Journal articles: 'Injector setup'

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Ommi, Fathollah, Koros Nekofar, Amir Kargar, and Ehsan Movahed. "Experimental investigation of characteristics of a double-base swirl injector in a liquid rocket propellant engine." Thermal Science 14, no. 2 (2010): 479–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci1002479o.

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In this work the fundamentals of swirl injector calculation is investigated and new design procedure is proposed. The design method for double-base liquid-liquid injectors is presented based on this theory and experimental results. Then special conditions related to double based liquid-liquid injectors are studied and the corresponding results are applied in design manipulation. The behavior of injector in various performing conditions is studied, and the design procedure is presented based on obtained results. A computer code for designing the injector is proposed. Based on this code, four injectors are manufactured. A specialized laboratory was setup for the measurement of macroscopic spray characteristics under different pressure such as homogeneous droplet distribution, spray angle, and swirl effect. Finally, through phase Doppler analyzer cold test, the microscopic characteristics of injectors spray are also obtained and measured. The results which will be explained in detail are satisfactory.

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Panasenkov, A. A., S. S. Ananyev, E. D. Dlougach, and B. V. Kuteev. "ANALYSIS OF THE SETUP AND PARAMETERS OF THE FNS-ST TOKAMAK FAST ATOM INJECTOR." Problems of Atomic Science and Technology, Ser. Thermonuclear Fusion 44, no. 2 (2021): 86–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21517/0202-3822-2021-44-2-86-99.

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Kubo, Minoru, Eriko Nango, Kensuke Tono, Tetsunari Kimura, Shigeki Owada, Changyong Song, Fumitaka Mafuné, et al. "Nanosecond pump–probe device for time-resolved serial femtosecond crystallography developed at SACLA." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 24, no. 5 (August 22, 2017): 1086–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s160057751701030x.

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X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) have opened new opportunities for time-resolved X-ray crystallography. Here a nanosecond optical-pump XFEL-probe device developed for time-resolved serial femtosecond crystallography (TR-SFX) studies of photo-induced reactions in proteins at the SPring-8 Angstrom Compact free-electron LAser (SACLA) is reported. The optical-fiber-based system is a good choice for a quick setup in a limited beam time and allows pump illumination from two directions to achieve high excitation efficiency of protein microcrystals. Two types of injectors are used: one for extruding highly viscous samples such as lipidic cubic phase (LCP) and the other for pulsed liquid droplets. Under standard sample flow conditions from the viscous-sample injector, delay times from nanoseconds to tens of milliseconds are accessible, typical time scales required to study large protein conformational changes. A first demonstration of a TR-SFX experiment on bacteriorhodopsin in bicelle using a setup with a droplet-type injector is also presented.

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KRASILNIKOV, MIKHAIL. "BEAM DYNAMICS OPTIMIZATION FOR THE XFEL PHOTO INJECTOR." International Journal of Modern Physics A 24, no. 05 (February 20, 2009): 879–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x0904436x.

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The main challenge for the European XFEL photo injector is the production of 1 nC electron beams with a normalized transverse emittance of 0.9 mm mrad. The photo injector setup consists of a 1.5-cell L-band rf gun cavity supplied with solenoids for beam focusing and emittance compensation and the first accelerating section with 8 TESLA superconducting cavities. The first 4 cavities are used as a booster to provide by proper choice of its position, gradient and phase matching conditions for the emittance conservation. For optimization of the beam dynamics in the photo injector, a staged algorithm, based on ASTRA simulations, has been developed. The first stage considers the emission of electrons from a photo cathode. The cathode laser energy and its transverse parameters are adjusted to produce a bunch charge of 1 nC in presence of space charge forces (including image charge at the cathode) and Schottky-like effects. The second stage contains rf gun cavity and solenoid optimization. The booster position, gradient and initial phase are optimized at the third stage yielding the minimum emittance at the photo injector exit. Results of the XFEL photo injector optimization will be presented. Besides simulations experimental studies towards XFEL photo injector are carried out. The photo injector test facility at DESY in Zeuthen (PITZ) develops photo injectors for FELs, including FLASH and the European XFEL. A thorough comparison of measured data with results of beam dynamics simulations is one of the main PITZ goals. Detailed experimental studies on photo emission processes, thermal emittance, transverse and longitudinal phase space of the electron beam are being performed together with beam dynamics simulations. This aims to result in better understanding of beam dynamics in high brightness photo injectors. Experimentally obtained photo injector characteristics (like thermal emittance) have to be used in an additional optimization of the photo injector resulting in more realistic beam dynamics simulations. Results of these studies will be reported as well.

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Horchler, Tim. "Selection Rules for Resonant Longitudinal Injector-Coupling in Experimental Rocket Combustors." Aerospace 9, no. 11 (October 29, 2022): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace9110669.

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This paper investigates different types of longitudinal mode coupling in subscale rocket combustion chambers using experimental data and numerical simulations. Based on a one-dimensional planar wave acoustic model of coupled cavity resonators with two acoustic inlet boundary conditions, mode selection rules are derived, providing a simple way of predicting which injector and combustion chamber modes have matching frequencies. Longitudinal mode coupling of an injector with an acoustically open inlet boundary condition has been reported in the literature for the start-up transient of a research combustor experiment. In this experiment, every third injector mode couples to a corresponding chamber longitudinal mode, which is explained in terms of the selection rules derived in this paper. Numerical simulation results for a different combustor experiment show an unexpected mode coupling behavior when an acoustically closed injector inlet is used. Theoretical analysis by using the one-dimensional wave model and applying the derived selection rules shows that in this setup, the injector acoustic mode can accommodate two different acoustic boundary conditions at the injector-chamber interface simultaneously. This results in different acoustic mode shapes in the injector, explaining the unexpected behavior for the resonant coupling with an acoustically closed injector inlet.

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Tao, Xi Cheng, Zhi Xia He, Peng Zhao, Wen Jun Zhong, and Gen Miao Guo. "An Experimental Investigation of Cavitating Flow in Diesel Injector Nozzle under Different Back Pressures." Advanced Materials Research 960-961 (June 2014): 1446–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.960-961.1446.

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A study was carried out on the influence of different back pressures on internal flow of diesel injector nozzles. For this study, a flow visualization experimental system equipped with a pressurized chamber was setup. Experimental results show that, with the injection pressure remain constant and increase back pressure leading to the cavitation area diminished gradually and even disappeared. With a same pressure difference, higher back pressure test condition promoted the outlet mean velocity and inhibited the occurrence of cavitation inception, which demanded a larger pressure difference to make it happen. Moreover, it also resulted in a relatively large flow losses to the single phase flow compared to the cavitating flow.

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Bergmann, Peter, Cornelia Schmidt-Hattenberger, Dana Kiessling, Carsten Rücker, Tim Labitzke, Jan Henninges, Gunther Baumann, and Hartmut Schütt. "Surface-downhole electrical resistivity tomography applied to monitoring of CO2 storage at Ketzin, Germany." GEOPHYSICS 77, no. 6 (November 1, 2012): B253—B267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2011-0515.1.

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Surface-downhole electrical resistivity tomography (SD-ERT) surveys were repeatedly carried out to image [Formula: see text] injected at the pilot storage Ketzin, Germany. The experimental setup combines surface with downhole measurements by using a permanent electrode array that has been deployed in three wells. Two baseline experiments were performed during the site startup and three repeat experiments were performed during the first year of CO2 injection. By the time of the third repeat, approximately 13,500 tons of [Formula: see text] had been injected into the reservoir sandstones at about 650 m depth. Field data and inverted resistivity models showed a resistivity increase over time at the [Formula: see text] injector. The lateral extent of the related resistivity signature indicated a preferential [Formula: see text] migration toward the northwest. Using an experimental resistivity-saturation relationship, we mapped [Formula: see text] saturations by means of the resistivity index method. For the latest repeat, [Formula: see text] saturations show values of up to 70% near the injection well, which matches well with [Formula: see text] saturations determined from pulsed neutron-gamma logging. The presence of environmental noise, reservoir heterogeneities, and irregularities in the well completions are the main sources of uncertainty for the interpretations. The degradation of the permanently installed downhole components is monitored by means of frequently performed resistance checks. In consistency with the SD-ERT data, these resistance checks indicate a long-term resistivity increase near the [Formula: see text] injector. In conclusion, the investigations demonstrate the capability of surface-downhole electrical resistivity tomography to image geologically stored [Formula: see text] at the Ketzin site.

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Ferrari, Alessandro, and Tantan Zhang. "Influence of the injector setup on digital and continuous injection rate-shaping performance in diesel engine passenger cars." Energy Conversion and Management 205 (February 2020): 112259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.112259.

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Natarajan, S., N. V. Mahalakshmi, and S. Sundarraj. "Experimental Investigation of Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engine of Ethanol and Diesel Blends." Applied Mechanics and Materials 440 (October 2013): 254–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.440.254.

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This paper deals with the experimental investigation of a Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) Engine system. The main objective of this research work is to study the effects of a premixed fuel ratio on the performance, combustion characteristics and reduction of oxides of nitrogen and smoke intensity, using the HCCI concept. The engine used for the experiments was of a Kirloskar TAF-I series. The engine is a four stroke, single cylinder air cooled diesel engine, of a rated power of 4.4 kW loaded with an electrical dynamometer. An electronic fuel injection circuit was developed to control the ignition timing and duration of the premixed charge. Ethanol was premixed, and a part injected before ignition, whereas the diesel fuel was injected by the conventional injector directly into the cylinder. The part injected ethanol and direct injected diesel were tested in various proportions, to optimize the operating range, and the same setup was tested with various % of EGR.The obtained results include data plots illustrating the performance, combustion and emission characteristics. The results indicate that the concentration of the oxides of nitrogen species rapidly decreased, and the smoke emissions were reduced simultaneously at 20% Rp and 20% EGR in 75% load and full load conditions.

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Rocha, Emilia Fernandes de Medeiros, Osvair Vidal, Erika Tomie Koroishi, Janeth Alina Vidal Vargas, and Luis Fernando Lamas de Oliveira. "Porosity Alteration of Carbonates by CO₂-Enriched Brine Injection." Materials Science Forum 965 (July 2019): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.965.69.

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Carbon dioxide (CO2) is considered one of the main gases that cause global warming. In this perspective, its injection in aquifers and oil and gas reservoirs has been a possible alternative to reduce its emission in the atmosphere. An alternative strategy in which CO2 is used efficiently in the Oil Industry is the Carbonated Water Injection (CWI), where the carbon dioxide is injected through the reservoir dissolved in the brine, eliminating problems of gravitational segregation and low sweeping efficiency present in other gas injection methods. Once injected, the fluid may react with the carbonate rock and inducing their dissolution, causing changes in the petrophysical properties of the rock. This work investigated changes in the average porosity of carbonate samples from Brazilian reservoir through a dynamic flow test with enriched brine with 100% CO2 injection under high pressure and high temperature conditions and simulating a region around the face of the injector well, with an injection pressure of 8,500 psi, a temperature of 70 °C and a flow rate of 2cm3/min. The core-flooding experimental setup includes two coreholders arranged in series with samples confined in its interior, which are swept by X-ray Computed Tomography (CT), taking measurements of average porosity data. The results showed that there was dissolution in the sample assembled in the first coreholder since the porosity had increased, while in the second, no significant alterations of the porosity were observed (around 8.5% of its initial value). This observation can still be confirmed by the analysis of the dissolved moles, which exhibit behavior similar to the porosity, indicating that some minerals actually suffered dissolution from the injection of carbonated brine.

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Zhao, Dongmei, Yifan Xia, Haiwen Ge, Qizhao Lin, Jianfeng Zou, and Gaofeng Wang. "Simulations of flame propagation during the ignition process in an annular multiple-injector combustor." International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow 29, no. 6 (June 3, 2019): 1947–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/hff-08-2018-0432.

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Purpose Ignition process is a critical issue in combustion systems. It is particularly important for reliability and safety prospects of aero-engine. This paper aims to numerically investigate the burner-to-burner propagation during ignition process in a full annular multiple-injector combustor and then validate it by comparing with experimental results. Design/methodology/approach The annular multiple-injector experimental setup features 16 swirling injectors and two quartz tubes providing optical accesses to high-speed imaging of flames. A Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes model, adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) and complete San Diego chemistry are used to predict the ignition process. Findings The ignition process shows an overall agreement with experiment. The integrated heat release rate of simulation and the integrated light intensity of experiment is also within reasonable agreement. The flow structure and flame propagation dynamics are carefully analyzed. It is found that the flame fronts propagate symmetrically at an early stage and asymmetrically near merging stage. The flame speed slows down before flame merging. Overall, the numerical results show that the present numerical model can reliably predict the flame propagation during the ignition process. Originality/value The dedicated AMR method together with detailed chemistry is used for predicting the unsteady ignition procedure in a laboratory-scale annular combustor for the first time. The validation shows satisfying agreements with the experimental investigations. Some details of flow structures are revealed to explain the characteristics of unsteady flame propagations.

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Renzis, E. D., V. Mariani, G. M. Bianchi, S. Falfari, and G. Cazzoli. "Application of a one-dimensional fuel-oil dilution model coupled with an empirical droplet-to-film formation strategy for predicting in-cylinder oil effects in a direct injection engine." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2385, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2385/1/012063.

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Abstract Nowadays climate change due to the unnatural increment of green-house effect is one of the most critical environmental issues. In this context, internal combustion engines are still a short - term valuable solution. This is made possible by the study and the development of synthetic or alternative fuels, such e - gasolines and hydrogen. In this context, direct injection is still the most adopted strategy to improve internal combustion engine efficiency. The installation of the injector on the cylinder head may lead to the impact of the fuel on the wall of the cylinder liner. This phenomenon causes lubricant oil dilution, possibly increasing particulate matter emission at low load and abnormal combustions, known as low - speed pre-ignitions, at high load. The present paper aims to evaluate the influence of a set of established key parameters anticipating the effects of lubricant oil - fuel diffusion through a one - dimensional model implemented in Python. The model accounts for the runtime deposition of the fuel film by means of the results of a three - dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics spray simulation. The model accounts also for the heat and mass transfer between species and the liquid fuel phase change for a representative setup of nowadays injectors. The dilution of a multigrade lubricant oil caused by synthetic fuels under an engine cold start operative condition is evaluated in this work.

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Uetrecht, Charlotte, Kristina Lorenzen, Matthäus Kitel, Johannes Heidemann, Jesse Huron Robinson Spencer, Hartmut Schlüter, and Joachim Schulz. "Native mass spectrometry provides sufficient ion flux for XFEL single-particle imaging." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 26, no. 3 (April 11, 2019): 653–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577519002686.

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The SPB/SFX instrument at the European XFEL provides unique conditions for single-particle imaging (SPI) experiments due to its high brilliance, nano-focus and unique pulse structure. Promising initial results provided by the international LCLS (Linac Coherent Light Source) SPI initiative highlight the potential of SPI. Current available injection methods generally have high sample consumption and do not provide any options for pulsing, selection or orientation of particles, which poses a problem for data evaluation. Aerosol-injector-based sample delivery is the current method of choice for SPI experiments, although, to a lesser extent, electrospray and electrospinning are used. Single particles scatter only a limited number of photons providing a single orientation for data evaluation, hence large datasets are required from particles in multiple orientations in order to reconstruct a structure. Here, a feasibility study demonstrates that nano-electrospray ionization, usually employed in biomolecular mass spectrometry, provides enough ion flux for SPI experiments. A novel instrument setup at the SPB/SFX instrument is proposed, which has the benefit of extremely low background while delivering mass over charge and conformation-selected ions for SPI.

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Ryu, Sei Hyung, Daniel J. Lichtenwalner, Michael O’Loughlin, Craig Capell, Jim Richmond, Edward van Brunt, Charlotte Jonas, et al. "15 kV n-GTOs in 4H-SiC." Materials Science Forum 963 (July 2019): 651–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.963.651.

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High performance 15 kV n-GTOs were demonstrated for the first time in 4H-SiC. The device utilized a 140 μm thick, lightly doped n-type drift layer, with 1450°C lifetime enhancement oxidation, which resulted in a carrier lifetime of 17.5 μs. The p+ backside injector layer was thinned to minimize parasitic resistances. A room temperature forward voltage drop of 5.18 V was observed at a current density of 100A/cm2. A 1 cm2 device showed a leakage current of 0.17 μA at 15 kV. The 4H-SiC n-GTO showed latching characteristics, and showed a turn-off time of 170 ns in a resistive load switching setup, which represents about a factor of 45 improvement in turn-off speed over 4H-SiC p-GTOs with comparable voltage and current ratings.

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Mazzaglia, M., A. S. Amato, G. Battiato, G. Calabrese, L. Celona, L. G. Cosentino, L. Dantoni, et al. "Design and first operations of a ECR based He source at INFN-LNS." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2244, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2244/1/012037.

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Abstract A new source for the TANDEM accelerator of LNS has been designed and installed. It is called NESTOR (Noble Elements Source for acceleraTORs) and consists of an ultra-compact ECR microwave discharge type ion source [1] operating around 6 GHz and up to 40 W of RF power, provided by a solid state power amplifier, coupled to a Li-Charge Exchange Cell (Li-CEC). It is engineered for the production of a wide range of 1+ and/or 1- ion beams from gaseous elements, in particular for noble gases. This work presents the characterization of the primary source and first operations of the whole setup on the HV platform (injector) of the Tandem. The He+ beams have been formerly characterized in terms of current, beam shape (by BaF2 beam viewers) and emittance (by the three-gradients method). Measurements have been carried out varying pressure, microwave frequency and RF power. Then, the source has been moved to the HV platform, coupled to the Li-CEC for first operations running in gas-exchange mode. Activities are ongoing to optimize beam transport towards the Tandem.

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Mazzaglia, M., A. S. Amato, G. Battiato, G. Calabrese, L. Celona, L. G. Cosentino, L. Dantoni, et al. "Design and first operations of a ECR based He source at INFN-LNS." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2244, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2244/1/012037.

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Abstract A new source for the TANDEM accelerator of LNS has been designed and installed. It is called NESTOR (Noble Elements Source for acceleraTORs) and consists of an ultra-compact ECR microwave discharge type ion source [1] operating around 6 GHz and up to 40 W of RF power, provided by a solid state power amplifier, coupled to a Li-Charge Exchange Cell (Li-CEC). It is engineered for the production of a wide range of 1+ and/or 1- ion beams from gaseous elements, in particular for noble gases. This work presents the characterization of the primary source and first operations of the whole setup on the HV platform (injector) of the Tandem. The He+ beams have been formerly characterized in terms of current, beam shape (by BaF2 beam viewers) and emittance (by the three-gradients method). Measurements have been carried out varying pressure, microwave frequency and RF power. Then, the source has been moved to the HV platform, coupled to the Li-CEC for first operations running in gas-exchange mode. Activities are ongoing to optimize beam transport towards the Tandem.

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Han, Hyung-Seok, Eun Sung Lee, and Jeong-Yeol Choi. "Experimental Investigation of Detonation Propagation Modes and Thrust Performance in a Small Rotating Detonation Engine Using C2H4/O2 Propellant." Energies 14, no. 5 (March 3, 2021): 1381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14051381.

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A small rotating detonation engine (RDE) model and the corresponding experimental setup were constructed for the experimental investigation of the detonation propagation characteristics and thrust performance of a circular RDE. Experiments were conducted at a range of 0.3–2.5 equivalence ratio with a total mass flow rate of less than 180.0 g/s using a C2H4/O2 mixture. Irregularly unstable detonative combustion occurs immediately after the detonation initiation, which includes initiation, propagation, decaying, and the merging of detonation waves. Following this, periodically unsteady detonative combustion occurs in the circular channel, resulting in the stable operation of the RDE. During stable operation, two detonation waves are predominant, rotating along the wall at a speed lower than the Chapman–Jouguet (CJ) detonation speed. The characteristic velocity efficiency is approximately 73% on average. The low characteristic velocity efficiency is presumed to be caused by the unoptimized combustion channel and the poor mixing efficiency owing to the two-dimensional injector configuration. The effect of the RDE component design and the RDE flow field characteristics need to be further investigated for improving the performance of the RDE.

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R, Prathap. "A Case Study to Setup Optimum Process Parameters in Thermal Deburring for Removing the Burr in Barrel of Fuel Injector Pump Using Taguchi Approach." IOSR Journal of Engineering 02, no. 09 (September 2012): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/3021-02912635.

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Kulevoy, T. V., A. A. Losev, P. N. Alekseev, Yu A. Satov, A. V. Shumshurov, P. B. Lagov, M. E. Letovaltseva, and S. A. Zinoviev. "Laser ion source for semiconductor applications." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2244, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2244/1/012096.

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Abstract Carbon implantation can be effectively used for axial minority charge carriers’ lifetime control in various silicon bulk and epitaxial planar structures. When carbon is implanted, more stable recombination centres are formed and silicon is not doped with additional impurities, as for example, when irradiated with protons or helium ions. Economically, such a process competes with alternative methods, and is more efficient for obtaining small lifetimes (several nanoseconds). I-3 ion injector with laser-plasma ion source at Institute for theoretical and experimental physics (ITEP) is used as ion implanter in semiconductors. The ion source uses pulsed CO2 laser setup with radiation-flux density of 1011 W/cm2 at target surface. The ion source produces beams of various ions from solid targets. The generated ion beam is accelerated in the two gap RF resonator at voltage of up to 2 MV per gap. Resulting beam energy is up to 4 MV per charge. Parameters of carbon ion beam generated and used for semiconductor samples irradiation during experiments for axial minority charge carriers lifetime control in various silicon bulk and epitaxial planar structures are presented.

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Dumitru, Mihaela Gabriela. "Obtaining Biodiesel with High Oxidation Stability from the Oil Blend Extracted from Seeds of Citrullus lanatus and Vitis vinifera." Revista de Chimie 69, no. 6 (July 15, 2018): 1378–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.6.6329.

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The increase of energy demand associated with stringent worldwide emission legislation and the depletion of fossil resources has led to the use of biodiesel and biodiesel blends from various feedstocks. One of the main problems with biodiesel is the susceptibility to oxidation and degradability due to the environmental factors. The oxidation process is complex affecting the fuel quality resulting in choking of injector and formation of deposits in fuel system. Antioxidants are used to limit the oxidative degradation. The present paper review some attempts to use natural and synthetic antioxidants form different papers available in the public domain. Two types of biodiesel from oils of Citrullus lanatus and Vitis vinifera were obtained by base catalyzed transesterification. Peroxide value, iodine value, acid value and induction period were determined monthly to observe the degradation process for biodiesel samples. The biodiesel from Citrullus lanatus 90% and oil of Vitis vinifera 10% exhibits presented the best oxidation stability over a period of 12 months. A single cylinder diesel engine setup was used to determine the performance and gas emissions for biodiesel samples. The results show that biodiesel can be used without engine modification with results comparable with diesel fuel.

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Armeev, Grigoriy, Alexey Shaytan, Mikhail Vorovich, Alexey Egorov, Aydar Ishmukhametov, Mikhail Kirpichnikov, and Konstantin Shaitan. "Abstract P-1: Analysis of Tick-borne Encephalitis Virus Single-particle Imaging on X-ray Free-electron Laser." International Journal of Biomedicine 11, Suppl_1 (June 1, 2021): S11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21103/ijbm.11.suppl_1.p1.

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Background: Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a dangerous human pathogen which envelope structure is already known from cryoEM study. TBEV mature viral particle size (~50 nm in diameter) makes it suitable for single-particle imaging (SPI) on X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL). XFEL SPI studies are at the early stages of development; thus, a well-described and conformationally homogeneous sample is required to develop approaches for experimental setup and data analysis. Here we present the image analysis results of data collected in October 2019 during the European XFEL experiment #2316. Methods: The detector was placed at 1.62 m from the injector; photon energy was around 6 keV, pulse energy 4 mJ, beam diameter ~ 500 nm. All runs were processed to detect hits with threshold filter (5th percentile of lit pixels) and further filtered to omit low-intensity images and images that lack detector modules. Filtered hits were background and geometry corrected with SPImage library and custom python scripts. Then hits were azimuthally integrated using PyFAI library. Scattering profiles were further clustered using the affinity propagation algorithm with cosine similarity metric in log space. Extracted classes were used to build averaged images. All hit profiles were fitted with model scattering to estimate the diameter of the particle. Simulated diffraction patterns were prepared using Condor from the cryoEM electron density map (EMDB ID 3752). Results: During the analysis after the filtering, only 276 clean and bright hits were collected per 135 min of injection (from 27287 hits detected via lit pixels threshold). Thus the hit rate was around ~ 2 hits/min, which is expected to rise in the future. The majority of hits correspond to the 40-50 nm particles (Fig. 1a), which is expected for TBEV. However, the exact size may vary due to solvent evaporation, ion condensation, and possible variability in the sample. Conclusion: The averaged images and their scattering profiles correlate with the simulated scattering patterns, though not ideally (Fig. 1 bc). Such discrepancy is expected due to the absence of electron density in the center of modeled viral structures.

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Martinez, Gabrielle L., Farzad Poursadegh, Gina M. Magnotti, Katarzyna E. Matusik, Daniel J. Duke, Benjamin W. Knox, Alan L. Kastengren, Christopher F. Powell, and Caroline L. Genzale. "Measurement of Sauter mean diameter in diesel sprays using a scattering–absorption measurement ratio technique." International Journal of Engine Research 20, no. 1 (December 19, 2018): 6–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087418819912.

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A new diagnostic for the quantification of Sauter mean diameter in high-pressure fuel sprays has been recently developed using combined optical and X-ray measurements at the Georgia Institute of Technology and Argonne National Laboratory, respectively. This diagnostic utilizes liquid scattering extinction measurements from diffuse back-illumination imaging, conducted at Georgia Tech, and liquid absorption measurements from X-ray radiography, conducted at Argonne’s Advanced Photon Source. The new diagnostic, entitled the scattering–absorption measurement ratio, quantifies two-dimensional distributions of path-integrated Sauter mean diameter, enabling the construction of the spatial history of drop size development within practical fuel sprays. This technique offers unique benefits over conventional drop-sizing methods in that it can be more robust in optically dense regions of the spray, while also providing high spatial resolution of the corresponding droplet field. The methodology for quantification of Sauter mean diameter distributions using the scattering–absorption measurement ratio technique has been previously introduced and demonstrated in diesel sprays using the Engine Combustion Network Spray D injector; however, a more detailed treatment of measurement uncertainties has been needed. In this work, we present a summary of the various sources of measurement uncertainty in the scattering–absorption measurement ratio diagnostic, like those due to the experimental setup, data processing methods, and theoretical assumptions, and assess how these sources of uncertainty affect the quantified Sauter mean diameter. The spatially resolved Sauter mean diameter measurements that result from the scattering–absorption measurement ratio diagnostic will be especially valuable to the engine modeling community for the quantitative validation of spray submodels in engine computational fluid dynamics codes. Careful evaluation and quantification of measurement uncertainties are important to support accurate model validation and to ensure the development of more predictive spray models.

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Carpenter, Chris. "Generative Well-Pattern Design Presents Opportunities To Reduce Drilling Expenditures." Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, no. 09 (September 1, 2021): 48–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0921-0048-jpt.

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This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 203152, “Generative Well-Pattern Design Applied to a Giant Mature Field Leads to the Identification of Major Drilling Expenditure Reduction Opportunities,” by Maddalen Lepphaille, Total; Arthur Thenon, Modis; and Pierre Bergey, Total, et al., prepared for the 2020 Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, Abu Dhabi, held virtually 9–12 November. The paper has not been peer reviewed. A generative well-pattern-design (GWPD) work flow was benchmarked against traditional manual designs to leverage three reservoir-development planning opportunities applicable to a giant mature Middle Eastern carbonate field. People remained central in ensuring efficient problem setup and exploration guidance, but the work flow proved able to identify substantially better patterns than the traditional approach for each of the opportunities at the cost of only a few hundred simulations. GWPD Overview The work flow used to tackle the different problems of this study, which the authors call the GWPD “well-improvement scheme” (WISH), consists of the following steps. Each step is detailed in the complete paper. 1. Definition of design space 2. Constraint of design space 3. Qualification of design space 4. Nondominated sorting (a specific ranking of all of the cells of the con-strained design space according to the value of their quality indicators) 5. Candidate design investigation 6. Investigation of preferred designs 7. Optimization of preferred design GWPD Application Context. The application study was con-ducted at the beginning of the industrialization of WISH, a proprietary software tool dedicated to GWPD. The authors call the work flow GWPD-WISH. In the studied oil field, more than 400 oil producers and water- or gas-injector strings have been drilled from approximately 100 platforms in a series of reservoirs. The study focused upon two specific reservoirs holding most of the field reserves. These reservoirs are developed with peripheral water injection and gas injection into the gas cap. According to the latest development plan, hundreds of wells will be drilled during the next 40 years in order to maintain a production plateau. The context was deemed favorable because a 3D gridded dynamic reservoir model was available, the geology and development history defined a large and complex design problem, and large liquid hydrocarbon reserves were thought to remain. While the software and method used enables considering an ensemble of realizations capturing reservoir uncertainties, only a single history-matched realization of the model was available. Consequently, the study did not deal with reservoir uncertainties.

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Jia, Beibei, Yuqing Chen, Chengxiang Chen, Yongfei Li, Wanli Ma, Xuzheng Zhang, Jun Zhou, Yang Wang, Yingye Jiang, and Kai Wu. "Probing the charge injection and dissipation in graphene oxide–epoxy composite." Journal of Composite Materials 56, no. 3 (November 12, 2021): 467–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00219983211052604.

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The inorganic filler can modify the electrical and dielectric properties of polymeric composites. However, it is challenging to understand the local charge injection and dissipation in composites through traditional characterization at nanoscale. In this work, we provide a potential mapping of the charge injection and dissipation in the local area of graphene oxide/epoxy resin (GO/EP) composite under various biases by Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) with high spatial resolution. Thus, an improved KPFM experimental setup is used to inject charges at the fixed point to demonstrate surface charge dissipation around the interface between GO and EP. It is found that the charge is more easily injected into the GO/EP nanocomposites and dissipates more quickly in nanocomposite than in neat epoxy resins. Meanwhile, the electrons diffuse more rapidly than holes in pure EP and nanocomposites. The faster charge injection and dissipation of GO/EP composite are ascribed to the filler of GO which has much higher conductivity than that of neat epoxy. This work offers significant insights into the understanding of charge injection and dissipation in dielectric composites.

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Parra, Teresa, David Pastor, Ruben Pérez, and José Molina. "Numerical Modelling of Swirl-Stabilized Turbulent Lean Non-Premixed Flames." Advanced Engineering Forum 29 (August 2018): 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.29.62.

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Numerical simulations have been performed to analyze the interaction of confined coaxial high-swirl jets in both cases: isothermal and reactive flows. Besides different setups of swirl injectors have been tested to study the influence of swirl in the flames for both stoichiometric and lean mixtures. The aim was to quantify the nitrogen oxide emissions as well as the flow pattern for different swirling annular air jet and non-swirling inner fuel jet. This simple setup is widely used in burners to promote stabilized flames of lean mixtures producing ultra low NOx emissions.

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Chang, Yung-Hsiang, Shia-Chung Chen, Yu-Hung Ting, Ching-Te Feng, and Chi-Chuan Hsu. "The Investigation of Novel Dynamic Packing Technology for Injection Molded Part Quality Control and Its Production Stability by Using Real-Time PVT Control Method." Polymers 14, no. 13 (July 2, 2022): 2720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14132720.

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Injection molding is an effective mass production process for plastic, partly due to a number of advantages such as complex shape moldability, material selectivity, and a rapid process cycle. However, highly labor-based conventional production restrains the development of the industry. Experience-driven molding setups are used to trial the mold process, and also for quality checking the molded part for mass production. There is no effective solution for maintaining the production stability and defect-free adjustment. This study aimed to establish scientific packing pressure setup technology to optimize the molded part quality and the stability of consecutive production. The dynamic packing pressure setup technology for molded part quality and the process stability were investigated. This not only achieves the optimization of the packing pressure setup, but the stabilization of quality in mass production. Four major qualities were discussed in this study including tensile strength, regional deviation on shrinkage, total shrinkage, and warpage. The qualities improved by up to 3.9%, 92.9%, 41.9%, and 9.2%, respectively. A series of pilot runs of 300 cycles for two packing pressure control methods were tested to investigate the stability of the qualities. Dynamic packing pressure control improved the weight replication by 54%, reduced total shrinkage by 23%, and improved the warpage by 12%.

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Andres, Beatriz, Eduardo Guzman, and Raul Poler. "A Novel MILP Model for the Production, Lot Sizing, and Scheduling of Automotive Plastic Components on Parallel Flexible Injection Machines with Setup Common Operators." Complexity 2021 (February 11, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6667516.

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In this article, a mixed integer linear program (MILP) model is proposed for the production, lot sizing, and scheduling of automotive plastic components to minimize the setup, inventory, stockout, and backorder costs, by taking into account injection molds as the main index to schedule on parallel flexible injection machines. The proposed MILP considers the minimum and maximum inventory capacities and penalizes stockout. A relevant characteristic of the modeled problem is the dependence between mold setups to produce plastic components. The lot sizing and scheduling problem solution results in the assignment of molds to machines during a specific time period and in the calculation of the number of components to be produced, which is often called lot size, following a sequence-dependent setup time. Depending on the machine on which the mold is setup, the number of units to be produced will be distinct because machines differ from one another. The stock coverage, defined in demand days, is also included in the MILP to avoid backorders, which is highly penalized in the automotive supply chain. Added to this, the proposed model is extended by considering setup common operators to respond to and fulfill the constraints that appear in automotive plastic enterprises. In this regard, the MILP presented solves a lot-sizing and scheduling problem, emerged in a second-tier supplier of a real automotive supply chain. Finally, this article validates the MILP by performing experiments with different sized instances, including small, medium, and large. The large-sized dataset is characterized by replicating the amount of data used in the real enterprise, which is the object of this study. The goodness of the model is evaluated with the computational time and the deviation of the obtained results as regards to the optimal solution.

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d’Ambrosio, Stefano, Alessandro Ferrari, Alessandro Mancarella, Salvatore Mancò, and Antonio Mittica. "Comparison of the Emissions, Noise, and Fuel Consumption Comparison of Direct and Indirect Piezoelectric and Solenoid Injectors in a Low-Compression-Ratio Diesel Engine." Energies 12, no. 21 (October 23, 2019): 4023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12214023.

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An experimental investigation has been carried out to compare the performance and emissions of a low-compression-ratio Euro 5 diesel engine featuring high EGR rates, equipped with different injector technologies, i.e., solenoid, indirect-acting, and direct-acting piezoelectric. The comparisons, performed with reference to a state-of-the-art double fuel injection calibration, i.e., pilot-Main (pM), are presented in terms of engine-out exhaust emissions, combustion noise (CN), and fuel consumption, at low–medium engine speeds and loads. The differences in engine performance and emissions of the solenoidal, indirect-acting, and direct-acting piezoelectric injector setups have been found on the basis of experimental results to mainly depend on the specific features of their hydraulic circuits rather than on the considered injector driving system.

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Saif Qassim, Qais, Norziana Jamil, Maslina Daud, Norhamadi Ja'affar, Salman Yussof, Roslan Ismail, and Wan Azlan Wan Kamarulzaman. "Simulating command injection attacks on IEC 60870-5-104 protocol in SCADA system." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.14 (April 6, 2018): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.14.12816.

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IEC 60870-5-104 is an international standard used for tele-control in electrical engineering and power system applications. It is one of the major principal protocols in SCADA system. Major industrial control vendors use this protocol for monitoring and managing power utility devices. One of the most common attacks which has a catastrophic impact on industrial control systems is the control command injection attack. It happens when an attacker injects false control commands into a control system. This paper presents the IEC 60870-5-104 vulnera-bilities from the perspective of command and information data injection. From the SCADA testbed that we setup, we showed that a success-ful control command injection attack can be implemented by exploiting the vulnerabilities identified earlier.

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Nee, Low Shye, Chong Siu Hou, Sim Hui Yee, Solehhudin Razalli, and Shahrul Kamaruddin. "External Setup in SMED Improvement in an Injection Molding Manufacturing Company." Applied Mechanics and Materials 229-231 (November 2012): 2551–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.229-231.2551.

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The purpose of the paper is to determine the applicability of external setup preparation activities of Single Minute Exchange of Die (SMED) in reducing setup time. Improving the external setup preparation of SMED leads a better and effective working performance. To improve the effectiveness of the external setup in SMED, it is concerned particularly with changing the internal activities into external activities and improving the current external activities. The process failure mode and effect analysis (PFMEA) adopted to analyze the problem faced of external set up process.The verification of the methods is done by an application a plastic injection molding manufacturing process where setup times are critical for time reduction.

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Pimenov, Alexander, and Andrei G. Vladimirov. "Temporal Solitons in an Optically Injected Kerr Cavity with Two Spectral Filters." Optics 3, no. 4 (September 23, 2022): 364–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/opt3040032.

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We propose and analyze a theoretical scheme of an injected Kerr cavity, where the chromatic dispersion is induced by propagation of light through two Lorentzian spectral filters with different widths and central frequencies. We show that this setup can be modeled by a second order delay differential equation that can be considered as a generalization of the Ikeda map with included spectral filtering, dispersion, and coherent injection terms. We demonstrate that this equation can exhibit modulational instability and bright localized structures formation in the anomalous dispersion regime.

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Hassanpour Razavi, Seyyed Ali, and Stephan Frei. "Characterization of DUT impedance in immunity test setups." Advances in Radio Science 14 (September 28, 2016): 155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-14-155-2016.

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Abstract. Several immunity test procedures for narrowband radiated electromagnetic energy are available for automotive components. The ISO 11452 series describes the most commonly used test methods. The absorber line shielded enclosure (ALSE) is often considered as the most reliable method. However, testing with the bulk current injection (BCI) can be done with less efforts and is often preferred. As the test setup in both procedures is quite similar, there were several trials for finding appropriate modifications to the BCI in order to increase the matching to the ALSE. However, the lack of knowledge regarding the impedance of the tested component, makes it impossible to find the equivalent current to be injected by the BCI and a good match cannot be achieved. In this paper, three approaches are proposed to estimate the termination impedance indirectly by using different current probes.

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Syaka, Darwin Rio Budi, Ade Tiya Purwoko, and Sopiyan Sopiyan. "Design and Experiment of a Prototype Electronic Control Unit Direct Injection Fuel System Arduino-Based for 2-stroke Spark Ignition Engine." Automotive Experiences 5, no. 1 (November 28, 2021): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31603/ae.5472.

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The development of technology on the 2-stroke direct-injection spark-ignition engine is expected to be a solution to optimize engine performance and reduce exhaust pollution. The fuel injection system in the operation of the spark-ignition engine is controlled by the Electronic Control Unit (ECU), so this study aims to design and experiment with a prototype of an Arduino-based direct injection fuel injection electronic control unit for 2-stroke spark-ignition engines. This research method begins with the design of an electronic control unit prototype that is selected for easy setup and low cost. Then, experiments were conducted on variations in injection timing and injection duration, which are the two main parameters of the fuel system to determine their effect on engine performance. This data is then used as a basis for setting the amount of fuel injected. The results show that there is an optimal performance under certain conditions from setting the injection timing and injection duration which is easily applied to the open-source code setting of this electronic control unit.

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Gachkar, Sogol, Rebecca Oelkrug, Beate Herrmann, Thomas S. Scanlan, Qian Sun, Heike Biebermann, Carolin S. Hoefig, Lutz Schomburg, and Jens Mittag. "N- and O-Acetylated 3-Iodothyronamines Have No Metabolic or Thermogenic Effects in Male Mice." European Thyroid Journal 9, no. 2 (December 20, 2019): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000504887.

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Introduction: Injection of 3-iodothyronamine into experimental animals profoundly affects their metabolism and body temperature. As 3-iodothyronamine is rapidly acetylated in vivo after injection, it was hypothesized that the metabolites N- or O-acetyl-3-iodothyronamines could constitute the active hormones. Methods: Adult male mice were injected once daily with one of the metabolites (5 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally dissolved in 60% DMSO in PBS) or solvent. Metabolism was monitored by indirect calorimetry, body temperature by infrared thermography, and body composition by nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. Signaling activities in brown fat or liver were assessed by studying target gene transcription by qPCR including uncoupling protein 1 or deiodinase type 1 or 2, and Western blot. Results: The markers of metabolism, body composition, or temperature tested were similar in the mice injected with solvent and those injected with one of the acetylated 3-iodothyronamines. Conclusions: In our experimental setup, N- and O-acetyl-3-iodothyronamine do not constitute compounds contributing to the metabolic or temperature effects described for 3-iodothyronamine. The acetylation of 3-iodothyronamine observed in vivo may thus rather serve degradation and elimination purposes.

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Low, Shye-Nee, Siu-Hou Chong, Hui-Yee Sim, Solehhudin Razalli, and Shahrul Kamaruddin. "Measurement of Overall Performance Effectiveness in Setup Improvement." Journal of Industrial Engineering 2014 (September 11, 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/264980.

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This study aimed to improve the setup process of injection molding machines by using the developed setup improvement methodology. Overall performance effectiveness (OPE) was used to evaluate the setup improvement. A case study was tested on the application of the developed setup improvement methodology. A 50.1% reduction in setup time was attained by the developed methodology, and significant time savings were achieved with minimum investment. Comparisons between before and after improvement implementation were conducted through OPE to verify the improvement. In terms of OPE, the setup performance in the case study considered an acceptable value of 60.45%. The setup process performance of the developed setup improvement methodology was judged in terms of effectiveness. Results therefore indicate that OPE measurement is an effective way to analyze the efficiency of a single setup process.

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Muhr, Maximilian, Patricia Heiß, Max Schütz, Raphael Bühler, Christian Gemel, Mathias H. Linden, H. Bernhard Linden, and Roland A. Fischer. "Enabling LIFDI-MS measurements of highly air sensitive organometallic compounds: a combined MS/glovebox technique." Dalton Transactions 50, no. 26 (2021): 9031–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1dt00978h.

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We present a new setup combining an orbitrap mass spectrometer equipped with a liquid injection field desorption ionization source connected to an inert atmosphere glovebox. This setup allows the analysis of very air and moisture sensitive samples.

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Jayaraman, S. S. "Experimental Setup of Water Injection in Four Stoke SI Engine." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 6, no. 6 (June 30, 2018): 442–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2018.6068.

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Samaee, Seyed-Mohammadreza, Sahar Seyedin, and Zoltan M. Varga. "An Affordable Intraperitoneal Injection Setup for Juvenile and Adult Zebrafish." Zebrafish 14, no. 1 (February 2017): 77–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2016.1322.

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Dozortsev, D., T. Wakaiama, A. Ermilov, and R. Yanagimachi. "Intracytoplasmic sperm injection in the rat." Zygote 6, no. 2 (May 1998): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199498000069.

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We applied intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) to the rat comparing three different sperm injection techniques: conventional setup with a sharp needle bearing a spike (method 1), combination of partial zona dissection (PZD) needle and blunt pipette (method 2) and piezo-injection using a blunt pipette (method 3). We also investigated the timing of sperm pronuclear formation after injection. Survival rates after injection were 8%, 24% and 71% for the methods 1, 2 and 3, respectively. All surviving oocytes formed pronuclei by about 6 h after injection. Although the survival and activation rates following sperm injection using piezo-injection were high, the incidence of normal fertilisation, as evidenced by second polar body extrusion and formation of two pronuclei, was only 10%. The vast majority of the zygotes were multinucleated, although most of them subsequently underwent cleavage. Fixation and staining of injected oocytes at different times after injection revealed that replacement of sperm nuclear protamines by histones takes place by 15 min after injection, sperm head swelling occurs within 0.5–1 h after injection and pronuclei become fully developed by 7 h after injection. Although the rate of normal fertilisation in the rat following ICSI was low under the present experimental conditions, the results indicated that direct ICSI using a piezo-driven pipette would be a potentially valuable method of producing rat offspring.

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Villani, Manfredi, and Phillip Aquino. "Turbulent Flame Geometry Measurements in a Mass-Production Gasoline Direct Injection Engine." Energies 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13010189.

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Direct optical access to the combustion chamber of a gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine provides extremely valuable information about the combustion process. Experimental measurements of the geometric characteristics of the turbulent flame—such as the flame radius, flame center, flame edges and flame brush thickness—are of fundamental interest in support of the development and validation of any combustion model. To determine the macroscopic properties of sprays and flames, visualization and digital image processing techniques are typically used in controlled experimental setups like single-cylinder optical engines or closed vessels, while optical measurements on mass-production engines are more uncommon. In this paper the optical experimental setup (consisting of a high-speed camera, a laser light source and a data acquisition system) used to characterize the planar turbulent flame propagation in the cylinder of a 3.5 L GDI V6 mass-production engine, is described. The image acquisition process and the image processing that is necessary to evaluate the geometric characteristics of the propagating flame front, which are usually omitted in the referenced literature, are reported in detail to provide a useful guideline to other researchers. The results show that the step-by-step algorithm and the calculation formulae proposed allow to retrieve clear visualizations of the propagating flame front and measurements of its geometrical properties.

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Miropolsky, S., and S. Frei. "Reproducing system-level bulk current injection test in direct power injection setup for multiple-port DUTs." Advances in Radio Science 11 (July 4, 2013): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-11-177-2013.

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Abstract. Many investigations have been published on the transferability of RF immunity test results between system and IC-levels. The RF signal level at DUT (Device under Test) inputs, i.e. either RF voltage amplitude or RF input current, is used as a reference value for the load on the DUT. Existing approaches analyze the DUT response as a function of the RF signal level at a single input pin, e.g. supply voltage. Sufficient accuracy of such an approach could be shown in several cases, but results are not sufficient as a general solution for complex DUT. This paper proposes both theoretical analysis and practical implementation of a DPI setup, where a disturbance, equivalent to system-level BCI setup, can be delivered to multiple DUT input ports.

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Cabezas-Sainz, Pablo, Carlos Coppel, Alba Pensado-López, Pedro Fernandez, Laura Muinelo-Romay, Rafael López-López, Juan A. Rubiolo, and Laura Sánchez. "Morphological Abnormalities and Gene Expression Changes Caused by High Incubation Temperatures in Zebrafish Xenografts with Human Cancer Cells." Genes 12, no. 1 (January 19, 2021): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12010113.

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Published studies show that most of the human cancer xenograft studies in zebrafish embryos have used incubation temperatures in the range of 32–34 °C for 3–6 days post-injection, trying to find a compromise temperature between the zebrafish embryos (28 °C) and the human injected cells (37 °C). While this experimental setup is widely used, a question remains: is possible to overcome the drawbacks caused by a suboptimal temperature for the injected cells? To clarify the effect of temperature and injected cells on the host, in this study, we analyzed the development and health of the last in response to different temperatures in the presence or absence of injected human cancer cells. Comparing different incubation temperatures (28, 34 and 36 °C), we determined morphological abnormalities and developmental effects in injected and non-injected embryos at different time points. Besides this, the expression of selected genes was determined by qPCR to determine temperature affected metabolic processes in the embryos. The results indicate that an incubation temperature of 36 °C during a period of 48 h is suitable for xenotransplantation without morphological or metabolic changes that could be affecting the host or the injected cells, allowing them to proliferate near their optimal temperature.

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Matusik, Katarzyna E., Daniel J. Duke, Alan L. Kastengren, Nicholas Sovis, Andrew B. Swantek, and Christopher F. Powell. "High-resolution X-ray tomography of Engine Combustion Network diesel injectors." International Journal of Engine Research 19, no. 9 (October 24, 2017): 963–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087417736985.

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The flow inside direct-injection diesel nozzles is strongly influenced by the local geometry. Deviations from the design geometry and nonuniformities along the fuel’s flow path can alter the expected spray behavior. The influence of small-scale variations in the internal geometry is not well understood due to a lack of data available to experimentalists and modelers that resolve such features. To address the need for more accurate geometry measurements that also quantify the error bounds on manufacturing variability, the 7-BM beamline of the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory has been customized to obtain high-resolution X-ray tomography of injection nozzles. In this article, we present results for several diesel injectors provided by the Engine Combustion Network. The imaging setup was optimized to measure dense metallic samples at high signal-to-noise ratio using projection imaging. To improve contrast, multiple images were recorded at each rotation angle. Phase shifting effects, which amplify the uncertainty in locating nozzle boundaries, were minimized by reducing the propagation distance of the X-rays between the nozzle and detector. Such improvements to the imaging technique enabled the nozzle hole diameter to be measured with an accuracy of 1.8 µm, which takes into account the pixel resolution as well as the properties of the imaging setup and the geometric analysis. The high spatial resolution allows the nozzle hole inlet corner radius to be azimuthally resolved. For the sample set under consideration, these new measurements reveal that non-hydroground injectors have a distribution of radii which typically vary by more than a factor of two. An azimuthally varying radius of curvature at the hole inlet is expected to result in highly asymmetric cavitation. Skeletal wireframe models of the nozzle hole geometries suitable for computational fluid dynamics mesh generation have been developed, in addition to full three-dimensional isosurfaces; these data have been made publicly available online.

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Tao, Yibin, Jiaxing Lei, Xinzhen Feng, Tianzhi Cao, Qinran Hu, and Wu Chen. "Analysis and Control of Battery Energy Storage System Based on Hybrid Active Third-Harmonic Current Injection Converter." Energies 14, no. 11 (May 27, 2021): 3140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113140.

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This paper applies the emerging hybrid active third-harmonic current injection converter (H3C) to the battery energy storage system (BESS), forming a novel H3C-BESS structure. Compared with the commonly used two-stage VSC-BESS, the proposed H3C-BESS has the capability to reduce the passive components and switching losses. The operation principle of the H3C-BESS is analyzed and the mathematical model is derived. The closed-loop control strategy and controller design are proposed for different operation modes of the system, which include the battery current/voltage control and the injected harmonic current control. In particular, active damping control is realized through the grid current control, which could suppress the LC-filter resonance without the need of passive damping resistors. Simulation results show that the proposed topology and its control strategy have fast dynamic response, with a setup time of less than 4 ms. In addition, the total harmonic distortions of battery current and grid currents are only 2.54% and 3.15%, respectively. The amplitude of the injected harmonic current is only half of the grid current, indicating that the current injection circuit generates low losses. Experimental results are also provided to verify the validity of the proposed solution.

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Saada, Zied, Jean Canou, Luc Dormieux, and Jean-Claude Dupla. "Evaluation of elementary filtration properties of a cement grout injected in a sand." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 43, no. 12 (December 1, 2006): 1273–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t06-082.

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This paper presents the results of an experimental study aimed at evaluating the elementary filtration properties of a fine cement grout injected in a sand. In a first step, the experimental setup or filtration cell, specially developed for injecting thin samples of sand put under stress, is presented. Next, the results of an experimental programme carried out with this cell are presented, allowing for the study of the influence of basic parameters (density index, consolidation stress, cement concentration in the grout, and injection flow rate) on the filtration properties of a typical grout composed of fine cement. A filtration coefficient is then defined, allowing for characterization of the elementary filtration properties of the tested grout by the sand matrix. Finally, the respective influence of tested parameters on the value of this coefficient is presented and discussed.Key words: cement grout, suspension, filtration, flow, sand, injection.

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Umor, M. Z., A. Mohd, A. M. Efendee, M. Khir, and N. Bahiyah Baba. "Plastic filling simulation comparison analysis of the gating system in injection moulding parameter." Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 112, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.0704.

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The paper is discussed the anticipation of the simulation software precision with the real moulding process by setting up the distinctive metering stroke separation. The Inventor CAD software was used to design the product experiment and perform the simulation by applying MoldFlow application to produce the processing parameter defining for the injection moulding machines. The results predicted by this filling simulation appears reasonable result as compared to the injected product. Prediction analysis given by the software is exceptionally valuable for the injection moulding parameter setting machines which can diminish the time of mould setup and can reduce the trial stage on the production line. The gating system is the most crucial part in injection moulding process and the limitation is to get the accurate filling time and injection pressure to ensure the cavity is fully filled before the material at the gate solidify. Gating system configurations are utilized to optimize the filling conditions of injection moulding parts. This important element was developed for achieving product quality. The utilize of simulation software is exceptionally supportive in the model designing stage to predict the quality and process capacity for the product. This paper presents the filling simulation of the side gate system to the injection moulding parameter.

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Sánchez, R., J. Aisa, A. Martinez, and D. Mercado. "On the relationship between cooling setup and warpage in injection molding." Measurement 45, no. 5 (June 2012): 1051–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2012.01.039.

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Páger, Csilla, Ágnes Dörnyei, and Ferenc Kilár. "Sequential injection setup for capillary isoelectric focusing combined with MS detection." ELECTROPHORESIS 32, no. 14 (July 2011): 1875–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.201100012.

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Castillo, J. F., C. Clark, A. Bader, K. M. Likin, D. T. Anderson, B. Geiger, S. T. A. Kumar, and C. Swee. "Laser blow-off with photodiode detection system at the helically symmetric experiment." Journal of Instrumentation 16, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): P11007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/16/11/p11007.

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Abstract A laser blow-off (LBO) system has been installed in the HSX stellarator to investigate impurity transport. A Nd:YAG laser is used to ablate a target area on a glass slide that has been coated with a thin film of aluminum and rapidly deposits a small, controlled quantity of aluminum atoms into HSX plasma. To study the radial propagation and confinement of the injected aluminum impurities, time-resolved emission measurements are made using a 20 channel AXUV photodiode detection system. The LBO system has achieved its design purpose, most notably the ability to make controlled impurity injection without significant perturbation to the background plasma. A detailed description of the setup as well as initial results of operation are presented.

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Torres, Jose Rueda, Zameer Ahmad, Nidarshan Veera Kumar, Elyas Rakhshani, Ebrahim Adabi, Peter Palensky, and Mart van der Meijden. "Power Hardware-in-the-Loop-Based Performance Analysis of Different Converter Controllers for Fast Active Power Regulation in Low-Inertia Power Systems." Energies 14, no. 11 (June 3, 2021): 3274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113274.

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Abstract:

Future electrical power systems will be dominated by power electronic converters, which are deployed for the integration of renewable power plants, responsive demand, and different types of storage systems. The stability of such systems will strongly depend on the control strategies attached to the converters. In this context, laboratory-scale setups are becoming the key tools for prototyping and evaluating the performance and robustness of different converter technologies and control strategies. The performance evaluation of control strategies for dynamic frequency support using fast active power regulation (FAPR) requires the urgent development of a suitable power hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL) setup. In this paper, the most prominent emerging types of FAPR are selected and studied: droop-based FAPR, droop derivative-based FAPR, and virtual synchronous power (VSP)-based FAPR. A novel setup for PHIL-based performance evaluation of these strategies is proposed. The setup combines the advanced modeling and simulation functions of a real-time digital simulation platform (RTDS), an external programmable unit to implement the studied FAPR control strategies as digital controllers, and actual hardware. The hardware setup consists of a grid emulator to recreate the dynamic response as seen from the interface bus of the grid side converter of a power electronic-interfaced device (e.g., type-IV wind turbines), and a mockup voltage source converter (VSC, i.e., a device under test (DUT)). The DUT is virtually interfaced to one high-voltage bus of the electromagnetic transient (EMT) representation of a variant of the IEEE 9 bus test system, which has been modified to consider an operating condition with 52% of the total supply provided by wind power generation. The selected and programmed FAPR strategies are applied to the DUT, with the ultimate goal of ascertaining its feasibility and effectiveness with respect to the pure software-based EMT representation performed in real time. Particularly, the time-varying response of the active power injection by each FAPR control strategy and the impact on the instantaneous frequency excursions occurring in the frequency containment periods are analyzed. The performed tests show the degree of improvements on both the rate-of-change-of-frequency (RoCoF) and the maximum frequency excursion (e.g., nadir).

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