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Baptista, Liliana Antunes. "Influência da energia e orientação de impacto no head injury criterion." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/2534.
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Mestrado em Engenharia MecânicaNo campo de batalha, é essencial o uso de vestes de elevado nível de protecção, nomeadamente dos capacetes. Hoje em dia, tenta-se melhorar a qualidade da protecção dos soldados através do uso de materiais mais resistentes à penetração do projecteis e fragmentos derivados do impacto. Para esta evolução ser possível, é necessário o estudo das consequências causadas por impactos balísticos, em diversos cenários, no soldado, mais concretamente na cabeça humana. No estudo dos impactos balísticos ¶e imprescindível a utilização da simulação numérica por elementos finitos para a previsão das suas consequências nas lesões causadas no ser humano. Este trabalho tem como principal objectivo a avaliação do nível de lesões cerebrais, através do Head Injury Criterion, provocadas pelo impacto balístico de um projéctil de calibre 7.62£51 mm no capacete militar PASGT. Também as acelerações inerentes a todo o fenómeno e as deformações causadas no capacete são avaliados. Para isso modelos CAD do capacete, do projéctil e de uma cabeça humana normalizada são utilizados para os ensaios simulados no programa LS-Dyna. Os ensaios consistem em estudar a influencia da orientação e direcção do projéctil no impacto. São feitos estudos de impactos a 0°, 22.5°, 45° e 67.5° quer na direcção horizontal quer na direcção vertical, em três posições do capacete, frontal, lateral e occipital. ABSTRACT: On the battle¯eld, the use of vests whith high level of protection, including helmets is essential. Today, there is a clear need to improve the quality of the protection of soldiers through the use of materials more resistant to projectile penetration and to fragments derived from the impact. To make this development possible, it is necessary to study the e®ects caused by ballistic impacts, on the soldier, especially in the human head, on various scenarios. In a ballistic impact study it is essential to use a numerical simulation by ¯nite elements method to predict the consequences on human injuries. This work has as main objective the assessment of the level of brain damages, using the Head Injury Criterion, caused on the impact of the ballistic pro- jectile 7.62£51 mm in PASGT military helmet. The accelerations derived from the whole phenomenon and the deformations caused on the helmet are also evaluated. For that, CAD models of the helmet, the projectile and a standardised human head are used to perform numerical simulations using LS-Dyna. The tests consists in studying the in°uence of projectile impact orientation and direction. Impacts studies are done at 0°, 22.5°, 45°and 67.5°, either in the horizontal and vertical directions at three helmet positions: front, side and occipital.
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Montoya, Damien. "Analyse des facteurs déterminants sur le bilan lésionnel d'un enfant piéton accidenté." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0613/document.
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Les enfants sont des usagers de la route au même titre que les adultes. D’après l’Observatoire National Interministériel de la Sécurité Routière (ONISR), il y a eu en 2010 sur les routes françaises 67288 accidents corporels dont 3992 tués à 30 jours. Parmi les tués, on compte 130 enfants de moins de 14 ans dont 30 enfants piétons. La protection des enfants est donc un enjeu majeur. Afin d’améliorer la protection des enfants, il est nécessaire de comprendre les mécanismes lésionnels mis en jeu lors d’un accident piéton. Pour atteindre cet objectif, différents modèles, physiques ou numériques ont été développés ces dernières années. Cette étude a fait le choix de se focaliser sur l’utilisation du numérique pour approfondir la connaissance concernant le comportement de l’enfant victime d’un accident piéton car elle offre la possibilité de ne pas être contrainte d’un point de vue éthique et législatif mais également de multiplier les conditions d’essais possibles. L’objectif de cette Thèse est de traiter la problématique de l’enfant piéton et de sa protection en particulier en évaluant l’influence du design d’un véhicule sur les blessures à la tête d’une enfant piéton impacté. Dans un premier temps, un critère de blessure à la tête spécifique à l’enfant a été développé par reconstruction d’accident réels et permet de prédire la gravité des lésions (AIS). Dans un second temps, un outil numérique capable réaliser une étude paramétrique simulant des accidents piétons a été développé. L’influence du design d’un véhicule sur le bilan lésionnel à la tête d’un enfant piéton a ainsi été étudiéeChildren are road users in the same way as adults. According to the National Interministerial Observatory of Road Safety (ONISR), there were in 2010 on the French roads 67288 accidents of which 3992 killed in 30 days. Among those killed, there are 130 children under 14, including 30 children pedestrians. The protection of children is therefore a burning issue.In order to improve the protection of children, it is necessary to understand the mechanisms of injury involved in a pedestrian accident. To achieve this goal, different models, physical or numerical have been developed in recent years. This study has chosen to focus on the use of numerical models to deepen knowledge about the behavior of the child victim of a pedestrian accident because it offers the possibility of not being constrained from an ethical point of view and but also to multiply the conditions of possible tests.The objective of this Thesis is to treat the problem of the pedestrian child and its protection in particular by evaluating the influence of the design of a vehicle on the injuries to the head of an impacted pedestrian child. As a first step, a child-specific head injury criterion was developed by reconstructing actual accidents and predicting the severity of injury (AIS). In a second step, a numerical tool able to realize a parametric study simulating pedestrian accidents was developed. The influence of the design of a vehicle on the lesions at the head of a pedestrian child has been studied
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Albert, Devon Lee. "Biomechanical Responses of Human Surrogates under Various Frontal Loading Conditions with an Emphasis on Thoracic Response and Injury Tolerance." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/100947.
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Frontal motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) resulted in 10,813 fatalities and 937,000 injuries in 2014, which is more than any other type of MVC. In order to mitigate the injuries and fatalities resulting from MVCs, new safety restraint technologies and more biofidelic anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) have been developed. However, the biofidelity of these new ATDs must be evaluated, and the mechanisms of injury must be understood in order to accurately predict injury. Evaluating the biomechanical response, injury mechanisms, and injury threshold of the thorax are particularly important because the thorax is one of the most frequently injured body regions in MVCs. Furthermore, sustaining a severe thoracic injury in an MVC significantly increases mortality risk.
The overall objective of this dissertation was to evaluate the biomechanical responses of human surrogates under various frontal loading conditions. This objective was divided into three sub-objectives: 1) to evaluate the biofidelity of the current frontal impact ATDs, 2) to evaluate the effect of different safety restraints on occupant responses, and 3) to evaluate rib material properties with respect to sex, age, structural response, and loading history.
In order to meet sub-objectives 1 and 2, full-scale frontal sled tests were performed on three different human surrogates: the 50th percentile male Hybrid III (HIII) ATD, the 50th percentile male Test Device for Human Occupant Restraint (THOR-M) ATD, and approximately 50th percentile male post-mortem human surrogates (PMHS). All surrogates were tested under three safety restraint conditions: knee bolster (KB), KB and steering wheel airbag (KB/SWAB), and knee bolster airbag and SWAB (KBAB/SWAB). The kinematic, lower extremity, abdominal, thoracic, and neck responses were then compared between surrogates and restraint conditions. In order to assess biofidelity, the ATD responses were compared to the PMHS responses. For both the kinematic and thoracic responses, the HIII and THOR-M had comparable biofideltiy. However, the HIII responses
were slightly more biofidelic. The ATDs experienced similar lower extremity kinetics, but very different kinetics at the upper and lower neck due to differences in design. Evaluation of the different restraint conditions showed that the SWAB and KBAB both affected injury risk. The SWAB decreased head injury risk for all surrogates, and increased or decreased thoracic injury risk, depending on the surrogate. The KBAB decreased the risk of femur injury, but increased or decreased tibia injury risk depending on the surrogate and injury metric used to predict risk.
In order to meet sub-objective 3, the tensile material properties of human rib cortical bone and the structural properties of whole ribs were quantified at strain rates similar to those observed in frontal impacts. The rib cortical bone underwent coupon tension testing, while the whole ribs underwent bending tests intended to simulate loading from a frontal impact. The rib material properties accounted for less than 50% of the variation observed in the whole rib structural properties, indicating that other factors, such as rib geometry, were also influencing the structural response of whole ribs. Age was significantly negatively correlated with the modulus, yield stress, failure strain, failure stress, plastic strain energy density, and total strain energy density. However, sex did not significantly influence any of the material properties. Cortical bone material properties were quantified from the ribs that underwent the whole rib bending tests and subject-matched, untested (control) ribs in order to evaluate the effect of loading history on material properties. Yield stress and yield strain were the only material properties that were significantly different between the previously tested and control ribs.
The results of this dissertation can guide ATD and safety restrain design. Additionally, this dissertation provides human surrogate response data and rib material property data for the validation of finite element models, which can then be used to evaluate injury mitigation strategies for MVCs.PHD
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Antunes, Miguel Ângelo Correia. "Determinação de parâmetros ótimos de materiais de proteção em capacetes para minimizar critérios de lesão." Master's thesis, Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal. Escola Superior de Tecnologia de Setúbal, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/27823.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Engenharia de ProduçãoA Limiting Performance Analysis de um capacete de proteção para motociclistas foi realizada, com o objetivo de determinar a força de controlo ótima exercida pelo material do forro interno deste equipamento sobre a cabeça do utilizador, em caso de impacto contra uma superfície rígida, com a finalidade de reduzir a severidade e probabilidade de ocorrência de lesão. Nesta análise, dois problemas de otimização foram abordados, o primeiro onde a energia total transmitida ao cérebro mediante impacto deve ser reduzida e o segundo em que o valor do Head Injury Criterion deve ser reduzido, ambos os problemas sujeitos a restrições associadas a outros critérios de lesão e desempenho. O modelo utilizado para simular o comportamento da cabeça é o Translational Head Injury Model, o qual é um modelo de parâmetros discretos. O impacto é realizado na direção Anterior-Posterior. A força de controlo ótima exercida na cabeça foi determinada para condições de impacto especificas. As soluções para o primeiro problema de otimização não cumpriram as restrições definidas. O segundo problema de otimização foi resolvido com sucesso, com os melhores resultados para uma espessura de forro interno de 30 mm.
The Limiting Performance Analysis of a protection helmet for motorcyclist was performed, with the aim of establishing the optimum control force exerted by the material of the inner liner of this equipment on the user’s head, in the event of impact against a rigid surface, with the purpose of reducing injury severity and occurrence probability. In this analysis, two optimization problems are addressed, the first where the total energy imparted to the brain upon impact must be minimized and the second where the value of the Head Injury Criterion must be minimized, both problems bound to restrictions associated with other injury and performance criteria. The model used to simulate the behaviour of the head is the Translational Head Injury Model, which is a lumped parameter model. The impact is performed in the Anterior-Posterior direction. The optimum control force exerted on the head was established for specific impact conditions. The solutions to the for the first optimization problem didn’t meet the restrictions defined. The second optimization problem was solved with success, with the best results por an inner liner thickness of 30 mm.
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Venturucci, Filippo. "Innovative Infrastructures for Sustainable Mobility in Urban Areas: Protective Asphalt to Prevent Vulnerable Road Users Injuries." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.
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Nell’elaborato viene studiato il fenomeno dell’incidentalità singola delle utenze deboli sulla strada (perdita di controllo, scivolamento ecc..ecc..), con particolare enfasi nell’analizzare le conseguenze traumatiche dovute all’impatto con la superficie stradale. Una nuova tecnologia viene sviluppata per rendere le pavimentazioni di piste ciclabili, marciapiedi e zone pedonali con capacità di assorbimento degli impatti, prevenendo, o riducendo drasticamente, la probabilità e entità di eventi traumatici a seguito di una caduta. Attraverso una stesa di prova avvenuta ad Imola (BO), si sono analizzate e risolte le problematiche dovute alle discrepanze riscontrate fra “costruzione” in laboratorio e costruzione nella realtà urbana. La nuova tecnologia, infatti, è stata studiata come “construction-friendly”, permettendo alle società di costruzione e pavimentazione di stendere il nuovo manto protettivo con strumenti e macchinari tradizionali. Infine l’asfalto modificato è stato testato nei laboratori svedesi del KTH – Royal Institute of Technology per provarne l’efficacia in termini di assorbimento degli impatti. Nel “Drop Impact Test”, test specifico per l’approvazione dei caschi protettivi da bicicletta, l’asfalto modificato ha performato ben al di sotto della soglia di approvazione dei caschi da ciclista, e si colloca in un range di valore di accelerazione lineare perfino al di sotto della soglia di “Low Risk of Injuries”. La nuova tecnologia, inoltre, fa utilizzo di gomma granulata riciclata da pneumatici fuori uso. Tale dettaglio conferisce maggiore sostenibilità al progetto: oltre all’utilizzo di legante a freddo, che diminuisce le emissioni di CO2, e di incentivare l’utilizzo della mobilità dolce attraverso una più sicura rete infrastrutturale, l’utilizzo di gomma riciclata dà nuova vita al materiale che altrimenti andrebbe in discarica e prolunga, così, la vita utile del materiale.
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Gabauer, Douglas John. "Predicting Occupant Injury with Vehicle-Based Injury Criteria in Roadside Crashes." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28170.
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This dissertation presents the results of a research effort aimed at improving the current occupant injury criteria typically used to assess occupant injury risk in crashes involving roadside hardware such as guardrail. These metrics attempt to derive the risk of injury based solely on the response of the vehicle during a collision event. The primary purpose of this research effort was to determine if real-world crash injury prediction could be improved by augmenting the current vehicle-based metrics with vehicle-specific structure and occupant restraint performance measures.
Based on an analysis of the responses of 60 crash test dummies in full-scale crash tests, vehicle-based occupant risk criteria were not found to be an accurate measure of occupant risk and were unable to predict the variation in occupant risk for unbelted, belted, airbag only, or belt and airbag restrained occupants. Through the use of Event Data Recorder (EDR) data coupled with occupant injury data for 214 real-world crashes, age-adjusted injury risk curves were developed relating vehicle-based metrics to occupant injury in real-world frontal collisions. A comparison of these risk curves based on model fit statistics and an ROC curve analysis indicated that the more computationally intensive metrics that require knowledge of the entire crash pulse offer no statistically significant advantage over the simpler delta-V crash severity metric in discriminating between serious and non-serious occupant injury. This finding underscores the importance of developing an improved vehicle-based injury metric.
Based on an analysis of 619 full-scale frontal crash tests, adjustments to delta-V that reflect the vehicle structure performance and occupant restraint performance are found to predict 4 times the variation of resultant occupant chest acceleration than delta-V alone. The combination of delta-V, ridedown efficiency, and the kinetic energy factor was found to provide the best prediction of the occupant chest kinematics. Real-world crash data was used to evaluate the developed modified delta-V metrics based on their ability to predict injury in real-world collisions. Although no statistically significant improvement in injury prediction was found, the modified models did show evidence of improvement over the traditional delta-V metric.Ph. D.
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Sahoo, Debasis. "Brain injury criteria based on computation of axonal elongation." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAD051.
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Ce travail de thèse vise à mieux décrire les mécanismes de lésions de la tête humaine en situation de choc en optimisant le modèle par éléments finis de la tête humaine de Strasbourg (SUFEHM) en termes de modélisation mécanique du crâne et du cerveau grâce à de nouvelles données expérimentales et de techniques récentes d’imagerie médicales. Une première étape a consisté à améliorer la loi de comportement de la boîte crânienne, valider son comportement en regards d’éléments expérimentaux sur cadavres et proposer un MEF capable de reproduire fidèlement la fracture crânienne. La deuxième partie consiste en la prise en compte pour la première fois de l’anisotropie dans les simulations par EF d’accidents réels en utilisant l’Imagerie du Tenseur de Diffusion. Après implémentation, une phase de validation a été entreprise afin de démontrer l’apport de l’anisotropie de la matière cérébrale dans un MEF. Enfin 125 accidents réels ont été reproduits avec le SUFEHM ainsi amélioré. Une étude statistique sur les paramètres mécaniques calculés a permis de proposer des limites de tolérances en termes de fracture crânienne et de lésions neurologiques en s’intéressant tout particulièrement à l’élongation axonale maximale admissible, nouvelle métrique proposéeThe principal objective of this study is to enhance the existing finite element head model. A composite material model for skull, taking into account damage is implemented in the Strasbourg University Finite Element Head Model in order to enhance the existing skull mechanical constitutive law. The skull behavior is validated in terms of fracture patterns and contact forces by reconstructing 15 experimental cases in collaboration with Medical College of Wisconsin. The new skull model is capable of reproducing skull fracture precisely. The composite skull model is validated not only for maximum forces, but also for lateral impact against actual force time curves from PMHS for the first time. This study also proposes the implementation of fractional anisotropy and axonal fiber orientation from Diffusion Tensor Imaging of 12 healthy patients into an existing human FE head model to develop a more realistic brain model with advanced constitutive laws. Further, the brain behavior was validated in terms of brain strain against experimental data. A reasonable agreement was observed between the simulation and experimental data. Results showed the feasibility of integrating axonal direction information into FE analysis and established the context of computation of axonal elongation in case of head trauma. A total 125 reconstructions were done by using the new advanced FEHM and the axonal strain was found to be the pertinent parameter to predict DAI
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Lawson, Anthony Richard. "Finite element modelling of blunt or non-contact head injuries." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1997. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/10749.
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Safety is an increasingly important aspect of vehicle design. Legislation requires minimum levels of safety through full scale tests. Customers are provided with information regarding the safety performance of vehicles so that they can make an informed buying decision. Vehicle crashes were responsible for 40000 fatalities and 5.2 million non fatally injured patients in the US during 1994. The direct and direct cost of head injuries in the US is estimated at $25 billion per year. Injury criteria that can predict the severity of head injuries are important engineering tools for improving vehicle safety. At present the injury that the human head is subjected to is predicted by the Head Injury Criterion (HIC). This criterion is inadequate as it is not based upon a thorough understanding of the underlying head injury mechanisms. The important blunt or non-contact head injury mechanisms are diffuse axonal injury, bridging vein disruption and surface contact contusions. The severity of these injury mechanisms is hypothesised to be related to the level of motion of the brain with respect to the skull. Finite element modelling is used to analyse these head injury mechanisms. Models are developed which include all the relevant anatomical entities and detail. Accurate material property information and boundary conditions are used in the modelling to ensure that the head injury mechanisms can be accurately simulated. Tissue failure criteria are developed to link the various field parameters monitored during the simulations with injury severity. The models are then comprehensively validated with information obtained from pathological observations, cadaver experiments, accident reconstructions and volunteer data. These models are then used to determine the biomechanics of head injury and to develop improved head injury tolerance curves. The simulations demonstrate that head injury severity is dependent upon the magnitude, pulse duration and direction of the applied translational and rotational acceleration pulses.
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Rowson, Bethany. "Evaluation and Application of Brain Injury Criteria to Improve Protective Headgear Design." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/82346.
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As many as 3.8 million sports-related traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) occur each year, nearly all of which are mild or concussive. These injuries are especially concerning given recent evidence that repeated concussions can lead to long-term neurodegenerative processes. One way of reducing the number of injuries is through improvements in protective equipment design. Safety standards and relative performance ratings have led to advancements in helmet design that have reduced severe injuries and fatalities in sports as well as concussive injuries. These standards and evaluation methods frequently use laboratory methods and brain injury criteria that have been developed through decades of research dedicated to determining the human tolerance to brain injury. It is necessary to determine which methods are the most appropriate for evaluating the performance of helmets and other protective equipment. Therefore, the aims of this research were to evaluate the use of different brain injury criteria and apply them to laboratory evaluation of helmets. These aims were achieved through evaluating the predictive capability of different brain injury criteria and comparing laboratory impact systems commonly used to evaluate helmet performance. Laboratory methods were developed to evaluate the relative performance of hockey helmets given the high rate of concussions associated with the sport. The implementation of these methods provided previously unavailable data on the relative risk of concussion associated with different hockey helmet models.Ph. D.
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Mendis, Kolita. "Finite element modeling of the brain to establish diffuse axonal injury criteria." Connect to resource, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1261418737.
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Kremer, Matthew Allan. "An Investigation into Pressure-Based Abdominal Injury Criteria Using Isolated Liver and Full-Body Post-Mortem Human Subject Impact Tests." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1291216382.
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Nesbitt, Rebecca J. "Establishing Design Criteria for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1428048607.
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Mo, Fuhao. "Towards lower limbs new injury criteria for pedestrian safety based on realistic impact conditions." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4104.
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La sécurité du piéton est un problème de santé publique, qui doit être traité tant par les acteurs de la recherche que par l'industrie automobile pour apporter des solutions technologiques innovantes. Dans les accidents impliquant des piétons, le premier contact est généralement localisé sur les membres inférieurs exhibant de fréquentes et nombreuses lésions pouvant être très sévères. Compte tenu des caractéristiques biomécaniques du membre inférieur, comment améliorer les critères de blessures existants pour contribuer au développement d'une voiture moins agressive pour les piétons ? La présente étude vise donc à promouvoir des améliorations significatives de critères de blessure des membres inférieurs pour la sécurité des piétons combinant des essais expérimentaux et des simulations numériques. Un modèle par éléments finis des membres inférieurs (modèle LLMS) a été utilisé et amélioré pour étudier les réponses mécaniques des membres inférieurs dans des conditions de chargement realists. Une attention particulière a été accordée sur la capacité du modèle à prédire séparément les blessures des os longs et celles de l'articulation du genou pour développer deux critères de blessures distincts. Pour le tibia, la nature de sa structure et les conditions de chargement qui lui sont appliquées nous ont conduit à proposer une courbe quadratique de moment en flexion qui tient compte de différents points d'impact. Pour le genou, le critère de blessure a été établi à partir d'une fonction combinant cisaillement latéral et flexion latérale. Ce critère permet de hiérarchiser la nature et la sévérité des lésions en fonction du mécanisme de blessure prépondérantPedestrian safety is a worldwide concern, which needs to be investigated by both vehicle manufacturers and researchers to approach innovative solutions. In car-Pedestrian accidents, lower limbs have been demonstrated to be the most frequently injured body region of the pedestrian. Given the biomechanical features of lower limbs, how the existing injury criteria could be improved to aid the development of a pedestrian friendly car? The current study aims to promote significant improvements in the injury criteria of lower limbs for pedestrian safety combining experimental tests and numerical simulations. A finite element lower limb model (LLMS model) was used and improved to investigate the mechanical responses of lower limbs in the loading conditions reflecting the car-Pedestrian impact. A particular attention was paid on the model ability of predicting separately the injuries of long bones and knee joints to develop the corresponding injury criteria. With regard to the tibia structure and its loading condition in pedestrian accidents, we proposed a quadratic curve of bending moments to tibia locations as its injury tolerance. Given dominant injury mechanisms of the ligaments, the knee injury criterion was established as a function of combined joint kinematics including lateral bending and lateral shearing. Moreover, these criteria are relevant with the previous and current experimental test results. Finally, the efficiency of the proposed criteria was evaluated by a parametric study of the realistic car-Pedestrian impact conditions
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Jung, Shin Sub. "Development of Translational Head Injury Model (THIM) and Translational Energy Criteria (TEC) of child /." The Ohio State University, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487780393265718.
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Bastien, C. "The prediction of kinematics and injury criteria of unbelted occupants under autonomous emergency braking." Thesis, Coventry University, 2014. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/a75e046a-3ffb-4474-8b28-e3c19ffbb3b5/1.
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This thesis comprises a programme of work investigating the use of active human computer models and the effects of forthcoming automotive safety features on vehicle occupants; more specifically, their unbelted kinematics and sustained injuries. Since Hybrid III anthropometric crash test dummies are unable to replicate human occupant kinematics under severe braking, the thesis highlighted the need to research the most appropriate occupant computer model to simulate active safety scenarios. The first stage of the work focussed on occupant kinematics and developed unique human occupant reflex response target curves describing the head and torso relative angle change as a function of time, based on human volunteers’ low deceleration sled tests. These biomechanics curves were, subsequently, used to validate an active human model, asserting its torso response, while confirming that further development in its neck response was necessary. The sled test computer validation proved that only an active human model was suitable to model a pre-braking phase. The second stage of the work combined the occupant’s kinematics of the pre-braking phase, followed by a subsequent frontal crash into a rigid barrier inducing an airbag deployment. The results suggested that, in a 1g frontal deceleration pre-braking phase, the kinematics of an unbelted occupant within the vehicle compartment was complex and in some cases extreme. With the parameters adopted within this unique study, it was observed that occupant motion and position relative to the airbag system varied depending on awareness level, seat friction, braking duration and posture. Additionally, it was observed that a driver holding the steering wheel with one hand could be out of the airbag deployment reach due to extreme Out-Of-Position (OOP). Results also concluded that the dynamic OOP scenario was intricate and would yield to higher occupant injuries. Future studies, into brake dive, seat geometry, seat stiffness and cabin packaging, are recommended to capture the vehicle configuration providing the highest dynamic OOP safety risk. Finally, the investigations conducted, as part of this doctoral programme, led to the provision of new knowledge in the validation of active human models, a unique demonstration of the importance using human computer models, rather than crash test dummies, as well as the potential for the evaluation of future restraint systems in dynamics unbelted OOP, considering various posture scenarios.
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Hickey, Jack Thomas. "Hamstring strain injury: objective assessment tools and exercise-specific progression criteria during pain-threshold rehabilitation." Thesis, Australian Catholic University, 2018. https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/download/bd4f7f84c1a1756059a01e6354188873ceb38819da170af407e0de9434c378f1/4037271/Hickey_2018_Hamstring_strain_injury_objective_assessment_tools.pdf.
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Hamstring strain injury (HSI) is a persistent cause of time lost in sports that involve high speed running. Clinicians working with sports injuries are therefore often faced with the task of HSI rehabilitation, with the simultaneous aims of minimising time to return to play (RTP) and risk of re-injury. Following rehabilitation and RTP clearance, previously injured hamstrings display elevated risk of re-injury likely, in part, due to persistent deficits in eccentric knee flexor strength and biceps femoris long head (BFlh) fascicle length. Elevated re-injury risk and persistent deficits in hamstring muscle structure and function suggest inadequacies in current rehabilitation practices. The overarching aim of this program of research was to attempt to improve HSI rehabilitation practices.
The aim of chapter 3 was to systematically review criteria used to guide HSI rehabilitation progression and determine RTP clearance. The review identified a wide variety of criteria, which were used to progress HSI rehabilitation across the nine included studies. By far the most common guideline was to only perform and progress HSI rehabilitation in the complete absence of pain, despite the fact that such recommendations have never been compared to an alternative approach. Objective criteria were rarely implemented as part of rehabilitation progression and RTP decision making, especially where knee flexor strength was concerned. Three of the nine studies did implement isokinetic dynamometry as an objective measure of knee flexor strength, which is a lab-based methodology rarely available to clinicians dealing with HSI rehabilitation. As such, the need to develop objective measures of knee flexor strength, which could be implemented by clinicians during HSI rehabilitation, was identified.
The primary aim of chapter 4 was to establish the test re-test reliability of a novel apparatus capable of objectively measuring knee flexor strength during a range of hamstring exercises commonly implemented during HSI rehabilitation. Secondary to this, chapter 4 aimed to investigate whether this apparatus could identify between-leg deficits in previously injured hamstrings during these exercises. The apparatus displayed moderate to high test re-test reliability for isometric knee flexor strength (ICC = 0.87 to 0.92), peak rate of force development (RFD) during isometric contraction (ICC = 0.87 to 0.95) and mean force impulse during the eccentric slider exercise (ICC = 0.83 to 0.90). Previously injured hamstrings displayed large deficits (d range = -0.88 to -1.09) in mean force impulse during the unilateral eccentric slider isometric knee flexor strength and peak RFD. The novel apparatus provides clinicians with an objective tool to monitor knee flexor strength during exercises commonly implemented throughout rehabilitation.
Further to improving objective measures of knee flexor strength, chapter 5 aimed to provide clinicians with exercise-specific guidelines for the progression of a HSI rehabilitation protocol with an emphasis on early eccentric loading. It is commonly recommended that eccentric loading be delayed until the alleviation of pain and/or between-leg deficits in isometric knee flexor strength during HSI rehabilitation. Using exercise-specific progression criteria, eccentric loading was introduced during early HSI rehabilitation and was well tolerated by participants despite concurrent pain and/or between-leg deficits in isometric knee flexor strength. As such, chapter 5 showed that delaying the introduction of eccentric loading until alleviation of pain and/or isometric strength deficits may be unnecessary during HSI rehabilitation.
Chapter 6 investigated RTP clearance time, rates of re-injury and hamstring muscle structure and function following either pain-free or pain-threshold HSI rehabilitation. The median number of days from HSI to RTP clearance was 15 (95% CI = 13 to 17) in the pain-free group and 17 (95% CI = 11 to 24) in the pain-threshold group, which was not significantly different (p = 0.37). Both groups significantly increased BFlh fascicle length from initial clinical assessment to RTP clearance, although these improvements at two-month follow-up, were on average 0.91cm (95% CI = 0.34 to 1.48) greater in the pain-threshold group. The pain-threshold group achieved greater improvements in isometric knee flexor strength at 90/90 degrees of hip/knee flexion compared to the pain-free group at RTP clearance by an average of 15% (95%CI = 1 to 28) and two-month follow-up by an average of 15% (95%CI = 1 to 29). In the six months following RTP clearance, two re-injuries occurred in the both the pain-free (12%) & pain-threshold (10%) group.
This program of research has contributed knew knowledge to the HSI rehabilitation evidence base, specifically by 1) highlighting the large emphasis on subjective criteria for rehabilitation progression and RTP decision making; 2) developing a reliable objective tool used to measure knee flexor strength during various hamstring exercises commonly employed during rehabilitation; 3) describing a HSI rehabilitation protocol with exercise-specific progression criteria, which safely accelerates the introduction of eccentric loading and 4) showing that performing and progressing exercise up to a pain-threshold results in similar RTP clearance time and re-injury rates compared to pain-free rehabilitation, whilst eliciting greater isometric knee flexor strength improvements and greater long-term improvements in BFlh fascicle length. It is anticipated that this new knowledge will improve the clinician’s ability to rehabilitate HSI, whilst concurrently minimising RTP times and re-injury risk.
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Hansen, Gail Ann. "Upper Extremity Interaction with a Helicopter Side Airbag: Injury Criteria for Dynamic Hyperextension of the Female Elbow Joint." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42499.
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This paper describes a three part analysis to characterize the interaction between the female upper extremity and a helicopter cockpit side airbag system and to develop dynamic hyperextension injury criteria for the female elbow joint. Part I involved a series of 10 experiments with an original Army Black Hawk helicopter side airbag. A 5th percentile female Hybrid III instrumented upper extremity was used to demonstrate side airbag upper extremity loading. Two out of the 10 tests resulted in high elbow bending moments of 128 Nm and 144 Nm. Part II included dynamic hyperextension tests on 24 female cadaver elbow joints. The energy source was a drop tower utilizing a three-point bending configuration to apply elbow bending moments matching the previously conducted side airbag tests. Post-test necropsy showed that 16 of the 24 elbow joint tests resulted in injuries. Injury severity ranged from minor cartilage damage to more severe joint dislocations and transverse fractures of the distal humerus. Peak elbow bending moments ranged from 42.4 Nm to 146.3 Nm. Peak bending moment proved to be a significant indicator of any elbow injury (p=0.02) as well as elbow joint dislocation (p=0.01). Logistic regression analyses were used to develop single and multivariate injury risk functions. Using peak moment data for the entire test population, a 50% risk of obtaining any elbow injury was found at 56 Nm while a 50% risk of sustaining an elbow joint dislocation was found at 93 Nm for the female population. These results indicate that the peak elbow bending moments achieved in Part I are associated with a greater than 90% risk for elbow injury. Subsequently, the airbag was re-designed in an effort to mitigate this as well as the other upper extremity injury risks. Part III assessed the enhanced side airbag module to ensure injury risks had been reduced prior to implementing the new system. To facilitate this, 12 enhanced side airbag deployments were conducted using the same procedures as Part I. Results indicate that the re-designed side airbag has effectively mitigated elbow injury risks induced by the original side airbag design. It is anticipated that this study will provide researchers with additional injury criteria for assessing upper extremity injury risk caused by both military and automotive side airbag deployments.Master of Science
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Bolte, John Henry IV. "Injury and impact response of the shoulder due to lateral and oblique loading." The Ohio State University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1078873704.
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Wall, Christina Magdalena. "Injury rehabilitation and return to play criteria in South African schoolboy rugby union / Wall C M." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/6933.
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Professional rugby union has grown to become the third most popular team contact sport in the world. The physical nature of the game results in a high prevalence of injuries on all levels of play. Injury prevalence as high as 83.9 injuries per 1000 playing hours has been reported for the 2007 Rugby World Cup in France. Although research indicates schoolboy rugby union to be safer than professional rugby, injury rates as high as 65.8 injuries per 1000 playing hours have been reported. These injuries are mostly caused by the tackle situation, with the knee– and shoulder–joints being the most injured site.
The risk of injuries in rugby union is heightened by professionalism, previous injuries, higher training demands, intrinsic factors and psychological issues. Due to the professional nature the game has taken on, the management of rugby union injuries has become increasingly more important. This should include prehabilitation or injury prevention programs, rehabilitation up until the final, sport specific phase as well as structured return to play testing. Another important aspect of injury management is the education of coaches, players and other persons involved in the sport.
Objectives
The first objective of the study was to observe the prevalence and nature of injuries in South African schoolboy rugby union players. Secondly, the treatment of these injuries was observed as well as the return to play criteria used to determine readiness to return to play after injury. The association between the treatment of injuries and the severity of injuries was then obtained. Lastly re–injury prevalence was compared to treatment received and return to play criteria used to determine readiness.
Methods
Ten schools from across South Africa partook in the study. The schools were all identified by the NWU–PUK as elite schools due to performances in the previous year (2008). Only the first team squad of each school was participated, amounting to a total number of 194 boys answering questionnaires conducted by the researcher for each of their injuries. The questionnaires included injury severity and site, recurrence of injury, cause of injury, treatment procedures and criteria used for return to play. Severity was defined in terms of game and training days missed due to injury and are describe as slight (0 – 1 day), minimal (2 - 3 days), mild (4 - 7 days), moderate (8 - 28 days) or severe (>28 days). The results were then analyzed and presented through descriptive statistics. Statistical significance was indicated by p <= 0.05. Practical significance was described by the Phi–coefficient. The practical significance indicated by phi, was indicated as large if phi >= 0.5.
Results
A total number of 118 injuries were reported amounting to 78.51 injuries per 1000 playing hours. New injuries accounted for 68.64% (n=81) while recurrent injuries was reported to be 31.36% (n=37). The most frequent site of injury was the knee (n=26), followed by the shoulder (n=21). The event leading to injury that was most frequently reported, was the tackle (including making the tackle and being tackled) (n=49). Most injuries were slight (48%) but a high rate of moderate and severe injuries (39%) were reported. These moderate to severe injuries resulted in a minimum total of 360 days missed. Severe injuries were more likely to be treated by a doctor. Treatment by a doctor for severe injuries indicated the only significance in the study (p = 0.7). No fixed return to play protocol was in place for deciding if a player should be allowed to return to play. Thirteen of the injuries were however investigated through further testing (either through isokinetic or on–field testing).
Conclusion
Injury prevalence amongst top teams in South African schoolboy rugby union is very high. Rehabilitation does not follow a structured program or guidelines and there is no definite return to play protocols available. Re–injury rates are high, possibly due to the lack of structured rehabilitation and return to play protocols.Thesis (M.Sc. (Biokinetics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
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Kerrigan, Michael V. "Evaluation of advanced materials to protect against fall-related head injuries." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0003103.
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Venkateshappa, Harish Lankarani Hamid M. "Analysis of honeycomb core properties under different parametric conditions for the head injury criteria compliance in aerospace applications." Diss., Click here for available full-text of this thesis, 2006. http://library.wichita.edu/digitallibrary/etd/2006/t030.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Wichita State University, Mechanical Engineering."May 2006." Title from PDF title page (viewed on October 23, 2006). Thesis adviser: Hamid M. Lankarani. Includes bibliographic references (leaves 66-69).
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Tam, Wong Ricardo Alexis. "Criterio rifle como factor pronóstico de mortalidad en pacientes con injuria renal aguda asociada a sepsis." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2014. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/12009.
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Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autorEl documento digital no refiere asesor
Exponer la prevalencia, factores de riesgo y mortalidad asociada a Injuria renal aguda (IRA) séptica dentro del ámbito de Unidad De Cuidados Intensivos 2C del Hospital Edgardo Rebagliati Martins. Se seleccionó Historias clínicas de Pacientes con diagnóstico de ingreso de Sepsis durante el periodo de Noviembre 2012 hasta Mayo 2013, no incluyo en el estudio aquellos pacientes cuyas historias no se encontraban en Archivo General así como aquellas con Antecedentes de Insuficiencia renal crónica y menores de 18 años. El número total de Historias revisadas correspondió a 88 de los cuales encontramos 38 casos de IRA séptica y 50 casos de Sepsis sin IRA, basándonos en el criterio RIFLE. Se definió IRA aquellos pacientes que presentaron elevación aguda de la creatinina sobre 1.5 veces sobre los niveles basales previo ingreso a Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, basándonos en el Criterio RIFLE del ADQI y se graduó la severidad en tres escalas Riesgo, Injuria y Falla. La información recogida de Historias clínicas fue analizada por el programa estadístico SAS. Se identificó una prevalencia de 43.2% de Injuria renal aguda en sépticos siendo distribuido según criterio RIFLE 6.8% para Riesgo, 19.3% para Injuria y 17.0% para Falla renal. Se encontró diferencias estadísticas; los pacientes con IRA por lo general fueron mayores y tuvieron mayor peso con respecto a los que no desarrollaron IRA. La hipertensión arterial fue encontrada con más frecuencia en los pacientes con IRA (OR 3.94 IC 95% 1.56 – 9.92), considerando un factor de riesgo. Los pacientes con IRA presentaron mayor severidad de enfermedad al ingreso demostrada en diferentes scores APACHE, SOFA, APACHE no renal y SOFA no renal con medias mayores con sus pares sin IRA. En cuanto a las variables de laboratorio al ingreso, los pacientes con IRA tuvieron niveles menores de bicarbonato y PaO2/FiO2 pero mayores niveles de lactato, urea, creatinina y potasio. En cuanto al resultado más importante, la IRA séptica se asocio a mayor mortalidad dentro de UCI (47.36% vs 26% OR 2.561 IC 95% 1.044 – 6 .282 con p = 0.045) con respecto a la Sepsis sin IRA. Se hallo cierta correlación linear con el grado de severidad del RIFLE con respecto a la mortalidad. (16.66% para Riesgo, 35.29% para Injuria y 73.33% para Falla), sin embargo solo para Falla (RIFLE F) fue estadísticamente significativo (p = 0.0017) La Injuria renal aguda séptica tiene una alta prevalencia, se asocia a paciente con mayor grado de severidad de enfermedad. La IRA séptica se asocia a mayor mortalidad.
Trabajo académico
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Rojas, Ruiz Olinda Noelia del Rocio, and Ruiz Olinda Noelia del Rocio Rojas. "La gravedad de la falta como criterio habilitador para despido laboral, caso concreto : injuria y faltamiento de palabra." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Católica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo, 2012. http://tesis.usat.edu.pe/handle/usat/276.
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El presente trabajo se basa en la metodología cualitativa, el mismo que obedece al análisis de los divergentes pronunciamientos jurisprudenciales de nuestros tribunales, en la evaluación y calificación de la gravedad de la falta de injuria y faltamiento de palabra para habilitar el despido del trabajador, teniendo como propósito unificar las peculiaridades que configuran a la injuria y faltamiento de palabra, como falta “grave” que justifique el despido del trabajador. Asimismo este análisis responde debido a que el despido por falta grave de injuria o faltamiento de palabra consagrado en el articulo 25 inciso f) de productividad y competitividad laboral, sólo refiere sí el trabajador incurre en injuria o faltamiento de palabra, el empleador en ejercicio de su potestad sancionadora lo despedirá, al volverse insostenible el vínculo laboral; ante ello, el mencionado artículo no establece la “gravedad” de la falta para facultar el despido, quedando una libre valoración de esta que podría transgredir los derechos fundamentales del trabajador.Tesis
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Rojas, Ruiz Olinda Noelia del Rocio. "La gravedad de la falta como criterio habilitador para despido laboral, caso concreto : injuria y faltamiento de palabra." Thesis, Universidad Católica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo, 2012. http://tesis.usat.edu.pe/jspui/handle/123456789/64.
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El presente trabajo se basa en la metodología cualitativa, el mismo que obedece al análisis de los divergentes pronunciamientos jurisprudenciales de nuestros tribunales, en la evaluación y calificación de la gravedad de la falta de injuria y faltamiento de palabra para habilitar el despido del trabajador, teniendo como propósito unificar las peculiaridades que configuran a la injuria y faltamiento de palabra, como falta “grave” que justifique el despido del trabajador. Asimismo este análisis responde debido a que el despido por falta grave de injuria o faltamiento de palabra consagrado en el articulo 25 inciso f) de productividad y competitividad laboral, sólo refiere sí el trabajador incurre en injuria o faltamiento de palabra, el empleador en ejercicio de su potestad sancionadora lo despedirá, al volverse insostenible el vínculo laboral; ante ello, el mencionado artículo no establece la “gravedad” de la falta para facultar el despido, quedando una libre valoración de esta que podría transgredir los derechos fundamentales del trabajador.
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YERMEK, NIGMET. "Human Atrial Natriuretic Peptide in Cold Storage of Donation after Circulatory Death Rat Livers: An Old but New Agent for Protecting Vascular Endothelia?" Kyoto University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/242391.
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Gough, Doreen C. "The diagnostic validity of the DSM-III/III-R criteria for post traumatic stress disorder: The case of the head-injured." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/7519.
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Sixty head injured patients participated in this research, an evaluation of the validity of the DSM-III/III-R criteria to diagnose cases of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder among the head injured. Data were collected from a battery of tests, including a self-report checklist of symptoms, the Diagnostic Interview Schedule, Life Events Inventory, Novaco Anger Inventory, MMPI, WAIS-R, and the Halstead-Reitan Battery, at three times within the first year of recovery. Results indicated that concordance rates between DSM-III/III-R criteria and alternative criteria were low, while concordance rates between alternative sets of criteria were acceptable. Assessment of the convergent validity of PTSD criteria with external measures of distress and impairment indicated that the largest multivariate group separation and highest discrimination rates were achieved for alternative PTSD criteria. Individuals who met DSM-III criteria at the initial assessment appeared less distressed and more healthy than corresponding non-PTSD groups; this pattern was less obvious at follow-up. In contrast, those who met alternative criteria for PTSD at all assessments appeared more distressed and impaired than corresponding non-PTSD groups at all assessments. Of the external predictor variables, anger or irritability had the highest association with PTSD, regardless of how diagnosed. The PTSD and non-PTSD groups could not be discriminated on the basis of medical/neurological variables even though all subjects had some evidence of impairment; thus, all sets of PTSD criteria had discriminant validity when compared to brain damage. The PTSD groups formed on the basis of "post-concussional" symptoms were generally less seriously injured than either corresponding non-PTSD groups or PTSD groups formed from DSM-III/III-R criteria. This finding makes questionable DSM-III/III-R's dismissal of such symptoms as Organic Mental Disorder. The implications of this research for DSM-IV are that PTSD criteria may need to be less restrictive by (a) including somatic symptoms and those symptoms used in operational definitions of Post-Concussional Syndrome; (b) removing the requirement that both intrusion and avoidance-numbness must be present for a diagnosis; (c) recognizing that global symptoms of maladjustment that occur or re-occur after a trauma may indicate PTSD and not comorbidity; and (d) recognizing that the presence of intrusion and/or avoidance-numbness may indicate an adaptive response to the trauma and not a disorder, especially in the absence of associated distress or impairment. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Stammen, Jason Anthony. "Biomechanical Characterization of the Human Upper Thoracic Spine – Pectoral Girdle (UTS-PG) System: Anthropometry, Dynamic Properties, and Kinematic Response Criteria for Adult and Child ATDs." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1344880193.
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Mojumder, Sounak. "Motorcyclist helmets under oblique impacts and proposal of a new motorcycle helmet testing method." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAD014.
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Plusieurs études ont montré que dans les accidents réels, la vitesse d’impact de la tête n’est que rarement normale à la surface et présente une composante tangentielle non négligeable. Aucune norme, à l’heure actuelle ne propose de choc oblique avec enregistrement de l’accélération en translation et en rotation de la fausse tête. Un aspect essentiel de cette recherche a été d’aborder les descriptions d’accidents réels impliquant un motocycliste et un véhicule afin d’évaluer les conditions aux limites de la tête juste avant impact, en termes de vecteur vitesse et de localisation d’impact. Cette étude a permis d’établir le vecteur vitesse possible et de l’angle d’impact de la tête du motocycliste en situation. Une méthode de test pour évaluer le casque a été proposée. Les tests d'impact obliques, sont effectués avec une vitesse d’impact de 8.5 m/s sur une enclume inclinée de 45° permettant la rotation autour de l’axe Y X et Z. Les accélérations 6-D sont implémentés dans le modèle SUFEHM afin d’extraire la déformation axonal maximale et le risque lésionnel. Cette fusion de la méthode expérimentale et numérique donne un avantage par rapport aux normes conventionnelles, tant en termes de conditions d’impact qu’en termes de critère de blessure de la têteIt is well know that in case of accident the head does not only impact perpendicularly to the impacted structure but presents an oblique impact condition. However none of the today helmet standards do integrate oblique impacts with the recording of the dummy head rotational acceleration. An essential aspect of the present research is to simulate real world accident and to compute the victim’s kinematic in order to extract the head impact conditions. In collaboration with University Florence (Italy) 19 cases were considered and it was shown that the head impact velocity vector presents a significative angle. A novel helmet test method has been proposed. Helmeted headfoml is impacting a 45° inclined anvil at a speed of 8.5 m/s and the 6D acceleration versus time curves are introduced into an existing head FEM in order to compute the axon strains and to derive the brain injury risk
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Ferreira, Anderson Sirolli. "Análise comparativa pelo método dos elementos finitos entre diferentes estruturas internas de capôs de veículos visando à proteção ao pedestre em caso de atropelamento." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3151/tde-12042010-220951/.
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Este estudo foca uma análise comparativa de diferentes painéis internos de capôs de veículos, com o objetivo de minimizar as lesões ao pedestre em caso de um atropelamento. As lesões na cabeça do pedestre são medidas através de um modelo em elementos finitos de uma cabeça padrão de acordo com o comitê europeu de melhorias da segurança de veículos. Os valores de desaceleração obtidos nas análises são comparados com valores toleráveis de acordo com o critério HIC (Head Injury Criteria), criado pela NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration). Baseando-se nos resultados obtidos demonstra-se a influência dos tipos de estruturas internas de capô e recomenda-se a melhor estrutura para aplicações na indústria automobilística.This study focus on comparative analysis of different vehicle hood inner panels, with the objective to minimize the injuries to the pedestrian in case of a running over accident. The method to measure the injuries in the head of the pedestrian will be made through a finite element model of a standard head in accordance with the European committee of improvements of the security of vehicles. The values of decelerations obtained in the analysis are compared with human tolerance levels according to HIC criteria (Head Injury Criteria), created by NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration). Based on the finite element analysis results, this study demonstrate the influence of different hood inner panels and recommends the best structure to be applied by automobile industry.
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Murgatroyd, J. "Impact energy absorption of playground surfaces." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1998.
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Robache, Frédéric. "Évaluation sur simulateur de conduite du comportement humain en situation de pré-crash : application à l'amélioration des airbags." Thesis, Valenciennes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017VALE0013/document.
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Les constructeurs automobiles sont tenus de respecter des minima sécuritaires vérifiés lors de crash-tests normalisés, d'où un nombre de scénarios de tests limité ne tenant pas compte des particularités individuelles. Ce mémoire propose d'évaluer le comportement humain réel en phase de pré-crash sur simulateur de conduite. L'expérimentation, intégrant un scénario d'accident difficilement évitable, a permis d'étudier le comportement de 76 conducteurs dont 40 sur simulateur dynamique. Pour ce groupe, 43 voies de mesures centrées sur le conducteur ont été intégrées au protocole. Parmi les résultats obtenus, on retiendra la possible détection précoce de l'accident, pour la moitié des conducteurs, sur la base de leur interaction avec le véhicule. Les manœuvres d’évitement amènent 25% des sujets à positionner l'avant-bras devant le volant au moment de l’impact. Cette situation peut compromettre l'efficacité des airbags, ce qui est vérifié sur banc statique, par le déploiement d'airbags face à un mannequin de type Hybrid III-50%. La projection du bras entraine un impact de 120g à la tête. De plus, l'intégration de membres supérieurs issus de SHPM montre que la situation provoque des fractures de l'avant-bras. Un modèle numérique a été conçu pour estimer les effets de la position atypique lors d'un crash frontal à 50km/h. L'accélération de la tête atteint 270g, synonyme de risques lésionnels élevés. Enfin, une modification technologique des airbags est proposée, basée sur l'hypothèse que la détection à distance peut permettre un déclenchement anticipé et plus lent des airbags. Testée expérimentalement et numériquement, cette évolution permet de respecter les critères lésionnelsAutomakers are lawfully required to achieve a minimum level of security which is checked during standardized crash tests. This results in a limited number of scenarios, which do not take individual specificities into account. This dissertation evaluates real human behaviour during the pre-crash phase, by means of a driving simulator. The experiment, integrating an unavoidable accident, studied the behaviour of 76 drivers, of which 40 drivers on a dynamic simulator. Concerning this group, 43 acquisition channels dedicated to drivers were added. From the results, one can retain that the crash can be predicted for half of the drivers through the observation of their behaviour and their interaction with the car. Due to swerving manoeuvres, 25% of the drivers have their forearm just in front of the steering wheel at the time of crash. This situation may compromise the efficiency of the airbags, that is verified experimentally on a static bench, by the deployment of airbags in front of a Hybrid III-50% dummy. The throwing of the arm causes an impact of 120 g to the head. In a second stage, the integration of left upper limbs from PMHS reveals that the situation is likely to generate fractures in the forearm. A numerical model has been designed to estimate the consequences of the atypical position during a frontal crash at 50km/h. The head acceleration reaches 270 g, synonymous with high lesion risks. Finally, a technological modification of the airbags is proposed to reduce this risk. The assumption is made that the use of remote sensors technologies can allow an early detection of the crash and therefore slower triggering of airbags. Tested experimentally and then numerically, this technical evolution reduces the violence of the impact to respect the injury criteria
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Gabbard, Beverly K. "You Didn't Ask, But It Was Wednesday." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1524222470871216.
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李世文. "Analysis of pedestrian head injury criterion in vehicle/pedestrian collisions." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/19346849931272483414.
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碩士國立彰化師範大學
車輛科技研究所
98
As automobile improved, they have become one important transportation means for modern people. While the use of automobile increases, the accidents happen more frequently. Automobile accidents normally would cause injuries to humans. Among accidental causalities due to vehicle crash, pedestrian fatalities constitute a large portion. Therefore, there is a need to improve pedestrian safety. Previous studies show that more than 50% of pedestrian fatalities are caused by head injuries, most of which are due to impact with the hood or windshield. Besides, in our country we record and measure the accident data in an artificial way, which usually leads to problems of incorrect measurement and incomplete data collection. This study uses the PC-Crash simulation software to analyze the Head Injury Criterion of the pedestrians in traffic accidents. These accidents reconstruction data can thus be applied by the authorities concerned as the major reference. The first part of the study explores vehicle type’s influence on pedestrian safety. Two major types of vehicle, car and bus, are used. The responses in kinematics and dynamics are described. Based on the results, the possible head injuries of the pedestrians are discussed. Since the nature of direct impact, the interacting properties between pedestrian segments and vehicle components are central to pedestrian impact, the second part of the study is to discuss pedestrian safety’s relevance with vehicle parameter and pedestrian parameter. Vehicle parameter includes type, mass and velocity. Pedestrian parameter includes height and weight. The study uses RBF to train the vehicle and pedestrian parameters. After training, the closer the trained output HIC is to the expected value, the better the performance is. Overall, using PC-Crash software will increase the quality and credibility of accident authentication and helps in reducing head injuries and social cost.
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Dutschke, Jeffrey Kym. "Alternative injury response functions for evaluating head accelerations, with application to pedestrian headform testing." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/80576.
Full textAbstract:
Impact testing of vehicles and helmets is performed under the specifications of a test protocol to ensure that regulatory standards and community expectations are met in terms of head injury safety. Impact severity is usually measured using the acceleration of the impactor (or dummy head) that is recorded during the impact. A specification that is defined in these testing protocols is the injury response function (irf) that is used to summarise the magnitude of the recorded acceleration. There are various irfs that can be chosen to summarise the acceleration data. This thesis examines several of these irfs that are based on linear acceleration. The aim was to describe the differences between the irfs and examine what differences might arise in the designs in response to the requirements of the irf. There has historically been disagreement on the best way to assess injury risk, but the debate is only important to the extent that the design requirements are affected by the choice of irf. Four irfs were examined in detail. These were the Head Injury Criterion (HIC), the Peak Virtual Power (PVP), the 3 millisecond clip (ɑ₃) and the peak acceleration (ɑ m[subscript]). Simple acceleration pulse shapes were used to determine some of the properties of each of the irfs. These included the role of the pulse shape, the stopping distance, the impact velocity and the coefficient of restitution on the value of each of the irfs. The effect of the pulse shape on the value of the irfs was examined using these simple pulse shapes that had been normalised for a constant impact velocity and stopping distance. Equations predicting the value of each irf were then derived that used the stopping distance, the impact velocity and the coefficient of restitution as predictors. The properties found using the simple pulse shapes were then examined using the real test data that included 247 tests obtained from a pedestrian testing protocol. The predictions of the equation for each irf were compared to the test data using a linear regression. The remaining variation in the value of each irf was attributed to the effect of the pulse shape. In most cases, the measured relative severities of the impacts were not greatly affected by the choice of irf, but there were some discrepancies. The characteristics of the pulse shapes that gave rise to these discrepancies were identified. These were identified by subtracting the effect of the stopping distance, the impact velocity and the coefficient of restitution from the value of the irf for each test to determine an adjusted irf value for each test. These adjusted irf values were ranked and compared to determine the discrepant tests. Differences in the magnitude of the effect of the pulse shape, the maximum stopping distance, the impact velocity and the coefficient of restitution on the value of each of the irfs were found theoretically and these were verified in the experimental data. The effect of the choice of threshold on determining the tests that were considered ‘safe’ and ‘unsafe’ was also examined. Sensitivity and Negative Predictive Value were used to determine thresholds that were conservative compared with hic > 1000. The effect of the threshold was shown to be a very important parameter in a testing protocol. It is concluded that there are some differences between the irfs that were examined in detail. However, in general, the choice of irf does not appear to greatly affect the ultimate design of crashworthy structures.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Centre for Automotive Safety Research (CASR), 2012
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Haladuick, Tyler. "Numerical Simulation of Blast Interaction with the Human Body: Primary Blast Brain Injury Prediction." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/8265.
Full textAbstract:
In Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom, explosions accounted for 81% of all injuries; this is a higher casualty percentage than in any previous wars. Blast wave overpressure has recently been associated with varying levels of traumatic brain injury in soldiers exposed to blast loading. Presently, the injury mechanism behind primary blast brain injury is not well understood due to the complex interactions between the blast wave and the human body. Despite these limitations in the understanding of head injury thresholds, head kinematics are often used to predict the overall potential for head injury. The purpose of this study was to investigate head kinematics, and predict injury from a range of simulated blast loads at varying standoff distances and differing heights of bursts.
The validated Generator of body data multi-body human surrogate model allows for numerical kinematic data simulation in explicit finite element method fluid structure interaction blast modeling. Two finite element methods were investigated to simulate blast interaction with humans, an enhanced blast uncoupled method, and an Arbitrary Lagrangian Eularian fully coupled method. The enhanced blast method defines an air blast function through the application of a blast pressure wave, including ground reflections, based on the explosives relative location to a target; the pressures curves are based on the Convention Weapons databases. LBE model is efficient for parametric numerical studies of blast interaction where the target response is the only necessary result. The ALE model, unlike classical Lagrangian methods, has a fixed finite element mesh that allows material to flow through it; this enables simulation of large deformation problems such as blast in an air medium and its subsequent interaction with structures. The ALE model should be used when research into a specific blast scenario is of interest, since this method is more computationally expensive. The ALE method can evaluate a blast scenario in more detail including: explosive detonation, blast wave development and propagation, near-field fireball effects, blast wave reflection, as well as 3D blast wave interaction, reflection and refraction with a target.
Both approaches were validated against experimental blast tests performed by Defense Research and Development Valcartier and ConWep databases for peak pressure, arrival time, impulse, and curve shape. The models were in good agreement with one another and follow the experimental data trend showing an exponential reduction in peak acceleration with increasing standoff distance until the Mach stem effect reached head height. The Mach stem phenomenon is a shock front formed by the merging of the incident and reflected shock waves; it increases the applied peak pressure and duration of a blast wave thus expanding the potential head injury zone surrounding a raised explosive. The enhanced blast model was in good agreement with experimental data in the near-field, and mid-field; however, overestimated the peak acceleration, and head injury criteria values in the far-field due to an over predicted pressure impulse force. The ALE model also over predicted the response based on the head injury criteria at an increased standoff distance due to smearing of the blast wave over several finite elements leading to an increased duration loading.
According to the Abbreviated Injury Scale, the models predicted a maximal level 6 injury for all explosive sizes in the near-field, with a rapid acceleration of the head over approximately 1 ms. There is a drastic exponential reduction in the insult force and potential injury received with increasing standoff distance outside of the near-field region of an explosive charge.
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Averkiou, Daphnie [Verfasser]. "Geriatric trauma : introduction of age ≥ 70 years as a criterion for trauma team activation and the effect of early intensive management in consideration of the Injury Severiity Score / vorgelegt von Daphnie Averkiou." 2009. http://d-nb.info/100427615X/34.
Full text
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Dennill, Ingrid. "Stress as a source of injury among a group of professional ballet dancers." Diss., 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/17996.
Full textAbstract:
Sport and dance injuries have increased despite improvements in coaching techniques and medical
care. Other factors, including psychological ones, were therefore thought to play a role in injury
vulnerability. Most of the attempts to explain how psychological variables can affect an athlete's
predisposition to injury have been based on anxiety or stress concepts. In this survey type study
an interactive approach to stress has been adopted with the goal of finding a relationship between
stress and injury in a group of professional ballet dancers. No simple direct relationship was
found. Multiple regression analysis was performed and a more complicated relationship between
stress indicators and injury was found. When an attempt was made to investigate the significant
interaction, no significant correlations were found. However, the correlations were found to be
large and negative. This could indicate that if the sample size had been larger significant
correlations may have been found.Psychology
M.A. (Psychology)
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Min-FungWu and 吳敏髣. "Development of the Chinese Version of “Criteria for Distinguishing Intent of Injury among Young Children”." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/38467699047147955616.
Full text
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Li, Ming-Yuan, and 李明遠. "Improve the Performance of Vehicle Safety in the Frontal Impact Based on Injury Criteria of Dummy." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/hzac9x.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北科技大學
車輛工程系所
101
Designing for the vehicle safety is intent to reduce the severity of injury to passengers or to the vehicles. The study uses injury index of dummy as a design criteria to improve the vehicle safety. Among all the crashes, the frontal impact has one of the highest occurrence rates; therefore, the frontal impact is used as the major functional performance considered for the design improvements. In the study, dummy Hybrid III is used. The analysis results are compared with those in the literature to verify the accuracy of the analysis model, and then the analysis model is further used for optimization to improve the crashworthiness of the vehicle using injury index of the dummy. The results from the study show the thickness and shape of the front rail have great effect on the vehicle crashworthiness. After the optimization, the dummy head injury index is reduced more than 10%, and the injury scale is improved from level 1 to a smaller and better scale of level 0.
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Amores, Adriana Isabel da Conceição. "Avaliação do dano corporal em Direito Civil Rebate profissional em crianças - Que critério?" Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/94267.
Full textAbstract:
Dissertação de Mestrado em Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses apresentada à Faculdade de MedicinaA responsabilidade civil extracontratual é aquela que surge da violação de direitos de um qualquer indivíduo ao qual seja reconhecida eficácia erga omnes. Para que se esteja diante de uma situação geradora de responsabilidade civil e, consequentemente, da obrigação de indemnizar, a lei exige que se verifiquem os seguintes requisitos cumulativos: facto, ilicitude, culpa, dano e nexo de causalidade. Em sede de direito civil, é na responsabilidade civil delitual por factos ilícitos que se insere a responsabilização por danos produzidos a outrem, por exemplo, no âmbito de um acidente de viação. A prática de um facto ilício pode produzir danos temporários e danos permanentes, sendo que somente existirão danos permanentes caso não haja cura. Um dos parâmetros avaliados, quer seja o lesado uma criança quer seja um adulto, é o rebate profissional. A problemática que nos ocupa na presente Dissertação tem que ver com o critério a utilizar para o cálculo da indemnização pelo rebate profissional a que as sequelas verificadas em crianças representarão na vida laboral futura, atendendo a que no momento dessa aferição se desconhece qual será a profissão desempenhada, a idade de ingresso no mundo laboral e a remuneração. Dadas estas incógnitas não será justo para o lesante que se eleja a teoria da diferença (como acontece no caso dos adultos), sob pena do juízo prognose conduzir a um enriquecimento indevido do lesante. Assim, e após a consulta de acórdãos dos nossos Tribunais Superiores, culmina o nosso breve trabalho com a proposta de ser o cálculo da indemnização pelo rebate profissional remetida para decisão posterior aquando do ingresso do lesado na vida laboral e, utilizando fator o salário médio da área de estudos, a teoria da diferença e a equidade, determinar o montante.
Non-contractual civil liability is one which arises from the violation of the rights of any individual to whom erga omnes effectiveness is recognized. In order to face a situation that generates civil liability and, consequently, the obligation to indemnify, the law requires the following cumulative requirements to be verified: fact, illegality, fault, damage and causal link. In civil law, it is the criminal liability for illicit facts that includes liability for damages caused to others, for example, in the context of a road accident. The practice of an unlawful act can produce temporary damages and a permanent damages, and there will only be permanent damages if there is no cure. One of the parameters evaluated, whether the child is injured or an adult, is professional rebate. The problem that occupies us in this Dissertation is the criterion to be used to calculate the compensation for the professional impact that the sequelae observed in children will represent in the future working life, given that at the time of this assessment, it is unknown what the profession will be performed, the age of entry into the world of work and remuneration. With these unknowns facts, it is not fair for the injured person to apply the difference theory (as it happens in the case of adults), because the prognostic judgment can create an undue enrichment of the injured person. Thus, and after consulting the decisions of our Superior Courts, our brief work culminates with the proposal to send the calculation of the indemnity for the professional rebate to a later decision when the injured person enters the working life and determine the amount using the average salary factor of the area of study, the difference theory and equity.
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Yetneberk, Senayit. "Sorghum injera quality improvement through processing and development of cultivar selection criteria." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25035.
Full text
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新城, 響., and Hibiki Shinjo. "Comparison of Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes and Acute Kidney Injury Network criteria for assessing patients in intensive care units." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/19767.
Full text
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Deshpande, Amit Achyut. "Effect of aircraft seat belt modeling techniques on the crash dynamics and injury criteria for a hybrid III 50th percentile FAA dummy." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/624.
Full textAbstract:
This research attempts to develop and to study the effects of the change in the same type
of belt models on the injury criteria. To study the effects, total of six MADYMO models with three different belt models are generated. The models consist of MADYMO generated belt segments, finite element belt, and finite element belt without belt joining buckle. These models are studied on the basis of the Federal Aviation Regulations FAR Part 25.562 general and emergency landing conditions. The Hybrid III 50th percentile FAA dummy is used for the study as it is more compatible than Hybrid III 50th percentile dummy for the aviation purpose.
To create the belts, various types of software and approaches are used and their results
then are compared with the mechanical test or standards written by Federal Aviation
Administration (FAA) or National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). This research attempts to find out how the belt models affects the injury level of an occupant during frontal crash impact in aviation accident.
To support the results in validation process, the data of four actual crash lab testing
carried out at National Institute for Aviation Research is used. The validations are carried out on the basis of the statistical test and comparison of the dummy kinematics of the actual mechanical tests and simulation. The methods of correlation coefficient and peak value measurement of the acceleration, forces and moments experienced by the occupant are used to validate the models. The injury levels obtained by the simulation models are also compared with the critical values regulated by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).Thesis (M.S.)--Wichita State University, College of Engineering, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
"December 2006."
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Venkateshappa, Harish. "Analysis of honeycomb core properties under different parametric conditions for the head injury criteria compliance in aerospace applications -- FULL TEXT IS NOT AVAILABLE." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/262.
Full textAbstract:
There has been enormous boom in the air travel in recent times. There is increasing demand for the technological advancement nowadays towards the safety of the onboard passengers. Certification of aircrafts requires engineers to demonstrate that a head contact with any aircraft interior complies with the Head injury criteria (HIC) threshold of 1000 units specified in 14CFR 23.562, 25.562, 27.562. Analyzing injuries to the head of the occupant when it comes to contact with any aircraft cabin interiors is of serious issue. HIC compliance is a major concern for all the segments of the aircraft industry due to high cost involved in the certification. This research is an attempt to find a cost effective and yet valid approach to solve the HIC problem for the front row bulkhead seats in transport aircrafts. Previous experience, Quasi static testing, Finite element modeling and Madymo biodynamic simulations are utilized for the HIC compliant bulkheads. Madymo (Mathematical Dynamical Model) is a software package which can be used to simulate the dynamic behavior of Mechanical systems. It has a unique combination of fully integrated multibody and finite element techniques. Quasi static testing on various cell size honeycomb core configurations was carried out. Finite element modeling of honeycomb core was done using Msc Patran software package. Comprehensive parametric study has been carried out on different boundary conditions in which the bulkhead may be fixed. Variable thicknesses of the bulkhead which can be used has been looked upon in this study. Different restraint systems and varied seat setback distances have been used for the parametric study. Nylon belt and the Polyester belt are the two different types of belts with different elongation characteristics which are used in this study. The validated madymo models are then used to conduct a parametric study on the effect of the stiffness and strength of the bulkhead on HIC attenuation below the injury levels.Thesis (M.S.)--Wichita State University, Mechanical Engineering.
"May 2006."
Includes bibliographic references (leaves 66-69)
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Lee, Ya-Jane, and 李雅珍. "Molecular detection of feline polycystickidney disease by multiplex amplification refractory mutation system-PCR and Prognosis of acute kidney injury in dogs using RIFLE criteria." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/07510382641082804564.
Full textAbstract:
博士國立中興大學
獸醫學系暨研究所
98
In this study, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) in feline and the prognosis of acute renal failure in canine were the main topics to be investigated. In chapter I, results of recent studies in both human and feline ADPKD as well as the methods for evaluating the prognosis of renal failure were introduced. In chapter two, establishment of a molecular method derived from multiplex amplification refractory mutation system-PCR (ARMS-PCR) for detection of feline ADPKD was described. By using three primers, ARMS-PCR successfully detected the point mutation of exon 29 in feline PKD1 gene from 35 feline blood samples, including 15 mutant cats and 20 wild type cats. The result was validated with that of automated sequencing; 100% of specificity was revealed, indicating that this method is not only advantaged with convenience and low cost but also with high sensitivity and specificity. In chapter three, we tried to use the RIFLE (risk, injury, failure, loss and end-stage) criteria, derived from human medicine, to evaluate prognosis of 853 dogs with acute kidney injury (AKI) by retrospective study. Taking the dogs in class Risk as the reference, mortality rate of the dogs either in class Injury or in class Failure was significantly higher than that of the dogs in class Risk (p < 0.05). In addition, we also generated a new score, which was combined with RIFLE criteria with other two factors, i.e. the level of serum phosphorus and diarrhea. Consequently, the statistic results revealed that the RIFLE criteria could be applied in veterinary medicine for classification of dogs with AKI and the new score had a better performance in prediction of prognosis than RIFLE criteria alone. In chapter four, conclusions and perspectives of our study were described. The application of the new diagnostic method or the evaluation criteria derived from human medicine can benefit veterinarians and also provide animal model for human medicine.
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Σπίνος, Παναγιώτης. "Νοσηρότητα μετά από ελαφρές κρανιοεγκεφαλικές κακώσεις." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10889/5878.
Full textAbstract:
Η συχνότητα εμφάνισης του μεταδιασεισικού συνδρόμου μετά από ελαφρές κρανιοεγκεφαλικές κακώσεις στις ανεπτυγμένες χώρες κυμαίνεται από 40% έως 80% κατά τις πρώτες εβδομάδες μετά τον τραυματισμό. Ωστόσο, σχεδόν το 50% των ασθενών αναφέρουν συμπτώματα έως και 3 μήνες μετά και το 10-15% από αυτούς για περισσότερο από ένα χρόνο. Οι ελαφρές κρανιοεγκεφαλικές κακώσεις και το μεταδιασεισικό σύνδρομο αποτελούν σοβαρό πρόβλημα δημόσιας υγείας, μιας και το ποσοστό επαγγελματικής ανικανότητας που οφείλεται σε αυτά εκτιμάται από 12% για 2 μήνες έως και 20% για 1 χρόνο, με τον αντίστοιχο οικονομικό και κοινωνικό αντίκτυπο. Σκοπός της παρούσας μελέτης είναι να προσδιοριστούν τα χαρακτηριστικά και να εκτιμηθεί η συχνότητα εμφάνισης του μεταδιασεισικού συνδρόμου σε έναν ενήλικο ελληνικό πληθυσμό, ταυτόχρονα με την καταγραφή των δημογραφικών στοιχείων και των παραμέτρων που αφορούν αποκλειστικά στις ελαφρές κρανιοεγκεφαλικές κακώσεις στην ίδια πληθυσμιακή ομάδα.
Υλικό-Μέθοδοι: Η προοπτική αυτή μελέτη πραγματοποιήθηκε στο Πανεπιστημιακό Γενικό Νοσοκομείο Πατρών, στη Δυτική Ελλάδα. Η συλλογή των ασθενών με ελαφρά κρανιοεγκεφαλική κάκωση ξεκίνησε τον Μάιο του 2006 και ολοκληρώθηκε τον Μάιο του 2008. Πεντακόσιοι τριάντα εννέα ασθενείς με ελαφρές κρανιοεγκεφαλικές κεφαλής συμπεριλήφθηκαν με τυχαία διαλογή στην μελέτη. Συνολικά, 223 ασθενείς (223/539: 41,5%) (άνδρες 63% και γυναίκες 37%) πληρούσαν τα κριτήρια του "Colorado Medical Society Guidelines" για τον καθορισμό της διάσεισης, με μέση ηλικία τα 30 έτη (εύρος: 18.5-57.5). Η παρακολούθηση των ασθενών συνεχίστηκε μέσω τηλεφωνικών συνεντεύξεων στους 1, 3 και 6 μήνες μετα-τραυματικά, οπότε ρωτήθηκαν εάν εμφάνισαν οποιοδήποτε από τα κοινά μεταδιασεισικά συμπτώματα (ICD-10 κριτήρια).
Αποτελέσματα: Το ποσοστό του μεταδιασεισικού συνδρόμου στο τέλος του πρώτου, του τρίτου και του έκτου μήνα μετά τον τραυματισμό υπολογίστηκε σε 10,3%, 6%, και 0,9%, αντίστοιχα, δηλαδή 4-8 φορές μικρότερο σε σχέση με τις άλλες μελέτες. Το μεταδιασεισικό σύνδρομο βρέθηκε να είναι συχνότερο μεταξύ των γυναικών (17%) και μεταξύ των ατόμων με αιμορραγική διάθεση (26%), σε σύγκριση με τους άνδρες και τους ασθενείς χωρίς διαταραχές πήξεως, αντίστοιχα. Επιπλέον, το μεταδιασεισικό σύνδρομο παρατηρήθηκε σε υψηλότερα ποσοστά σε ανθρώπους που υπέστησαν επίθεση ή κακοποίηση, σε σύγκριση με άλλου είδους ατυχήματα καθώς και σε ασθενείς με μετατραυματική ανοσμία. .
Συμπεράσματα: Τα αποτελέσματά μας βρίσκονται σε αντίθεση με προηγούμενες μελέτες άλλων ανεπτυγμένων χωρών, όπου η συχνότητα εμφάνισης του μεταδιασεισικού συνδρόμου ήταν αξιοσημείωτα υψηλή. Οι πολιτιστικές διαφορές όσον αφορά στα προσδοκώμενα συμπτώματα μετά την κάκωση, οι διαφορές στο νομικό πλαίσιο και το ασφαλιστικό καθεστώς μεταξύ των χωρών και η έλλειψη αξίωσης αποζημίωσης, θα μπορούσαν να εξηγήσουν το χαμηλό ποσοστό των χρόνιων συμπτωμάτων στους Έλληνες.
Από όσο είμαστε σε θέση να γνωρίζουμε, αυτή είναι η πρώτη προοπτική μελέτη για τον καθορισμό της επίπτωσης του μεταδιασεισικού συνδρόμου σε Έλληνες ενήλικες και η πρώτη που καταγράφει δημογραφικά στοιχεία και παραμέτρους που να αφορούν αποκλειστικά στις ελαφρές κρανιοεγκεφαλικές κακώσεις.
Τα συμπεράσματα αυτά , εάν επιβεβαιωθούν από μεγαλύτερες σειρές, θα μπορούσαν να εγείρουν ερωτήματα , όπως π.χ. ποιοι ασθενείς πάσχουν πραγματικά και εάν θα μπορούσε να αποφευχθεί η απουσία τους από την εργασία, μιας και το κόστος της χαμένης παραγωγικότητας λόγω του μεταδιασεισικού συνδρόμου στις ανεπτυγμένες χώρες φαίνεται να είναι ιδιαίτερα υψηλό.The prevalence of postconcussion syndrome following mild traumatic brain injury in developed countries varies from 40% to 80% during the first weeks after injury. However, as many as 50% of patients report symptoms for up to 3 months and 10-15% of them for more than a year. Mild head injuries and postconcussion syndrome represent a very serious public health issue, as estimates of occupational disability range from 12% at 2 months to 20% at 1 year, with severe concomitant social and financial impact. The objective of this study is to determine the characteristics and estimate the prevalence of postconcussion syndrome in an adult Greek population and to reveal demographics and injury characteristics concerning exclusively mild head injuries in the same cohort. Material-Methods: This prospective study was undertaken in the University Hospital of Patras in Western Greece. Recruitment of patients with mild traumatic brain injury began on May 2006 and finished on May 2008. Five hundred and thirty nine patients (539) with mild head injury were randomly recruited. Overall, 223 patients (223/539: 41,5%) (male 63% and female 37%) met the inclusion criteria of the ΄΄Colorado Medical Society Guidelines΄΄ for concussion, with median age 30 years (range: 18.5-57.5). The patients had a follow-up through telephone interviews at 1, 3 and 6 months post-injury and were asked about having any of the common postconcussion symptoms (ICD-10 criteria). Results: The rate of postconcussion syndrome at the end of the first, third and sixth month post-injury, was estimated at 10.3%, 6%, and 0.9%, respectively, which was 4-8 time less than other studies. Postconcussion syndrome was found to be more frequent among women (17%) and among individuals with bleeding diathesis (26%), compared with men and patients without clotting disorders, respectively. In addition, postconcussion syndrome affected in higher rates people who sustained assaults in comparison with other types of accident and was also more frequent among patients with posttraumatic anosmia. Conclusions: Our results are in contrast with previous studies in other developed countries, where the prevalence of the postconcussion syndrome was remarkably higher. The cultural differences regarding symptom expectation and the lack of compensation might explain the low rate of chronic symptoms in Greeks. To our knowledge, this is the first prospective study to estimate the prevalence of postconcussion syndrome among Greek adults and also the first trial in recording demographics and injury characteristics concerning exclusively mild head injuries in the same cohort. If further studies confirm our results in the future, reasonable queries could emerge, such as which patients really do suffer and whether their absence from work could have been avoided, as the cost of the lost productive work time after mild head injuries is extremely high.
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HAVLASOVÁ, Eliška. "Pojistná ochrana v případě trvalých následků nemoci nebo úrazu." Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-53977.
Full textAbstract:
This diploma thesis deals with insurance protection of permanent health consequences caused by illness or in case of injury. The aim of this work was to make an analysis of the offer of accidental injury insurance in the insurance market from the potential insurance applicants? point of view and also to identify the right combination of this kind of insurance with disability pension. In this work, four best insurance products offered in the Czech market are in detail described ? Pesrpektiva 7BN insurance by Kooperativa, Flexi insurance by Česká spořitelna, Benefit and Genio insurance by Generali Pojišťovna. A simulation applied to each of the products was made and analyzed. If a client follows the simulated model, he or she should be well insured. Using the methods of multi-criteria classification (method of rank, method of points, method WSA and method TOPSIS), the best product for potential applicants has been identified. The best option seems to be the insurance product Perspektiva 7BN offered by insurance company Kooperativa.