Relevant bibliographies by topics / Injury criterion

Academic literature on the topic 'Injury criterion'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Injury criterion"

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Gao, Dalong, and Charles Wampler. "Head injury criterion." IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine 16, no. 4 (December 2009): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mra.2009.934824.

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Fan, Jun Qi, Jun Xia Yang, Fu Li Kong, and Kui Huang. "A Theoretical Model on Blast Lung Injury from an Explosion." Advanced Materials Research 850-851 (December 2013): 1220–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.850-851.1220.

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About the prediction of the biological damage effects on the lung of human under explosion wave, there are three different criterions, including excessive pressure-impulse criterion, kinematic velocity criterion and specific energy criterion. In the paper, based on the established three criterions and the practical anatomical structure of lung , a new theoretical model on blast lung injury from an explosion is developed. In the present model, the problem of blast lung injury is simplified as the one-dimensional propagation of stress wave in metal foam. Results show that the failure stress of the lung is 0.036~0.072 MPa, and the three criterions can convert to each other.
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Jelen, K., O. Fanta, R. Billich, D. Hadraba, and P. Kubový. "Whiplash Injury and Head Injury Criterion during Deceleration." Transactions on Transport Sciences 4, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10158-011-0022-8.

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Jelen, Karel, Ondrej Fanta, and Petr Kubovy. "WHIPLASH INJURY AND HEAD INJURY CRITERION DURING DECELERATION." Journal of Biomechanics 45 (July 2012): S349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9290(12)70350-0.

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Mariotti, G. Virzi. "Head Injury Criterion: Mini Review." American Journal of Biomedical Science & Research 5, no. 5 (October 16, 2019): 406–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.34297/ajbsr.2019.05.000957.

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Wright, Rika M., and K. T. Ramesh. "An axonal strain injury criterion for traumatic brain injury." Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology 11, no. 1-2 (April 8, 2011): 245–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10237-011-0307-1.

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Yoon, Jong-Min, Youngmyung Lee, Sang-Ok Park, Yong-Ha Han, and Gyung-Jin Park. "Crash optimization considering the head injury criterion." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, no. 11 (October 29, 2018): 2879–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407018809298.

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In the crashworthiness of the vehicle, the head injury criterion is the most significant factor in the injury rate. Crash optimization has been employed to enhance the head injury criterion value. Since the head injury criterion value is calculated from acceleration, a surrogate-model-based crash optimization method is generally used. However, when the number of design variables increases, the cost of analysis increases extremely. Conceptual design such as topology optimization is difficult to apply since it has many design variables. A crash optimization methodology that considers the head injury criterion value is proposed based on the equivalent static loads method. The proposed method calculates the head injury criterion value using the finite difference method, and the channel frequency classes filter during linear static-response structural optimization with the equivalent static loads. Two practical large-scale problems are solved to validate the proposed method. For the headform impact on the upper interior, size optimization is carried out to satisfy the constraint on the head injury criterion value while the mass is minimized. Topology optimization is performed in the case of the hood headform impact. The material distribution of the inner panel in the hood is determined to minimize the head injury criterion value.
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BABBS, CHARLES F. "A NEW BIOMECHANICAL HEAD INJURY CRITERION." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 06, no. 04 (December 2006): 349–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021951940600200x.

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This paper presents a new analysis of the physics of closed head injury caused by intense acceleration of the head. At rest a 1 cm gap filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) separates the adult human brain from the skull. During impact, whole head acceleration induces artificial gravity within the skull. Because its density differs slightly from that of CSF, the brain accelerates, strikes the inner aspect of the rigid skull, and undergoes viscoelastic deformation. Analytical methods for a lumped parameter model of the brain predict internal brain motions that correlate well with published high-speed photographic studies. The same methods predict a truncated hyperbolic strength-duration curve for impacts that produce a given critical compressive strain. A family of such curves exists for different critical strains. Each truncated hyperbolic curve defines a head injury criterion (HIC) or threshold for injury, which is little changed by small offsetting corrections for curvature of the brain and for viscous damping. Such curves predict results of experimental studies of closed head injury, known limits for safe versus dangerous falls, and the relative resistance of smaller versus larger animals to acceleration of the head. The underlying theory provides improved understanding of closed head injury and better guidance to designers of protective equipment and to those extrapolating research results from animals to man.
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Hutchinson, John, Mark J. Kaiser, and Hamid M. Lankarani. "The Head Injury Criterion (HIC) functional." Applied Mathematics and Computation 96, no. 1 (October 1998): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0096-3003(97)10106-0.

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Croft, Arthur C., Patti Herring, Michael D. Freeman, and Michael T. Haneline. "The neck injury criterion: future considerations." Accident Analysis & Prevention 34, no. 2 (March 2002): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-4575(01)00020-3.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Injury criterion"

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Baptista, Liliana Antunes. "Influência da energia e orientação de impacto no head injury criterion." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/2534.

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Mestrado em Engenharia Mecânica
No campo de batalha, é essencial o uso de vestes de elevado nível de protecção, nomeadamente dos capacetes. Hoje em dia, tenta-se melhorar a qualidade da protecção dos soldados através do uso de materiais mais resistentes à penetração do projecteis e fragmentos derivados do impacto. Para esta evolução ser possível, é necessário o estudo das consequências causadas por impactos balísticos, em diversos cenários, no soldado, mais concretamente na cabeça humana. No estudo dos impactos balísticos ¶e imprescindível a utilização da simulação numérica por elementos finitos para a previsão das suas consequências nas lesões causadas no ser humano. Este trabalho tem como principal objectivo a avaliação do nível de lesões cerebrais, através do Head Injury Criterion, provocadas pelo impacto balístico de um projéctil de calibre 7.62£51 mm no capacete militar PASGT. Também as acelerações inerentes a todo o fenómeno e as deformações causadas no capacete são avaliados. Para isso modelos CAD do capacete, do projéctil e de uma cabeça humana normalizada são utilizados para os ensaios simulados no programa LS-Dyna. Os ensaios consistem em estudar a influencia da orientação e direcção do projéctil no impacto. São feitos estudos de impactos a 0°, 22.5°, 45° e 67.5° quer na direcção horizontal quer na direcção vertical, em três posições do capacete, frontal, lateral e occipital. ABSTRACT: On the battle¯eld, the use of vests whith high level of protection, including helmets is essential. Today, there is a clear need to improve the quality of the protection of soldiers through the use of materials more resistant to projectile penetration and to fragments derived from the impact. To make this development possible, it is necessary to study the e®ects caused by ballistic impacts, on the soldier, especially in the human head, on various scenarios. In a ballistic impact study it is essential to use a numerical simulation by ¯nite elements method to predict the consequences on human injuries. This work has as main objective the assessment of the level of brain damages, using the Head Injury Criterion, caused on the impact of the ballistic pro- jectile 7.62£51 mm in PASGT military helmet. The accelerations derived from the whole phenomenon and the deformations caused on the helmet are also evaluated. For that, CAD models of the helmet, the projectile and a standardised human head are used to perform numerical simulations using LS-Dyna. The tests consists in studying the in°uence of projectile impact orientation and direction. Impacts studies are done at 0°, 22.5°, 45°and 67.5°, either in the horizontal and vertical directions at three helmet positions: front, side and occipital.
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Montoya, Damien. "Analyse des facteurs déterminants sur le bilan lésionnel d'un enfant piéton accidenté." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0613/document.

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Les enfants sont des usagers de la route au même titre que les adultes. D’après l’Observatoire National Interministériel de la Sécurité Routière (ONISR), il y a eu en 2010 sur les routes françaises 67288 accidents corporels dont 3992 tués à 30 jours. Parmi les tués, on compte 130 enfants de moins de 14 ans dont 30 enfants piétons. La protection des enfants est donc un enjeu majeur. Afin d’améliorer la protection des enfants, il est nécessaire de comprendre les mécanismes lésionnels mis en jeu lors d’un accident piéton. Pour atteindre cet objectif, différents modèles, physiques ou numériques ont été développés ces dernières années. Cette étude a fait le choix de se focaliser sur l’utilisation du numérique pour approfondir la connaissance concernant le comportement de l’enfant victime d’un accident piéton car elle offre la possibilité de ne pas être contrainte d’un point de vue éthique et législatif mais également de multiplier les conditions d’essais possibles. L’objectif de cette Thèse est de traiter la problématique de l’enfant piéton et de sa protection en particulier en évaluant l’influence du design d’un véhicule sur les blessures à la tête d’une enfant piéton impacté. Dans un premier temps, un critère de blessure à la tête spécifique à l’enfant a été développé par reconstruction d’accident réels et permet de prédire la gravité des lésions (AIS). Dans un second temps, un outil numérique capable réaliser une étude paramétrique simulant des accidents piétons a été développé. L’influence du design d’un véhicule sur le bilan lésionnel à la tête d’un enfant piéton a ainsi été étudiée
Children are road users in the same way as adults. According to the National Interministerial Observatory of Road Safety (ONISR), there were in 2010 on the French roads 67288 accidents of which 3992 killed in 30 days. Among those killed, there are 130 children under 14, including 30 children pedestrians. The protection of children is therefore a burning issue.In order to improve the protection of children, it is necessary to understand the mechanisms of injury involved in a pedestrian accident. To achieve this goal, different models, physical or numerical have been developed in recent years. This study has chosen to focus on the use of numerical models to deepen knowledge about the behavior of the child victim of a pedestrian accident because it offers the possibility of not being constrained from an ethical point of view and but also to multiply the conditions of possible tests.The objective of this Thesis is to treat the problem of the pedestrian child and its protection in particular by evaluating the influence of the design of a vehicle on the injuries to the head of an impacted pedestrian child. As a first step, a child-specific head injury criterion was developed by reconstructing actual accidents and predicting the severity of injury (AIS). In a second step, a numerical tool able to realize a parametric study simulating pedestrian accidents was developed. The influence of the design of a vehicle on the lesions at the head of a pedestrian child has been studied
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Albert, Devon Lee. "Biomechanical Responses of Human Surrogates under Various Frontal Loading Conditions with an Emphasis on Thoracic Response and Injury Tolerance." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/100947.

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Frontal motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) resulted in 10,813 fatalities and 937,000 injuries in 2014, which is more than any other type of MVC. In order to mitigate the injuries and fatalities resulting from MVCs, new safety restraint technologies and more biofidelic anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) have been developed. However, the biofidelity of these new ATDs must be evaluated, and the mechanisms of injury must be understood in order to accurately predict injury. Evaluating the biomechanical response, injury mechanisms, and injury threshold of the thorax are particularly important because the thorax is one of the most frequently injured body regions in MVCs. Furthermore, sustaining a severe thoracic injury in an MVC significantly increases mortality risk. The overall objective of this dissertation was to evaluate the biomechanical responses of human surrogates under various frontal loading conditions. This objective was divided into three sub-objectives: 1) to evaluate the biofidelity of the current frontal impact ATDs, 2) to evaluate the effect of different safety restraints on occupant responses, and 3) to evaluate rib material properties with respect to sex, age, structural response, and loading history. In order to meet sub-objectives 1 and 2, full-scale frontal sled tests were performed on three different human surrogates: the 50th percentile male Hybrid III (HIII) ATD, the 50th percentile male Test Device for Human Occupant Restraint (THOR-M) ATD, and approximately 50th percentile male post-mortem human surrogates (PMHS). All surrogates were tested under three safety restraint conditions: knee bolster (KB), KB and steering wheel airbag (KB/SWAB), and knee bolster airbag and SWAB (KBAB/SWAB). The kinematic, lower extremity, abdominal, thoracic, and neck responses were then compared between surrogates and restraint conditions. In order to assess biofidelity, the ATD responses were compared to the PMHS responses. For both the kinematic and thoracic responses, the HIII and THOR-M had comparable biofideltiy. However, the HIII responses were slightly more biofidelic. The ATDs experienced similar lower extremity kinetics, but very different kinetics at the upper and lower neck due to differences in design. Evaluation of the different restraint conditions showed that the SWAB and KBAB both affected injury risk. The SWAB decreased head injury risk for all surrogates, and increased or decreased thoracic injury risk, depending on the surrogate. The KBAB decreased the risk of femur injury, but increased or decreased tibia injury risk depending on the surrogate and injury metric used to predict risk. In order to meet sub-objective 3, the tensile material properties of human rib cortical bone and the structural properties of whole ribs were quantified at strain rates similar to those observed in frontal impacts. The rib cortical bone underwent coupon tension testing, while the whole ribs underwent bending tests intended to simulate loading from a frontal impact. The rib material properties accounted for less than 50% of the variation observed in the whole rib structural properties, indicating that other factors, such as rib geometry, were also influencing the structural response of whole ribs. Age was significantly negatively correlated with the modulus, yield stress, failure strain, failure stress, plastic strain energy density, and total strain energy density. However, sex did not significantly influence any of the material properties. Cortical bone material properties were quantified from the ribs that underwent the whole rib bending tests and subject-matched, untested (control) ribs in order to evaluate the effect of loading history on material properties. Yield stress and yield strain were the only material properties that were significantly different between the previously tested and control ribs. The results of this dissertation can guide ATD and safety restrain design. Additionally, this dissertation provides human surrogate response data and rib material property data for the validation of finite element models, which can then be used to evaluate injury mitigation strategies for MVCs.
PHD
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Antunes, Miguel Ângelo Correia. "Determinação de parâmetros ótimos de materiais de proteção em capacetes para minimizar critérios de lesão." Master's thesis, Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal. Escola Superior de Tecnologia de Setúbal, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/27823.

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Dissertação de Mestrado em Engenharia de Produção
A Limiting Performance Analysis de um capacete de proteção para motociclistas foi realizada, com o objetivo de determinar a força de controlo ótima exercida pelo material do forro interno deste equipamento sobre a cabeça do utilizador, em caso de impacto contra uma superfície rígida, com a finalidade de reduzir a severidade e probabilidade de ocorrência de lesão. Nesta análise, dois problemas de otimização foram abordados, o primeiro onde a energia total transmitida ao cérebro mediante impacto deve ser reduzida e o segundo em que o valor do Head Injury Criterion deve ser reduzido, ambos os problemas sujeitos a restrições associadas a outros critérios de lesão e desempenho. O modelo utilizado para simular o comportamento da cabeça é o Translational Head Injury Model, o qual é um modelo de parâmetros discretos. O impacto é realizado na direção Anterior-Posterior. A força de controlo ótima exercida na cabeça foi determinada para condições de impacto especificas. As soluções para o primeiro problema de otimização não cumpriram as restrições definidas. O segundo problema de otimização foi resolvido com sucesso, com os melhores resultados para uma espessura de forro interno de 30 mm.
The Limiting Performance Analysis of a protection helmet for motorcyclist was performed, with the aim of establishing the optimum control force exerted by the material of the inner liner of this equipment on the user’s head, in the event of impact against a rigid surface, with the purpose of reducing injury severity and occurrence probability. In this analysis, two optimization problems are addressed, the first where the total energy imparted to the brain upon impact must be minimized and the second where the value of the Head Injury Criterion must be minimized, both problems bound to restrictions associated with other injury and performance criteria. The model used to simulate the behaviour of the head is the Translational Head Injury Model, which is a lumped parameter model. The impact is performed in the Anterior-Posterior direction. The optimum control force exerted on the head was established for specific impact conditions. The solutions to the for the first optimization problem didn’t meet the restrictions defined. The second optimization problem was solved with success, with the best results por an inner liner thickness of 30 mm.
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Venturucci, Filippo. "Innovative Infrastructures for Sustainable Mobility in Urban Areas: Protective Asphalt to Prevent Vulnerable Road Users Injuries." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.

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Nell’elaborato viene studiato il fenomeno dell’incidentalità singola delle utenze deboli sulla strada (perdita di controllo, scivolamento ecc..ecc..), con particolare enfasi nell’analizzare le conseguenze traumatiche dovute all’impatto con la superficie stradale. Una nuova tecnologia viene sviluppata per rendere le pavimentazioni di piste ciclabili, marciapiedi e zone pedonali con capacità di assorbimento degli impatti, prevenendo, o riducendo drasticamente, la probabilità e entità di eventi traumatici a seguito di una caduta. Attraverso una stesa di prova avvenuta ad Imola (BO), si sono analizzate e risolte le problematiche dovute alle discrepanze riscontrate fra “costruzione” in laboratorio e costruzione nella realtà urbana. La nuova tecnologia, infatti, è stata studiata come “construction-friendly”, permettendo alle società di costruzione e pavimentazione di stendere il nuovo manto protettivo con strumenti e macchinari tradizionali. Infine l’asfalto modificato è stato testato nei laboratori svedesi del KTH – Royal Institute of Technology per provarne l’efficacia in termini di assorbimento degli impatti. Nel “Drop Impact Test”, test specifico per l’approvazione dei caschi protettivi da bicicletta, l’asfalto modificato ha performato ben al di sotto della soglia di approvazione dei caschi da ciclista, e si colloca in un range di valore di accelerazione lineare perfino al di sotto della soglia di “Low Risk of Injuries”. La nuova tecnologia, inoltre, fa utilizzo di gomma granulata riciclata da pneumatici fuori uso. Tale dettaglio conferisce maggiore sostenibilità al progetto: oltre all’utilizzo di legante a freddo, che diminuisce le emissioni di CO2, e di incentivare l’utilizzo della mobilità dolce attraverso una più sicura rete infrastrutturale, l’utilizzo di gomma riciclata dà nuova vita al materiale che altrimenti andrebbe in discarica e prolunga, così, la vita utile del materiale.
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Gabauer, Douglas John. "Predicting Occupant Injury with Vehicle-Based Injury Criteria in Roadside Crashes." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28170.

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This dissertation presents the results of a research effort aimed at improving the current occupant injury criteria typically used to assess occupant injury risk in crashes involving roadside hardware such as guardrail. These metrics attempt to derive the risk of injury based solely on the response of the vehicle during a collision event. The primary purpose of this research effort was to determine if real-world crash injury prediction could be improved by augmenting the current vehicle-based metrics with vehicle-specific structure and occupant restraint performance measures. Based on an analysis of the responses of 60 crash test dummies in full-scale crash tests, vehicle-based occupant risk criteria were not found to be an accurate measure of occupant risk and were unable to predict the variation in occupant risk for unbelted, belted, airbag only, or belt and airbag restrained occupants. Through the use of Event Data Recorder (EDR) data coupled with occupant injury data for 214 real-world crashes, age-adjusted injury risk curves were developed relating vehicle-based metrics to occupant injury in real-world frontal collisions. A comparison of these risk curves based on model fit statistics and an ROC curve analysis indicated that the more computationally intensive metrics that require knowledge of the entire crash pulse offer no statistically significant advantage over the simpler delta-V crash severity metric in discriminating between serious and non-serious occupant injury. This finding underscores the importance of developing an improved vehicle-based injury metric. Based on an analysis of 619 full-scale frontal crash tests, adjustments to delta-V that reflect the vehicle structure performance and occupant restraint performance are found to predict 4 times the variation of resultant occupant chest acceleration than delta-V alone. The combination of delta-V, ridedown efficiency, and the kinetic energy factor was found to provide the best prediction of the occupant chest kinematics. Real-world crash data was used to evaluate the developed modified delta-V metrics based on their ability to predict injury in real-world collisions. Although no statistically significant improvement in injury prediction was found, the modified models did show evidence of improvement over the traditional delta-V metric.
Ph. D.
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Sahoo, Debasis. "Brain injury criteria based on computation of axonal elongation." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAD051.

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Ce travail de thèse vise à mieux décrire les mécanismes de lésions de la tête humaine en situation de choc en optimisant le modèle par éléments finis de la tête humaine de Strasbourg (SUFEHM) en termes de modélisation mécanique du crâne et du cerveau grâce à de nouvelles données expérimentales et de techniques récentes d’imagerie médicales. Une première étape a consisté à améliorer la loi de comportement de la boîte crânienne, valider son comportement en regards d’éléments expérimentaux sur cadavres et proposer un MEF capable de reproduire fidèlement la fracture crânienne. La deuxième partie consiste en la prise en compte pour la première fois de l’anisotropie dans les simulations par EF d’accidents réels en utilisant l’Imagerie du Tenseur de Diffusion. Après implémentation, une phase de validation a été entreprise afin de démontrer l’apport de l’anisotropie de la matière cérébrale dans un MEF. Enfin 125 accidents réels ont été reproduits avec le SUFEHM ainsi amélioré. Une étude statistique sur les paramètres mécaniques calculés a permis de proposer des limites de tolérances en termes de fracture crânienne et de lésions neurologiques en s’intéressant tout particulièrement à l’élongation axonale maximale admissible, nouvelle métrique proposée
The principal objective of this study is to enhance the existing finite element head model. A composite material model for skull, taking into account damage is implemented in the Strasbourg University Finite Element Head Model in order to enhance the existing skull mechanical constitutive law. The skull behavior is validated in terms of fracture patterns and contact forces by reconstructing 15 experimental cases in collaboration with Medical College of Wisconsin. The new skull model is capable of reproducing skull fracture precisely. The composite skull model is validated not only for maximum forces, but also for lateral impact against actual force time curves from PMHS for the first time. This study also proposes the implementation of fractional anisotropy and axonal fiber orientation from Diffusion Tensor Imaging of 12 healthy patients into an existing human FE head model to develop a more realistic brain model with advanced constitutive laws. Further, the brain behavior was validated in terms of brain strain against experimental data. A reasonable agreement was observed between the simulation and experimental data. Results showed the feasibility of integrating axonal direction information into FE analysis and established the context of computation of axonal elongation in case of head trauma. A total 125 reconstructions were done by using the new advanced FEHM and the axonal strain was found to be the pertinent parameter to predict DAI
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Lawson, Anthony Richard. "Finite element modelling of blunt or non-contact head injuries." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1997. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/10749.

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Safety is an increasingly important aspect of vehicle design. Legislation requires minimum levels of safety through full scale tests. Customers are provided with information regarding the safety performance of vehicles so that they can make an informed buying decision. Vehicle crashes were responsible for 40000 fatalities and 5.2 million non fatally injured patients in the US during 1994. The direct and direct cost of head injuries in the US is estimated at $25 billion per year. Injury criteria that can predict the severity of head injuries are important engineering tools for improving vehicle safety. At present the injury that the human head is subjected to is predicted by the Head Injury Criterion (HIC). This criterion is inadequate as it is not based upon a thorough understanding of the underlying head injury mechanisms. The important blunt or non-contact head injury mechanisms are diffuse axonal injury, bridging vein disruption and surface contact contusions. The severity of these injury mechanisms is hypothesised to be related to the level of motion of the brain with respect to the skull. Finite element modelling is used to analyse these head injury mechanisms. Models are developed which include all the relevant anatomical entities and detail. Accurate material property information and boundary conditions are used in the modelling to ensure that the head injury mechanisms can be accurately simulated. Tissue failure criteria are developed to link the various field parameters monitored during the simulations with injury severity. The models are then comprehensively validated with information obtained from pathological observations, cadaver experiments, accident reconstructions and volunteer data. These models are then used to determine the biomechanics of head injury and to develop improved head injury tolerance curves. The simulations demonstrate that head injury severity is dependent upon the magnitude, pulse duration and direction of the applied translational and rotational acceleration pulses.
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Rowson, Bethany. "Evaluation and Application of Brain Injury Criteria to Improve Protective Headgear Design." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/82346.

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As many as 3.8 million sports-related traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) occur each year, nearly all of which are mild or concussive. These injuries are especially concerning given recent evidence that repeated concussions can lead to long-term neurodegenerative processes. One way of reducing the number of injuries is through improvements in protective equipment design. Safety standards and relative performance ratings have led to advancements in helmet design that have reduced severe injuries and fatalities in sports as well as concussive injuries. These standards and evaluation methods frequently use laboratory methods and brain injury criteria that have been developed through decades of research dedicated to determining the human tolerance to brain injury. It is necessary to determine which methods are the most appropriate for evaluating the performance of helmets and other protective equipment. Therefore, the aims of this research were to evaluate the use of different brain injury criteria and apply them to laboratory evaluation of helmets. These aims were achieved through evaluating the predictive capability of different brain injury criteria and comparing laboratory impact systems commonly used to evaluate helmet performance. Laboratory methods were developed to evaluate the relative performance of hockey helmets given the high rate of concussions associated with the sport. The implementation of these methods provided previously unavailable data on the relative risk of concussion associated with different hockey helmet models.
Ph. D.
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Mendis, Kolita. "Finite element modeling of the brain to establish diffuse axonal injury criteria." Connect to resource, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1261418737.

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Books on the topic "Injury criterion"

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FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION. Injury criteria for human exposure to impact. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, 1985.

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Ishii, Kiyoshi. Influence of vehicle deceleration curve on dummy injury criteria. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 1988.

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Wis.) Workshop on Criteria for Head Injury and Helmet Standards (2005 Milwaukee. Final report of workshop on criteria for head injury and helmet standards. Edited by Fenner Harold. Milwaukee, WI: Dept. of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, 2005.

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Ren shen sun hai pei chang fa lü jiu fen chu li yi ju yu jie du: Legal criteria and interpretations on solving personal injury compensation disputes. Beijing Shi: Fa lü chu ban she, 2014.

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United States. Office of Aviation Medicine., ed. Dummy and injury criteria for aircraft crashworthiness. Washington, D.C: U.S.Dept. of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Office of Aviation Medicine, 1996.

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Sharples, Edward. Acute kidney injury. Edited by Rutger Ploeg. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0127.

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Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common, major cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients, and contributes significantly to length of stay and hence costs. Large epidemiological studies consistently demonstrate an incidence of AKI of 5–18% depending on the definition of AKI utilized. Even relatively small changes in renal function are associated with increased mortality, and this has led to strict definition and staging of AKI. Early recognition with good clinical assessment, diagnosis, and management are critical to prevent progression of AKI and reduce the potential complications, including long-term risk of end-stage renal failure. In this chapter, the pathophysiology, causes, and early management of AKI are discussed. Hypovolaemia and sepsis are the most common causes in hospitalized patients, across medical and surgical specialities. Other common causes are discussed, as well as diagnostic criteria.
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Rady, Mohamed Y., and Ari R. Joffe. Non-heart-beating organ donation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0390.

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The transplantation community endorses controlled and uncontrolled non-heart-beating organ donation (NHBD) to increase the supply of transplantable organs at end of life. Cardiac arrest must occur within 1–2 hours after the withdrawal of life-support in controlled NHBD. Uncontrolled NHBD is performed after failed cardiopulmonary resuscitation in an unexpected witnessed cardiac arrest. Donor management aims to protect transplantable organs against warm ischaemic injury through the optimization of haemodynamics and mechanical ventilation. This also requires antemortem instrumentation and systemic anticoagulation for organ perseveration in controlled NHBD. Interval support with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation or cardiopulmonary bypass is generally required for optimal organ perfusion and oxygenation in uncontrolled NHBD, which remains a controversial medical practice. There are several unresolved ethical challenges. The circulatory criterion of 2–10 minutes of absent arterial pulse does not comply with the uniform determination of death criterion of the irreversible cessation of functions of the cardiovascular or central nervous systems. There are no robust safeguards in clinical practice that can prevent faulty prognostication, and premature withdrawal of treatment or termination of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Unmanaged conflicting interests of increasing the supply of transplantable organs can have serious consequences on the medical care of potentially salvageable patients. Perimortem interventions can interfere with the delivery of an optimal quality of end-of-life care. The lack of disclosure of these NHBD ethical controversies does not uphold the moral obligation for an informed consent.
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Gevaert, Sofie A., Eric Hoste, and John A. Kellum. Acute kidney injury. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0068.

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Acute kidney injury is a serious condition, occurring in up to two-thirds of intensive care unit patients, and 8.8-55% of patients with acute cardiac conditions. Renal replacement therapy is used in about 5-10% of intensive care unit patients. The term cardiorenal syndrome refers to combined heart and kidney failure; three types of acute cardiorenal syndrome have been described: acute cardiorenal syndrome or cardiorenal syndrome type 1, acute renocardiac syndrome or cardiorenal syndrome type 3, and acute cardiorenal syndrome type 5 (cardiac and renal injury secondary to a third entity such as sepsis). Acute kidney injury replaced the previously used term ‘acute renal failure’ and comprises the entire spectrum of the disease, from small changes in function to the requirement of renal replacement therapy. Not only failure, but also minor and less severe decreases, in kidney function are of clinical significance both in the short and long-term. The most recent definition for acute kidney injury is proposed by the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes clinical practice guidelines workgroup. This definition is a modification of the RIFLE and AKIN definitions and staging criteria, and it stages patients according to changes in the urine output and serum creatinine (see Tables 68.1 and 68.2). Acute kidney injury is a heterogeneous syndrome with different and multiple aetiologies, often with several insults occurring in the same individual. The underlying processes include nephrotoxicity, and neurohormonal, haemodynamic, autoimmune, and inflammatory abnormalities. The most frequent cause for acute kidney injury in intensive cardiac care patients are low cardiac output with an impaired kidney perfusion (cardiogenic shock) and/or a marked increase in venous pressure (acute decompensated heart failure). Predictors for acute kidney injury in these patients include: baseline renal dysfunction, diabetes, anaemia, and hypertension, as well as the administration of high doses of diuretics. In the intensive cardiac care unit, attention must be paid to the prevention of acute kidney injury: monitoring of high-risk patients, prompt resuscitation, maintenance of an adequate mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, and intravascular volume (avoidance of both fluid overload and hypovolaemia), as well as the avoidance or protection against nephrotoxic agents. The treatment of acute kidney injury focuses on the treatment of the underlying aetiology, supportive care, and avoiding further injury from nephrotoxic agents. More specific therapies have not yet demonstrated efficacy. Renal replacement therapy is indicated in life-threatening changes in fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance, but there are also arguments for more early initiation.
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Gevaert, Sofie A., Eric Hoste, and John A. Kellum. Acute kidney injury. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0068_update_001.

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Acute kidney injury is a serious condition, occurring in up to two-thirds of intensive care unit patients, and 8.8-55% of patients with acute cardiac conditions. Renal replacement therapy is used in about 5-10% of intensive care unit patients. The term cardiorenal syndrome refers to combined heart and kidney failure; three types of acute cardiorenal syndrome have been described: acute cardiorenal syndrome or cardiorenal syndrome type 1, acute renocardiac syndrome or cardiorenal syndrome type 3, and acute cardiorenal syndrome type 5 (cardiac and renal injury secondary to a third entity such as sepsis). Acute kidney injury replaced the previously used term ‘acute renal failure’ and comprises the entire spectrum of the disease, from small changes in function to the requirement of renal replacement therapy. Not only failure, but also minor and less severe decreases, in kidney function are of clinical significance both in the short and long-term. The most recent definition for acute kidney injury is proposed by the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes clinical practice guidelines workgroup. This definition is a modification of the RIFLE and AKIN definitions and staging criteria, and it stages patients according to changes in the urine output and serum creatinine (see Tables 68.1 and 68.2). Acute kidney injury is a heterogeneous syndrome with different and multiple aetiologies, often with several insults occurring in the same individual. The underlying processes include nephrotoxicity, and neurohormonal, haemodynamic, autoimmune, and inflammatory abnormalities. The most frequent cause for acute kidney injury in intensive cardiac care patients are low cardiac output with an impaired kidney perfusion (cardiogenic shock) and/or a marked increase in venous pressure (acute decompensated heart failure). Predictors for acute kidney injury in these patients include: baseline renal dysfunction, diabetes, anaemia, and hypertension, as well as the administration of high doses of diuretics. In the intensive cardiac care unit, attention must be paid to the prevention of acute kidney injury: monitoring of high-risk patients, prompt resuscitation, maintenance of an adequate mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, and intravascular volume (avoidance of both fluid overload and hypovolaemia), as well as the avoidance or protection against nephrotoxic agents. The treatment of acute kidney injury focuses on the treatment of the underlying aetiology, supportive care, and avoiding further injury from nephrotoxic agents. More specific therapies have not yet demonstrated efficacy. Renal replacement therapy is indicated in life-threatening changes in fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance, but there are also arguments for more early initiation.
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Lee, Christoph I. Computed Tomography for Minor Head Injury. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190223700.003.0001.

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This chapter, found in the headache section of the book, provides a succinct synopsis of a key study examining the use of computed tomography (CT) scans for minor head injury using the New Orleans criteria. This summary outlines the study methodology and design, major results, limitations and criticisms, related studies and additional information, and clinical implications. The study showed that head CT scans for patients with minor head injury can be safely limited to those presenting with at least 1 of 7 specific clinical findings. In addition to outlining the most salient features of the study, a clinical vignette and imaging example are included in order to provide relevant clinical context.
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Book chapters on the topic "Injury criterion"

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Mellander, H. "HIC—the Head Injury Criterion." In Modern Concepts in Neurotraumatology, 18–20. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-8859-0_6.

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Ly, Hung Anh, and Phu Thuong Luu Nguyen. "Head Injury Criterion of Vietnamese Pedestrian Struck by a Sedan." In The AUN/SEED-Net Joint Regional Conference in Transportation, Energy, and Mechanical Manufacturing Engineering, 597–609. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1968-8_49.

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Hruby, Jaroslav, Brad Parker Wham, Zdenek Krobot, and Marek Semela. "Small Unsecured Objects Transported in a Vehicle and Their Impact on Human Head Injury– Blunt Injury Criterion Approach." In Biomechanics in Medicine, Sport and Biology, 55–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86297-8_6.

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Prasad, Priyaranjan. "Injury Criteria and Motor Vehicle Regulations." In Accidental Injury, 793–809. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1732-7_27.

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Burke, Darlene A., and David S. K. Magnuson. "Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan Scale Locomotor Assessment Following Spinal Cord Injury and Its Utility as a Criterion for Other Assessments." In Springer Protocols Handbooks, 591–604. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-782-8_47.

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Sciascia, Aaron D., Tracy Spigelman, and Robert Manske. "Criteria and Expectations for Return to Play." In Mechanics, Pathomechanics and Injury in the Overhead Athlete, 117–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12775-6_9.

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Haase, Michael, and Anja Haase-Fielitz. "Risk Assessment and Diagnostic Criteria of Acute Kidney Injury: The Role of Tubular Damage Markers." In Managing Renal Injury in the Elderly Patient, 19–32. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39947-3_4.

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Kellum, John A., Rinaldo Bellomo, and Claudio Ronco. "The Concept of Acute Kidney Injury and the RIFLE Criteria." In Contributions to Nephrology, 10–16. Basel: KARGER, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000102010.

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Baltas, Ioannis, Makedos Fylaktakis, Nikos Baskinis, Kostas Polyzoidis, Kostas Koletsos, and Spyros Andreadis. "Difficulties in Modelling Criteria Predicting Intracranial Hypertension in Severe Closed Head Injury." In Recent Advances in Neurotraumatology, 392–95. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68231-8_89.

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Rodkin, Richard, Keith Pommerenck, and James Reyff. "Interim Criteria for Injury to Fish From Pile-Driving Activities: Recent Experiences." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 545–49. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7311-5_124.

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Conference papers on the topic "Injury criterion"

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Kallieris, D., R. Mattern, E. Miltner, Gg Schmidt, and K. Stein. "Considerations for a Neck Injury Criterion." In Stapp Car Crash Conference. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/912916.

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Kuppa, Shashi M., and Rolf H. Eppinger. "Development of an Improved Thoracic Injury Criterion." In Stapp Car Crash Conference. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/983153.

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Hassan, Joseph E., and Guy Nusholtz. "Development of a Combined Thoracic Injury Criterion - A Revisit." In SAE 2000 World Congress. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2000-01-0158.

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Chou, C. C., G. S. Song, and G. G. Lim. "Head Injury Criterion (HIC) Calculation Using an Optimization Approach." In SAE International Congress and Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/971046.

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Yanaoka, Toshiyuki, Yasuhiro Dokko, and Yukou Takahashi. "Investigation on an Injury Criterion Related to Traumatic Brain Injury Primarily Induced by Head Rotation." In SAE 2015 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-1439.

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Hasija, Vikas, and Erik G. Takhounts. "Machine Learning Based Model for Predicting Head Injury Criterion (HIC)." In 63rd Stapp Car Crash Conference. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2019-22-0016.

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Petitjean, Audrey, Pascal Baudrit, and Xavier Trosseille. "Thoracic Injury Criterion for Frontal Crash Applicable to All Restraint Systems." In 47th Stapp Car Crash Conference (2003). 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2003-22-0015.

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Nakano, Masahiro, Makoto Yamanaka, Hiroyuki Matsuura, Masaaki Tamagawa, and Toru Yukimasa. "Least square evaluation of head injury criterion (HIC) for various situations." In 2014 Joint 7th International Conference on Soft Computing and Intelligent Systems (SCIS) and 15th International Symposium on Advanced Intelligent Systems (ISIS). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/scis-isis.2014.7044906.

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Wright, Rika M., and K. T. Ramesh. "The Use of a Cellular Strain Injury Criterion and Diffusion Tensor Imaging in a Computational Model of Traumatic Brain Injury." In ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2010-19562.

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With the increase in the number of soldiers sustaining traumatic brain injury from military incidents and the recent attention on sports related traumatic brain injury, there has been a focused effort to develop preventative and treatment methods for traumatic brain injury (TBI). Traumatic brain injury is caused by mechanical loading to the head, such as from impacts, sudden accelerations, or blast loading, and the pathology can range from focal damage in the brain to widespread diffuse injury [1]. In this study, we investigate the injury mechanisms of diffuse axonal injury (DAI), which accounts for the second largest percentage of deaths due to brain trauma [2]. DAI is caused by sudden inertial loads to the head, and it is characterized by damage to neural axons. Despite the extensive research on DAI, the coupling between the mechanical loading to the head and the damage at the cellular level is still poorly understood. Unlike previous computational models that use macroscopic stress and strain measures to determine injury, a cellular injury criterion is used in this work as numerous studies have shown that cellular strain can be related to the functional damage of neurons. The effectiveness of using this cellular injury criterion to predict damage in a finite element model of DAI is investigated.
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Petit, Philippe, Xavier Trosseille, Matthieu Lebarbé, Pascal Baudrit, Sabine Compigne, Takuma Kawai, Takumi Fujii, Kenichiro Koshizako, and Mitsutoshi Masuda. "Update of the WorldSID 50th Male Pelvic Injury Criterion and Risk Curve." In WCX World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2018-01-0539.

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Reports on the topic "Injury criterion"

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Terpsma, Ryan, and Chad Hovey. Blunt Impact Brain Injury using Cellular Injury Criterion. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1716577.

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Rapaport, Martin, Estrella Forster, Ann Schoenbeck, and Leon Domzalski. Establishing a Spinal Injury Criterion for Military Seats. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada446138.

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Selvaraju, Ragul, Hari Shankar, and Hariharan Sankarasubramanian. Metamodel Generation for Frontal Crash Scenario of a Passenger Car. SAE International, September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2020-28-0504.

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A frontal impact scenario was simulated using a Finite Element Model of a Hybrid III 50th percentile male (LSTC, Livermore CA) along with seatbelt, steering system and driver airbags. The boundary conditions included acceleration pulse to the seat and the outputs including injury measures in terms of Head Injury Criterion (HIC), Normalized Neck Injury Criterion (NIJ) and Chest Severity Index (CSI) were extracted from the simulations. The kinematics of the Hybrid III were validated against the kinematics of post mortem human surrogates (PMHS) available in the literature. Using the validated setup, metamodels were generated by creating a design of varying different parameters and recording the responses for each design. First, the X and Z translation of dummy along the seat is provided as input for which there was no variation in the head injury criterion (HIC). Next, the input pulse to the seat is parameterized along with the seatbelt loading and the results are obtained respectively. The outputs, in terms of injury measures, are generated in the form of metamodels as a function of the parameters. The occupant model used for the frontal crash scenario in LS-Dyna is validated against the previously available crash experimental data. A total of 100 design points was generated with a varying combination of parameters. An increase in various injury measures was observed with an increase in the scale factor of the acceleration pulse. Also, it was found that chest severity index increased with an increase in the scale factor of the seat belt loading force.
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Selvaraju, Ragul, Hari Shankar, and Hariharan Sankarasubramanian. Metamodel Generation for Frontal Crash Scenario of a Passenger Car. SAE International, September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2020-28-0504.

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A frontal impact scenario was simulated using a Finite Element Model of a Hybrid III 50th percentile male (LSTC, Livermore CA) along with seatbelt, steering system and driver airbags. The boundary conditions included acceleration pulse to the seat and the outputs including injury measures in terms of Head Injury Criterion (HIC), Normalized Neck Injury Criterion (NIJ) and Chest Severity Index (CSI) were extracted from the simulations. The kinematics of the Hybrid III were validated against the kinematics of post mortem human surrogates (PMHS) available in the literature. Using the validated setup, metamodels were generated by creating a design of varying different parameters and recording the responses for each design. First, the X and Z translation of dummy along the seat is provided as input for which there was no variation in the head injury criterion (HIC). Next, the input pulse to the seat is parameterized along with the seatbelt loading and the results are obtained respectively. The outputs, in terms of injury measures, are generated in the form of metamodels as a function of the parameters. The occupant model used for the frontal crash scenario in LS-Dyna is validated against the previously available crash experimental data. A total of 100 design points was generated with a varying combination of parameters. An increase in various injury measures was observed with an increase in the scale factor of the acceleration pulse. Also, it was found that chest severity index increased with an increase in the scale factor of the seat belt loading force.
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5

Skog, Kenneth, Susan J. Alexander, John Bergstrom, Ken Cordell, Elizabeth Hill, James Howard, and Rebecca Westby. Criterion 6, indicator 37 : average wage rates, annual average income, and annual injury rates in major forest employment categories. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/fpl-rn-0323.

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Skog, Kenneth, Susan J. Alexander, John Bergstrom, Ken Cordell, Elizabeth Hill, James Howard, and Rebecca Westby. Criterion 6, indicator 37 : average wage rates, annual average income, and annual injury rates in major forest employment categories. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/fpl-rn-323.

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Goeckeritz, Joel, Nathan Schank, Ryan L Wood, Beverly L Roeder, and Alonzo D Cook. Use of Urinary Bladder Matrix Conduits in a Rat Model of Sciatic Nerve Regeneration after Nerve Transection Injury. Science Repository, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31487/j.rgm.2022.03.01.

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Previous research has demonstrated the use of single-channel porcine-derived urinary bladder matrix (UBM) conduits in segmental-loss, peripheral nerve repairs as comparable to criterion-standard nerve autografts. This study aimed to replicate and expand upon this research with additional novel UBM conduits and coupled therapies. Fifty-four Wistar Albino rats were divided into 6 groups, and each underwent a surgical neurectomy to remove a 7-millimeter section of the sciatic nerve. Bridging of this nerve gap and treatment for each group was as follows: i) reverse autograft—the segmented nerve was reversed 180 degrees and used to reconnect the proximal and distal nerve stumps; ii) the nerve gap was bridged via a silicone conduit; iii) a single-channel UBM conduit; iv) a multi-channel UBM conduit; v) a single-channel UBM conduit identical to group 3 coupled with fortnightly transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS); vi) or, a multi-channel UBM conduit identical to group 4 coupled with fortnightly TENS. The extent of nerve recovery was assessed by behavioural parameters: foot fault asymmetry scoring measured weekly for six weeks; electrophysiological parameters: compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitudes, measured at weeks 0 and 6; and morphological parameters: total fascicle areas, myelinated fiber counts, fiber densities, and fiber sizes measured at week 6. All the above parameters demonstrated recovery of the test groups (3-6) as being either comparable or less than that of reverse autograft, but none were shown to outperform reverse autograft. As such, UBM conduits may yet prove to be an effective treatment to repair relatively short segmental peripheral nerve injuries, but further research is required to demonstrate greater efficacy over nerve autografts.
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Goeckeritz, Joel, Nathan Schank, Ryan L Wood, Beverly L Roeder, and Alonzo D Cook. Use of Urinary Bladder Matrix Conduits in a Rat Model of Sciatic Nerve Regeneration after Nerve Transection Injury. Science Repository, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31487/j.rgm.2022.03.01.sup.

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Previous research has demonstrated the use of single-channel porcine-derived urinary bladder matrix (UBM) conduits in segmental-loss, peripheral nerve repairs as comparable to criterion-standard nerve autografts. This study aimed to replicate and expand upon this research with additional novel UBM conduits and coupled therapies. Fifty-four Wistar Albino rats were divided into 6 groups, and each underwent a surgical neurectomy to remove a 7-millimeter section of the sciatic nerve. Bridging of this nerve gap and treatment for each group was as follows: i) reverse autograft—the segmented nerve was reversed 180 degrees and used to reconnect the proximal and distal nerve stumps; ii) the nerve gap was bridged via a silicone conduit; iii) a single-channel UBM conduit; iv) a multi-channel UBM conduit; v) a single-channel UBM conduit identical to group 3 coupled with fortnightly transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS); vi) or, a multi-channel UBM conduit identical to group 4 coupled with fortnightly TENS. The extent of nerve recovery was assessed by behavioural parameters: foot fault asymmetry scoring measured weekly for six weeks; electrophysiological parameters: compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitudes, measured at weeks 0 and 6; and morphological parameters: total fascicle areas, myelinated fiber counts, fiber densities, and fiber sizes measured at week 6. All the above parameters demonstrated recovery of the test groups (3-6) as being either comparable or less than that of reverse autograft, but none were shown to outperform reverse autograft. As such, UBM conduits may yet prove to be an effective treatment to repair relatively short segmental peripheral nerve injuries, but further research is required to demonstrate greater efficacy over nerve autografts.
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9

Shujaa, Asaad Suliman, and Qasem Almulihi. Is Hypertonic Saline an Effective Alternative to Mannitol in the Treatment of TBI in Adult and Pediatric Patients? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.11.0010.

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Review question / Objective: Evaluate and compare the effectiveness of hypertonic saline and mannitol in patients with traumatic brain injury. Rationale: Traumatic brain injury is one of the main reasons for death and disability worldwide. Generally, the frequency of traumatic brain injury in Europe is >2,000 per million yearly; guidelines suggest more conservative interventions, e.g., raising of the upper body, cerebrospinal fluid drainage, and the use of hypertonic saline or mannitol before executing decompressive craniectomy. It is still uncertain whether hypertonic saline is better than mannitol in managing pediatric and adult patients with traumatic brain injury. The present systemic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effect of hypertonic saline compared to mannitol for managing TBI in traumatic brain injury. Eligibility criteria: Studies were included based on the described eligibility criteria using PICOS: P (Population); I (Intervention); C (Control); O (Outcome); S (Studies); only clinical trials and cohort studies published in English were selected.
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Cao, Siyang, Yihao Wei, Tiantian Qi, Peng Liu, Yingqi Chen, Fei Yu, Hui Zeng, and Jian Weng. Stem cell therapy for peripheral nerve injury: An up-to-date meta-analysis of 55 preclinical researches. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.10.0083.

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Review question / Objective: It has been the gold standard for decades to reconstruct a large peripheral nerve injury with a nerve autograft, and this remains true today as well. In addition to nerve autografts, biological conduits and vessels can also be applied. A fair amount of studies have examined the benefits of adding stem cells to the lumen of a nerve conduit. The aim of this meta-analysis was to summarize animal experiments related to the utilization of stem cells as a luminal additive when rebuilding a peripheral nerve injury using nerve grafts. Eligibility criteria: The inclusion criteria were as following: 1.Reconstruction of peripheral nerve injury; 2.Complete nerve transection with gap defect created; 3.Animal in-vivo models; 4.Experimental comparisons between nerve conduits containing and not containing one type of stem cell; 5.Functional testing and electrophysiology evaluations are performed. The exclusion criteria were as following: 1.Repair of central nervous system; 2.Nerve repair is accomplished by end-to-end anastomosis; 3.Animal models of entrapment injuries, frostbite, traction injuries and electric injuries; 4.Nerve conduits made from autologous epineurium; 5.Clinical trials, reviews, letters, conference papers, meta-analyses or commentaries; 6.Same studies have been published in different journals under the same or a different title.
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