of fit models and a compartment car. The result of the study is the reported values of possible injury to passengers during an emergency rollover of a passenger car. Namely, the values of the head injury criterion, cervical vertebrae, breast and hips of the crash test dummy have been obtained. In comparison of the two considered scenarios of swinging over the wagon, the value of the head injury criterion for overturning the car on an inclined surface is 15% higher, the neck injury criterion is 30% higher, and the hip and chest injury criterion is 23% higher for mannequins on the upper shelves of the compartment due to their interaction with hand luggage. The obtained values do not exceed critical ones. The most dangerous positions of the mannequin model in the compartment of the car are revealed. Conclusions concerning the sufficient safety of the passenger car are formed and recommendations for the development of additional technical solutions to improve the safety of passenger cars are given.

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Fournier, N., M. Émond, N. Le Sage, C. Gariépy, E. Fortier, V. Belhumeur, and J. Prevost. "MP41: Validity of the Canadian CT head rule age criterion for mild traumatic brain injury." CJEM 20, S1 (May 2018): S55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2018.195.

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Introduction: With a Canadian aging population, the prevalence of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) among elderly is increasing and the age criterion of the Canadian CT head rule (CCHR) is challenged by many emergency physicians. We evaluated if increasing the age criterion of the CCHR would maintain its validity. Methods: We conducted an historical cohort study using the medical charts of all patients 65 years old or more who consulted at a Level One Trauma Centre emergency department (ED) for a mTBI between 2010 and 2014. The main outcome measures were clinically important brain injury (CIBI) on Computed Tomography (CT) and the presence of the CCHR criteria. The clinical and radiological data collection was standardized. Univariate analysis was performed to measure the predictive capacities of modified age cut-offs at 70 and 75 years old. Results: Out of the 104 confirmed mTBI in this study, 32 (30,8%) had CIBI on CT scan. Sensitivity and specificity [C.I. 95%] of the CCHR were 100% [89.1 - 100] and 0% [0.0 5.0] for an age criterion of 65 years old and above; 100% [89.1 - 100] and 4,2% [0.9 11.7] for a modified criterion of 70 years old; 100% [89.1 - 100] and 13,9% [6.9 24.1] for 75 years old. Furthermore, for an age criterion of 80 and 85 years old, sensitivity was respectively 90,6% [75.0 98.0] and 75,0% [56.6 88.5]. Conclusion: In our cohort, increasing the age criterion of the CCHR for minor head injury to 75 years old would benefit ED by further reducing CT scans without missing CIBI. A larger prospective study is indicated to confirm the proposed modification.

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Donders, Jacques. "Sensitivity of the WISC-III to Injury Severity in Children With Traumatic Head Injury." Assessment 4, no. 1 (March 1997): 107–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107319119700400114.

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The criterion validity of the factor index scores of the third edition of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-III) was evaluated in a sample of 88 children with traumatic head injury. (THI). Only Perceptual Organization and Processing Speed scores demonstrated acceptable sensitivity to injury severity. It is concluded that Processing Speed is an adequate measure of performance efficiency, but that Freedom from Distractibility may not be an adequate measure of attention in children with THI.

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Panjabi, Manohar M., Paul C. Ivancic, Yasuhiro Tominaga, and Jaw-Lin Wang. "Intervertebral Neck Injury Criterion for Prediction of Multiplanar Cervical Spine Injury Due to Side Impacts." Traffic Injury Prevention 6, no. 4 (December 1, 2005): 387–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15389580500257100.

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Sances, Jr., Anthony. "Biomechanical Analysis of Injury Criterion for Child and Adult Dummies." Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering 28, no. 1-2 (2000): 213–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/critrevbiomedeng.v28.i12.370.

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TANAKA, Takuya, Masatoshi SUZUKI, Tetsuya NISHIMOTO, Yasuhiro MATUI, and Yuichiro SAKAMOTO. "3A12 Study of abdominal injury criterion by in vivo experiments." Proceedings of the Bioengineering Conference Annual Meeting of BED/JSME 2013.25 (2013): 485–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmebio.2013.25.485.

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Brausch, Amy M., Jennifer J. Muehlenkamp, and Jason J. Washburn. "Nonsuicidal self-injury disorder: Does Criterion B add diagnostic utility?" Psychiatry Research 244 (October 2016): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.07.025.

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Magister, Tone. "The small unmanned aircraft blunt criterion based injury potential estimation." Safety Science 48, no. 10 (December 2010): 1313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2010.04.012.

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Margulies, Susan Sheps, and Lawrence E. Thibault. "A proposed tolerance criterion for diffuse axonal injury in man." Journal of Biomechanics 25, no. 8 (August 1992): 917–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(92)90231-o.

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Caldas, Carolina Alvarez, Alejandro Quesada, Jose Luis San Roman, and Ester Olmeda. "Head injury criterion: the best way to evaluate head damage?" International Journal of Vehicle Design 45, no. 3 (2007): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijvd.2007.014913.

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Marjoux, Daniel, Nicolas Bourdet, and Remy Willinger. "Computation of axonal elongations: towards a new brain injury criterion." International Journal of Vehicle Safety 4, no. 4 (2009): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijvs.2009.032756.

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Roberts, William M. "Evaluation of injury mechanism as a criterion in trauma triage." Journal of Emergency Medicine 5, no. 1 (January 1987): 60–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0736-4679(87)90016-3.

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Lowe, Daniel K., George R. Oh, Keith W. Neely, and Clare G. Peterson. "Evaluation of injury mechanism as a criterion in trauma triage." American Journal of Surgery 152, no. 1 (July 1986): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9610(86)90128-5.

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Lemmon, David R., Ming-yi Wu, and Ronald L. Huston. "Head Injury Reduction in Automobile Pedestrian Impact." Shock and Vibration 1, no. 6 (1994): 559–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1994/376306.

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This article presents and discusses automobile hood/fender rail design to reduce head injury of pedestrians struck by the front of the vehicle. Fender seam designs are presented that reduce the head injury criterion values by over 50%. The procedures and analysis are conducted using a nonlinear dynamic finite element program for an Oldsmobile Ciera hood and a Ford Taurus hood/fender.

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Humm, John, and Narayan Yoganandan. "Lower Neck Injury Assessment Risk Curves Based on Matched-Pair Human Data for Anthropomorphic Test Devices." Military Medicine 186, Supplement_1 (January 1, 2021): 639–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usaa421.

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ABSTRACT Introduction Under G +x accelerative loading, the Hybrid III anthropomorphic test device (ATD) is used to advance human safety. Although injury assessment risk curves (IARCs) are available at the level of the occipital condyles (commonly termed as upper neck), they do not exist for the cervical-thoracic junction (lower neck). The objectives of this study are to develop IARCs under G +x impact accelerations for the Hybrid III ATD and test device for human occupant restraint (THOR) ATD at the cervical thoracic junction. Methods A series of Hybrid III ATD tests were conducted using input conditions that matched previously published cadaver tests. A separate series of THOR-ATD tests were conducted using the same input conditions that matched the same previously published cadaver tests. This type of experimental design where the cadaver input condition is the same as the ATD tests are termed matched-pair tests (Cadaver-Hybrid III and Cadaver-THOR-ATD). Injury outcomes from human cadaver tests were used with loads at the cervical thoracic junction, measured in the ATD tests. Data were censored based on injury outcomes and the number of tests conducted on each specimen. Parametric survival analysis was used to derive IARCs for cervical thoracic junction force-, moment-, and interaction-based lower neck injury criterion (LNic). Results Injuries were scored according to the Abbreviated Injury Scale scheme. Abbreviated Injury Scale 1 or 2 was scored as injured. The 50% risk levels for the Hybrid III ATD were 315 N, 70 Nm, and 1.12 for the cervical thoracic A/P shear force-, sagittal plane extension moment-, and LNic-based injury criterion, respectively. Results for the THOR ATD were 261 N, 69 Nm, and 1.51. Conclusions This is the first study to develop cervical thoracic junction IARCs for the ATDs based on force, moment, and LNic for posterior to anterior loading.

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Салман оглу Микаилов, Ульфет, and Джавид Ширали оглу Ахадов. "Assessment of injury for prediction of in-hospital mortality and outcome of patient injury." SCIENTIFIC WORK 71, no. 10 (October 23, 2021): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/71/80-84.

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The present study is a retrospective, descriptive and analytical study that was conducted on 300 patients with multiple trauma, aged 5 to 75 years. Inclusion criteria included the presence of multiple injuries caused by road traffic accidents and other events. The exclusion criterion was injury to only one area of the body. The causes of injury were divided into four categories: 1) injuries from road traffic crashes, 2) injuries caused by falls from a height, 3) injuries caused by assault, and 4) injuries caused by road traffic accidents with pedestrians. The most common cause of hospitalization due to injury in men and women was road traffic injuries, and there was a significant correlation between injury types and gender (p = 0.001). The results showed that 28 injured people (9.3%) died in hospital, with the largest percentage of deaths occurring in the 21 to 33 age group. The results were based on the number of people who died: 7 (25.0%) of them had penetrating injuries, and 21 (75.0%) had blunt injuries. Data analysis showed a significant correlation between mortality and type of injury (p = 0.004). Key words: Key words: trauma, medical assessment, organ damage, patient, trauma outcome, in-hospital mortality

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Zhang, Liying, King H. Yang, and Albert I. King. "A Proposed Injury Threshold for Mild Traumatic Brain Injury." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 126, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 226–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1691446.

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Traumatic brain injuries constitute a significant portion of injury resulting from automotive collisions, motorcycle crashes, and sports collisions. Brain injuries not only represent a serious trauma for those involved but also place an enormous burden on society, often exacting a heavy economical, social, and emotional price. Development of intervention strategies to prevent or minimize these injuries requires a complete understanding of injury mechanisms, response and tolerance level. In this study, an attempt is made to delineate actual injury causation and establish a meaningful injury criterion through the use of the actual field accident data. Twenty-four head-to-head field collisions that occurred in professional football games were duplicated using a validated finite element human head model. The injury predictors and injury levels were analyzed based on resulting brain tissue responses and were correlated with the site and occurrence of mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI). Predictions indicated that the shear stress around the brainstem region could be an injury predictor for concussion. Statistical analyses were performed to establish the new brain injury tolerance level.

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Chybowski, Leszek, and Wojciech Przetakiewicz. "Estimation of the Probability of Head Injury at a Given Abbreviated Injury Scale Level by Means of a Fuction of Head Injury Criterion." System Safety: Human - Technical Facility - Environment 2, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/czoto-2020-0012.

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AbstractThe paper presents a review of the basic literature on the determination of head injury effects. Introduction to the subject of Head Injury Criterion (HIC) applications as likelihood of head injury measures was made. Individual levels of Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) were listed as a representation of the consequences of head injury. Prasad and Mertz curves describing the relationship between the HIC value and the probability of injury for a given AIS level were presented. Exponential models, developed by the authors, representing individual curves were presented. The probability of head injuries at different AIS levels was estimated for selected case studies presented in the literature devoted to human workplace safety. The analysis was concluded with debate and conclusions on the use of the proposed models.

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Golfo, Salvatore, Gabriele Virzì Mariotti, Filippo Carollo, Antonella Argo, and Gabriele Barbaraci. "Safety considerations on teenage pedestrian–bus impact." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, no. 14 (March 21, 2019): 3839–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407019835617.

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This work studies the impact conditions between the adolescent pedestrian and the bus focusing on head and chest injury. The injury to the head is analyzed using both the Head Injury Criterion (HIC) 36 and the HIC15 parameters as established by the most advanced legislation and comparing the risk probability Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS3+) and AIS4+. The parameter HIC15 gives a higher probability of risk with lower values, and therefore it can be considered more conservative. Moreover, the study of chest injury is performed with two different biomechanical parameters: the Thoracic Trauma Index (TTI) and the TTI(d); the last neglects the pedestrian mass. The results indicate that the parameters are equivalent for the assessment of chest injury. Instead the front pedestrian collision is characterized by 3 ms criterion. The results comparison with those obtained previously with other types of vehicles shows that, in all cases, the impact with the bus is most dangerous for the teenage pedestrian because of the higher values of the biomechanical parameters. Finally, the influence of the vehicle mass has been investigated, emphasizing how it cannot be neglected a priori. Numerical analysis results are in very good agreement with the results carried out experimentally, from several authors, in real accidents where buses are involved.

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Abbas, Mohsin, Rashid Saeed, and Zaki-ul-Zaman Asam. "Epidemiology of occupational injuries among insured workers in Saudi Arabia between 2004 and 2016." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 72, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2021-72-3377.

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Abstract This is a retrospective analysis of annual reports on occupational injuries issued by the national social insurance agency of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) for the years 2004 through 2016. For each criterion we calculated an index based on the equation NY/Nref x100, where NY is the number of occupational injuries by a specific criterion in a specific year Y, and Nref is the number of injuries in the corresponding criterion in the reference year, i.e. 2004. We also calculated the number of injuries to number of workers ratio (Ni/Nw ) for different occupations and economic sectors to get a clearer idea of the injury trends per worker. In terms of occupational injury rates (with respect to 2004), we observed increases in construction, financing & real estate (economic sectors), among engineers and technicians (occupations), in infections and secondary contusions (injury type), for upper and lower limbs (affected body parts), over falls and “other” causes. Most injuries occurred on Fridays, which is a weekend day in Saudi Arabia. We also observed increased recovery without disability (injury status). However, if we look at the number of occupational injuries per worker, we can see a decreasing trend over time for all occupations and economic sectors, most likely thanks to improved labour law and safety at work practices for insured workers. Our findings are similar to reports from other Persian Gulf countries and reflect current labour health and safety issues in the area.

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Dunn, Marcus, Dyfan Davies, and John Hart. "Effect of Football Size and Mass in Youth Football Head Impacts." Proceedings 49, no. 1 (June 15, 2020): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020049029.

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In youth association football, the use of different size and/or mass footballs might represent a feasible intervention for addressing heading impact severity and player safety concerns. This study assessed the effects of football size and mass on head impacts based on defensive heading in youth football. Three-dimensional trajectories of U16 youth academy free kicks were modelled to derive three impact trajectories, representing defensive heading in youth football. Three football models (standard: S5, standard-light: S5L, and small: S4) impacted an instrumented headform; Head Injury Criterion (HIC15) and Rotational Injury Criterion (RIC15) were calculated. For headform impacts, S4 and S5L footballs yielded lower HIC15 magnitudes than S5 footballs. Further, S4 footballs yielded lower HIC15 and lower RIC15 magnitudes than S5 and S5L footballs. Initial findings indicated that smaller, S4 footballs reduced linear and rotational head injury criteria for impacts representative of defensive heading in youth football.

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Xiao, Zhi, Li Wang, Fuhao Mo, Siqi Zhao, and Cuina Liu. "Optimal design of pre-triggering airbag system for occupant protection performance during frontal crashes." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, no. 11 (October 25, 2018): 2850–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407018807330.

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With the rapid development of car crash sensing and identification technology, the application of pre-triggering airbag system is becoming an important option to improve vehicle safety. Thus, the present study aims to investigate the injury protection ability of pre-triggering airbag system and optimize its performance in frontal crashes regarding the key physical parameters. A driver restraint system model established and validated by National Crash Analysis Center was employed and validated for studying the injury protection ability of pre-triggering airbag system. Then, the influences of airbag triggering time, airbag volume scaling factor, inflator mass flow, and exhaust orifice size of pre-triggering airbag system on driver’s head and chest injuries were analyzed. Finally, the weighted injury criterion was selected as the evaluation index to optimize the pre-triggering airbag system. The results show the pre-triggering airbag should be designed with a larger airbag volume and inflator mass flow rate and smaller exhaust orifice. The optimized restraint system design presents a reduction of weighted injury criterion values in 100% and 40% overlapped frontal impacts reaching 25.63% and 42.23%, respectively.

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Nakanishi, Tomoyuki, Masahito Hitosugi, Haruo Murayama, Arisa Takeda, Yasuki Motozawa, Masahiro Ogino, and Katsuhiro Koyama. "Biomechanical Analysis of Serious Neck Injuries Resulting from Judo." Healthcare 9, no. 2 (February 16, 2021): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9020214.

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To establish a basis for initial diagnosis and for proposing preventive measures for the serious neck injuries occasionally experienced by judo practitioners, the biomechanical mechanisms of these injuries were analyzed. Two male judo experts repeatedly threw an anthropomorphic test device (POLAR dummy) using three throwing techniques (Seoi-nage, Osoto-gari, and Ouchi-gari). The dummy’s kinematic data were captured using a high-speed digital camera, and the load and moment of the neck were measured with load cells. The neck injury criterion (Nij) and beam criterion were also calculated. In Seoi-nage, the anterior and parietal regions of the dummy’s head contacted the tatami (judo mat). Subsequently, most of the body weight was applied, with the neck experiencing the highest compression. However, in Osoto-gari and Ouchi-gari, the occipital region of the dummy’s head contacted the tatami. Significantly higher values of both Nij (median 0.68) and beam criterion (median 0.90) corresponding to a 34.7% to 37.1% risk of neck injury with an abbreviated injury scale score ≥2 were shown in Seoi-nage than in either Ouchi-gari or Osoto-gari. In judo, when thrown by the Seoi-nage technique, serious neck injuries can occur as a result of neck compression that occurs when the head contacts the ground.

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MIYAZAKI, Yusuke. "2E31 Study on the mechanism and criterion of rotational brain injury." Proceedings of the Bioengineering Conference Annual Meeting of BED/JSME 2014.26 (2014): 455–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmebio.2014.26.455.

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Panjabi, Manohar M., Shigeki Ito, Paul C. Ivancic, and Wolfgang Rubin. "Evaluation of the intervertebral neck injury criterion using simulated rear impacts." Journal of Biomechanics 38, no. 8 (August 2005): 1694–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2004.07.015.

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Han, S. S., K. J. Kang, S. J. Kwon, S. J. Wang, S. H. Shin, S. W. Oh, K. Y. Na, D. W. Chae, S. Kim, and H. J. Chin. "Additional role of urine output criterion in defining acute kidney injury." Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 27, no. 1 (June 28, 2011): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfr312.

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Donders, J., and T. Levitt. "Criterion Validity of the Neuropsychological Assessment Battery after Traumatic Brain Injury." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 27, no. 4 (April 24, 2012): 440–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acs043.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Injury criterion'

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